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Open Access Article
1 - Waste Separation & Its Role in Increasing the Recycling Process
مراد کردی سعید تیموری احمد مرادعلیانThe daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of con MoreThe daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of consumption patterns and the continuity of waste discharge of the urban environment are the factors that create crisis which has caused after-crisis and has put to various risks many natural environments and the quality of health in humans; also, it has caused the discard of over 7000 tons of waste material. The discards are consisted of valuable metals, useable glass dishes, paper, recyclable plastic, pet, food waste and etc which are rich in nutrients. Among these useful waste materials, substances such as mercury in batteries, cadmium of fluorescent bulbs, toxic chemical cleaners also exist. Separating the bad waste materials from the good ones extremely helps in keeping the environment and human life healthy and helps the society to save more money. Today's urban management professionals have decided to find a way which helps people save more money and at the same time protect the environment and human health. This article states the importance and necessity of the waste separation plan and illustrates the problems caused by the unsuccessful implementation of the project and mentions the strategies which help the better implement of optimal plan coverage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effect of natural and artificial moisture absorbents on delay of permanent wilting point coefficient
نقی حقیقت علی محمدی ترکاشوند ابراهیم پذیراManagement practices and applying advanced techniques for conserving soil moisture is an appropriate way to exploit water resources. In this research, the effect of some organic wastes and a superabsorbent on soil available water and delay in permanent wilting point of MoreManagement practices and applying advanced techniques for conserving soil moisture is an appropriate way to exploit water resources. In this research, the effect of some organic wastes and a superabsorbent on soil available water and delay in permanent wilting point of a soil in steep slopes of Roodbar, Guilan province was investigated. Treatments including 10, 20 and 50% volumetric of tea waste, olive waste and municipal waste compost with the values 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 g of a super absorbent (A200) in a completely randomized design were used in a roofed outdoor of Islamic Azad University at temperature range of 28-26 °C. In order to provide moisture retention curve and determination of field capacity (FC) and wilting point (PWP) in treatments from filter paper method was used. After soil saturation, the time to reach a saturated soil to PWP was calculated. Results showed that the effect of treatments on the moisture coefficients of FC and PWP was significant at 1% level. The most significant delays in PWP coefficient (at 1% level) in 50% municipal wastes compost and 16 g/kg superabsorbent respectively with a delay of 19 and 30 days were obtained. In general, the use of agricultural wastes (10%) in combination of superabsorbent (a rate of 5 g/kg) is associated with favorable outcomes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of zeolite application in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of sunflower
مجید غلامحسینی آیدین خدائی جوقان فرهاد حبیب زاده Amir GhalavandIn order to investigate the effects of zeolite in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers, applied inconventional and organic cropping systems, on sunflower quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment wascarried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted MoreIn order to investigate the effects of zeolite in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers, applied inconventional and organic cropping systems, on sunflower quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment wascarried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,Iran, in the base of a randomized complete blocks design with eleven treatments and three replicates. Thetreatments were divided into different groups (chemical, organic and integrated) with and without zeolite. Theresults indicated that different treatments had significant effect on most of the traits such as kernel yield, yieldcomponents, oil yield and nutrient content in the leaves (at the 1% level). The maximum kernel yield (2539 kgha-1), as the most important trait, was found when 50% of required nitrogen was supplied from zeolite compostedcattle manure and the rest was provided by chemical fertilizer (urea). In all nutrition methods, zeolite applicationimproved the oil yield trait. The highest oil yield (1165 kg ha-1) was obtained when 50% of required nitrogenwas supplied from composted cattle manure and the rest was provided by chemical fertilizer (urea) with 9 tonsper hectare of zeolite. Overall, supplying required nitrogen from both chemical and organic sources along withzeolite application can be considered as a great step towards reducing chemical input application to achievesustainable agriculture goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Short-Term Effects of Mushroom Substrate Compost on Penetration Resistance, Aggregate Size Distribution and Their Stability in Soils with Different Textures
Chiman Mahdizadeh Hossein BayatBackground and objectives: Adding organic matter to the soil is an important method to solve the problem of compaction and consequently penetration resistance and fertility reduction. Mushroom substrate compost (MSC) has many properties that are required for growing org MoreBackground and objectives: Adding organic matter to the soil is an important method to solve the problem of compaction and consequently penetration resistance and fertility reduction. Mushroom substrate compost (MSC) has many properties that are required for growing organic crops and environmental management. Considering that the ingredients of mushroom substrate compost (including heavy soil, light soil, root soil, wheat straw and stubble, limestone and chicken manure) are different from other types of organic materials, it is necessary to carry out new research to investigate its effect on the physico-chemical properties of the soil. Although different textures behave differently but, the effect of MSC on the penetration resistance and aggregates size distribution in different soils, has not been studied, so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of MSC on the penetration resistance, mean weight diameter of aggregates, aggregates size distribution and organic matter content in three soil types. Materials and methods: A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors consist Soil texture at three levels (sandy loam, loam and clay) was the first factor, and MSC at three levels (0, 3 and 6% W/W) was the second factor. After treatment of the soils, samples were then incubated for 120 days, and they were saturated and dried with urban water, regularly, once a month (saturated from above), during this period. At the end of the incubation period, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken by 5 cm in diameter and 4.5 cm in height steal cylinders. The penetration resistance was measured by a micro-penetrometer on the core samples at the matric suction of 0.3 bar. Organic matter, mean weight diameter of aggregates and aggregates size distribution were measured. Results: The results showed that the use of 6% level mushroom substrate compost in the sandy loam soil caused a decrease in the penetration resistance compared to the level of 3% and the control, due to the interaction between the compounds in the compost and the creation of stable soil aggregates. Also, the results showed that highest amount of organic matter and mean weight diameter of aggregates at 6% level of MSC was found in loam texture. Also, the order of the mass of aggregates in classes 4-8 and 2-4 mm, was in loam> sandy loam> clay, with significant differences between the textures. Application of MSC at 3 and 6% levels in the loam texture significantly increased the mass of aggregates of 0.25 – 0.5 and 0.5-1 mm in comparison with control. These aggregates did not show significant differences in sandy loam and clay soils at different application levels of the MSC. Organic matter, mean weight diameter of aggregates, mass of aggregates of 0.5 to 1, and 0.25 to 0.5 mm increased in the range of 27 to 66%, 16 to 34.5%, 4 to 117.5% and 4 to 170%, respectively, by increasing MSC application levels at different soils. Conclusion: This compost is different from other modifiers and can have different effective mechanisms in different textures. The simultaneous addition of lime, clay and organic matter (through compost) to soils with different textures causes cation exchange reactions in the soil. Lime as one of the main additives that has the ability to improve the behavior of fine-grained soils has been noticed for a long time. In this way, in clay and loam soils, the interaction between lime and clay with organic matter plays an important role as soil accumulation factors by forming cationic bridges. The use of lime and gypsum directly improve soil resistance. Therefore, the use of mushroom substrate compost in agricultural lands is useful for improving the soil structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Effects of Irrigation with Innovative Compost Tea from Food Waste on Some Tomato Traits
Nasim Golestanehzadeh Javad Razmi Masoud HonarvarBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent nat MoreBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent natural resources depletion and decrease carbon footprint. These soil conditioners promote soil fertility, crop yields, soil resources conservation, and community health.Method: Based on this study, organic waste of the industrial kitchen of the science and research branch university, was converted to vermicompost. The compost tea was produced by a mixture of seaweed, vermicompost, molasses, and humic acid. Greenhouse studies to compare the effect of experimental treatments including irrigation level with compost tea 25, 50, and 100% and chemical fertilizer containing calcium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and 10-52-10 fertilizer on vegetative and biochemical traits of tomato (Karun variety) in six replications were performed.Results: The results showed that irrigation with 100% compost tea and chemical fertilizer, were not significantly different from each other and had the highest effect compared to other treatments. Irrigation with 100% compost tea had the greatest effect on leaf number (66 pieces), plant height (29.8 mm), root length (660 mm), and root fresh weight (29.84 mg). The highest number of flower clusters (8.94 clusters), root diameter (8.94 mm), peroxidase enzyme (3.5 µmol mg-1 protein min-1), chlorophyll a (14.44 mg g-1 FM), and total chlorophyll content (191.91 mg g-1 FM) obtained from 25% compost tea.Conclusion: There was no difference between irrigation with 25 and 100% compost tea, and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, they had similar effects on most of the studied traits. So, irrigation with compost tea can decrease chemical fertilizers in tomato fields and leads to soil conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Influence of the Type and Amount of Organic Material on the Soil Aggregation Process in Different Soil Textures in Wheat and Corn Rotation
Masoud Mirzabaki Niazali Ebrahimipak Ebrahim Pazira Saeed SamavatIntroduction: Many researchers have investigated the role of organic matter in the soil aggregation process, but each of them has used these characteristics for a limited area. In this research, the aim was to evaluate the effects in several climates and with two differ MoreIntroduction: Many researchers have investigated the role of organic matter in the soil aggregation process, but each of them has used these characteristics for a limited area. In this research, the aim was to evaluate the effects in several climates and with two different types of organic fertilizers in different soil textures and in crop rotation for two years. Methods: In order to investigate the effect of organic matter on the soil granulation process in this research in three types of soil texture and in 6 weight ranges of soil grain diameter including 75-105, 105-250, 250-500, 500-1000, 1000-2000 and 2000-4750 Micron, which has a relatively high comprehensiveness, including the smallest to the largest diameter of soil grains, was carried out under the influence of alternating years of cultivation (wheat and corn) on the weighted average of the diameter of soil grains in 11 regions of the country. Also, changes in the average weight of the diameter of the soil grains in the control state (before cultivation) and the first and second year of cultivation in wheat and corn plants were investigated. In this experiment, the effect of organic matter on the soil granulation process was investigated in 5 treatments: 10, 20 tons per hectare of animal manure, 10, 20 tons per hectare of compost and control in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results: The results indicate the predominant accumulation of clay in the range of 250-500 (40% by weight) and 500-1000 (30%) for clay loam texture, 105-250 (25% by weight) and 250-500 (30% by weight) for loam texture. and 105-250 (40% by weight) for the texture of sandy loam before the start of cultivation, this range is due to the completely effective and positive role of clay in increasing soil granulation, improving soil structure and consequently the stability of soil pores. The increase of organic fertilizers increased the weight average diameter of soil grains and caused the formation of soil grains with sizes of 250-500 and 500-1000 microns. The results of the effect of alternative crops of wheat and corn on the weight average values of the diameter of soil grains compared to before cultivation, especially in the first year of cultivation, showed that with the increase of organic fertilizers, the formation of soil grains with a diameter of 500-1000 microns increased and the percentage of abundance of soil grains with Diameter 105-250 and 250-1000 decreased. Also, the results showed that the improvement of soil granulation with the increase of organic fertilizers was the highest in soil with sandy loam texture and the lowest in soil with clay loam texture. Also, in different treatments of animal manure and compost in none of the diameters of soil grains and in any of No significant difference was observed between tissue classes. And the results indicate that the application of different treatments of organic fertilizers has the greatest effect on sandy loam soil compared to loam and clay loam soil. Conclusion: Generally and according to the statistical results, the addition of organic matter improves the soil granulation process, and also the soil with sandy loam texture is the most effective for the increase of organic fertilizers Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Simultaneous effect of municipal solid waste compost and some fertilizers on biodegradation of oil-contaminated soils
Manizheh Jafari Soheyla Ebrahimi Seyed Alireza Movahed NaeiniSoil contamination with crude oil and its derivatives is one of the most dangerous type of environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize the indigenous soil microorganisms using nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and munic MoreSoil contamination with crude oil and its derivatives is one of the most dangerous type of environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize the indigenous soil microorganisms using nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and municipal compost contaminated with fuel oil (130g/kg), and their reclamation influence as well as optimum mixing ratio with soil. For this purpose, different levels of municipal composts with two ratios of NPK (5, 10. 15 percent) fertilizers (10:2:1 and 10:1:1 ratios) were applied into experimental soil samples. After initial equilibrium period (10 days), the amount of hydrocarbon contaminants in soil under aerobic conditions were determined. The results showed an increased percentage in the compost and declined soil emissions of oil such that treatment of 15% had the highest reduction rate between 59 to 62 percent. The results of two applied fertilizers, confirmed the usefulness of 10:2:1 ratio. The applied amendments to all treatments lead to effective oil degrading bacteria, especially during first week after equilibrium. This can be related to faster breakdown of short-chain compounds such as alkanes. The results further indicated an effective correlation between rate of TPH decomposition and CO2 of microbial activity. There was a direct correlation between crude oil degradation and microorganisms activity. Simultaneous treatment of municipal solid waste compost (15%) and NPK fertilizers (10:2:1 ratio) with six weeks was an effective treatment to clean up oil-contaminated soils by decomposition rate of 62 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Effect of Different Levels of Compost and Chemical Fertilizer on Dough Characteristics and Quality of Bread Produced from Spring Wheat
M. Jafari F. Sadeghi S. M. Seyedain Ardabili G. NajafianIntroduction: Wheat is the only grain that due to its nature containing gluten has important application in the production of various type of bread. Wheat quality and the bread produced have direct and positive correlation with environmental factors. Applications of org MoreIntroduction: Wheat is the only grain that due to its nature containing gluten has important application in the production of various type of bread. Wheat quality and the bread produced have direct and positive correlation with environmental factors. Applications of organic matters on land have improved the quality of wheat, dough and the bread produced. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with five fertilizer treatments on the spring wheat in Mahidasht Research Station of Kermanshah in the year 2013. The rheological and extensographic evaluations of dough as well as tests concerned with the quality and size of produced Barbary and Baguette breads regarding staling and sensory evaluation after 1st , 2nd and 5th days of baking were carried out. Results: Combined treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers produced higher quality bread. This was concerned with flavour, volume and staling of bread produced as compared to the control. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that high quality of flour and bread were produced as the result of chemical and organic fertilizers treatments. The mentioned treatment produced maximum amount of gluten in the wheat, improved the rheological properties of dough and bread volume. The other roles of the treatment were sustainable agriculture cycle, conservation of fertile land and production of healthy and natural products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation of Remediation of Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals Using Helianthus Annuus L. Plant
Mohamad Jafari Esfandiar Jahantab Mehdi MoameriBackground and Objectives: Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) under MoreBackground and Objectives: Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) under two natural remedies including municipal waste compost and biochar (each at three levels of 0, 1% and 2% by weight) done. Method: Design experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. After planting period, aerial and underground parts of plant have collected and some soil important characteristics and plant morphological properties and metals have measured. ICP-OES is used for heavy metals measurement. Statistical analysis of measured data for the analysis of variance in SPSS software and comparison of data from the test at least significant difference (LSD). Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the application of treatments used in this study in the concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium and nickel of shoots and roots of sunflower and the amount of total cadmium and soil exchange. Urban waste and biochar compost treatments increase the uptake of heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and chromium into the soil by sunflower. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be generally stated that the sunflower species based on the values of TF, BCF and BAC indices can be used as a plant suitable for phytoremediation of contaminated soils in the region through the plant process. Introduce stabilization. According to the results of this study, sunflower can be used as an adsorbent of pollutants and is recommended in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Impact of Input Material on Compost Quality Using Aerated Static Piles in Rural Areas (Case Study: Sooleghan Village)
Ghasemali Omrani Mohammad Ali Abdoli Mahyar SafaBackground and objective:In this study the process of producing bio-compost from rural separated solid wastes using aerated static piles method was investigated. The combination of waste ingredients, conditions and duration of processing, analysis of key parameters gove MoreBackground and objective:In this study the process of producing bio-compost from rural separated solid wastes using aerated static piles method was investigated. The combination of waste ingredients, conditions and duration of processing, analysis of key parameters governing the process, the quality of the final product as well as economic assessment of costs and revenues were the most important parameters that were considered. Materials and Methods: After the separation of rural wastes, two compost piles, one containing 100 percent of putrescible wastes and another one containing 75% putrescible wastes and 25% of cow dung were created. To better estimating the variables related to process maturity and identifying the errors, three replications were applied. Four main variables including: moisture, pH, temperature and carbon to nitrogen ratio were measured for each of the piles. Comprehensive statistical analysis including the comparison of the variables, correlation between variables and analysis of one-way variance was performed for the measured parameters. Findings: Total Coliform reduction in both kinds of waste compositions observed in approximately about 3log. Reduction of parasite eggs in piles containing 100% organic wastes was about 75.8% and in piles containing 75% organic wastes & 25% cow dung obtained about 95%. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and nickel, were not found in the piles. For finished compost the average of C/N and pH were recorded 12.35 & 8.05 respectively. Discussion and Conclusion:Comparing the final product by Iranian, American and Canadian standards showed that static method stabilized solid wastes in both kinds of piles and eventually was led to the production of good compost. The economic evaluation showed that the internal rate of return (IRR) for producing compost, using aerated static piles method, is equal to 12.4%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Survey of Vermi compost Production by Eisenia Fetida of Fruit and Vegetable Waste
maryam daghestani hossein niknamBackground: Today, Vermi compost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study was Vermi compost production from fruit and vegetable MoreBackground: Today, Vermi compost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study was Vermi compost production from fruit and vegetable organization waste by earthworm (Eisenia Fetida). Methods: In order to evaluate the quantity of produced Eisenia Foetida and Vermi compost an investigation was conducted in Azadi fruit and vegetable organization. The experiment was completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were fruit, leaf vegetable and lettuce, non leafly vegatables, paper and combination of four treatments, in similar conditions. Results: the amount of Vermi compost significantly increased by fruit, combination and non leafly vegetables. Also the numbers of mature Eisenia Foetida, significantly increased by fruit and combination. But there were no significant differences in number of immature worms. Total weight of mature and immature worms was increased significantly by using fruit, combination and non-leafy vegetables. The highest increase in the average body length of mature worms and the most used waste were observed during the use of fruit treatment. The results showed that Vermi-compost quality treatments examined were in the standard range and only in terms of the organic matter was higher than the standard level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that using waste of fruit and vegetable for producing compost from Eisenia Foetida is fully justified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Study on some nutrients in urban sewage vermicompost (NASSAJI small town) by rice Straw as compared in international standard
fatemeh razzaghian ghadikolaei Ghasemali omrani Amirhesam hassaniBackground and Objective: the aim of this survey was prevent the environmental pollutant, urban sewage sludge management and vermicompost production by beneficial usage of rice straw as an agricultural trash which burn in arable rice grounds. Method: This study conduct MoreBackground and Objective: the aim of this survey was prevent the environmental pollutant, urban sewage sludge management and vermicompost production by beneficial usage of rice straw as an agricultural trash which burn in arable rice grounds. Method: This study conduct to evaluate the nutrition matter consist of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash in (21±4˚c) temperature and pH (7±0.5) in urban sewage management, and provided the suitable vermicompost by pure dehydrate urban sewage mixed in rice straw as compared with rice straw and manure complex and pure dehydrate urban sewage (control; PDUS) containing E. feothida from three replication in 8 week. At the end of the test amount of nutrition matter was compared between treatments in (p<0.05) value. Findings: Results shown, significant difference between treatment and reduced the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash (p<0.05).So, the best level of nitrogen (1.21±022)% ,phosphorus(0.69±0.03)% and potash(0.07±0.01)% was determined in rice chaff and manure complex treatment. After this treatment, the PDUS mixed by rice chaff group had best point than control group innutrition matter except in amount of potassium. In potassium level after rice chaff and manure complex, control group was set in second station and the lower point was in dehydrate urban sewage mixed by rice chaff group. Discussion and Conclusion: Followed our results, we can say that rice chaff was more effective to produce the urban sewage vermicompost. Also this is good agricultural manure cause to best nutritional value and it could be help us in urban sewage management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Evaluation the effects kind and amount of raw materials and preparing methods of compost on decomposition rate and compost quality
Mohiaddin Goosheh abolfazl azadi Fatemeh Meskini-VishkaeeBackground and objective: Baggass of sugarcane and wheat straw are the most available material for composting in Khuzestan province. Baggass has the self-inflammable property. This baggass property is a source of environmental pollution. It is important that a method is MoreBackground and objective: Baggass of sugarcane and wheat straw are the most available material for composting in Khuzestan province. Baggass has the self-inflammable property. This baggass property is a source of environmental pollution. It is important that a method is introduced to proper baggass compost as fast as possible in order to make it to a usefull and safe production. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the quality of compost from two types of plant residues bagasse and wheat and their consumption and also to minimize the time period of compost preparation using different methods. Material and Methodology: for this purpose, a trail was carried out in a factorial CRB design at three replications during two years in Shavoor (Khuzestan) Agricultural Research Station. In this experiment, preparing duration and compost quality were investigated in two kinds (wheat straw and baggass of sugarcane) and two amounts (20 and 40%) of raw materials and the three preparing methods (Traditional, Rapid, and Bio-enriched). Findings: Results showed that the bio-enriched method was the fastest method to propering in comparison with the others (2 months vs. 4 months). And the best composition also is 40% baggass, 50% filtercack of sugarcane and 10% cow manure. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended to use wheat straw or sugarcane bagasse to prepare compost and the enriched method, ie using Trichoderma and Azotobacter bacteria. It is better to use a combination of 40% straw or bagasse, 40% sugarcane filter cake, less than 20% cow manure and the rest of sheep manure or poultry manure. Conversion of sugarcane bagasse prevents the self-igniting dangers of this substance in the depot and as a result of the resulting environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Evaluation of environmental performance of the Starclean composting machine in converting the wet wastes into compost
Hamid Abasalizadeh Arzhang Fathi-Gerdelidani Shahab Khalaj Siavash Jalili ArameshBackground and Objective: Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental perfo MoreBackground and Objective: Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental performance of StarClean composting machine in converting wet wastes at origin to compost fertilizer and chemical and microbial analysis of the produced fertilizer and comparing it with reference national standards.Material and Methodology: One composting machine with a capacity to convert 5-10 kg wet wastes was installed in region 22 of Tehran municipality, then Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis bacteria were added to the machine tank and wet wastes were strewed in it daily and after 24 hours, the produced compost was picked up. Afterwards, microbial and chemical characteristics of the compost were analyzed.Findings: Results showed that heavy metals concentration and Salmonella and Coliform fecal bacteria counts of the machine output compost were lower than permissible limits and completely passed the reference standards. Other chemical properties also were ideal which indicates the produced compost is a high quality organic fertilizer and its use can improve soil fertility.Discussion and Conclusion: the studied composting machine converts wet wastes to compost fertilizer with high quality in a short time without the production of leachate and an unpleasant odor. It also allows to complete separation of wet and dry wastes at source and production of compost fertilizer with high quality. Hence it is suggested to use this composting machine in places of wet waste generation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Post treatment of composting leachate using combination of aerobic completely mixed and plugs flow reactors
Amir Hesam Hassani nader mokhtarani Asghar BayatfardAbstract Today, collection and treatment of leachate is one of the necessary measures in the waste management. Leachate is defined as the aqueous effluent generated as a consequence of precipitation percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in wastes body and th MoreAbstract Today, collection and treatment of leachate is one of the necessary measures in the waste management. Leachate is defined as the aqueous effluent generated as a consequence of precipitation percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in wastes body and the inherent water content of wastes themselves. Leachate is not limited to the Landfill. It is also produces with considerable organic load in composting plants. Usually in treating of strong wastewater, anaerobic process is followed by aerobic methods to boost the process efficiency. The aim of this research was assessing the efficiency of aerobic reactors (plug flow & CSTR) to complete anaerobic method in treating of composting leachate. In this study the aerobic system was consisted of four concrete reservoirs. The first two of them was CSTR reactors which were paralleled. The dimension of each of them was 4×6×6.5 m with the effective volume of 163 m3. The second two (in order) were also paralleled plug flow reactors with the dimension of 13.3×2.5×3 m and effective volume of 89 m3. Wastewater was aerated by means of fine bubble diffusers at the bottom of each reactor. After each two paralleled reactors one sedimentation tank was also predicted. According to experiments the best food to microorganism ratio (F/M) in CSTR reactor was estimated in the range of 0.5-0.15. The average of COD removal efficiency was 80% in CSTR reactors, while ratio of MLVSS/MLSS was 55%. The average of SVI was also 100 ml/g in these reactors. In plug flow reactors with average loading rate of 0.32 Kg COD/m3.d the average of COD removal efficiency and MLVSS/MLSS was 37% and 57% respectively. The average of SVI was also calculated as 84 ml/g in plug flow reactors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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قاسمعلی عمرانی افشین ملکی علی شرافت مولا -
Open Access Article
17 - Feasibility study of Kood-e Aali-e Gillan compost factory`s leachate treatment by anaerobic methods (downflow and upflow)
Amir Hesam Hasani Nader Mokhtarani Asghar BayatfardThere are different methods for the treatment of strong wastewater. The aim of the present study was the treatability of compost leachate by anaerobic method. The researchers did a literature review but found little about anaerobic filters. Then, the study started and l MoreThere are different methods for the treatment of strong wastewater. The aim of the present study was the treatability of compost leachate by anaerobic method. The researchers did a literature review but found little about anaerobic filters. Then, the study started and lasted for 12 months. Finally, the Excel software was used to analyze the results and draw the related diagram. Construction blocks of clay with the effective area of 87 m2 were used as media in UAFB reactors. Thirty-three percent of the height of each reactor was filled with the media. The sequencing of reactors was downflow and upflow. The average concentration of the inlet COD of the reactors was 85000mg/l, while the highest and lowest COD concentrations in the reactors were 140000mg/l and 39400mg/l, respectively. The pH of the inlet leachate was neutralized by Ca (OH)2 and the average temperature of the inlet leachate was 35o C. The parameters studied in this research were COD removal, loading, variation of pH with different loadings, and critical temperature of anaerobic reactor. The results of the study are as follows: The highest COD removal efficiency (97%) of reactors in the treatment of leachate was obtained in COD concentration of 75000mg/l, HRT of 11 hours, and OLR of 46 kg COD/m3.d. The highest OLR inlet to anaerobic reactors was 11.1kg COD/m3.d. At this time, the inlet COD concentration in the reactors was 75000mg/l with the COD removal efficiency of 86.6%. The lowest and highest hydraulic rates of anaerobic reactors were 1m3/d and 40m3/d, respectively. Operating fixed film reactors with low concentrations of mlss (mlss =400mg/l) was possible. It was done in this research and COD removal increased together with an increase in mlss. Finally, COD removal reached 97.7%. In this study, the critical temperature was 19o C. As the temperature lowered, the efficiency of COD removal sharply decreased and reached 4-5%. Fixed film reactors are able to treat strong wastewater (leachate in this research) with the COD concentration of 140000mg/l. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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سید مسعود منوری قاسمعلی عمرانی امیر حسام حسنی کتایون ورشوساز -
Open Access Article
19 - Co-Composing of Municipal Waste and Sawdust for Preservation of Compost Moisture and Preventing Loss of Nitrogen From the Pile
Javad Yousefi Habibollah YounesiIntroduction: In Zahedan, about 0.8 ton sawdust generates in each day. This sawdust is landfilleddespite their good effects on composting process. The aim of the present study was to reuse theseserviceable wastes for improving C/N ratio, preventing nitrogen loss from th MoreIntroduction: In Zahedan, about 0.8 ton sawdust generates in each day. This sawdust is landfilleddespite their good effects on composting process. The aim of the present study was to reuse theseserviceable wastes for improving C/N ratio, preventing nitrogen loss from the piles and investigatingthe effect of sawdust on moisture content of composting piles.Methods: Four composting piles were prepared with 0% (blank), 16%, 32% and 70% sawdustadmixture. Once sampling was done in each week and samples were analyzed for the C/N ratio,moisture, nitrogen and carbon content.Results: The percent of decrease in moisture content was 33% in blank treatment, whereas thisdecrease was 15, 15 and 10% for 16, 32 and 70% respectively. Loss of moisture was decreased withsawdust addition and this is very important for arid and hot area because of water sources shortage.The optimum C/N ratio was observed in 16% treatment and loss of nitrogen was decreased withsawdust addition. The percent of decrease in nitrogen content was 30, 7, 7 and 15% for blank, 16, 32and 70% respectively. The maximum amount of nitrogen in final piles was observed in 16%treatment.Conclusion: Based on experimental data obtained, it can be concluded that sawdust caused water andnitrogen preservation in composting piles and it also improved undesirable and low initial C/N ratio.16% treatment was shown more desirable effects on composting process and compost quality amongother experimental treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - 6
فریده گلبابائی امیرحسین میرزایی مجید عباسپور بابک بنکدارپور -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigation of the Effect of Different Amounts of Sawdust on Physical and Chemical Parameters of Municipal Solid Waste compost
Javad Yousefi Habibollah YounesiIntroduction: Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem tobe essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectof sawdust admixture on composting process o MoreIntroduction: Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem tobe essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectof sawdust admixture on composting process of municipal waste and some physicochemical parameters ofcompost such as temperature, pH, EC, heavy metals concentration and nutrient content.Methods: 4 piles were prepared and different amounts of sawdust were added (0, 16, 32 and 70%). Every daythe temperature was measured within each pile; pH and EC were measured weekly; and heavy metals andnutrient content were measured in final products.Results: The pile without sawdust showed fluctuation in thermophilic temperature, and the gradual decrease intemperature was started on day 33, whereas this decrease was started on day 18 for 16 and 32% treatments. ThepH value was shown to increase on day 21 and then slightly decreased to end of process. The pH value in finalproduct was maximum in 0% treatment (8.1) and it was minimum in 70% treatment (7.73). The EC valueshowed a slight increase in all treatments during the composting process. Treatments with sawdust showed a lowEC value in final products. 0% treatment gave a maximum amount (4.884) of EC and 32% treatment gave aminimum amount (4.235) of EC. The concentration of heavy metals and nutrients, except for Na and K,decreased with sawdust admixture. This was due to dilution effect of sawdust because of low metal content. Naconcentration increased with sawdust admixture due to high content of Na in sawdust and used water.Conclusion: Temperature fluctuation was controlled in composting piles and thermophilic temperature waspreserved in active composting phase with sawdust admixture. Also compost quality was improved and heavymetals content decreased; therefore, the negative effects of compost on human health decreased with addition ofsawdust Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Investigation on Quality of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Compost plant (Case Study: Mashhad city)
Alireza Shokooh Edvin Safari Hossein HasheminThe leachate quality of Mashhad landfill and receiving and fermentation units of its composting plantwas studied. Samples were taken during spring and summer, 2006. BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-N¯,NH4-N+, PO43-, Cl¯, pH, as well 10heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, H MoreThe leachate quality of Mashhad landfill and receiving and fermentation units of its composting plantwas studied. Samples were taken during spring and summer, 2006. BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-N¯,NH4-N+, PO43-, Cl¯, pH, as well 10heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn analysisin the samples. Mean COD, NO3¯N¯, and NH4-N+ in landfill, receiving and fermentation units sampleswere obtained 17418, 50512, 91168 mg COD/l and 2.34, 25.40, 25.97 mg NO3-N¯/l, and 658.78,570.89, 633.89 mg NH4-N+/l, respectively. The quality of leachate samples compared with Leachateof Tehran landfill and landfills in USA, Germany, Spain, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Kuwait. Theresults showed the leachate of Tehran and Mashhad landfills and the composting plant have moreorganic materials than the other countries. BOD5/COD that shows biodegradability of organic matterswas 0.44, 0.51, and 0.55 in the leachate of landfill, receiving and fermentation units, respectively. Itmeans biological treatment can be useful for all of them. Heavy metals concentrations were undernational effluent standard in the landfill leachate. But the concentration of Fe, Zn and Mn were abovethe standard in the leachate of receiving and fermentation units. The results showed that it is possibleto meet the national standard by using a combination of physical- chemical and biological treatmentmethods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Analyzing the Qualitative Characteristics of Compost and Bio-compost in Zahedan City
Eman Homayounnezhad Paria Amirian Essa PiriNowadays dealing with quality and quantity of urban solid wastes and recycling and separating materials as well as reusing organic wastes materials in order to generating compost and bio-compost are the most important issues in urban solid wastes management all around MoreNowadays dealing with quality and quantity of urban solid wastes and recycling and separating materials as well as reusing organic wastes materials in order to generating compost and bio-compost are the most important issues in urban solid wastes management all around the world. With this in mind, quality enhancement of compost and bio-compost produced from urban solid wastes is one of major concern. In the context of a research, physicochemical characteristics of compost and bio-compost of Zahedan city are analyzed. Compost and bio-compost produced in summer and winter of 1385 are collected and utilized as samples. As the outcomes of this research illustrated, concentration of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper and zinc are not in proper levels and humidity percent of fertilizers are below the normal limit due to evaporation and high temperature of summer season. In contrast, concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphor and potassium are normal. In general, keeping compost and bio-compost in desired quality requires more protection especially in high temperature seasons Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Evaluation of the Influence of Sulfur and Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Soil pH and Uptake of Some of the Micronutrients by Corn.
Mohammad Reza Sabour Morteza Shokri Saeed Samavat Mohammad Reza FarahaniIntroduction: Application of sulfur and organic matters has an important role in improving ofphysicochemical properties in soils. In this research optimizing the mixture design between sulfur andmunicipal solid waste compost for application in an alkaline soil was teste MoreIntroduction: Application of sulfur and organic matters has an important role in improving ofphysicochemical properties in soils. In this research optimizing the mixture design between sulfur andmunicipal solid waste compost for application in an alkaline soil was tested.Materials & Methodology: In this research randomized designs with three replications is used. Theapplied factors were the total fertilizer content of compost and sulfur, M, and the ratio between sulfurand compost in fertilizer, T. M factor had four options, zero,0.5, 1 and 2 percent of soil weight and Tfactor include 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 sulfur to compost ratios.Discussion & Results: The obtained results indicated that all of treatments with 99 percentcontingency decreased the soil pH and T2M4 treatment had the best influence. The content of Znuptake by corn has been significant in 5 percent level in many treatments. The content of Fe uptakehad remarkable incensement in treatments, but it wasn't significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Evaluating and comparing of two methods of compost and waste landfill in Khomein city emphasis on economical aspects and environmental considerations
Mahdiyeh Rezaei Seyed Masoud Monavvari Ghasemali OmraniAbstractAccording to the executed calculations in the site of wastes' landfill in Khomein city, 48 metric tons ofwastes are buried inaccurately daily. This traditional method causes many environmental troubles andindicates the necessity of taking optimized actions to au MoreAbstractAccording to the executed calculations in the site of wastes' landfill in Khomein city, 48 metric tons ofwastes are buried inaccurately daily. This traditional method causes many environmental troubles andindicates the necessity of taking optimized actions to authorities and peoples. Due to reducing troublesof urban waste landfill, municipality of Khomein city in Markazi province decided to construct andutilize compost installations. The area of the project land is 2 hectares and the aim of its developmentis up to 3 hectares. The capacity of this project is 2000 metric tons composts yearly which has thecapability of increasing. By the way, another relevant option in this case in Khomein city or othersimilar cities is sanitizing current method of wastes' landfill and execution sanitary landfill operation.Present study intend to compare compost project by waste' landfill besides evaluating present site ofwaste's landfill by utilizing Oleckno method by executing calculations, which uses economicalconsiderations. Ultimately it finds that selecting sanitary landfill option for the circumstance ofKhomein city concerning ecological situation and acquiring maximum point of Oleckno index islogical and comparison of expenses of 1 kg waste's landfill by two available methods indicatesvariance of 10 tomans.Obviously, in the case of considering the principles of the separation from origin and transformation ofcompost to bio compost by all its aspects and omitting its expensive installations and equipments andcost reduction of economical expenses of this project, we can reach to a better conclusion inneighboring cities in this province or other proximate provinces by localizing the site of compostproject in the interval of several neighboring cities and considering this option by executing moreprecise investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Comparing the Performance of Biological Systems in Removal of Odor from Municipal Wastewater Facilities (Case Study)
Masoud Taheriyoun Moslem SalehiziriBackground and Objective: Nowadays, biofiltration has become a widely used technology for the removal of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) which is one of the major odor-causing gases present in the air streams of municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Method: In this stu MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, biofiltration has become a widely used technology for the removal of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) which is one of the major odor-causing gases present in the air streams of municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Method: In this study, a biofilter pilot plant consisting of composts and woodchip as a bed (with a weight ratio of 5:1 for compost: woodchip) and a biotrickling filter with synthesis bed was made to compare the performance of the systems under real condition. Time duration for the pilot operation was 75 days during which the input and output H2S gas concentrations were measured. The systems were operated at ambient temperature, and it was attempted to operate them under desired conditions. Findings: The results showed that concentration of H2S gas emitted from the pumping station during 24 hours was very variable and was in the range of 0 and 48 ppm. Evaluation of all performance parameters (removal efficiency, elimination rate, etc.) indicated that the performance of biofilter systems for the removal of odor emitted from municipal wastewater facilities, in range of 0-50 ppm of H2S, was more appropriate than that of biotrickling filter systems. Conclusion: Therefore, the use of biofilter for H2S gas removal from the municipal wastewater facilities is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Quality Evaluation of Composted Urban Solid Wastes Materials Produced in Tehran Arad-Kouh Factory Using Parameters of CIELAB Color Standard during Production Process
Hadith Khandehroo Bubak SouriBackground and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determinevarious physic-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is toevaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with paramet MoreBackground and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determinevarious physic-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is toevaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with parameters of CIELAB colorstandard system during composting production process.Material and methods: In this study, changes on parameters of CIELAB color standard alongsidewith organic matter percentages and values of C/N ratio were measured for 90 days during urban solidwastes materials’ composting process in Arad-Kouh factory in Tehran.Results: The results showed that there are significant relationships of L* with organic matter(r=0.942, α=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=0.915, α=0.01) from one hand and parameter of a*/b* withorganic matter (r=-0.876, α=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=-0.893, α=0.01) from other hand.Conclusion: Statistical interpretation of the obtained results approved that instead of commonanalytical methods for quality evaluation of composted materials; parameters of L* and a*/b* areeasy, inexpensive and quick to estimate ratio of C/N and organic matter percentage of compostedurban solid wastes materials reliably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Investigation of compost production from municipal solid waste using solid state bioreactor (Case study: Amol)
Mohammad Hossein Heidarzadeh Hossein Amani Behzad Javadian Hasan Kariminezhad Mojtaba NavaeiBackground and Objective: Due to the large volume of waste produced in Amol and the proximity of the city to the sea and the forest, a proper waste management is urgent necessaryto prevent environmental pollution. On the other hand, organic waste occupies more than 80% MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the large volume of waste produced in Amol and the proximity of the city to the sea and the forest, a proper waste management is urgent necessaryto prevent environmental pollution. On the other hand, organic waste occupies more than 80% of the Amol municipal solid waste. Therefore, a new method for compost production from municipal solid waste and a suitable quality comparison of the produced compost with Iranian National Standards Organization are aims of this study. Method: In this paper, compost production at a greenhouse closed and controlled condition as a novel method using of homemade designed crusher was studied. In this work also a new design of solid state bioreactor was used. In this reactor, aeration and stirring were carefully controlled; therefore, this reactor can be used in a large scale. Also parameters such as temperature, pH, C/N and ash were measured during the compost production. Findings: The results showed that the production of compost from this study obtained during 25 days that is less than the current processes. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of the final product, pH and the electrical conductivity were 19.89, 7.29 and 7.7 dS/m, respectively. Also, results showed that the produced compost parameters are in agreement with first class compost based on the Iranian National Standards Organization. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, the method of this research can be proposed in high scale and high quality compost production from municipal waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Vermicomposting of Domestic Waste Using Eisenia Foetida Erathworm
Mohammad Ali Abduli Mabubeh Hadipour Mehdi Jalili Ghazizade Hossein Ali AsgharniaBackground: The high percentage of putrescible materials in generated waste in Iran, in one hand, and lack of proper lands for sanitary landfilling of waste (specially in the northern parts of the country), in the other hand, along with problems of collection, transport MoreBackground: The high percentage of putrescible materials in generated waste in Iran, in one hand, and lack of proper lands for sanitary landfilling of waste (specially in the northern parts of the country), in the other hand, along with problems of collection, transportation and disposal of waste all make it necessary to think about vermicompost method as an efficient technique for disposal of organic waste. Method: The present study aims to investigate the degradation of domestic waste using specific earthworm ‘Eisenia foetida’. For this purpose, a wooden pilot including three floors was designed. Length, width and height of the pilot were 45, 25 and 65 cm respectively. Then 500 earthworms were collected manually and put on created media in the pilot. The domestic waste was added every week to the pilot, and after 60 days the compost was taken out. Finally, the important parameters in the produced compost were analyzed in the laboratory. Results: The result shows that providing proper situations like temperature range of 20-30 °C and moisture range of 60-75% and also appropriate aeration can lead to creation of a suitable place for the growth of earthworms and consequently conversion of organic wastes to rich compost. The ratio of C/N in the produced vermicompost was 14.53 (range of C/N is 10-20). Conclusion: One of the other advantages of this method is that it can also be used for increasing the earthworms as a food resource for domesticated animals and aquatic creatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Qualitative Study of Compost Fertilizer Produced in Zahedan Factory, Considering Physical and Chemical Characteristics
Farah Heydari Gholamreza MirakiBackground and Objective: Compost is extracted from the Latin word “Compositus”, meaning compound or mixture and sometimes it is known as mixed fertilizer in Persian language. Regarding the economic values of spoilable substances, producing fertilizer from w MoreBackground and Objective: Compost is extracted from the Latin word “Compositus”, meaning compound or mixture and sometimes it is known as mixed fertilizer in Persian language. Regarding the economic values of spoilable substances, producing fertilizer from waste not only will help to ues this value, but also in this way, the waste and its recycling can be controlled. Thus, construction of compost factories for hygienic repulsion and production of valuable fertilizer, are the main preferences of urban waste management in the country. Objective of this study is evaluation of physical and chemical quality of compost fertilizer, produced in Zahedan Factory, and its comparison with the standards in Iran and the world. Method: In this study, the compost fertilizer produced in Zahedan Factory was investigated during 9 months. To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the compost produced in this factory, the factors such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, azoth, phosphor, lead, cadmium, zinc and copper were evaluated. Microbial specifications of the produced compost are also specified by determination of culiferoum, Salmonellae, and parasite zygote. Results: Evaluated factors are: average percentage of carbon (4.2 ppm), percentage of azoth (1.98 ppm), percentage of lead (89.98 ppm), percentage of cadmium (2.695 ppm). The microbial quality of the produced compost was in B level of Environmental Protection Organization of America. Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the produced compost, in terms of heavy metals, was in the range of UN, America and Canada standards (AAFC, CCME, and BNQ) and was reasonable according to the National Standards of Iran. Carbon and azoth percentages meet the compost standards in most cases. However, considering that the ratio of carbon is higher than the ratio of azoth, it is necessary to add vegetable and fruit wastes - that contain higher nitrogen - to the compost ingredients. Amount of phosphor is placed in rank 2 of National Standards of Iran. pH is almost higher than standard levels; in this case adding a little sulfur will solve the problem. Compost fertilizer samples are applicable as soil reclamation factor. Waste segregation at source and establishment of thermophilic conditions in mass are two effective strategies that should be concentrated to improve the quality of compost fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Prioritization of Waste Disposal Methods using Analytical Hierarchy Process
Saeed Ali asgarian Najafabadi Hamid Reza GhassemzadehBackground and Objective: Increase of municipal waste which mainly consists of domestic waste and, in other words, environmentaly biodegradable materilas, pose serious challenges to the selection of efficient disposal methods every year. Lack of comprehensive data set a MoreBackground and Objective: Increase of municipal waste which mainly consists of domestic waste and, in other words, environmentaly biodegradable materilas, pose serious challenges to the selection of efficient disposal methods every year. Lack of comprehensive data set as well as uncertainty in some cases make decision making on waste disposal method selection more complicated and requires a more efficient waste treatment system. Method: In this study, the hierarchical analysis process was used to assess and prioritize waste disposal methods. Considered methods were: composting, incineration, segregation and sanitary landfilling of urban waste. The criteria for evaluation of options included: waste synthesis, environmental issues and costs. Results: According to the results obtained from analysis of collected information, environmental issues with the relative value of 0.778 were the most important criterion to be considered. Finally, the waste segregation and sanitary landfilling with the absolute value of 0.444 proved to be the best option. Compost production and incineration methods were ranked next, respectively. The inconsistency rate for all comparisons was 0.1 which is considered acceptable. Conclusion: Considering the small difference between the final values obtained for sanitary landfill and compost production methods, both should be studied more closely. The studies on waste synthesis in different parts of the country confirm the findings of this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Feasibility of Copper Removal from Wastewaters by Using Compost as a Natural Sorbent
Davood Kahforoushan Elnaz Safaree Shirin Nouraeenia -
Open Access Article
33 - Ability of earthworms in organic wastes management
Farzad Mehrjo Mohsen RastakhizOrganic wastes are includes domestic wastes, crop wastes, garden waste, agricultural and food processing industries, poultry and livestock waste, human waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, orchards and farms. One effective and affordable method in organic waste management MoreOrganic wastes are includes domestic wastes, crop wastes, garden waste, agricultural and food processing industries, poultry and livestock waste, human waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, orchards and farms. One effective and affordable method in organic waste management using is earthworms to produce vermicompost fertilizer, in addition to reducing environmental risks; the nature of their turnover in fertilizer consumption has accelerated. Vermicomposting is through decomposition of organic wastes help certain species of earthworms. In general, there are about 3000 species of earthworms in different sizes from 0/6 to 330 cm. Only two species Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus due to production efficiency and ease of replication are most widely used in the production of vermicompost. Considering limitation of the right places disposal of organic wastes and from hand landfill and incineration adverse effects on public health and the environment, Vermicomposting using biotechnology earthworms a suitable option for is organic waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Investigation of Physicochemical and Biological Factors Changes on the Production of Vermicompost by using Cow Manure and Earthworm Eisenia foetida
Farzad Mehrjo Mojtaba Barzekar Afsaneh Shahbazi Hossein Hashemi Elham MohamadiVermicompost is one the valuable fertilizer which produced by certain species of earthworms during the process of biological degradation of organic wastes. This fertilizer is an odorless and highly nutritious and organic product with high capability of soil amendment. t MoreVermicompost is one the valuable fertilizer which produced by certain species of earthworms during the process of biological degradation of organic wastes. This fertilizer is an odorless and highly nutritious and organic product with high capability of soil amendment. the proposes of the study were; the product of Vermicompost by Eisenia foetida earthworms and cow manure, the investigation of change physicochemical and biological parameters in the vermicompost production process ,and also, the description of optimal production point for worms.The relationship between the parameters in vermicomposting correlation test using spss software version 22 was used. the parameters including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, number cocoon and worm, cocoon and worm weight, percentage of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were measured in the four months of composting, The results showed that in studied conditions the number of cocoon 7/3 equal, weight cocoon 7/2 equal, the number worms of 1/2 equal and weight worm 2/08 was equal. EC Product 3/4 Ms/cm, carbon percent 11/8, the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen 4/18 g/kg and 0/2 g/kg, respectively. Microbial contamination due to organic waste through the digestive tract of earthworms, and analyze them dropped. Considering results, biological parameters such as the number of cocoons, weight of cocoons and the number of worms, weight of worms, in during of Composting process significantly increased. So physicochemical and biological conditions which established in this study lead to appropriate production of vermicompost and optimize the worm production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - اثر کمپوست، کود شیمیایی و انواع مختلف کود دامی بر خصوصیات خاک و عملکرد گیاه هندوانه
عباس سلطانی نژاد امین باقی زاده حمیدرضا درودیان -
Open Access Article
36 - بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف ورمیکمپوست و خاکبرگ بر برخی ویژگی های شمعدانی تحت تنش خشکی
الهام مطلبی لیلا حبیبی -
Open Access Article
37 - بررسی اثر کودهای بیولوژیک بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کنجد در شرایط کمبود آب
مصطفی خمر مجتبی پیام عسگری حسین نقیبی مژده فرمانبر -
Open Access Article
38 - بررسی اثر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی چند بسترکشت آلی و معدنی بر رشد گیاه آپارتمانی Dracaena fragrans 'Lemon Lime'
فرشید اسمعیلی -
Open Access Article
39 - آزادسازی فسفر قابل استفاده با کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی و جذب آن توسط گندم در خاکهای آهکی
جعفر شهابی فر ابراهیم پناه پور فرهاد مشیری علی غلامی مهرزاد مستشاری -
Open Access Article
40 - تأثیر کمپوست مصرفی قارچ دکمهای و کود شیمیایی بر روند تغییرات بافت روده گونه های پرورشی گرمابی
خالد روشنفکر رحیم عبدی محمد علی سالاری علی آبادی زهرا بصیر -
Open Access Article
41 - Effects of Culture Medium and Organic Matter on Germination Characteristics of Lemongrass Seeds (Melissa Officinalis L.)
Shima Rahmanian Abolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi Mehdi Hoseini FarahiEvaluation of seed germination characteristics is one of the basic and preliminary studies of medicinal plants. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of culture medium and organic matter on improving the germination characteristics of lemongrass seed MoreEvaluation of seed germination characteristics is one of the basic and preliminary studies of medicinal plants. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of culture medium and organic matter on improving the germination characteristics of lemongrass seeds as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in Jahrom city. The first factor is the culture medium at three levels (compost, soil and vermicompost, compost + vermicompost and vermicompost + soil at equal ratios) and the second factor was organic matter at three levels (control, effective microorganisms (EM) and humic acid 5mlL-1). Germination percentage, rate and mean daily germination, plant vigor and germination index were measured. The results showed that the effect of culture medium, organic matter and the interaction of culture medium and organic matter on all germination characteristics of lemongrass seeds was significant. Highest germination percentage, germination rate, mean daily germination, vigor index and seed germination index were obtained by using EM. The culture medium containing soil + compost and soil + vermicompost alone had the highest germination traits. The interaction of culture medium and organic matter showed that the highest seed germination percentage of 100% was obtained in soil culture medium + compost using EM. The highest germination rate as well as the highest germination index were observed in soil culture medium containing compost + vermicompost using EM. In order to increase germination and improve the seedling quality of lemongrass, the use of EM and the combination of soil + compost for culture medium is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Effect of Culture Medium, Organic Matter and Salinity on the Amount and Active Ingredients of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) Essential Oil
Shima Rahmanian Abolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi Mehdi Hoseini FarahiTo study the effect of culture medium, organic matter, and salinity on active compounds of lemon balm, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 3 replications. First factor (culture medium at three levels; compost+arable soil, vermicompo MoreTo study the effect of culture medium, organic matter, and salinity on active compounds of lemon balm, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 3 replications. First factor (culture medium at three levels; compost+arable soil, vermicompost+arable soil, and compost+vermicompost+arable soil), second factor (organic matter; humic acid (HA) and effective microorganisms (EM) both 5 per 1000); and third factor (salinity; tap water, 40 and 80mM). Examination of essential oils by the GC method revealed the presence of 34 compounds. These compounds were affected by substrate and salinity. The major constituents of essential oils including Trans-carveol, Carvacrol acetate, Isoborneol, Isopulegol and γ-3-Carene were observed in the combined substrate of arable soil+compost+vermicompost, and the highest levels of 1,3,8-P-menthatriene, Citronellol, and γ-Terpinene were observed in the combined substrate of arable soil+compost. With increasing salinity, amount of Trans-carveol, Carvacrol acetate, γ-Terpinene, Isoborneol, Citronellol increased, and γ-3-Carene, Isopulegol and 1,3,8-P-menthatriene decreased significantly. The highest percentages of Trans-carveol (21.85), Isoborneol (12.90), Carvacrol acetate (11.78) were observed in the salinity of 80mM in combined substrate of arable soil+compost+ vermicompost. The highest percentage of Citronellol (11.12) and γ-Terpinene (9.87) were recorded under compost substrate. In the control and with a combined substrate of arable soil+compost, the highest percentage of compounds, including 1,3,8,P-menthatriene (9.93) was observed. Finally, the combined substrate of arable soil+compost+vermicompost caused the highest percentages of Isopulegol (8.98) and γ-3-Carene (8.47). Application of HA could increase the main constituents, in lemon balm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Environmental management of sanitary wastewater sludge (bio-solids) to produce compost and compare it for replacement with conventional chemical fertilizers
Shahram Lasemi Ebrahim Alaie Reza Arjmandi Amir Hesam HassaniCurrently, the environmental management of wastewater sludge is a major challenge in environmental engineering. New effective solutions for wastewater treatment lead to improved final effluent quality but significantly increase the volume of wastewater sludge produced. MoreCurrently, the environmental management of wastewater sludge is a major challenge in environmental engineering. New effective solutions for wastewater treatment lead to improved final effluent quality but significantly increase the volume of wastewater sludge produced. This study investigated the environmental management status of the sewage sludge of the sanitary treatment plant of the Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex affiliated to the National Oil Company to produce compost and compare it for replacement with conventional chemical fertilizers.The present study is descriptive-cross-sectional. The required sludge was prepared from the sludge dryer beds of the wastewater treatment plant of Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex, and the method used was aerobic sludge compost by the wind. Windrow size was 1/2 m high, 1.5 m wide, and 2.5 m long and was performed in 3 stages of 20 days.This study showed that the percentage of organic matter in the compost obtained from the municipal sewage sludge of Mahmoud Abad is of good quality. Changes in temperature, pH, percentage of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were in the acceptable range. Considering the environmental conditions and nutritional needs of plants, it can be said that bio fertilizers and especially compost from wastewater treatment, can play a positive role in plant growth and yield under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Effects of Water Deficit Stress and Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Two Sorghum Cultivars
Nushin Mohamadzamani Omidali Akbarpour Mani Mojaddam Tayeb Sakinejad Alireza ShokuhfarSorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is one of the most important forage crops in the cereal family. Due to its adaptation to arid condition and high-water use efficiency, it may produce satisfactory seed yields in arid conditions. The present study was conducted in Khorram MoreSorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is one of the most important forage crops in the cereal family. Due to its adaptation to arid condition and high-water use efficiency, it may produce satisfactory seed yields in arid conditions. The present study was conducted in Khorramabad province during two crop years of 2016 - 2017. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split-factorial arrangement with four replications. The stress factor was assigned to main plots through three levels of irrigation, normal irrigation, and irrigation at vegetative and reproductive stages, and sub-factor to subplots, consisted of three levels of biofertilizer, soil NPK application, soil vermicompost application, and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer combining with Sepideh and Kimia cultivars. Initially, combined analysis of variance was performed. Due to the lack of significant year effect and its interaction effects by different factors, analysis of variances was performed on two years data. The effects of stress and the interaction effects of cultivar by stress and fertilizer on some traits were measured. It was found that the quantitative, qualitative and phonological indices of sorghum were directly negatively affected by stress at the reproductive stage. On the other hand, the effect of vermicompost fertilizer on the studied traits was significant and positive. Sepideh possessed the highest vahues for those traits except for protein percent, in comparison to Kimia. Grain yield was about 8 ton at irrigation-interrupt during vegetative stage for Sepideh and 4.36 t.ha-1 for Kimia, but grain yield at irrigation-interrupt during reproductive stage was 7.67 and 4.45 t.ha-1 for Sepideh and Kimia, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Effect of Vermicompost Fertilizer Application on Physiological Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Genotypes in Two Sowing Dates
Elnaz Samadzadeh ghale joughi Eslam Majidi Hervan Amir Hoseain Shirani Rad Ghorban NoormohammadiTo investigate the effect of vermicompost fertilizer application on physiological characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes in different sowing dates, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design arranged in factorial split plot wit MoreTo investigate the effect of vermicompost fertilizer application on physiological characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes in different sowing dates, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design arranged in factorial split plot with three replicates. The factorial combination of two sowing dates 17 and 27 October, considered as optimum and late sowing dates, respectively and two vermicompost rates, 0 and 20 t.ha-1 were allocated to the main plots and six canola genotypes (BAL104, DIE710.08, BAL102, FJL290, FJL330, Okapi) were randomized in sub-plots. The results indicated that seed yield, yield components, seed oil percentage and fatty acid compositions increased in all genotypes by different sowing dates. The highest seed yield (5853 and 5762 kg.ha-1), seed oil percentage (43.98 and 43.85%), oleic acid (65.23 and 64.93%) and linoleic acid (20.51 and 20.37%) were produced at optimum sowing date by FJL290 and BAL102 lines, which represent a high potential of this genotypes under this sowing date. In addition, application of vermicompost increased all traits under study. The result olso indicated that FJL290 and BAL102 lines can produce the highest seed and oil yields in the region, if the seeds were sown at 17 October 17th and application of 20 t.ha-1 of vermicompost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The Effect Organic Fertilizer on Quantitative and Qualitative Characters of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Sistan Region
Tahmineh Mir Arab Esa Piri Abolfazl Tavassoli Mehdi BabaeiyanTo evaluation the effect of manure, compost and vormicompost on yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum), a pot experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications in Zabol, Sistan, in 2013. Bio fertilizer treatments consiste MoreTo evaluation the effect of manure, compost and vormicompost on yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum), a pot experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications in Zabol, Sistan, in 2013. Bio fertilizer treatments consisted of seven levels: F1= control (no fertilizer), F2= 20% vormicompost, F3= 40% vormicompost, F4= 20% compost, F5= 40% compost, F6= 20% manure and F7= 40% manure. Traits measured were plant high, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, dry weight, essence content and yield. The results showed that the use of bio fertilizer significantly improved the quantity and quality basil characters. Treatments had a significant effect on most of the measured traits and increased all of the traits as compared to thos of control. Thus, with the exceotion of 1000 grain weight, highest amounts were obtained for plant height, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, dry weight, essence content and essence yield by using 40% vormicompost and lowest to those of control treatment. Our results also showed that increasing vermicompost, compost and manure from 20% to 40% increased plant height, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, dry matter and essence percent. Generally, the use of organic fertilizers, as compared with not using them, produced optimum quality and quantity of basil. As a whole, it can be said that using bio fertilizers may help to achieve sustainable agriculture goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Effect of Compost Combination and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Reza Rezayi Ghyasi Seyyed Ali Mousavizadeh Elnaz Farajzadeh Meamari TabriziIn order to find suitable ratio of chemical fertilizer and compost, to increase economic yield of onion, a study was carried out at the Malekan Agricultural Farm and Natural Resources Research and Education Station in 2013. The experiment was done in split plot using RC MoreIn order to find suitable ratio of chemical fertilizer and compost, to increase economic yield of onion, a study was carried out at the Malekan Agricultural Farm and Natural Resources Research and Education Station in 2013. The experiment was done in split plot using RCBD with three replications. Fertilizers (A) were asseigned to main plots with six levels (recommended dosage of chemical fertilizers as control (a1), ¾ of the control + 4 ton ha-1 of compost (a2), ½ of the control + 8 ton ha-1 compost (a3), ¼ of the control + 12 ton ha-1 compost (a4) and the compost alone (16 and 20 ton ha-1) (a5 and a6)) and cultivars to subplots with five levels , (B) (Zanjan Qoli Qissa (b1) and Red Azarshahr (b2)). Red Azarshahr was superior to Qoli Qissa in all traits. Fertilizer levels had significant effects on all traits, except number of edible layers, and a1 was highest amount in these traits compared to other fertilizer rates. The interaction of fertilizer × cultivar was not significant in all traits. Combined use of chemical fertilizers and compost had significant positive effect on vegetative traits, bulb diameter, yield per plant and total yield as compared to that of using compost alone. Using ¾ a1 and ½ a1 along with the rate of 4 and 8 t.ha-1 (a2 anda3) of compost had no significant decreasing effect on bulb weight per plant and yield as compared with chemical fertilizer application alone (a1). Thus use of ¾ the control treatment + 4 ton ha-1 of compost (a2) and ½ of the control treatment + 8 ton ha-1 of compost (a3) can be recommended to the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Effect of Application Methods of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizers on Tuber Yield and Some Morphological Traits of Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Farnaz Monaghash Abbas Maleki Heydar ZolnorianTo investigate the effect of vermicompost, chemical fertilizers and their application methods on tuber yield and some morphological traits of potato (Agria cultivar) an experiment was carried out in Mahidasht Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Kermans MoreTo investigate the effect of vermicompost, chemical fertilizers and their application methods on tuber yield and some morphological traits of potato (Agria cultivar) an experiment was carried out in Mahidasht Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Kermanshah Province during 2012-2013 cropping season. The experiment was carried out in a split plot factorial using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Levels of vermicompost (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 t/ha) were assigned to main plots, and chemical fertilizers with three levels (0, 50 and 100 % chemical fertilizer recommended) of the amount of 225 kg/ha of urea, 150 kg/ha of potassium sulfate, 105 kg/ha of triple super phosphate and 52 kg/ha zinc sulfate and on 50% level respectively 112.5, 75, 52.5 and 26 kg/ha and fertilizer application methods at 3 levels (broadcast, one band and two band application) to subplots. The results showed that increasing the amount of vermicompost about 3.5 t/ha and reducing chemical fertilizer by 50% and applying it in two band increased plant height, number of stems per plant and tuber yield. The highest tuber yield was obtained from application of 3.5 t/ha of vermicompost, 50% chemical fertilizer and two band fertilizer applications (37 t/ha). This study indicated the positive effect of vermicompost on potato tuber yield. Thus, it can be suggested that combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers may reduce chemical fertilizers usage and reduce also the environmental pollutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The Effects of Using Organic and Biological Fertilizer Along with Lower Rate of Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Quality and Quantity of Rice Yield
Norollah Kheyri Yousof Niknejad Maryam AbbasalipourTo investigate the possibility of increasing the quantity and quality rice yield (var. Tarom Hashemi) by application of organic and biologic fertilizers with lower rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block de MoreTo investigate the possibility of increasing the quantity and quality rice yield (var. Tarom Hashemi) by application of organic and biologic fertilizers with lower rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, a field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in Amol in 2014-2015. Experimental treatments were: T1: control or no fertilizer application, T2: nitrogen fertilizer application of 46 kg.ha-1, T3: azolla compost application of 10 ton.ha-1, T4: vermicompost application of 10 ton.ha-1, T5: nitrogen fertilizer of 23 kg.ha-1 + azolla compost of 5 ton.ha-1, T6: nitrogen fertilizer of 23 kg.ha-1 + vermicompost of 5 ton.ha-1, T7: azolla compost of 5 ton.ha-1 + vermicompost of 5 ton.ha-1 and T8: nitrogen fertilizer of 12 kg.ha-1 + azolla compost of 5 ton.ha-1 + vermicompost of 5 ton.ha-1. Results showed that the percent of sterile floret per panicle increased (13.95%) by not using fertilizer. The highest panicle length (25.47 cm), number of fertile tiller per hill (18.30) and filled grain number per panicle (136.1) belonged to treatment no. T8. Treatments of T3 and T4 resulted in highest 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield (5295 kg.ha-1) was produced by combined application of nitrogen fertilizer, azolla compost and vermicompost. This was due to the increased panicle length and yield components such as number of fertile tiller per hill and filled grain number per panicle. Amylose content decreased under the combined treatments. The optimum range of gelatinization temperature (ranging between 3 to 5) were observed only in treatments containing chemical nitrogen fertilizer. According to the results of this research, the treatment no. T8, due to reduced nitrogen chemical fertilizer application and its lower environmental impacts was considered to be the best treatment for increasing the grain yield of rice. Although, the combined application of nitrogen with any of the biologic or organic fertilizers, especially azolla, had a significant effect on improvement of seed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Effect of Sulphur and Vermicompost Application on Agronomic Traits of Hubbit Cultivar of Soybean (Glycine max L.)
Somayeh Shahrusvand Hamid Reza Eisvand Farhad Nazarian Firozabadi Mohammad FeizianTo study the effect of sulphur and vermicompost application on morphological and agronomic traits of soybean (Hubbit Cultivar), an experiment was carried out at Aligudarz city, Lorestan province, Iran in 2017. The experimental design was two-factor split-plot design bas MoreTo study the effect of sulphur and vermicompost application on morphological and agronomic traits of soybean (Hubbit Cultivar), an experiment was carried out at Aligudarz city, Lorestan province, Iran in 2017. The experimental design was two-factor split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors were vermicompost as the main factor with three levels (0, 4 and 8 ton.ha-1) and sulphur fertilizer as a sub-factor with three levels (0, 250 and 500 kg.ha-1). The results indicated that the main and interaction effects of vermicompost and sulphur on plant height, stem number per plant, pod length, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, protein yield, oil yield, grain yield, biological yield and soybean harvest index were significant. The highest plant height belonged to the application of 4 tons per hectare of vermicompost alomg with 250 kg.ha-1 sulphur fertilizer (76.52 cm) and the lowest to not using vermicompost and sulphur (control) (61.50 cm). The highest 100 seed weight, protein yield, oil yield, seed yield and harvest index were produced from 8 tons per hectare of vermicompost and 250 kg.ha-1 sulphur fertilizer respectively (20.86 g, 475.25 kg.ha-1, 787.58 kg.ha-1, 252.250 kg.ha-1, 34.13%) and their lowest values from application of fertilizers of vermicompost and sulphur (control) respectively (12.05 g, 443.26 kg.ha-1, 243.66 kg.ha-1, 1440.11 kg.ha-1, 31.44%, respectively). The results also showed that simultaneous use of vermicompost and sulphur fertilizers at levels of 8 tons and 250 kg.ha-1 was the best treatment for increasing soybean yield under experimental climatic conditions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Effect of Planting Date and Nutritional Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Sayed Mohammad Reza Tabatabai Hamid Madani Hossein Heidari Sharifabad Ghorban Noormohammadi Farrokh DarvishUse of organic fertilizers is one of the important ways to improve agricultural productions reduce the risk of environmental pollution and to achieve sustainable goals. To compare the effect of different levels of planting date, organic and chemical fertilizers on yield MoreUse of organic fertilizers is one of the important ways to improve agricultural productions reduce the risk of environmental pollution and to achieve sustainable goals. To compare the effect of different levels of planting date, organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of maize, a split plot experiment with eight treatments and three replications was conducted at The Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Research and Sciences Branch, at Varamin, in 2019. Treatments were two levels of planting time (timely planting and late planting) and four fertilizers levels (control, 450 kg.ha-1 urea, 25 ton.ha-1 of compost manure and 15 ton.ha-1 of vermicompost fertilizer). The results showed that all of the traits under except 1000-grain weight were affected by different treatments. Delayed sowing significantly decreased yield and yield components. In most of the traits studied, significant differences between urea, compost and vermicompost treatments were not observed. However, stem diameter, seed content of nitrogen, number of kernel per ear and 1000-seed weight were not affected by the applied fertilizer treatments. Urea and vermicompost increased leaf soluble carbohydrates by (32.9 µg.g-1 FW and 31.9 µg.g-1 FW, respectively) and biological yield by (29.7 ton.ha-1 and 28.8 ton.ha-1, respectively). Also, grain yield increased by the use of compost (6.9 ton.ha-1) and urea (7.3 ton.ha-1) treatments. According to the results of this study, compost and vermicompost fertilizer can be a good alternative to urea in production of corn in Varamin region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Yield and Yield Components of Vetch (Vigna radiata) as Affected by the Use of Vermicompost and Phosphate Bio-fertilizer
Mohammad Mehdi Rahimi Alireza HashemiTo evaluate the effects different levels of phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 and vermi compost on yield and yield components of vetch plant (Vigna radiata L.)in Yasouj a factorial experiments was performed in completely randomized design in crop year of 2013. Experiment MoreTo evaluate the effects different levels of phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 and vermi compost on yield and yield components of vetch plant (Vigna radiata L.)in Yasouj a factorial experiments was performed in completely randomized design in crop year of 2013. Experimental treatments were phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 at 3 levels (0, 50, 100 gram per hectare) and vermicompost at 4 levels (0, 10, 20, 30 ton per hectare). In this study stem height, root length, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index was measured. ANOVA and comparison of means showed that vermicompost significantly increased stem height, economic and biological yields. Results, also, indicated that highest yield and biomass, 4.3 and 18.8 g/plant, observed respectively when 100 g/ha of barvar-2 and 30 t/ha of vermi compost were used. Using both of phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 and vermicompost was better than their individnal usage. This indicates that combined use of these 2 factors would produce higher yield. It can be concluded that application of 100 g/ha of barvar-2 and 30 t/ha of vermicompost would a proper recommendation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Differential Concentrations of some Nutrient Element in Forage of Corn (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Organic Fertilizers and Soil Compaction
N. Najafi A. MohammadnejadSoil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also suppl MoreSoil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also supply some nutrients to plant. Thus, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 treatments to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers in mitigating soil compaction. The first factor in this study was the source and amount of organic fertilizer at seven levels (control, farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost and each of organic fertilizers at two levels of 15 and 30 g/kg of soil). The second factor was soil compaction at two levels (bulk density of 1.2 and 1.7 g/cm3). To perform this experiment, 10 kg of dry soil was poured into special PVC pots and then seeds of single cross 704 corn were planted. At the end of the growth period, the corn shoot was harvested and concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined by dry ashing method. The results showed that concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoot, related to the different treatments, were negligible. Concentrations of P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn in the corn shoot were increased significantly by application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost at both levels of soil compaction. However, Na concentration of shoot did not change significantly. Soil compaction significantly reduced P, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations of corn shoot, but it affected concentrations of Na and K significantly. Application of organic fertilizers and increasing their levels reduced the negative effects of soil compaction on nutrients uptake by corn plant. This study showed that to improve forage corn nutrition, application of 15 or 30 g of farmyard manure or sewage sludge compost or municipal solid waste compost per kg of soil can be recommended to similar compacted and non-compacted conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Effect of Organic Fertilizers and Date of Planting on Varieties of Vigna radiata in the Initial Growth Stage
M. Gilak Hakim Abadi J.M. Sinaki A. Dashtban A. NouiriniaProper management is required to increase yields of Vigna radiata. To evaluate the effect of different levels of organic fertilizers and date of planting on the yield of two varieties of Vigna radiata, a split plot factorial experiment was carried out on randomized comp MoreProper management is required to increase yields of Vigna radiata. To evaluate the effect of different levels of organic fertilizers and date of planting on the yield of two varieties of Vigna radiata, a split plot factorial experiment was carried out on randomized complete blocks with three replications in a field located in Ali-Abad Katoul in growing season of 2013-14. Experimental factors consisted of organic fertilizer at four levels, 1– control, 2– compost (10 tons in hectare), 3– manure (30 tons in hectare), and 4– combined use of manure and compost (20 tons per hectare), two varieties (native to Ali-Abad Katoul and improved VC) and three planting dates (June 11, July 1, July 21). The results showed a significant effect of planting date on the leaf area, total dry weight, shoot dry weight, leaf dry weight, stem length at 1%, and the same effect on the root penetration in the initial growth stage of the plants (seedlings) and 5% levels of probabilities respectivly. The application of organic fertilizers (compost, manure, and a compost and manure mixture) had a significant effect on the plant height and root depth at the 5% level of probabilites. Al together, the local Ali-Abad Katoul variety grew better than the VC variety. We conclude that the environment compatibility of variety, proper planting dates and use of organic fertilizers, especially mixed with manure compost, can have a positive effect on Vigna radiata growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Evaluation of Yield, Yield Components and Essential Oil Content of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) with the Use of Nitrogen and Vermicompost
Alireza Pazoki Hamidreza Tavakoli Haghighat Abolfazl Rashidi AslEnvironmenal problems resulting from application of nitrogen fertilizers in the production plant materials led agricultural specialists to use clean and alternative methods to towards the organic farming and use of organic fertilizers. In this study, thus, the effect of MoreEnvironmenal problems resulting from application of nitrogen fertilizers in the production plant materials led agricultural specialists to use clean and alternative methods to towards the organic farming and use of organic fertilizers. In this study, thus, the effect of nitrogen and vermicompost fertilizer rates on yield, yield components, essential oil content and some morphological traits of marigold was studied in a split plot experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications in Shahr-e-Rey region during 2013 growing season. Nitrogen rates with 3 levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) were assigned to main plots and vermicompost with 3 levels (0, 10, and 20 t.ha-1) to the sub plots. Mean comparison of simple effects indicated that the plants treated with 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 20 t.ha-1 organic fertilizer vermicompost produced higher trait values under study than control (non application of vermincompost). Interaction effect of experimented factors was significant on all traits under evaluation. Thus, highest seed yield (1567 kg.ha-1), biological yield (6664 kg.ha-1) and essential oil yield (8.85 kg.ha-1) obtained by the application of 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 20 t.ha-1 varmicompost. Based on the results obtained it could be said that nitrogen and vermicompost may improve seed and biological yield and yield components of marigold. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Evaluation of Irrigation Regimes and Use of Organic Fertilizers on Qualitive and Quantitive Yield of Borage (Borago officinalis L.)
Rana Gholinezhad Alireza Sirousmehr Baratali FakheriTo study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on mucilage percentage and some quality characteristics of borago (Borago officinalis) a field experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete MoreTo study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on mucilage percentage and some quality characteristics of borago (Borago officinalis) a field experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran during 2012. Irrigation regimes were S1: 100% FC, as control, S2: 80% FC (moderate stress) and S3: 60% FC (severe stress) and application of organic fertilizers: N1: without fertilizer as control, N2: 40 t.ha-1 compost, N3: 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost were assigned to main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that N, P and K, as well as the amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased with increasing drought stress, but decreasing effects of fertilizers levels on traits were not high. Stress conditions and application of compost increased sodium percentage. By increasing drought stress, soluble carbohydrates and mucilage percent also increased. Highest mucilage percent (2.37) was obtained from moderate stress treatment. Highest total dry yield (13.48 t.ha-1) was also due to non-stress conditions. This was not significantly different mild stress. Application of organic fertilizers, particularly compost, resulted in greater performance. It can be concluded that acceptable yield of dry borage and higher mucilage percent can be obtained from irrigation at 80 percent field capacity and use of compost in Zabol climatic condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Effect of Deficit Water Stress on Some Growth Indices and Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in Response to the Zeolite and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Abolfazl Baghbani Arani Seyyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar Ali Mokhtassi BidgoliThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of water deficit stress, nitrogen fertilizer and zeolite on growth parameters, biomass and seed yield of fenugreek. A split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was c MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of water deficit stress, nitrogen fertilizer and zeolite on growth parameters, biomass and seed yield of fenugreek. A split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University in 2014 and 2015. Five irrigation regimes (unstressed, mild stresses during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively; severe stresses during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively) were randomized to the main plots. Subplots consisted of six treatments of a factorial combination of three levels of nitrogen fertilizations (untreated plots, vermicompost fertilizer at a rate of 2.7 t.ha-1 and nitrogen chemical fertilizer at a rate of 11 kg.ha-1) and two rates of zeolite (0 and 9 t.ha-1). In both years, increasing severity of water deficiet stresses reduced leaf area index, crop growth rate, plant height, biological and seed yield of fenugreek; Thus, severe water deficit stress at the reproductive stage without fertilizer and zeolite (with the least amount of biological and grain yield) compared with that of control, caused 60.96 and 48.09 percent reduction in biological yield and 80.18 and 75.62 percent reduction in grain yield, in both years, respectively. Application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially vermicompost, resulted in a significant increase in the leaf area index, crop growth rate of fenugreek in various stages of development, thereby increased biological and grain yield in different irrigation regimes. In various irrigation regimes, higher leaf area index, crop growth rate and finally more yield produced with application of vermicompost or zeolite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Effect of Fertilizers Containing Nitrogen on Yield and Mucilage of Isabgol (Plantago ovata L.) in Irrigation and Cutting off Irrigation
Amir Toghraei Bahram Mirshekari Jahanfar Daneshian Hamdollah Kazemi Arbat Mehrzad i Mohasses MostasharThis experiment carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping years to study the effect of variant levels of fertilizers containing nitrogen, normal irrigation and irrigation hindering on some agronomical characteristics of isabgol, in Smaeel-Abad Agriculture Research MoreThis experiment carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping years to study the effect of variant levels of fertilizers containing nitrogen, normal irrigation and irrigation hindering on some agronomical characteristics of isabgol, in Smaeel-Abad Agriculture Research Center of Qazvin. The research was carried out by using two split plot experiments based on randomized complete block designs with three replications. The experiments were repeated for two consecutive years and finally the research results were performed by combined analysis. Main plots were normal irrigation (I1) and cutting off irrigation during seed filling stage (I2), sub plots were nitrogen containing fertilizers: vermicompost, cattle manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea 46%) with three levels, containing 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha-1 of pure nitrogen. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen containing fertilizers on mucilage yield (P≤0.01) and mucilage percentage (P≤0.05) were significant. Interactions of irrigation × nitrogen containing fertilizers on biological yield and relative water content (P≤0.05), seed yield and 1000 seed weight (P≤0.01) were also significant. According to results of this research; the highest application level of vermicompost in normal irrigation condition, showed better results for production of isabgol plant in the research area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Effect of Vermicompost and Liquid Seaweed Fertilizer on Morpho-physiological Properties of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
Milad Heydari Amir Mohammad Daneshian Moghaddam Hassan NourafcanMarigold is an ornamental and medicinal plant and has also industrial in cosmetalogical uses. To evaluate the effects of vermicompost and seaweed fertilizers on some morpho-physiological properties of the plant, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete bloc MoreMarigold is an ornamental and medicinal plant and has also industrial in cosmetalogical uses. To evaluate the effects of vermicompost and seaweed fertilizers on some morpho-physiological properties of the plant, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications was conducted in pot in Mianeh. In this experiment, the first factor was vermicompost fertilizer at four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t.ha-1) added to the pot soil and the second factor was for levels of liquid seaweed fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 percent) sprayed on foliage. The assessed traits were leaf, root and stem dry weights, root volume, number of secondary shoots, plant height, leaf number, flowering period, number of flowers, flower diameter, dry weight of flowers, leaves electrolyte leakage, leaf area (LA) and essential oil percentage and yield. The results showed that application of vermicompost increased some traits, including plant height (18.58 cm), number of branches (4.3 branches), root volume (3.4 cm³) and leaf area index (65.55 cm2). Using 3 percent of liquid seaweed fertilizer was also effective. In general, application of 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost with 3 percent of liquid seaweed fertilizer resulted in highest flower and stem dry weights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Investigating functional characteristics and selective rumen and blood metabolites in lambs fed diets containing vermicomposting feed
kian sadeghi اکبر Taghizadeh حمید Mohamadzadeh kh Parsaeimehr حسین Janmohamadi وحید VeghariThe present study was conducted to study the effects of replacing soybean meal with vermicomposting feed on growth performance and selective rumen and blood metabolites of fattening lambs. For this experiment, 16 male mixed breed lambs (Ghezel-Moghani) with an average i MoreThe present study was conducted to study the effects of replacing soybean meal with vermicomposting feed on growth performance and selective rumen and blood metabolites of fattening lambs. For this experiment, 16 male mixed breed lambs (Ghezel-Moghani) with an average initial weight of 20.5 ± 2.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates and 4 lambs in each replicate.The experimental diets, consisting of 0, 33, 67 and 100 percent vermicomposting feed replaced soybean meal. Lambs were fed freely with a diet containing 30% forage and 70% concentrate. Duration of the fattening period was 90 days. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) among the treatments in terms of final weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ration. The data from the rumen metabolites indicated that diets had no effect on pH and fatty acids (p<0.05). But feed samples with 100% vermicomposting significantly increased rumen ammonia nitrogen and fatty acid acetate (p<0.05). Replacing soybean meal with vermicomposting feed did not have a significant effect on blood metabolites with the exception of blood urea nitrogen which showed a slight linear increase numerically. The results of this study shows that vermicomposting feed containing high nutrients can be a suitable replacement for soybean meal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Effects of different organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Melissa officinalis L. under Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal symbiosis
Mostafa Koozehgar kaleji Mohammad Reza ArdakaniIn order to evaluate the effect of organic and biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Melissa officinalis L. a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the form of open air pot co MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of organic and biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Melissa officinalis L. a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the form of open air pot conditions in Sari, in 2015. The factors examined included Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) (0 and10% of the pot volume), vermicompost (0 and 10% the pot volume), and compost tea (0 and 1.5 liter). Some characteristics such as number of flower, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium contents of aerial parts. Results showed that application of organic and mycorrhizal fertilizers had a significant impact on all measured characteristics and increased the number of flowers and fresh weight when compared with those of the control group so that the highest nitrogen concentration and the stem diameter were obtained from the combined mycorrhizal symbiosis, compost tea, and vermicomposting treatment. The triple interaction effects showed that the absence of vermicompost with compost tea, and mycorrhizal symbiosis treatments increased the fresh weight compared to the control. Results also indicated that using vermicomposting, compost tea, and mycorrhizal symbiosis through the availability of nutrients increased the yield and improved qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Melissa officinalis L.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Effect of Vermicompost and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Morphological Traits, Percentage and Essential Oil Yield of Melissa Officinalis
hossein rezvani nastaran hemmatiIn order to study the effect of organic (vermicompost) and chemical (nitrogen) fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Melissa Officinalis, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block Design (RCBD) with three replications in MoreIn order to study the effect of organic (vermicompost) and chemical (nitrogen) fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Melissa Officinalis, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block Design (RCBD) with three replications in the Research Field of Golestan Research and Training Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Experimental factors included vermicompost at four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 tons ha-1) and urea fertilizer with 46% nitrogen at four levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1). Results showed that vermicompost had a significant effect on morphological characteristics and percentage of essential oil of Melissa Officinalis. The highest plant height, number of branches, leaf length and width, fresh weight, dry weight, and percentage of essential oil was obtained in application of 7.5 ton/ha vermicompost. Also, there was a significant difference between different levels of urea fertilizer so that the percentage of essential oil significantly increased when the fertilizer was applied. The highest amount of essential oil (0.49%) was obtained in simultaneous application of vermicompost (7.5 tons ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg ha-1) which was 38% higher than control. In general, the results showed that application of vermicompost with nitrogen increases shoot growth and dry matter production, ultimately increases the yield quantity, and significantly improves the yield of Melissa Officinalis essential oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - vEvaluation of the effect of vermicompost and salinity stress on the pigments content and some biochemical characteristics of Borage (Borago Officinalis L.)
Ahmad Afkari Parvin FarajpourIn order to investigate the effects of salinity and vermicompost on the antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments of Borage officinalis L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015. The study MoreIn order to investigate the effects of salinity and vermicompost on the antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments of Borage officinalis L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015. The study treatments consist of four vermicompost levels (0, 5, 10, and 15% wt potted soil in dry weight) and four salinity levels 0 (control), 4, 8, and 12 ds/m sodium chloride. The results of analysis of variance showed a considerable influence of salinity stress and vermicompost on the activity level of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and total chlorophyll enzymes. Other results indicated that with increasing salinity, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments increased and decreased, respectively. Also, use of vermicompost fertilizer raised the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids significantly compared to the control. Comparison of means of the interactions between salinity stress and vermicompost showed that the maximum antioxidant enzymes activity was obtained in 15 wt % vermicompost treatment at the salinity level of 12 ds/m NaCl. Therefore, the use of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer, in addition to increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments, can be a good way to reduce the negative effects of high levels of sodium and chloride ions in soils on the growth of borage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Effect of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and efficiency elements of sesame
farzad babaei Esmael Ganghene Afshin Mozafari Mohammad Mirzaei Heidari Rahim NaseriIn order to investigate the effect of organic, bio-chemical fertilizers on yield and efficiency components of sesame, a factorial experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications in two crop years in Kermanshah in 2017-2018. The firs MoreIn order to investigate the effect of organic, bio-chemical fertilizers on yield and efficiency components of sesame, a factorial experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications in two crop years in Kermanshah in 2017-2018. The first factor consisted of nitrogen fertilizer with four levels of zero, 33, 66 and 100% nitrogen, and the second factor consisted of inoculation with four levels of seedless biofertilizer, Azotobacter inoculation, Azospirillum inoculation and mixing with both bacteria. . The experiment was conducted each year on three land plots including control, 10 ton manure and 10 ton municipal waste compost. The results showed that the effect of nitrogen and biological fertilizer levels on grain yield and biological yield were significant in all three environments. The highest values of grain yield and biological yield were obtained in the combination of Azotobacter and Azesprillium fertilizers in all three media. The highest grain yield (1298 kg / ha) was observed in the control medium in 100% nitrogen requirement, in the fertilizer medium in 33% nitrogen requirement (1565 Kg / ha) and in the compost medium were obtained with 66% nitrogen (1799 kg / ha). Overall, the results showed that the combination of biological fertilizers with manure or compost could save the fertilizer application and also have acceptable yield. Also, the use of biological fertilizers and organic fertilizers increased the efficiency of use of the elements, which could eventually increase round yields in addition to lower production costs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Effect of culture medium on growth and salt tolerance of goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.)
Masoud Dashti Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani Mostafa Shirmardi Ali MomenpourGoldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is a woody perennial ornamental tree, mainly used for landscape purposes. The aim of this study was investigation salt tolerance of this plant and the effect of cow manure and vermicompost on plant growth and increasing th MoreGoldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is a woody perennial ornamental tree, mainly used for landscape purposes. The aim of this study was investigation salt tolerance of this plant and the effect of cow manure and vermicompost on plant growth and increasing the salt tolerance of two-year plants. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of organic amendments (soil, 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v vermicompost, and 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v cow manure) and three levels of salinity (1, 4, and 7 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments in greenhouse were applied. In this experiment, media without organic amendment was were considered as control and stress duration was three months. Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the number of shoots and fresh and dry weights of roots, shoots, and whole plant while it increased activity of peroxidase and sodium and chloride uptake. Vermicompost treatment increased fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots, and whole plant, peroxidase, sodium, potassium, and chloride uptake more than control and cow manure. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots, and whole plant as well as sodium potassium and chloride uptake were obtained in salinity level of 4 ds/m and under vermicompost treatment. Generally, application of vermicompost increased growth characteristics and salt tolerance of goldenrain tree better than cow manure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - بررسی اثر انواع و مقادیر مختلف کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر میزان برخی عناصر (Zea mays L.) پرمصرف برگ و دانه در ذرت
نصیبه رضوان طلب همت اله پیردشتی محمد علی بهمنیار ارسطو عباسیان -
Open Access Article
67 - مقایسه تأثیر کودهای ورمیکمپوست، کود دامی و کود شیمیایی بر عملکرد و کیفیت گوجه فرنگی گلخانهای (Solanum lycopersicum L. var Hamra)
آفاق ویسی اکرم بیناییان زری صالحی نیا -
Open Access Article
68 - تاثیر باکتریهای محرک رشد، ورمی کمپوست، کمپوست و زباله شهری بر شاخصهای رشد، میزان کلروفیل، اسانس و برخی ترکیبات ثانویه گیاه دارویی زوفا (Hyssopus officinalis)
حسن گروسی خدایار همتی داوود حبیبی -
Open Access Article
69 - The effect of nutritional treatments on some morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Dracocephalum kotschyi Bioss.
Sudabeh Mafakheri Rahman Hallaj Roghayeh AminianIn order to study the effects of applying chemical and biofertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Dracocephalum kotschyi Bioss., a factorial CRD experiment including 18 treatments with 4 replications, was conducted at Imam Khomeini Internatio MoreIn order to study the effects of applying chemical and biofertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Dracocephalum kotschyi Bioss., a factorial CRD experiment including 18 treatments with 4 replications, was conducted at Imam Khomeini International University research greenhouse. The treatments were: vermicompost (0, 10 and 20 V/V), phosphate biofertilizer (application and no-application) and chemical fertilizer (0, 50 and 100% of the recommended amount equal to 0, 0.48 and 0.96 gr/pot respectively).The essential oil was extracted by hydro distilation method by using a clevenger apparatus and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results were showed that the maximum plant height, number of branches per plant, number of inflorescences per plant, fresh and dry weight and the highest percentage of essential oil were obtained as a result of using 20% vermicompost. Plants treated by 50% of recommended NPK+20% vermicompost showed the highest rate of photosynthesis and transpiration. The maximum nitrogen concentration in leaf tissue was obtained from applying 100% of the recommended amount of NPK+biophosphate. Applying 100% recommended NPK+20% vermicompost, resulted in higher phosphorus concentration in leaves. The highest concentration of potassium in leaves was obtained from plants treated with 20% vermicompost. 26 different compounds were identified in the essential oil among them limonene and verbenone were the main components. The highest amounts of these two compounds were obtained under 20% vermicompost treatment. According to the results vermicompost is an efficient substitute for chemical fertilizers in production of D.kotschyi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Influence of different levels of organic fertilizers application on quantitative and biochemical traits of Salvia mirzayanii Rech. f. and Esfand
mahdi ghesmati Farid MoradinezhadDue to unawareness of production method, improper uses and too much harvested this plant (Salvia mirzayanii ) natural of southern arenas, it seems that developing plans for its production is necessary. The experiment was carried out in the field research of Jahad Agricu MoreDue to unawareness of production method, improper uses and too much harvested this plant (Salvia mirzayanii ) natural of southern arenas, it seems that developing plans for its production is necessary. The experiment was carried out in the field research of Jahad Agricultural Center of Larestan, Fars province duoring winter 2017. The effects of different organic fertilizers including sheep manure (20 and 40 ton/ha), cow manure (20 and 40 ton/ha), compost (10 and 20 ton/ha), vermicompost (20 and 40 ton/ha) and control on physicochemical and quality traits Salvia mirzayanii were investigated in a complete random block design with four replications. Early in April, all vegetative organs of plants were harvested and dry and fresh weight of plantwere measureal. Also, the amount of total antioxidant, phenol and flavnoide of leaves were determinal spectrophtometi while essential oil percentage were determined distillation method with water and by Clevenger apparatus. The results showed that highest fresh and dry weight of the plant was obtained from the treatment of 10 ton/ha of compost. The highest amount of antioxidants, phenol and flavonoid total were observed in 40 ton/ha of cow manure treatment. Among applied the treatments only 10 ton/ha vermicompost significantly increased the amount of essential oil compared to control. In general greater fresh and dry weight of plant increased by compost fertilizers. Effect of manure on phytochemicals was higher than compost, and essential oil value of plant increased only by vermicompost application Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - تعیین ارزش غذایی کمپوست و ساقه قارچ سفید دکمه ای با استفاده از روش های آزمایشگاهی
ب. بزیون ا. تقی زاده پایا پایا ع. حسین خانیتحقیق حاضر جهت تعیین ترکیبات شیمیایی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم و انرژی خالص شیردهی با استفاده از روش تولید گاز و ناپدید شدن شکمبه ‏ای ماده خشک با روش آزمایشگاهی برای کمپوست و ساقه قارچ سفید دکمه‏ ای انجام شد. تحقیق حاضر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و با سه تیمار ساقه ق Moreتحقیق حاضر جهت تعیین ترکیبات شیمیایی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم و انرژی خالص شیردهی با استفاده از روش تولید گاز و ناپدید شدن شکمبه ‏ای ماده خشک با روش آزمایشگاهی برای کمپوست و ساقه قارچ سفید دکمه‏ ای انجام شد. تحقیق حاضر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و با سه تیمار ساقه قارچ، کمپوست قارچ و علوفه یونجه انجام شد. داده‏ های به ­دست آمده توسط نرم ­افزار آماری SAS آنالیز گردید. ماده خشک، پروتئین خام، خاکستر خام، عصاره اتری، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی برای ساقه قارچ، کمپوست و یونجه به ‏ترتیب 10.3، 16.8، 8.6، 3.48، 31.5 و 13.4؛ 42.4، 12.8، 42.41، 3.14، 21.5 و 16.2؛ 96.4، 12.2، 9، 2.2، 36.3 و 32.3 بود. بیشترین و کمترین تولید گاز بعد از 120 ساعت انکوباسیون به ترتیب برای ساقه قارچ و کمپوست بود. پتانسیل تولید گاز برای ساقه قارچ، یونجه و کمپوست به ترتیب 223.01، 200.00 و 114.53 میلی‏لیتر گاز به ازای هر گرم ماده خشک بود. نرخ تولید گاز برای ساقه قارچ، کمپوست و یونجه به ترتیب 07/0، 03/0 و 08/0 در ساعت بود. بیشترین میزان انرژی قابل متابولیسم و انرژی خالص شیردهی برای ساقه قارچ به ترتیب با 8.01 و 4.82 مگاژول در کیلوگرم ماده خشک بود. بیشترین و کمترین میزان ناپدیدشدن شکمبه ماده خشک به ‏ترتیب برای ساقه قارچ و کمپوست بود. در کل نتایج بیانگر بالا بودن ارزش غذایی ساقه قارچ نسبت به سایر مواد خوراکی مورد آزمایش بود که می ‏تواند در تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان مورد استفاده قرار­گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - اثر عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره بر رشد دراسنا مارژیناتا
علی محبوب خمامیاین مطالعه اثر عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (عصاره آبی) را بر عملکرد و کیفیت شیمیایی دراسنا مارژیناتا رقم سه رنگ مورد بررسی قرار داد، که در طی آن گیاه تحت تاثیر چهار غلظت محلول عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (0، 250، 500 و 1000 پی پی ام) پرورش داده شد. عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره Moreاین مطالعه اثر عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (عصاره آبی) را بر عملکرد و کیفیت شیمیایی دراسنا مارژیناتا رقم سه رنگ مورد بررسی قرار داد، که در طی آن گیاه تحت تاثیر چهار غلظت محلول عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (0، 250، 500 و 1000 پی پی ام) پرورش داده شد. عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره با استفاده از روش استخراج بدون هوادهی، با نسبت حجمی1:10 از ورمی کمپوست خاک اره با آب تهیه شده و سه بار با فاصله دو هفته ای روی گیاهان دراسنا مارژیناتا اسپری شد. عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره نسبت به شاهد مواد معدنی مانند نیتروژن (36/2%)، فسفر (42/0%)، پتاسیم (31/2%)، کلسیم (76/2%) و منیزیم (23/0%) را در گیاهان بهبود بخشید. اختلاف در عملکرد و کیفیت شیمیایی گیاهان در تیمارها تا حد زیادی از طریق تفاوت در جذب ازت در بافت و تجمع ماده خشک توضیح داده می شود. هنگامی که عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره بر روی گیاهان دارسنا مارژیناتا اسپری شد، رشد قابل توجهی در گیاهان مشاهده شد. سه بار اسپری عصاره ورمی کمپوست با غلظت 1000پی پی ام بیشترین تاثیر را بر عملکرد دراسنا مارژیناتا نشان داد. گیاهان کشت شده در گلدان که با 1000 پی پی ام عصاره استخراج شده از ورمی کمپوست اسپری شده بودند، بیشترین ارتفاع (33/15 سانتی متر)، تعداد برگ (00/53)، وزن تر ساقه (00/66 گرم) و وزن خشک ساقه (90/13 گرم) را نسبت به تیمار شاهد( 05/0 (P < داشتند. بنابراین برای به دست آوردن عملکرد بالاتر دراسنا باید مورد پذیرش قرار گیرد. این مطالعه نشان داده که عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره می تواند تاثیر مثبت بر عملکرد گیاه داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - اثر محیط کشت و محلولپاشی با نانوکود کلسیم بر کیفیت و برخی خصوصیات گل شاخه بریده ژربرا
لیلا محمدباقری داوود نادریبه منظور بررسی تأثیر محیط کشت و محلولپاشی نانو کود کلسیم بر کیفیت گل شاخه بریده ژربرا، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 7 تیمار بستر و سه تیمار نانو کود کلسیم در سه تکرار انجام شد. محیط های کشت عبارت بودند از: کوکوپیت + پرلایت (1:1)، پیت­ماس + Moreبه منظور بررسی تأثیر محیط کشت و محلولپاشی نانو کود کلسیم بر کیفیت گل شاخه بریده ژربرا، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 7 تیمار بستر و سه تیمار نانو کود کلسیم در سه تکرار انجام شد. محیط های کشت عبارت بودند از: کوکوپیت + پرلایت (1:1)، پیت­ماس + پرلایت (1:1)، کمپوست مصرف شده قارچ + پرلایت (1:1)، پیت­ماس + کوکوپیت + پرلایت (1:1:2)، کمپوست مصرف شده قارچ + پیت­ماس + پرلایت (1:1:2)، کمپوست مصرف شده قارچ + کوکوپیت + پرلایت (1:1:2) و کمپوست مصرف شده قارچ به تنهایی. غلظت های نانوکود کلسیم صفر، 1 و 2 میلی گرم در لیتر بود. نتایج نشان داد تیمارهای مختلف بستر اثر معنیداری بر روی قطر گل، قطر گردن گل و عمر گلجای داشت. بیشترین قطر گل و قطر گردن گل در بستر پیت + پرلیت (1:1)، بیشترین وزن تر گل در بستر کوکوپیت + کمپوست مصرف شده قارچ + پرلیت (2:1:1) و بیشترین عمر گلجایی در بسترهای پیت­ماس + کوکوپیت + پرلیت (2:1:1) مشاهده شد. تیمار نانو کود کلسیم بر عمر گلجایی و کیفیت گل اثر معنیداری داشت، به­طوری که با افزایش غلظت نانو کود کلسیم، عمر گلجایی افزایش یافت. در مورد اثرمتقابل بستر و نانو کود کلسیم، بیشترین تعداد گل در محیط کشت پیت­ماس + کمپوست قارچ + پرلیت (2:1:1) بدون نانوکود کلسیم و بیشترین آنتوسیانین در بستر پیت + کوکوپیت + پرلیت (2:1:1) بدون نانوکود کلسیم مشاهده شد. در بقیه صفات اثرمتقابل معنی داری بین دو فاکتور مشاهده نشد. Manuscript profile -
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74 - -
کلثوم فرقان علی محبوب خمامیآهار گیاهی یکساله و دارای دوره طولانی گلدهی بوده و از اواخر بهار تا اواسط پاییز گل می دهد و جز گیاهانی می باشد که در فضای سبز کاربرد زیادی دارد. در این تحقیق اثر دو نوع باکتری محرک رشد و کمپوست آزولا بر برخی صفات زینتی و فاکتورهای رشد گیاه آهار (Zinna elegans) در کشت گل Moreآهار گیاهی یکساله و دارای دوره طولانی گلدهی بوده و از اواخر بهار تا اواسط پاییز گل می دهد و جز گیاهانی می باشد که در فضای سبز کاربرد زیادی دارد. در این تحقیق اثر دو نوع باکتری محرک رشد و کمپوست آزولا بر برخی صفات زینتی و فاکتورهای رشد گیاه آهار (Zinna elegans) در کشت گلدانی و در شرایط گلخانه ای مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. این آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با دو فاکتور شامل کمپوست آزولا در 6 سطح (0، 10، 20، 30، 40 و 50 درصد) کمپوست آزولا و فاکتور باکتری های محرک رشد در سه سطح (بدون باکتری ، باکتری آزوسپریلوم و ازتوباکتر) در سه تکرار انجام شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داده که بطور کلی باکتری های محرک رشد (آزوسپریلیوم و ازتوباکتر) و کمپوست آزولا اثر معنی داری بر فاکتورهای مورد بررسی در گیاه داشته اند. تیمار 50 درصد کمپوست آزولا و آزوسپریلیوم وزن تر ریشه و برگ، نیتروژن برگ و ارتفاع بوته بیشتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشت و در تیمار 10 درصد کمپوست آزولا و آزوسپریلیوم از نظر ماده خشک برگ و ماده خشک ریشه برترین تیمار بود. طبق بررسی های انجام شده آزوسپریلیوم با درصد کمتری از کمپوست برروی وزن خشک و با درصد بیشتری از کمپوست بر روی وزن تر اثرمعنی دار داشت، ضمنا با در صد بیشتری از کمپوست در تیمار آزسپریلیوم و 50 درصد کمپوست بر نیتروژن برگ و ارتفاع ساقه اثر معنی دار داشت. Manuscript profile -
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75 - تغییر رشد و فیزیولوژی گیاه گل داوودی (Chrysanthemum morifolium ) در اثر بهکارگیری کودهای مختلف
Zahra Oraghi Ardebili Payam Sharifiبهمنظور ارزیابی و مقایسه پاسخ گیاه گل داوودی Chrysanthemum morifolium (یک گیاه زینتی مهم)، به کودهای مختلف معدنی، نانو کلاته و یا بیولوژیک، تحقیق حاضر در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. دانه رستها با سطوح مختلف ورمی کمپوست (0 و 40 درصد)، نانو کلات روی (0 و 1/0 درصد) و Moreبهمنظور ارزیابی و مقایسه پاسخ گیاه گل داوودی Chrysanthemum morifolium (یک گیاه زینتی مهم)، به کودهای مختلف معدنی، نانو کلاته و یا بیولوژیک، تحقیق حاضر در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. دانه رستها با سطوح مختلف ورمی کمپوست (0 و 40 درصد)، نانو کلات روی (0 و 1/0 درصد) و یا سولفات روی (0 و 2/0 درصد) تیمار شدند. تیمارهای نانو روی و سولفات روی به روش اسپری 3 بار بافاصله 2 هفته انجام شد. در مقایسه با شاهد، کودهای بکار گرفتهشده، به مقدار معنیداری نرخ رشد و تجمع زیست توده را افزایش دادند و مقادیر بالاتری از سطح برگی و وزنتر و وزن خشک (به ترتیب 41، 39 و 28 درصد) در نمونههای تیمار شده ثبت شد که در بین تیمارها، تیمار همزمان نانو روی و ورمی کمپوست مؤثرترین تیمار بود. بهکارگیری ترکیبی کودهای بیولوژیک و معدنی منجر به افزایش رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی (حدود 53 درصد) در گیاهان تیمار شده نسبت به شاهد شد. بهجز تیمار تنهای سولفات روی، بقیه تیمارها منجر به افزایش معنیدار میزان پرولین برگ (به طور متوسط 51 درصد) در مقایسه با نمونههای شاهد شد. به طور مشابهی، بهکارگیری همزمان ورمی کمپوست و نانوروی موجب افرایش محتوای پرولین ریشه حدود 82 درصد شد. بیشترین میزان فنول محلول برگ در گروه Nano Zn-V ثبت شد (3/3 برابر بیشتر از شاهد). بااینوجود، تغییرات فراوان در ریشه فقط در اثر ورمی کمپوست رخ داد (تقریبا 49 درصد). درنتیجه، بهکارگیری همزمان خاکی کودهای بیولوژیک مثل ورمی کمپوست به همراه بهکارگیری برگی کودهای نانو میتواند بهعنوان یک روش مناسب ازنظر زیستمحیطی برای تحریک نرخ رشد و متابولیسم گیاه باشد. Manuscript profile -
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76 - بررسی رشد گیاه دارویی زینتی به لیمو در بسترهای حاوی سوپرجاذبهای طبیعی و مصنوعی
مریم مرعشی صبا قاصدی شیرین سیدنصیردر این تحقیق اثرات ضایعات آلی و یک سوپرجاذب رطوبت بر مقدار آب قابل استفاده و تأخیر در رطوبت معادل نقطه پژمردگی دائم در خاک بررسی شد. در فاز اول تحقیق (مرحله انکوباسیون خاک)، 12 تیمار در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی در آزمایشگاه علوم خاک دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران مورد بررسی ق Moreدر این تحقیق اثرات ضایعات آلی و یک سوپرجاذب رطوبت بر مقدار آب قابل استفاده و تأخیر در رطوبت معادل نقطه پژمردگی دائم در خاک بررسی شد. در فاز اول تحقیق (مرحله انکوباسیون خاک)، 12 تیمار در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی در آزمایشگاه علوم خاک دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تیمارها شامل مقادیر 5 و 10 درصد حجمی از کمپوست زباله­های شهری و کود گاوی به همراه مقادیر 5 ، 15 و 30 گرم در کیلوگرم خاک از زئولیت و مقادیر 2، 4 و 8 گرم در کیلوگرم خاک از سوپرجاذب رطوبت (A200) بودند. در فاز دوم (فاز گلخانهای)، بر اساس بیشترین مدت زمان رسیدن به نقطه پژمردگی دائم، سه تیمار که بالاترین میزان تأخیر در نقطه پژمردگی را نشان دادند، به عنوان بستر کاشت انتخاب شدند و به­همراه تیمار شاهد، در یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی، اثر بستر کاشت ( چهار بستر) و دور آبیاری در سه سطح ( 48، 72 و 120 ساعت)، روی ویژگی­های رشد بهلیمو مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار رطوبت معادل FC مربوط به تیمار دارای 8 گرم سوپرجاذب­ بهازای هر کیلوگرم خاک است. بیشترین تأخیر در نقطه پژمردگی دائم در مقدار 8 گرم سوپرجاذب بهازای هر یک کیلوگرم خاک، با ایجاد تأخیر به میزان 682 ساعت ایجاد شد. بالاترین وزن تر کل گیاه در تیمار 10 گرم زئولیت در یک کیلوگرم خاک و دور آبیاری 48 ساعت با میانگین 47/9 گرم مشاهده شد. در تیمار سوپرجاذب در هرسه دور آبیاری مقدار وزن خشک برگ بیشتر از شاهد بود. در کل نتایج نشان دادند که افزودن سوپرجاذب به خاک با به تاخیر انداختن زمان پژمردگی گیاه، می تواند با افزایش دور آبیاری باعث صرفه­جویی در میزان مصرف آب شود. Manuscript profile -
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77 - اثر پوسته های بادام زمینی به عنوان جایگزین پیت در کشت گلدانی بر رشد و تغذیه بگونیا رکس
علی محبوب خمامی علی آجیلی لاهیجی رضا علیپور سید ابراهیم حجتی بدلیل وجود معضلات زیست محیط ناشی از تجمع آزولا و حجم قابل توجه ضایعات به جا مانده از کشت بادام زمینی ارائه راهکاری برای استفاده مجدد از ضایعات آلی لازم به­نظر می­رسد. لذا، این آزمایش جهت بررسی امکان استفاده از کمپو More بدلیل وجود معضلات زیست محیط ناشی از تجمع آزولا و حجم قابل توجه ضایعات به جا مانده از کشت بادام زمینی ارائه راهکاری برای استفاده مجدد از ضایعات آلی لازم به­نظر می­رسد. لذا، این آزمایش جهت بررسی امکان استفاده از کمپوست پیله بادام زمینی در بستر کشت گلدانی گیاه زینتی بگونیا رکس به اجرا در آمد. این تحقیق بر پایه­ی طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با 5 تیمار و با 4 گلدان در هر تیمار و در 3 تکرار 5 انجام شد. گیاهان در بستر پیت و پرلیت (2 به 1 حجم/ حجم) و بسترهایی با که نسبت (25 ، 50 ، 75 و 100 حجم/حجم) کمپوست جایگزین پیت در پیت(P) : پرلیت (Pe) (2 به 1 حجم/ حجم) کشت شدند. تیمار شاهد شامل P: Pe به تنهایی بدون کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی بود. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی باعث بهبود فاکتورهای رشد بگونیا می­شود. بر این اساس، جایگزینی 25% از پوسته­های بادام زمینی در اکثر فاکتورهای رشد مانند ارتفاع گیاه (به­ترتیب 21/20 سانتی­متر)، تعداد برگ (13/13 درصد)، وزن تر برگ (88/48گرم) ، وزن خشک برگ (به­ترتیب 01/2 گرم) و وزن تر ریشه (به­ترتیب 37/2 گرم) اثر بهتری در رشد گیاه داشتند. افزایش میزان صدف پوسته بادام زمینی تا100% باعث کاهش معنی­دار رشد گیاه نسبت به شاهد می­شود. به­نظر می­رسد در تیمار 100% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی، افزایش شوری (48/1%) در کاهش رشد گیاه مؤثر است. Manuscript profile -
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78 - بررسی رشد گیاه پوششی فرانکینیا (Frankenia thymifolia ) تحت تنش خشکی در بسترهای کشت و رژیم های متفاوت آبیاری
محسن مجیدی علی محمدی ترکاشوند راحله ابراهیمی در میان مجموعه غنی از گیاهان پوششی، گیاهانی یافت می­شوند که می­توانند جایگزین چمن شوند و می­توان آن­ها را برای جاهایی که چمن با شکست مواجه شده و یا مراقبت از آن دردسرساز بوده در نظر گرفت. گیاهان پوششی راه حلی آشکار برای این مکان­ها می­باشند More در میان مجموعه غنی از گیاهان پوششی، گیاهانی یافت می­شوند که می­توانند جایگزین چمن شوند و می­توان آن­ها را برای جاهایی که چمن با شکست مواجه شده و یا مراقبت از آن دردسرساز بوده در نظر گرفت. گیاهان پوششی راه حلی آشکار برای این مکان­ها می­باشند که شاخص­ترین این گیاهان شامل فرانکینیا، سدوم، دایکوندرا، لیزوماکیا، آرنیا، آپتنیا و غیره... می­باشد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، استفاده از ضایعات آلی، کودهای بیولوژیک و سوپر پلیمر‎های جاذب به منظور افزایش نگه داشت آب در خاک، تأخیر در نقطه پژمردگی دائم، کنترل تنش آبی و بهبود ظرفیت نگه داشت آب در بستر رشد گیاه فرانکینیا است. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی رشد گیاه فرانکینیا تحت شرایط تنش خشکی در سال 1396 تحت شرایط خارج از گلخانه و در محیط باز صورت گرفت. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور، طراحی و اجرا گردید. فاکتور اول سه دوره آبیاری شامل 2 روز، 4 روز و 7 روز و فاکتور دوم پنج بستر کشت که شامل درصدهای متفاوتی از مواد تشکیل دهنده 1- بستر کشت شماره یک: شامل 90 درصد خاک زراعی + 10 درصد کود پوسیده دامی، 2- بستر کشت شماره دو: شامل 70 درصد خاک + 15 درصد کود پوسیده دامی + 15 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 3- بستر کشت شماره سه: شامل 70 درصد خاک + 15 درصد کود پوسیده دامی+ 15 درصد ورمی کمپوست + یک گرم بر کیلوگرم سوپر جاذب استوکوزورب، 4- بستر کشت شماره چهار: شامل 50 درصد خاک + 25 درصد کود پوسیده دامی + 25 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 5- بستر کشت شماره پنج: شامل 50 درصد خاک + 25 درصد کود پوسیده دامی + 25 درصد ورمی کمپوست+یک گرم بر کیلوگرم سوپرجاذب می باشد. نشاهای گیاه فرانکینیا که در گلدان هایی با قطر دهانه 12و ارتفاع 15 سانتی متر از قبل ریشه دار شده بودند، به ترتیب در پلات های مستطیلی شکل به ابعاد 30 در 30 سانتی متر و به تعداد 6 عدد نشاء در هر پلات کاشته شد. صفات مورفولوژیکی شامل طول بلندترین شاخه، تعداد کل شاخه های جانبی، وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی، میزان پرولین موجود در گیاه، میزان آب نسبی برگ و غلظت عناصر در اندام هوایی شامل پتاسیم، فسفر، آهن و روی اندازه­گیری شد. بسترهای کشت خاک از نظر pH، EC، کربن آلی، نیتروزن کل، نسبت C/N، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل جذب تجزیه شد.نتایج نشان داد که برای رشد بیشتر فرانکینیا، از مخلوط 50- 50 از خاک و مواد آلی (کود دامی پوسیده و ورمی­کمپوست) به عنوان بستر کاشت استفاده شود. با استفاده از یک گرم بر کیلوگرم سوپرجاذب رطوبت در بستر کشت بالا، در مقایسه با بستر شاهد (آبیاری 2 روز) می­توان دور آبیاری را به یک هفته افزایش داد. Manuscript profile -
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79 - اثرات کمپوست آزولا در مقابل پیت و کوکوپیت بر رشد و تغذیه گل داوودی (Chrysanthemum morifolium) در کشت گلدانی
صادق خضوعی معظم حسن پور اصیل علی محبوب خمامی سیده خدیجه عباس نیا زارع گوشکار محرم ممد اوواین آزمایش به منظور بررسی کاربرد کمپوست آزولا در محیطهای رشد حاوی پیت + پرلیت در مقایسه با کوکوپیت + پرلیت بر رشد و تغذیه گلهای داوودی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با پنج سطح آزولا (0، 25، 50، 75 و 100٪) در سه تکرار انجام شد. مشخص شد که مواد مغذی بسترهای کمپوست آزولا غنی Moreاین آزمایش به منظور بررسی کاربرد کمپوست آزولا در محیطهای رشد حاوی پیت + پرلیت در مقایسه با کوکوپیت + پرلیت بر رشد و تغذیه گلهای داوودی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با پنج سطح آزولا (0، 25، 50، 75 و 100٪) در سه تکرار انجام شد. مشخص شد که مواد مغذی بسترهای کمپوست آزولا غنی تر از پیت و کوکوپیت است. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از آزولا به عنوان کمپوست باعث افزایش عناصر فسفر و پتاسیم در بستر کشت می شود، اما فقط پتاسیم در برگ افزایش می یابد. بیشترین میزان نیتروژن و پتاسیم برگ در 50 درصد کمپوست بود. 25 تا 75 درصد کمپوست از نظر ارتفاع نهایی، طول شاخه گل دهنده، تعداد برگ و کاروتنوئیدهای گلبرگ تفاوت معنی داری با پیت یا کوکوپیت نداشت. با افزایش کمپوست، خواص فیزیکی بستر های کشت در محدوده توصیه شده قرار گرفت و چگالی ظاهری (به ترتیب 0/31، 0/33، 0/30 و 0/30 گرم در سانتی متر مکعب) در مقایسه با پیت و کوکوپیت (0/18 و 0/16 گرم در سانتی متر مکعب) افزایش یافت. کمپوست 100 درصد دارای بیشترین کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b و کلروفیل کل بود. جایگزینی 25 تا 100 درصد کمپوست باعث افزایش pH و EC بستر کشت شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از 75-25 درصد کمپوست می تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای پیت باشد اما تفاوت معنی داری با کوکوپیت ندارد. با توجه به قیمت نسبتاً بالا و واردات پیت و کوکوپیت و تأثیر منفی مقادیر بالای کمپوست بر افزایش EC بستر کشت، استفاده از کمپوست 50 درصد آزولا از نظر اقتصادی ارجعیت دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - اثر کمپوست آزولا، پوسته بادام زمینی و ضایعات چای روی رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی گیاه زینتی-دارویی پاپیتال (Hedera helix)
علی واحدیبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها عبارت است از: B1: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% پرلیت، B2: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% زئولیت، B3: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% پرلیت، B4: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% زئولیت و B5: 80% پیت + 20% پرلیت (شاهد بین المللی). نتایج حاصل نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، تعداد و قطر ساقه جانبی, تعداد گره و مقدار کلروفیل برگ که از صفات زینتی یک گیاه همیشه سبز بالارونده مثل پاپیتال است در بستر B3 بیشترین مقدار است. بیشترین درصد ماده خشک ریشه و شاخساره، نیتروژن، پتاسیم و روی نیز متعلق به گیاهان رشد یافته در بستر B3 بود. بیشترین مقدار کاروتنوئید برگ و بلندترین ریشه در بستر B5 اندازه گیری شد. بستر B1 نیز موفق ترین بستر در افزایش آهن برگ بود. بدین ترتیب بستر B3 به عنوان مناسب ترین بستر برای رشد پاپیتال معرفی می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Studying the Effect of Seed Priming on the Growth and Yield of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Under Different Levels of Vermicompost
Farzin SaeedzadehThe present study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of the essential oil of marigold plant under seed priming with Azospirillum and humic acid under different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of mari MoreThe present study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of the essential oil of marigold plant under seed priming with Azospirillum and humic acid under different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of marigold essential oil, factorial based on a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Astara branch was done. The test treatments included seed priming including Azospirillum brazilense bacteria, humic acid, Azospirillum + humic acid and control and different levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1). The results showed that some traits such as chlorophyll a, anthocyanin, essential oil yield and biological yield were affected by vermicompost interaction and seed priming. But plant height, number of seeds and flowers, flower weight, seed weight, essential oil amount and total chlorophyll were affected by the main effect of vermicompost, but seed priming was not significant on some of these traits. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and total, biological yield, essential oil yield and dry weight of flowers were obtained from humic acid + Azospirillum treatment under the application of 10 t vermicompost ha-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - انتخاب بستر کشت و روش تغذیه مناسب برای دستیابی به رشد مطلوب آروکاریای زینتی
هاجر عاشورزاده علی محمدی ترکاشوند علی محبوب خمامیبه دلیل عدم دانش علمی اثبات شده در به­کار­گیری بستر کشت و روش بهتر تغذیه، تعیین مناسب­ترین بستر کشت و روش تغذیه برای این گیاه از اهمیت فراوانی برخوردار است. این تحقیق جهت مقایسه روش متداول کوددهی واستفاده ازنانو کودآهن بررشدوعملکرد کاج مطبق با استفاده از &nb Moreبه دلیل عدم دانش علمی اثبات شده در به­کار­گیری بستر کشت و روش بهتر تغذیه، تعیین مناسب­ترین بستر کشت و روش تغذیه برای این گیاه از اهمیت فراوانی برخوردار است. این تحقیق جهت مقایسه روش متداول کوددهی واستفاده ازنانو کودآهن بررشدوعملکرد کاج مطبق با استفاده از 6 روش تغذیه و 3 بستر کشت متفاوت به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا گردید. در این آزمایش نشاهای کاج آروکاریای زینتی پس از انتخاب نوع بستر به گلدان­های 4 لیتری انتقال یافتند و در گلخانه­ای مسقف با محدوده دمایی 17 تا 19 درجه سانتی­گراد در شب و 21 تا 23 درجه سانتی­گراد در روز نگهداری شدند. برخی از فاکتور­های رشد نظیر ارتفاع بوته، طول شاخه­های جانبی، قطر ساقه، طول ریشه، وزن تر اندام هوایی و ریشه، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه و وزن تر و خشک کل بوته و غلظت برخی عناصر غذایی در برگ اندازه­گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که از بین تیمارهای بستر کشت تیمار A3 (25% کوکوپیت+ 25% ورمی­کمپوست+ 25% خاک سبک+ 25% پرلیت) در اکثر صفات مورد ارزیابی (طول شاخه جانبی، وزن تر ریشه، وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک کل بوته، فسفر و آهن اندام هوایی)، مناسب­ترین بستر کشت برای نهال­های ریشه­دار این گیاه ارزشمند زینتی می­باشد. از نظر تغذیه با ترکیب­های مختلف کودی، تیمار B3 (فریلن)+20-20-20)NPK + فسفات دی آمونیم+ سولفات پتاسیم+ سولفات آمونیم) به دلیل داشتن اکثر عناصر و هم چنین منابع غذایی مورد نیاز در برخی صفات (طول شاخه جانبی، وزن تر اندام هوایی، وزن تر کل بوته، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و وزن خشک کل) دارای برتری می­باشد. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار A3B2 (25% کوکوپیت+ 25% ورمی کمپوست+ 25% خاک سبک+ 25% پرلیت) به همراه فسفات دی آمونیم، سولفات پتاسیم و سولفات آمونیم از نظر برخی فاکتور­های رشد نظیر وزن تر اندام هوایی و ریشه، وزن تر کل و وزن خشک کل نسبت به سایر تیمار­ها دارای برتری می­باشد و برای تولید کنندگان گیاهان زینتی قابل توصیه است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - اثر بسترهای کشت حاوی مواد آلی و دروه آبیاری بر رشد کاج مطبق (Araucaria excelsa L.)
علی محمدی ترکاشوند مهدی میثاقی فاطمه رمضان زاده بیشه گالیآروکاریای زینتی L. Araucaria excelsa از خانواده Araucariaceae از جمله سوزنیبرگان زیبا است که دارای اهمیت اقتصادی بالایی در صنعت گل­کاری میباشد. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای­ کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور: رژیم آبیاری شامل I1 (آبیاری دو روزه )، I2 ( Moreآروکاریای زینتی L. Araucaria excelsa از خانواده Araucariaceae از جمله سوزنیبرگان زیبا است که دارای اهمیت اقتصادی بالایی در صنعت گل­کاری میباشد. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای­ کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور: رژیم آبیاری شامل I1 (آبیاری دو روزه )، I2 (آبیاری چهار روزه)، I3(آبیاری شش روزه) و بسترکشت شاملM1 (کوکوپیت 100%)، M2 (کمپوست زباله شهری 100%)، M3(ورمیکمپوست 100%)، M4 ( 25% کوکوپیت + 25% پرلیت+ 25% خاک سبک+ 25% کمپوست زباله شهری)، M5 (25% کوکوپیت+ 25% ورمی کمپوست+ 25% خاک سبک+ 25% پرلیت )، M6 (25% ورمی کمپوست + 25% کمپوست زباله شهری + 25% خاک سبک + 25% پرلیت )، با 18 تیمار در سه تکرار طراحی و اجرا شد. صفات اندازهگیری شده در این آزمایش شامل ارتفاع بوته از طوقه، تعداد شاخههای جانبی، اندازه فاصله طبقات، تعداد طبقات، طول شاخههای جانبی، وزن تر ریشه، وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر کل، وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک ساقه و وزن خشک کل بود. نتایج نشان داد شاخص­های رشد در بستر 100% ورمیکمپوست افزایش یافت. این تیمار به همراه آبیاری دو روز بهترین تیمار در رشد گیاه محسوب شد. بستر کشت مذکور در مقایسه با بسترهای دیگر پاسخ بهتری به آبیاری شش روزه داشت، اما تفاوت قابل ملاحظه­ای در رشد گیاه بین آبیاری دو و شش روز وجود داشت Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Evaluation of Chemical and Organic Nutrition Systems on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars under low Irrigation stress Conditions
Jaber Mehdiniya Afra Yousof Niknejad2* Hormoz Falah Amoli Davood barari TariIn order to investigate the effects of chemical and organic nutritional systems on yield, water utilization in rice cultivars under irrigation stress, a split Plot factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Dasht- MoreIn order to investigate the effects of chemical and organic nutritional systems on yield, water utilization in rice cultivars under irrigation stress, a split Plot factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Dasht-e Naz Agricultural Company, located in the city of Sari in 2016 Irrigation stress treatments were performed in three levels: the stress at the time of the beginning of the tillering (15 days after the installation of the work), the developmental stage of the transfer (the end of flowering and grain filling start) and the lack of stress (controls) as the main factor, through irrigation cut and irrigation again after the appearance of surface cracks The type of feeding system was considered in four levels of Vermicompost and compost azolla (6 and 8 t.ha-1 respectively), humic acid (4.5 L.ha-1) and the common chemical fertilizers Nitrogen, Phosphor, Potassium and cultivars were considered on two levels (Shirodi and local Tarom) in factorial form as a subagent The results variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between Shiroudi and Tarom cultivars in terms of rice paddy yield in different levels of irrigation stress and nutritional systems. Under common irrigation conditions, the most biological functions of Paddy yield in the varieties of Shirodi and local Tarom, was obtained 6577.9 and 3776.4, Kg.ha-1, Respectively. Low irrigation stressin the developmental stage of the beginning of the tilleringreduced the rice paddy yield by 6.87 and 1.67 andin the remobilization stage, reduced the rice paddy yield by 17.65% and 2.97%, compared to non-stressed conditions With application of humic acid nutrition system, improvement of rice yield was observed in Shiroudi (6563.1 Kg.ha-1) and local Tarom (3878.77 Kg.ha-1) in compared with other nutrition systems.by using the humic acid, azolla compost and Vermicompost in Shirodi variant, the rice paddy yield increased 16.12, 9.02 and 3.62 Percent and in local Tarom 7.85, 3.47 and 2.21 percent respectively, compared with the chemical fertilizer. The highest Water Use Efficiency in the cultivars was observed with the average of 0.1050 and 0.8016 Kg/m3No rainfall, outlet runoff and tillage water were observed under conditions of non-stress. Totally, the results showed highest yield of Paddy was obtained for both Shirodi and Tarom cultivars under non-stress conditions in the humic acid nutrition system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Study the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on Artemisia annua L. quantitative characteristics after and before flowering
Mohammad Javad Shakouri Mohammad Hossein Bijeh KeshavarziArtemisia annua L. is one of the important herbal plants, which is applicable for some disease treatment such as, Cancer and Malaria. To consider the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on Artemisia annua L. quantitative characteristics an experiment was carri MoreArtemisia annua L. is one of the important herbal plants, which is applicable for some disease treatment such as, Cancer and Malaria. To consider the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on Artemisia annua L. quantitative characteristics an experiment was carried out in factorial design in completely randomized design with 4 replications in a educational green house in Tehran. Treatments included chemical fertilizers (Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)) in 4 levels (N0P0, N40P40, N80P40, N80P80) and biological fertilizers in 4 levels (control, Nitroxin, Bio-phosphorus and Vemricompost fertilizer. Results showed that using biological fertilizer, and increasing different levels of chemical fertilizers (N, P) had significant effect on under consideration characteristics. Means comparison showed that biological fertilizers application leads to significant increase in all under consideration features. Among biological fertilizer, Vemricompost treatments the most effective. Means comparison of applying different levels of chemical fertilizers indicated that N80P80 had the most increase in features. Interaction effect had different effects on those features. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - استفاده از حسابداری و روش های آن در خصوص محصولات کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: قارچ خوراکی)
کامبیز فرقاندوست حقیقی محمد صیادی -
Open Access Article
87 - Effect of compilation organic and mineral fertilizer on production parameters and harvest index of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
A. Mosavai A. ShokohfarIn order to investigate the effects of application of Vermicompost and Ammonium phosphate on yield and yield components of Vinga unguicuata a factorial experiment was conducted in Ahwaz in 2013-2014 based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Trea MoreIn order to investigate the effects of application of Vermicompost and Ammonium phosphate on yield and yield components of Vinga unguicuata a factorial experiment was conducted in Ahwaz in 2013-2014 based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were three levels of Vermicompost (0,4,8 ton/ha) and Amonium phosphate (0,75,150 kg/ha). Results shown that simple and interaction effects were significant (P>0.001). Application of 8 ton/ha Vermicompost resulted higher seed yield (291 gr/m2) comparing to treatmens with no Vermicompost (197gr/m2) and seed yield in Amonium phosphate was (247gr/m2). Application of integrated nutrition management (Vermicompost+Amonium phosphate) caused higher leaf and stem dry weight in Cowpea. Also due to higher photosynthesis and vegetative growth capacity as results of fertilizer treatments total yield, number of pods and number of seeds per pods were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was 343.3 g/m2 in treatment of integrated nutrient management including 8 ton/ha Vermicompost with 150 kg/ha Amoniumphosphate and the lowest seed yield was 197.2 g/m2 in control treatment.The highest pod number per plant was achieved in treatments with 150 kg/ha amoniumphosphate (13 pod per plant) compare to control treatment (7 pod per plant). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Effect of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat
SEYED HOSSEIN MAHMOODI NEZHAD DEZFULLY A. Paknejad A. Kalantar AhmadiIn order to study the effects of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center and Fadak Agricultural Research Station with T-Test design and 6 treatments during 2013- 2014. The experiment in MoreIn order to study the effects of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center and Fadak Agricultural Research Station with T-Test design and 6 treatments during 2013- 2014. The experiment included 6 treatments (5 tonha-1 seprator + chemical fertilizer, 8 tonha-1 vermicompost, 3 tonha-1 vermicompost + chemical fertilizer, 7 tonha-1 vermicompost + chemical fertilizer, 3.5 tonha-1 vermicompost + 3.5 tonha-1 seprator + chemical fertilizer and Control (chemical fertilizer)). Results of the first experiment (Effect of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center) showed that any treatment were not significant difference with control treatment regarding to grain yield, although the third and the fifth treatments (4.71 and 4.78 ton. ha-1, respectively) had the highest grain yield. In this experiment, control treatment was the best treatment and it can be advised to the farmers. The results of second experiment (Effect of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat in Fadak Agricultural Research Station) showed that the third treatment had significant difference at 1% probability level regarding to grain yield with control treatment and so it can be the best treatment (19.8% increase of yield than control). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Effects of different manures and water stress on yield and yield components of barley
حسین زاهدی محسن ظهوریOrganic matters are useful sources to improve soil quality and increase the yield in plants. In order to assess the effects of different fertilizers application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Makoii cultivar) under water stress, a field expe MoreOrganic matters are useful sources to improve soil quality and increase the yield in plants. In order to assess the effects of different fertilizers application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Makoii cultivar) under water stress, a field experiment was conducted on Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University at growing season 2014-2015. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plots were three water stress (optimal irrigation, withholding irrigation at vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage) and six levels of fertilizers (control, manure, municipal waste chopped, vermicompost, azocompost and urea) were in subplots. There was a significant effect of water stress and fertilizers on the plant height, grain yield, biological yield, grains per spike and number of spike per m2. Overall, the plants were more sensitive to water stress at the reproductive stage and vermicompost and azocompost could moderate disadvantages of water stress on plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Effects of salinity stress on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of different canola cultivars
kami kaboosi اکبر نودهی ابوالفضل فرجیSalinity stress is most important factor limiting crops growth and production in worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four water salinity levels (1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of MoreSalinity stress is most important factor limiting crops growth and production in worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four water salinity levels (1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of four canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (Hyola 4815, 308 and 401 and RGS 003) under application of 10 Ton.ha-1 vermicompost in 2014-15 in Gorgan region, Iran. The experiment was conducted as factorial arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The results showed that the all traits, except days to seed emergence and pod length were significantly affected by cultivar. The Hyola 4815 cultivar had the lowest total plant height, height of first pod and branch from ground, stem diameter and seeds per pod with a significant difference with other cultivars. The lowest number of branches and highest days to flowering and maturity and stem diameter were obtained from RGS cultivar with a significant difference with the other cultivars. The Hyola 308 and 4815 cultivars with the highest number of pods per plant were significantly different with Hyola 401 and RGS cultivars. The highest 1000- seed weight was found in Hyola 4815 and 401 with a significant difference with the other cultivars. Hyola 308 and 401 cultivars had the highest seed yield and their differences were significant with RGS cultivar. However, seed yield differences of these three cultivars were not significant with Hyola 4815 cultivar. .... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, chemical fertilizer, Triple superphosphate and urea in agriculturing flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L.)
laila bahari shahab madah hosaini hamed bekhrad fateme niknamTo investigate effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, triple superphosphate and urea chemical fertilizer in agriculturing flax plant, a split plot experiment, designed on randomized complete block with three replications, was conducted at research farm of agricultur MoreTo investigate effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, triple superphosphate and urea chemical fertilizer in agriculturing flax plant, a split plot experiment, designed on randomized complete block with three replications, was conducted at research farm of agriculture faculty of Valieasr University of Rafsanajn. Main plots were four combinations of fertilizers including: nitrogen+phosphorus nitrogen+phosphorus+cattle manure (NPM), nitrogen+phosphorus+cattle manure+sulphur (NPMS) and vermicompost and subplots were four flax seed genotype as Kurdistan Native, E37, L22 and L18. Results showed that NPM and NPMS decreased the height of plant. Oil yield in Kurdistan Native, L22 and L18 were equal to NP when vermicompost applied but for E37 was significantly higher. Kurdistan Native had relatively high oil yield in all four fertilizer treatment. This genotype had the lowest leaf area, plant height, biological yield, as well as the shortest growth cycle. It seems that in Kurdistan Native, relatively high partitioning of photo assimilates to economic organs is directed which leads to better regulation of source-sink relations. Since adding cattle manure or sulphur to base level of fertilizer (NP) had inhibitory effects on some vegetative and reproductive traits, it is not suggested to use this fertilizer combination in saline and sodic soils similar to this experiment situation. Reduction in soil osmotic potential or toxic effects of some minerals, e.g. Na may be the cause of these effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Effect of Organic and Recycling Materials Application on Growth, Morphological and Qualitative Characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) as a Medicinal Plant
Davood Naderi Sajedeh Amin Alroaia Ahmadreza GolparvarIn this study, the impact of different organic substrate on morphological and qualitative characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) was evaluated. The experimental design was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatm MoreIn this study, the impact of different organic substrate on morphological and qualitative characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) was evaluated. The experimental design was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatments in the year of 2014 in the research field of Islamic Azad University Isfahan branch. The treatments were including garden soil as control and different proportions of garden soil plus different organic materials include spent mushroom compost, Rice bran and manure. The results showed that the combined application of different substrates (Treatment No. 4: garden soil + spent mushroom compost + Rice bran + manure at a volume ratio of 25%) significantly increased leaf area (47.76 cm2), plant height (24.60 cm), shoots and flowers dry weight (0.043 and 0.014 g respectively), chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. The highest root dry weight (0.0056 g) was observed on treatment No. 7 (garden soil + spent mushroom compost + manure at a volume ratio of 33%) and treatment No. 8 (garden soil + manure at a volume ratio of 50%). As a result, Phetalic acid and Δ-cadinene were present in all substrates and the most of Δ-cadinene (39.24%) was obtained from the treatment No. 7 (garden soil + spent mushroom compost + manure at a volume ratio of 33%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Effects of organic amendments and zinc application on yield, nitrogen and zinc uptake in a rapeseed-wheat rotation
Ruhollah Naderi Somayeh Moradnia E. BijanzadehTo investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the firs MoreTo investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the first year of the study, treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, cattle manure, and control (no fertilizer) and zinc sulphate rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 and two rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS). In the second year of the study, in the same pots as the last year two durum wheat cultivars (Behrang and Yavarus) were sown. Results showed that sheep manure increased rapeseed yield more than the other fertilizers. Also, grain yield of Yavarus was higher than that of Behrang. The greatest grain yield observed in sheep manure treatment (5.71 g pot-1). The residual effect of sheep manure on wheat yield was more than the other organic amendments. All organic amendments except vermicompost increased nitrogen content in wheat grain significantly compared to control and the highest amount of zinc in wheat grain obtained in sheep manure treatment (39 mg kg -1). Results showed that the different rapeseed and wheat cultivars showed various responses to organic amendments and chemical N fertilizers and the type of cultivars should be taken into account while recommending these fertilizers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - The impact of vermicompost and bio super absorbent on yield and root characteristics of Chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)Cultivars
Hamed Khosravi Mashaalah Daneshvar Seyede Zahra Hoseini younes mirTo study the effects of different amounts of vermicompost and bio super absorbent polymer on the grain yield and yield components of two cultivars of dryland checkpea a factorial experiment in a randomized completed block design with three replications was employed in a MoreTo study the effects of different amounts of vermicompost and bio super absorbent polymer on the grain yield and yield components of two cultivars of dryland checkpea a factorial experiment in a randomized completed block design with three replications was employed in agriculture college,Lorestan university in 2013-2014.The first factor was vermicompost in three levels of non-use (control),10 and 15 t/ha.The second factor was bio super absorbent polymer in three levels of non-use (control),150 and 250 Kg/ha. The third factor was to cultivars of breeding checkpea whose name were Arman and Azad The results showed that the effects of combination of bio superabsorbent vermicompost on grain yield, root volume, root weight and the total root length and root nodule number was significant and had no significant effect on root. The results of the mean comparison among the triple interactions effects vermicompost in bio super absorbent in cultivar showed the highest grain yield was related to treatments (application of 15 t/ha vermicompost and non-using bio super absorbent in Azad and Arman cultivarsby amount 1636.77 and 1636.39 Kg/ha),respectively.Thus with attention to non significant different between its,cultivars recommended for cultivation in climate conditions under experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Studying the growth characters, yield and elements concentration of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) affected by different manure combination
Leyla Jahanban Ebrahim Panahpour Ali Gholami Mohammadreza Davari omid LotfifarIn order to study the effect of biological manure on efficiency of some manure mixtures and select the best manure combination to reach highest chickpea yield, an experiment arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Field Research of Payam MoreIn order to study the effect of biological manure on efficiency of some manure mixtures and select the best manure combination to reach highest chickpea yield, an experiment arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Field Research of Payam Noor University of Arak. Treatments were different manure mixtures include: 1- No manure (Control), 2- Animal manure, 3- Vermi-compost, 4- Animal manure+ phosphorus and potassium powder, 5- Vermicompost+ phosphor and potassium powder,6- Animal manure+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure include Iron and phosphate biological manure and rhizobium, 7- Vermicompost+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure. Tested characters were plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, total biomass, 100 seed weight, seed yield, and content of N, K, Ca, Mn and Fe in plant. The results showed the effect of manure type was significant on all of the tested traits. The highest seed yield and growth criteria were obtained from two triple manure mixtures. In Animal manure+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure and Vermicompost+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure, use of biological manure by increasing plant necessary elements, respectively, caused to 6 and 7 percent increases in seed yield compare to without biological manure treats and 32 and 33 compare with control. On the basis of result, using biological manure caused to improve elements absorb, growth and seed yield of chickpea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Evaluation of vermicompost and peat moss on morphological and quantification indices of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)
Fahimeh Neyazi Mehrab Yadegari Rahim BarzegarCasing material is very important element for size and yield of mushroom. To study the replacement of peat moss by vermicompost from animal resource, this research was conducted with 3 replications as CRD basis. Treatments were T1: vermicompost+ perlite peat (1:1:2), T2 MoreCasing material is very important element for size and yield of mushroom. To study the replacement of peat moss by vermicompost from animal resource, this research was conducted with 3 replications as CRD basis. Treatments were T1: vermicompost+ perlite peat (1:1:2), T2: vermicompost+ perlite+ peat (2:1:1), T3: vermicompost+ perlite+ peat (3:0.5:0.5), T4: vermicompost+ peat (2:2), T5: vermicompost+ peat (1:3), T6: vermicompost+ peat (3:1), T7: vermicompost+ perlite (2:2), T8: control, T9: peat from Netherlands. After growth of mushroom, they separated in 3 groups: 1-mushroom with high quality (grade 1), 2-mushroom that have membrane abnormality and then leasers marketable than grade 1 (grade 2). 3-mushroom have defects and no marketable (grade 3). After harvesting, characters contain of yield and number of mushroom grade1, 2 and 3, protein percentage, humidity percentage, spore diameter measured. Results showed that T2 (vermicompost + perlite +peat) and T9 (Netherlands peat) had the most and least amount of mushroom grade1 respectively. T1and T7 had most and least of mushroom grade2. T3 had the most of protein content, also contained high amount of number and yield of mushroom, then this treat introduced the best treatment. It seems that for high addition character in vermicompost particles, can no use high amount of this treatment in replication with peat moss. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Survey the effects of vermicompost and bio superabsorbent on yield components and physiological characteristics of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) cultivars
Hamed Khosravi ماشااله دانشور سیده زهرا حسینی یونس میرTo study the effects of vermicompost biofertilizer and biosuper absorbent polymer on the grain yield and yield components of two cultivars of dryland checkpea a factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in agricult MoreTo study the effects of vermicompost biofertilizer and biosuper absorbent polymer on the grain yield and yield components of two cultivars of dryland checkpea a factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in agriculture college fram of, Lorestan university during 2013-2014.The first factor was vermicompost fertilizer in three levels of non-use (control),10 and 15 t/ha. The second factor was bio super absorbent polymer in three levels of non-use (control),150 and 250 kg/ha. And the third factor was to cultivars of breeding checkpea whose name were Arman and Azad The results showed that the effects of combination of bio superabsorbent vermicompost fertilizer on grain yield, the number of pods per plant, fertile pods Significant growth rate and leaf area index and dry matter content transmitted on the characteristics and seed weight performance of the seed dry matter remobilization had no significant effect. The results of the mean comparison among the triple interactions effects vermicompost in biosuper absorbent in cultivar showed the highest grain yield was related to treatments (application of 15 tones vermicompost per hector and non using bio super absorbent in Azad and Arman cultivars) by amount 1636.77 and 1636.39 kg/ha, respectively. Thus with attention to non significant different between its, cultivars recommended for cultivation in climate conditions under experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Evaluation of growth indices, yield and quality of Simon grain corn under the influence of biological, organic and chemical fertilizers to achieve healthy food production
saadat dahpahlavan amin farnia Mojtaba Jafarzadeh Kenarsari Shahram NakhjavanThese days, the application of organic and biological fertilizers to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers as well as improve crop quality and maintain soil fertility in sustainable agricultural systems, has gained special significance. A split-split-plot experiment MoreThese days, the application of organic and biological fertilizers to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers as well as improve crop quality and maintain soil fertility in sustainable agricultural systems, has gained special significance. A split-split-plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and two consecutive years in 2018-19, to investigate the effect of combined application of biological, organic, and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of single-cross Simon corn grain. Nitrogen treatment was used in three levels of zero, 150 and 300 kg/ha or by using 46% urea fertilizer and vermicompost treatment was used in three levels of 0, 6 and 12 tons per hectare and mycorrhiza treatment was considered in two levels of application and non-application. The study of growth logistics indices showed that Muse V12ton/hecN300kg/hec it has been superior to other levels in terms of indicators TDM, LAI and NAR. The results showed that, in the interaction effect of mycorrhiza × vermicompost 6 tons × 150 kg N, grain yield of 14.36 t / ha and grain nitrate accumulation reached 46.62 mg/kg grain weight which is the most desirable fertilizer composition based on the purpose of the research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - رابطه برخی خواص شیمیایی گیاه و خاک در کشت جو (مج. ترکمن) تحت رژیم های مختلف کوددهی و کم آبیاری
S.M Farahani M.R. Chaeichiاثرات سیستمهای کم آبیاری و کوددهی بر برخی ویژگیهای شیمیایی گیاه و خاک زیر کشت جو با آزمایش کرتهای خرد شده بر اساس طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سالهای 1386-1386 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کرت های اصلی شامل سه سطح آبیاری بدون تنش، تنش متوسط و تنش شدید بود. کرت های فرعی شامل Moreاثرات سیستمهای کم آبیاری و کوددهی بر برخی ویژگیهای شیمیایی گیاه و خاک زیر کشت جو با آزمایش کرتهای خرد شده بر اساس طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سالهای 1386-1386 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کرت های اصلی شامل سه سطح آبیاری بدون تنش، تنش متوسط و تنش شدید بود. کرت های فرعی شامل شش رژیم کوددهی شامل بی کود، کاربرد بارور-2 + نیتروکسین، کاربرد ورمی کمپوست، 50 درصد کود شیمیایی + 50 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 50 درصد کود شیمیایی + 50 درصد (بروار-2 کود لیزر + نیتروکسین) و کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی. مشخص شد که مخلوط کود شیمیایی و آلی باعث افزایش محتوای فسفر خاک نسبت به سایر ترکیبات کود می شود. علاوه بر این، مخلوط کودها غلظت نیتروژن گیاه را بیش از سایر تیمارهای کودی افزایش داد. تیمارهای حاوی ورمی کمپوست، C، N و فسفر آلی خاک را در تمامی سطوح تنش بیش از سایر تیمارها افزایش دادند. همچنین، این تیمار باعث افزایش غلظت نیتروژن در گیاه تحت تنش خشکی شد. در شرایط آبیاری معمولی، کودهای زیستی میزان فسفر خاک و گیاه را بیش از سایر رژیمهای کوددهی افزایش دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - The study of effects Erath worm, compost and soil tissue on soil trairts, quantity and quality yield salvia officinalis
Ali EftekhariIn order to investigate the effects of compost and erath worm on and quantity and quality yield of salvia officinalis, an expermintal was carred out based on factoriel in completely randomized block disgn with three replication in experimental in the Challus University MoreIn order to investigate the effects of compost and erath worm on and quantity and quality yield of salvia officinalis, an expermintal was carred out based on factoriel in completely randomized block disgn with three replication in experimental in the Challus University in 2014. The treatments were included 1-Erath worm with application levels (0.10 and 20 class) 2-compost with consumption levels (0 and 30g per pot) and 3-type soil tissue (sand and clay). The evulluation of charecteristics were included, dry matter of plant, rate of essence, CEC, OM%, N%, pH and EC. The hieghest of dry matter of plant and rate of essence with interaction effects treatment application Erath worm and consuimption of 30g compost was obtained. Maximum N percentage of soil (0.47), OM percentage (1.53), CEC (23.66) in interaction effects 20 class erath worm with 30g compost achived application of earth worm induce EC increased significantly. Increas dry matter of plant and rate essence that was affected Application earth worm and compost consuimption induce to drymatter of plant and rate essence increased because CEC, %OM and %N soil with treatments of application earth worn with compost were increasd. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Effects of Amino acid spraying and vermicompost application on some morphological traits and flower yield of Chamomile
Mohamad reza Haj Seyed Hadi Mohamad taghi Darzi GHolam hosein Riazi Zohreh Ghandehari AlavijehIn order to study the effects of vermicompost and amino acids application on flower yield of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Medicinal Plant Research Station at Karaj region. The experiment design was factorial based on MoreIn order to study the effects of vermicompost and amino acids application on flower yield of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Medicinal Plant Research Station at Karaj region. The experiment design was factorial based on RCBD with three replications. Treatments were vermicompost in 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ton/ha) and amino acid spraying in 3 levels (at budding stag, at flowering stage, at budding stag + at flowering stage). Results of this investigation showed that days to budding and flowering are not affected by amino acid spraying. But, vermicompost had significant effect on days to flowering. The highest plant height (41.8 cm), fresh flower yield (3335.7 kg/ha) and dried flower yield (653.8 kg/ha) were obtained by using 20 tons vermicompost per hectare. Maximum yield were obtained by amino acid spraying in 2 times (at budding stag + at flowering stage). According to the interaction effects of the treatments, applying of 15 ton/ha vermicompost and spraying amino acids in 2 times (at budding stag + at flowering stage) caused highest fresh and dried flower yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - The study of effects Erath worm, compost and soil tissue on soil traits, quantity and quality yield salvia officials
A. EftekhariIn order to investigate the effects of compost and earth worm on and quantity and quality yield of salvia officials, an experimental was carried out based on factorial in completely randomized block design with three replications in experimental in the Challus Universit MoreIn order to investigate the effects of compost and earth worm on and quantity and quality yield of salvia officials, an experimental was carried out based on factorial in completely randomized block design with three replications in experimental in the Challus University in 2014. The treatments were included 1-Erath worm with application levels (0.10 and 20 class) 2-compost with consumption levels (0 and 30g per pot) and 3-type soil tissue (sand and clay). The evaluation of characteristics was included, dry matter of plant, rate of essence, CEC, OM%, N%, pH and EC. The highest of dry matter of plant and rate of essence with interaction effects treatment application Erath worm and consumption of 30g compost was obtained. Maximum N percentage of soil (0.47), OM percentage (1.53), CEC (23.66) in interaction effects 20 class earth worm with 30g compost achieved application of earth worm induce EC increased significantly. Increase dry matter of plant and rate essence that was affected Application earth worm and compost consumption induce to dry matter of plant and rate essence increased because CEC, %OM and %N soil with treatments of application earth worn with compost were increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Nitrogen and phosphorous use optimization in corn production with mycorrhiza and vermicompost utilization
O. Alizadeh A. Alizadeh L. ArianaThis research was don to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza and vermicompost as the biological fertilizers to compare with chemical fertilizer phosphorous and nitrogen on yield and yield component of corn. It was based on factorial in a RCBD with 3 replications when s MoreThis research was don to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza and vermicompost as the biological fertilizers to compare with chemical fertilizer phosphorous and nitrogen on yield and yield component of corn. It was based on factorial in a RCBD with 3 replications when soil control condition was some in 2010. Treatment were considered as using chemical fertilizer (F) in three levels of fertilizer's sources, urea, triple super phosphate and potassium include: F0 (N=0, P=0, K=0), F1 (N=70, P=50, K=30) and F2 (N=150, P=100 and K=50) kg/ha, vermicompost treatment in two levels (using V1 and non-using V0) and mycorrhiza treatment in two levels (using M1 and non-using M0) (population 105 g/spore). Results of variance analysis showed there was significant different between different levels’ interaction of vermicompost, chemical fertilizer and mycorrhiza on grain yield p=1% and there isn’t any significant difference between the kernel number and 1000 kernel weight. Comparing the average of interaction of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and chemical fertilizer showed significant difference on grain yield, that treatment V1F0M1 and V1F1M1 with averages 119.33 and 113.00 g/pot have higher amount of grain yield than teratmentV1F2M1 with average 106.33 g/plant, and treatment V1F0M0 with average 87.00 g/plant has lowest amount of grain yield. Comparing the average of vermicompost interaction, fertilizer’s level and myeorrhiza showed significant difference on the 1000 kernel weight and treatment V1F0M1 with average 168.33 g has highest weight of 1000 kernel weight and treatment V1F1M1 with average 134.67 g has lowest weight of 1000 grains. Use of mycorrhiza and vermicompost in low levels of chemical fertilizer could cause increase of yield and grain yield component but in high levels of chemical fertilizer their activity became hampered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The Efficiency of Tea Compost for Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranyhus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
M. Rezaie Sh. HeydariThe two- spotted mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the cosmopolite pests, which attack many agricultural and greenhouse plants. Tea compost is one of vermicompost product that could be used as acricide. The tests were conducted in Petri dish under laboratory condi MoreThe two- spotted mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the cosmopolite pests, which attack many agricultural and greenhouse plants. Tea compost is one of vermicompost product that could be used as acricide. The tests were conducted in Petri dish under laboratory condition (27±1 ºC, 60±5 % RH and 16:8 photoperiods). Control treated with water. Three concentrations 1/3, 1/5 and 1/7 with water were used. In another test, the effect of Tween 80, sugar and melas with tea compost on percent mortality of two- spotted spider mite adults in 24 hours after treatment were investigated. Percent mortality showed a significant difference in concentration 1/3 (49.79%), 1/5 (43%) and 1/7 (42.5%) with the control, however they did not any significant difference with each other. Precent spider mite mortality did not increase with other adding material (sugar and melas). Use of tea compost with Tween decreased spider mite population on strawberry leaves. Tea compost is an effective acaricide that were used to control two-spotted spider mite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - The Impact of Spent Mushroom Compost and Fertilizer on Esophagus Histological Indices of Some Cultured Warm Water Species
Khaled Roshanfekr Rahim Abdi Mohammad Ali Salari Aliabadi Zahra BasirWe investigated the impact of button mushroom compost and fertilizer on tissues structure of four cultured warm water species at Shahid Ahmadian Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Province, and southern Iran. Juveniles with an average weight of 69.60 ± 1.28 gr for two month MoreWe investigated the impact of button mushroom compost and fertilizer on tissues structure of four cultured warm water species at Shahid Ahmadian Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Province, and southern Iran. Juveniles with an average weight of 69.60 ± 1.28 gr for two months in six pools with button mushroom compost and fertilizers in warm water fish culture were fed. During breeding, treatment groups and control were fed by button mushroom compost and chemical fertilizer. At the end of the stipulated time and biometrics, 5 mm tissue samples removed from the middle part of the esophagus after tissue preparing sections staining with (H & E), were studied using light microscope equipped with Dinolite lens. Number of goblet cells and thickness of epithelium of the esophagus in the treatment group were increased compared to the control group in silver carp and big head species. However, in common carp and grass carp, it was unemployed. Moreover, thickness of the muscular layer of the esophagus in four species in treatment than the control group was more of significant difference (P<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Effects oOf Different Levels Of Vermicompost On Growth Indices And Essential Oils Essential Oil Of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Under Uifferent Irrigation Regimes
sima Abyar Brat Ali Fakheri nafiseh mahdinezhad maryam Harati radManagement of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with thre MoreManagement of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with three replications at Zabol university greenhouse. Treatments included irrigation at 100 (Control), 75 and 50% FC and application of humic acid at 0, 20 and 40% of pot volume. The greatest and the least plant height, internode length, fresh and dry weight of plants, stem diameter, number of tillers per plant, dry and fresh weight of roots per plant was observed at irrigation at 90% FC and 50% FC, respectively. Whilst, the greatest essential oil percentage was achieved in irrigation at 50% FC. Cultivated plant at 40% volume of pot vermicompost had the greatest growth components and essential oil percentage. Interaction of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 90% FC had the greatest plant height, internodelength, plant dry weight, root dry and fresh weight. Mean while application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage. The interaction was not significant for plant fresh weight, stem diameter and number of branch per plant .These results suggested that application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost in free drought stress conditions had the greatest growth components and at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage in peppermint Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Study of efficiency of organic and chemical nitrogen on yield, yield components and agronomic characteristics of maize (Zea mayze L.)
Ali Khomari Hani Nazeran Reza Sadrabadi HaghighiTo evaluate the efficiency of organic fertilizers on the agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components of maize cultivars SC (704) and (260 ) a experiment was carried out. Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan through the research field station in 2012. The e MoreTo evaluate the efficiency of organic fertilizers on the agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components of maize cultivars SC (704) and (260 ) a experiment was carried out. Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan through the research field station in 2012. The effects of 9 fertilizer treatments included three types of organic fertilizers (16 and 32 tons per hectare), cows (24 and 48 tons per hectare), poultry (9.5 and 19 tons per hectare), fertilizers of 225 and 450 kg of urea Hectar and no fertilizer use (control) as main plots and two varieties of corn (Formerly Single Crossfader and Late 704) in sub plots were split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications were studied. The results of analysis of variance of the test data showed a significant difference between the treatments in ear diameter, ear length, ear height and length of Tassel at 5% level, and for the time interval between the emergence of pollen and silk fibers (ASI), (days from planting to pollination) (Tassal emergence) and total leaf area at 1% level. The results of mean comparison with Duncan's multiple range showed that the maximum forage yield (biomass and dry biomass) belonging to the compost treatment was 32 tons per hectare with average yield of 70.41 and 52.84 tons per hectare and the lowest forage yield (biomass and Dry biomass) belonged to control treatments 49.16 and 39.15 tons per hectare, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Effect of chemical and biological nitrogenous and phosphorus fertilizers under sugarcane compost consumption condition on quantitative and qualitative aspects of maize yield (Zea mays L.)
Seyed Keyvan Marashi Akbar Taleb zadehThis research was carried out as strip blocks in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor, contained different amounts of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer at 3 levels 1- all through nitrocara, 2- 25% urea + nitrocara, 3-50% MoreThis research was carried out as strip blocks in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor, contained different amounts of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer at 3 levels 1- all through nitrocara, 2- 25% urea + nitrocara, 3-50% urea + nitrocara and the second factor, consisted chemical and biological phosphate fertilizer in 3 levels 1- all through barvar-2 phosphate bio-fertilizer, 2- 25% triple superphosphate + barvar-2, 3- 50% triple superphosphate + barvar2. The results showed that nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer had a significant effect on number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and protein yield. Interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer on grain yield, biological yield, 1000 grain weight and protein yield was not significant but had significant effect on other traits. The maximum grain yield and protein yield belonged to 50% urea + nitrokara and 50% triple superphosphate + barvar2 by 7476 and 830 kg.ha-1 respectively. The minimum grain yield and protein yield were observed for treatment of using all through nitrocara and barvar2 by 4401 and 329 kg ha-1, respectively. In generel, the results showed that in conditions of application of sugarcane compost, the use of fertilizer through biological and chemical increased the quantitative and qualitative maize yield and the maximum effect obtained on 50% urea + nitricara and 50% superphosphate triple + barvar-2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The effect of application of vermicompost and salicylic acid on activity of antioxidant enzymes and yield of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) in different irrigation conditions
Morteza Shalalvand Alireza Pazoki Reza Monem Majid AbdoliIn order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted MoreIn order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted as split-factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates on Shahr-e-Rey station during 2014-15 growing seasons. Irrigation methods as the main factor were conducted on four levels (including drip irrigation, basin irrigation, furrow irrigation, and alternate middle irrigation) and using of vermicompost on two levels (0 and 15 ton/ha) and application of salicylic acid on two levels (0 and 1 mM) were performed as minor factors. The results showed the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in alternate middle irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid and the lowest them activity in drip irrigation. The amount of malondialdehyde was higher in alternate middle irrigation than drop irrigation and application of vermicompost and salicylic acid simultaneously was decreased amount of malondialdehyde. Also, the highest seed yield and chlorophyll content were observed in drip irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid. The results of this study showed that consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid has a role in eliminating the negative effects of stress, and can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase the yield of milk thistle plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Effect of different levels of vermicompost on quantitative characteristics stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)
Amirhossain Kachuei Hossein Ali Sheibani Farshad QushchiTo evaluate the effect of sowing date and different levels of vermicompost on quantitative characteristics of stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), an experiment in the field of education - College of Agriculture, Varamin in Tehran province - the city of Varamin in MoreTo evaluate the effect of sowing date and different levels of vermicompost on quantitative characteristics of stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), an experiment in the field of education - College of Agriculture, Varamin in Tehran province - the city of Varamin in 2014 in a completely randomized design in three replications. The treatments were a major factor, planting date at four levels: 15 April, Persian date Farvardin 30, 15 May and 30th of May and sub-levels of vermicompost at four levels: control (no), use 5 tons of vermicompost per hectare, Application 10 tons, 15 tons of vermicompost per hectare and application of vermicompost per hectare. The results showed that planting date and vermicompost on stem length, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, internode length was statistically significant interaction between planting date and vermicompost was the longest shoot when cultured on 15 May with work won 15 ha vermicompost with 33.94 cm and minimum control on 15 April and 61.66 cm, leaf dry weight was reached when cultured on 15 May and 15 tonnes per hectare used vermicompost with 15.67 g and the lowest related to the control and on 15 April with g 6.52, the maximum length of internodes (with an average of 6.64 inches) in the treatment history of planting 15 May and 15 ha vermicompost was obtained, which Persian date Ordibehesht 15, 10 tons per hectare by planting date vermicompost had the smallest difference was not statistically related to planting date 15 Farvardin and control treatment (3.67 cm), the maximum shoot dry weight in the Persian date Ordibehesht 15 planting date , 15 ha vermicompost with 39.70 g and the lowest planting date 15 Farvardin and control (non-use of vermicompost) with 16.90 g, and use 15 tons of vermicompost on Persian date Ordibehesht 15 greatest impact on crop traits was measured. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Effect of seaweed extract and vermicompost on yield and yield components and phosphor and chlorophyll of Mung bean in Varamin region
Ramila Basimfar Mohammad Nasri Kaveh ZargariAn experimental trial was conducted In order to evaluate the effect of extracts of seaweed and vermicompost fertilizer on mung bean in the summer 2014 in Varamin. A split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatments i MoreAn experimental trial was conducted In order to evaluate the effect of extracts of seaweed and vermicompost fertilizer on mung bean in the summer 2014 in Varamin. A split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatments included seaweed extract under the brand Liquid Steamplex, vermicompost fertilizer and mung bean Partoo and a promising line vc6173B. The first factor with 3 levels, without the use of seaweed extract, seaweed extract sprayed 2 times and 4 times during the growing season with a concentration of 2 per thousand, the second factor with 2 levels of no use and the use of vermicompost (10 tons per hectare) and mung bean Partoo variety and a promising line vc6173B was used as the third factor. Simple effects results showed that maximum grain yield obtained with 2 time seaweed spraying, using vermicompost and the Partoo variety with 1553, 1600 and 1573.3 kg h-1 respectively.Highest foliar biomass was produced by 4 times seaweed spraying, using vermicompost treatment and Partoo variety with 6240, 5880 and 5880 kg h-1 respectively. Among the three-way interactions the highest grain yield and biological yield was produced by using four times seaweed spraying with the use of vermicompost in Partoo variety with 1720 and 6960 kg h-1 respectively. According to the results, seaweed extract spraying increased the vegetative growth and the use of vermicompost by creating a favorable conditions, provided a better plant growth. Also Partoo variety had a higher yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Effects on planting and different levels of vermicompost on quantitative traits stevia plant (Stevia rebaudianaBertoni)
Amirhosain Kachuei Hosainali Sheibani Farshad QushchiTo evaluate the effect of sowing date and different levels of vermicompost on qualitive characteristics of stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), an experiment was conducted at the Varamin Agricultural University College of Agriculture located in Tehran province, Var MoreTo evaluate the effect of sowing date and different levels of vermicompost on qualitive characteristics of stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), an experiment was conducted at the Varamin Agricultural University College of Agriculture located in Tehran province, Varamin, in 2014. This experiment was conducted on a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments factor were planting date at four levels: 15 April, Persian date Farvardin 30, 15 May and 30th of May and another factor of vermicompost at four levels: control (no), use 5 tons of vermicompost per hectare, Application 10 tons, 15 tons of vermicompost per hectare and application of vermicompost per hectare. The results showed that planting date and vermicompost had a significant effect on the amount of stevizide, glycoside, ribo-dioside, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b. The highest amount of stevizide content was related to cultivation on May 15, with the application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost with 4.4 percent, and the lowest amount was related to the sowing date of May 30 and control treatment (no vermicompost consumption) with 2.80 percent and the highest content Ribbiosiside was related to the crop cultivation on May 15, with the application of 15 tons of vermicompost per hectare with 10.3 percent, and the lowest was related to the April 15 planting date and the control treatment (no vermicompost consumption) with 1.38 percent and the highest content Stewil glycosides were cultivated on May 15, with the use of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost with 53.7 percent and the minimum This amount corresponds to the date of planting 15 April and the control (non-use of vermicompost) by 38.4 percent. The highest content of chlorophyll a was obtained from cultivation on May 15 with the application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost, 1.35 mg.m, and the lowest content of chlorophyll a Was obtained amount of sowing date was 15 April and control treatment (no vermicompost consumption) with 0.41 mg /m. The highest content of chlorophyll b was observed in the sowing date of May 15 and the application of 15 t of vermicompost with 0.44 mg / m, which had no significant difference with planting date of May 15 and application of 10 t of vermicompost, and The lowest content of chlorophyll b was obtained from sowing date of 15 April and no consumption of vermicompost with 0.15 mg.m. The application of 15 tons of vermicompost at the planting date of May 15 had the greatest effect on measured traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Evaluating Effect of Biofertilizer on the Performance of Mung Beans
Sara Pakzad Asl Payman Azizi Pourang KasraeiMung Beans are one of the valuable agricultural plants for being a great source of protein. The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design at the experimental field of Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pishva, Tehran, Iran to study the effect of MoreMung Beans are one of the valuable agricultural plants for being a great source of protein. The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design at the experimental field of Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pishva, Tehran, Iran to study the effect of vermicompost and sand on some growth indexes and agronomic traits of mung bean (Vigna radiata, Parto cultivar). During the experiment, the combinations of following factors were evaluated: vermicompost at 0, 3, 6 and 9 ton per hectare and sand at 0, 10, 20 and 30% w: w. results showed that leaf area index and root surface index increased with increasing vermicompost and sand application. Moreover, the highest shoot and root dry weight were obtained when 9 ton per hectare vermicompost and 10% w: w sand was incorporated into the soil. Application of 9 ton per hectare vermicompost and 10 or 20% w: w sand caused considerable increase in seed yield, yield components, harvest index and seed protein percentage. Therefore, application of 9 ton per hectare vermicompost resulted in better performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Study of Consumer compost of municipal waste with the nitrogen on yield and yield component wheat
Mohammad Ali Ghasemi Mohsen Selsepour Mohammad NasriUrban waste production is growing dilemma that threatens public health, and if not, irreversible environmental damage will follow. In this study the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and compost on soil physicochemical properties and quantitative and qualitative c MoreUrban waste production is growing dilemma that threatens public health, and if not, irreversible environmental damage will follow. In this study the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and compost on soil physicochemical properties and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat were studied .Treatments were: use of composting waste at levels of 0, 10 and 20 ha and nitrogen at levels of 0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1. The results of the experiment showed that the effect of municipal solid compost waste, the effect of nitrogen and their interaction on grain yield and biological function were significant. The highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained by use of 40 ton.ha-1 of compost with 100 kg N ha, respectively. The effects of municipal solid waste compost on 1000 seed weight was significantly and increased 20.4 % compared to control. The effects of nitrogen on 1000 seed weight was significantly and increased 26.7 % compared to control .Harvest index increased significantly with the use of compost and increased 11.85 in compare to control. Data also showed that use of nitrogen also increased the harvest index and increased 4.9%. Maximum harvest index treated with use of 20 ton.ha-1 municipal solid waste compost with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Effect of organic manure and bio-fertilizer on growth traits and quantities yield in milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaerth)
Laleh Volaii Gorban Nour Mohammadi Tahereh Hasanlou Mohammad Reza Haj Seyed HadiThis experiment was conducted as factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Roudehen Research field, in 2010. Two factors; vermin compost at four levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 ton.ha-1 and check) as first factor and phosphate bio-fer MoreThis experiment was conducted as factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Roudehen Research field, in 2010. Two factors; vermin compost at four levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 ton.ha-1 and check) as first factor and phosphate bio-fertilizer in two levels (Inoculation and Non Inoculation) as second factor. Results showed vermin compost had significant effect on all of investigate traits. Seed inoculation with phosphate bio-fertilizer had significant effect on capsule number, fresh weigh of leaf, fresh weight of stem, fresh weight of flower, total fresh weight per plant, dry weight of flower, total dry weight per plant, and seed yield. As well as, only capsule diameter not significant at interaction of vermin-compost phosphate × bio-fertilizer. The most of seed yield was produced with 20 ton vermin-compost, because of increased capsule number, capsule diameter and 1000 seed weight. As, plant height, fresh weight of leaf, fresh weight of stem, fresh weight of flower and total fresh weight per plant, dry weight of flower and total dry weight per plant had maximum in this rate. With inoculation of phosphate bio-fertilizer, cause of increase capsule number and capsule diameter, had observed highest seed yield. The maximum seed yield (2150.2 kg ha-1) was obtained at interaction of 20 ton vermin-compost × with inoculation. Therefore, 20 ton vermin-compost and phosphate inoculation, because of increased seed yield was introduced the best treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Effect of organic priming on germination characteristics and enzyme activity of Lemon balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) under drought stress conditions
Roma Kalhor Monfared M.N Ilkaei فرزاد PaknejadPlant germination and establishment is one of the challenges of farmers in arid and semi-arid areas, and organic priming is a suitable solution to reduce environmental pollution caused by the use of chemical inputs. For this purpose, a factorial research was carried out MorePlant germination and establishment is one of the challenges of farmers in arid and semi-arid areas, and organic priming is a suitable solution to reduce environmental pollution caused by the use of chemical inputs. For this purpose, a factorial research was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design on the seeds of Lemon balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) in three replications in the seed technology laboratory of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. The treatments of this experiment include five levels of priming (chitosan, humic acid, vermicompost, distilled water and control (no prime)) and four levels of drought stress (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 Mpa). The results showed that drought stress decreased the germination percentage, growth, and quality of lemongrass seedlings in non-prime conditions, and as the intensity of drought stress increased, the growth of seedlings decreased. Chitosan, humic acid, and vermicompost priming was more effective than distilled water priming (hydropriming) in increasing germination characteristics and coping with drought stress, and reduced the negative effects of drought stress. Seed priming with the mentioned treatments caused a decrease in proline concentration and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. Priming with humic acid and vermicompost in non-stress conditions led to 19.52% and 19.93% germination increase in lemon balm respectively, compared to the treatment without priming and 0.9 MPa drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Investigation on using spent wheat straw compost of Agaricus bisporus mushroom residue in the diet of fattening calves
Alireza Talebian MasoudiThis study was conducted to determine the effects of adding spent wheat straw compost from Agaricus bisporus mushroom in fattening calves diet. Spent compost was provided from a mushroom production farm and the remaining particles were separated from the straw after mus MoreThis study was conducted to determine the effects of adding spent wheat straw compost from Agaricus bisporus mushroom in fattening calves diet. Spent compost was provided from a mushroom production farm and the remaining particles were separated from the straw after mushroom cultivation. Spent straw compost was sun dried and chemical composition analyzed for DM, OM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF, Ca and P. Fifty male Holstein calves with initial average weight of 321± 18 kg were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Diets were adjusted based on the average weight of the calves and NRC recommendation. Spent straw compost was used in the experimental group at 10% of the diet. The experimental period was 180 days. The animals were fed three times daily with total mixed ration offered ad libitum. Feed intake, body weight changes, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg bodyweight were determined and compared. Results showed that feeding spent straw compost did not have any significant effects on daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of feedlot calves. Average daily gain in the control and experimental groups were 1204 and 1150 g, respectively. Average daily feed intake was 9.8 and 10.1 in control and experimental group respectively and feed conversion ratio of control and experimental group were 8.2 and 8.8 respectively. The use of spent compost slightly increased the cost of the diet as well as feed prices per kg increase in live weight in the experimental group. According to the findings of the present study, compost straw can be include up to 10 percent of the TMR form diet of finishing calves, but its economic advantage is dependent on access and cost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Evaluation of the Effect of Salicylic Acid and Biological Fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Medicinal Herbs Borago officinalis L.
abolfazl lolaei Ali Khalili Behzad kavianiAn increasing approach to the use of medicinal herbs globally highlights the importance of cultivating these plants. In this regard, the effect of organic and acidic fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological characteristics and other properties of Borago officinali MoreAn increasing approach to the use of medicinal herbs globally highlights the importance of cultivating these plants. In this regard, the effect of organic and acidic fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological characteristics and other properties of Borago officinalis L., Therefore, a factorial experiment were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design in 2018-2019. The experiment consisted of four sheep manure, cow manure, poultry manure and vermicomposting as the main factor and four levels of salicylic acid at concentrations of 0,10 -2 , 10 -4 10 -6 m as a sub-agent. Plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of plant, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b were measured as morphological mean number of flowers per plant as physiological indices. The results of this study showed that application of applied fertilizers significantly increased vegetative and reproductive growth. It also has the greatest impact on fertilizers used in sheep and cattle. The impact of other used fertilizers was also significant. In acid-salt treatment, other levels used increased vegetative and reproductive properties. The highest effect was the level (10 -4) mol / liter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Investigation of some traits of medicinal herb (Borago officinalis L.) in treatment of salicylic acid and biological fertilizers
abolfazl lolaei Ali Khalili Shokoufeh MoshfeghifarAn increasing approach to the use of medicinal herbs globally highlights the importance of cultivating these plants. In this regard, the effect of organic and acidic fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological characteristics and other properties of Borago officinali MoreAn increasing approach to the use of medicinal herbs globally highlights the importance of cultivating these plants. In this regard, the effect of organic and acidic fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological characteristics and other properties of Borago officinalis L., Therefore, a factorial experiment were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design in 2018-2019. The experiment consisted of four sheep manure, cow manure, poultry manure and vermicomposting as the main factor and four levels of salicylic acid at concentrations of 0,10 -2 , 10 -4 10 -6 m as a sub-agent. Leaf areas, leaf number, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b were measured as morphological indices and essential oil percentage, mean number of flowers per plant as physiological indices. The results of this study showed that application of applied fertilizers significantly increased vegetative and reproductive growth. It also has the greatest impact on fertilizers used in sheep and cattle. The impact of other used fertilizers was also significant. In acid-salt treatment, other levels used increased vegetative and reproductive properties. The highest effect was the level (10 -4) mol / liter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Investigation of the effect of biological fertilizer, vermicompost and vermiwash, on some vegetative and reproductive traits of geranium plant (Pelargonium peltatum)
Tahereh vagheii Sepideh Kalateh Jari Sakineh Saeidisar Marjan DianatIn order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biological fertilizers on experimental growth of geranium plant, an experiment as a factorial form in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 was conducted. The experimental fact MoreIn order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biological fertilizers on experimental growth of geranium plant, an experiment as a factorial form in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 was conducted. The experimental factors were included vermicompost at non-using of 20 and 40% volumetric levels and at non-using of 100 and 200 ppm vermiwash. The results showed that using vermicompost was increased plant height, number of stems, internode length, number of flower stems, flower height, fresh and dry leaves weight, number of leaves per stem, leaf area index, root volume, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus compared to control. The most plant height and flower height were obtained in 20% vermicompost treatment, and the highest number of shoots,fresh and dry leaves weight leaf area index in 40% vermicompost and the most potassium and phosphorus were obtained in 20 and 40% vermicompost treatment. According to the results, using vermiwash was increased plant height, internode length, number of flowering stems, fresh and dry leaves weight, flower height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of leaves per stem, root volume, Nitrogen. The most plant height were obtained at 100 ppm vermiwash treatment and the highest flower height in 200 ppm vermiwash treatment. There is an additive effect, so that the highest internode length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, 40% vermicompost using with 200 ppm vermiwash, the most number of leaves per stem and fresh and dry leaf weight of 40% vermicompost using with 100 ppm vermiwash, the most root fresh weight of 20% vermicompost using with 200 ppm vermiwash, the most nitrogen concentration in 20% vermicompost treatment with 100 ppm vermiwash, the highest number of flowering shoots from different levels using of vermiwash with %40 vermicompost and non-using and using of 100 ppm with 20% vermicompost were obtained. Manuscript profile
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