• List of Articles Europe

      • Open Access Article

        1 - “Eyeglasses” in the Safavīd Era: A Study based on Ekhwanīyāt
        Sara Zabanfahm Nasiri Hasan Allahayari
        10.30495/jhcin.2022.21025
        Eyeglasses were one of the most important inventions of the Europeans that met with great Demand and success during the Safavid period. Entry and spread of using glasses brought many reactions from people. Despite the silence of official sources, these reactions are fou More
        Eyeglasses were one of the most important inventions of the Europeans that met with great Demand and success during the Safavid period. Entry and spread of using glasses brought many reactions from people. Despite the silence of official sources, these reactions are found in unofficial sources, such as poetry, Shahrāshūbs, and especially friendly letters Ekhwanīyāt observed. This research tries to use those letters to examine the reaction of Iranians to the eyeglasses in this period. Reactions to the glasses in this period was first curious and Jealousy then strong desire to possess it and real need or prescription of an ophthalmologist had not been very important. The interesting passion of Iranians to use glasses also under the influence of habits and mood, cultural and religious characteristics, poems of poets and developments and conditions of the society. The presence of Europeans in many cities and their use of tools and new inventions and the role of political ambassadors, businessmen and clerics in promoting eyeglasses are also undeniable. Manuscript profile
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        2 - A new approach to using the cubic B-spline functions to solve the Black-Scholes equation
        Hossein Aminikhah Seyyed Javad Alavi
        Nowadays, options are common financial derivatives. For this reason, by increase of applications for these financial derivatives, the problem of options pricing is one of the most important economic issues. With the development of stochastic models, the need for randoml More
        Nowadays, options are common financial derivatives. For this reason, by increase of applications for these financial derivatives, the problem of options pricing is one of the most important economic issues. With the development of stochastic models, the need for randomly computational methods caused the generation of a new field called financial engineering. In the financial engineering the presentation of Black-Scholes model in 1973, attracted the attention of economists to the partial differential equations more than past. Therefore, we need a simple and precise solution for this kind of partial differential equations to determine the pricing option contracts. In this article the cubic B-spline collocation method has been used in the form of a difference method to solving Black-Scholes partial differential equation. Using this method as simplicity as finite difference method and does not have complex computation of traditional B-spline collocation method. The use of this method leads to a system of tridiagonal algebraic equations which is suitable for computer programming. The stability and convergence of this method is discussed and numerical results are presented for European and American options. Manuscript profile
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        3 - European Union and the Policy of Replacing New Energies
        A. Taheri A. Molaee
        European Union with 450 million consumers is the world's second largest energy market. Therefore, sustainable energy, competitive and secure one of the fundamental pillars of European security. Europe's energy security interests of the Union are influenced by internal f More
        European Union with 450 million consumers is the world's second largest energy market. Therefore, sustainable energy, competitive and secure one of the fundamental pillars of European security. Europe's energy security interests of the Union are influenced by internal factors such as rising oil prices and reduced energy production in Europe as well as external factors such as the increase in global demand as a result of the rise of emerging economies such as China and India, The continuing turmoil in the production of oil and Russia's willingness to use energy as a tool of political power. This study analyzes the Europe Union to secure its energy policy with regard to the importance of environmental issues. This issue has been discussed that the Europe Union to reduce its dependence on imported energy sources and increase energy security, increase policy use efficiency, use of alternative energy and energy efficiency in different economic sectors and industry has started. Manuscript profile
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        4 - The relationship between the effects of implementation of EFQM and Market Value Added(MVA) of Accepted Companies in the Exchange
        Ahmad Yaghoobnezhad Sephora Ahmadi
        Few years the use of excellence models organization or ascendancy business as a steady tools that evaluate success rate of organizations is common in Iran. The main problem is whether the application of these models, including European quality management to create value More
        Few years the use of excellence models organization or ascendancy business as a steady tools that evaluate success rate of organizations is common in Iran. The main problem is whether the application of these models, including European quality management to create value in organizations is. To answer this question, the relationship between market value added(MVA)and advantage of organizations after the run of EFQM and to periodic auditing, is being studied.  For this reason financial lists of 14 companies were being during the year 1999 to 2007. After gathering information, the three variables, return income and return on investment and return on selling were evaluated along with the operating factor. The results shew the existancye of a linear relation between MVA, EFQM and RI. Also Regression Modeling on the basis of the main variable of the problem explain 32% of changes made in the Market Value Added on the basis of the achieved score in evaluating the performance of National Productivity Organisation. The 32% determining coefficient show this fact that one third part of the changes made in Market Value Added can be represent by this variable. Manuscript profile
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        5 - Developing a knowledge-based society with the coherent activity of media literacy actors (Study of media literacy in the European Union between 2000 and 2018)
        bahareh fathabadi mohamad dadgaran bahareh nasiri shahnaz hashemi
        According to The evolution of the world and passing the intelligence community and Entering the age of wisdom society, increasing media literacy has a main role in the realm of knowledge society. In Knowledge Society, citizens require to adopt with permanent and lifelon More
        According to The evolution of the world and passing the intelligence community and Entering the age of wisdom society, increasing media literacy has a main role in the realm of knowledge society. In Knowledge Society, citizens require to adopt with permanent and lifelong education. In this manner, except of teachers, other actors have entered the training field. So Pay attention to role of these actors is more important for Promoting media literacy. On the other hand, EU countries are Leading countries in the promotion of media literacy. Therefore, studying the activities of these countries can provide good experience and knowledge to our country and future plans. In this paper, using a documentary and library method and by reviewing the subject literature, documents, articles and guidelines for media literacy education that The EU Commission has been notified to 28 EU countries, The elements of media literacy, actors in this field and their role were examined. In this context, the ideas of the Ilka Tomi-based knowledge society and the James Potter media literacy theory were used. The results of these studies show that various actors include children and youth, parents, private teachers, officials and educational planners, teachers and formal trainers, students, media officials, companies, professionals, associations and citizens engaged in media literacy education. If the interact between these actors are balance, education and learning amongst all strata of the society are exist, and the conditions for creating a knowledge-based society are becoming more and more possible. Manuscript profile
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        6 - The expansion of NATO toward east and Iran s national interests
        Masoud Almasi Ezzatollah Ezzati
        After the fragmentation of the Soviet Union and disintegration of Warsaw Treatythere wasn’t any reason for the continuation of military. Security treaty of NATO . Butthe need for the continuation of this treaty with the purpose of expanding United stateshegemoney More
        After the fragmentation of the Soviet Union and disintegration of Warsaw Treatythere wasn’t any reason for the continuation of military. Security treaty of NATO . Butthe need for the continuation of this treaty with the purpose of expanding United stateshegemoney and distributing its cost, movd toward the expansion of NATO towardeast. In the way of conquering, the most important scene of rivalry among powers iscentral Asia and providing the security of routes of transporting energy. According tothis fact that iran is located in a very crucial geopolitical position and is the connectiveof Caspian Sea with Persion Gulf and Oman sea and was named the bridge of victoryduring the second World War, So forbearance of Iran s role as one of the geopoliticalcenters of the region seems to be impossible. Therefore United states and NATO in anipsilateral movement are trying to expand the extent of security role of this treaty inthe world. So we can see the presence of NATO in Afghanistan, Iraq, central Asia andTurkey. In this period Iran is forced to adapt itself with the reality of this presence. It'sclear that compilation of correct politics will lead toward provision of nationalinterests Manuscript profile
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        7 - New Geopolitic of Europ and its imply cation on relation with Islamic Republic of form (Emphasizing on post –cold war and forming Europian union)
        Abdoreza Faraji Rad Narges Qasemi
        The Europe Union has passed much Height in the way of convergence of the impasse that  has already caught, which can be the world's most successful regional integration project. There sults of this convergence has been the formation of a unique foreign policy of ot More
        The Europe Union has passed much Height in the way of convergence of the impasse that  has already caught, which can be the world's most successful regional integration project. There sults of this convergence has been the formation of a unique foreign policy of other countries around the world that are logic Since its formation of the Europe Union, Islamic Republic of Iran should have been faced with a union politic with Europe union members which severely affects the relations between Iran and Europe.In this study,we sought to answer the question of the formation of the Union of the Islamic Republic's relations with the Europe Union and how these relationships affect the geopolitical factors. Manuscript profile
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        8 - A Comparative Study of Mayor Election Procedures in Iran and Seven European Countries
        Naser Barakpur mahya motahari
        Introduction and purpose of research: The performance and duties of the mayor may vary widely based on the different conditions. The procedure of electing mayor is a crucial factor in the performance of mayor. In general, there are two main procedures for electing a may More
        Introduction and purpose of research: The performance and duties of the mayor may vary widely based on the different conditions. The procedure of electing mayor is a crucial factor in the performance of mayor. In general, there are two main procedures for electing a mayor: direct election of mayor and indirect election. In Iran mayor is appointed indirectly by the city council. This model has caused different problems in city management in Iran. A comprehensive analysis of the procedure of electing mayor in Iran, comparing it to this procedure in other countries could be useful to make a decision about what could be the most appropriate procedure in Iran. In this research, the performance of the mayor in different countries has been compared, by doing a comprehensive study of countries, including their governmental system, partisan system (in macro level), and the statutory position of mayor (in micro level). Research Methodology: This research is a fundamental one, which includes a descriptive method by using qualitative comparative method in analyzing the countries. Interpretive method was used to analyze the interview data. Findings: The power of networking of the mayor is one of the factors that improve the efficiency of urban management. According to studies, direct election of the mayor makes the mayors have better interaction with government levels, therefore, the direct election of the mayor can play an important role in improving the networking and efficiency of mayors. In Iran, the mechanisms for monitoring and balancing between the council and the mayor are not clearly defined, therefore, because directly elected mayor gives mayors more power, the clarity of the laws to supervise the mayor by the council is important and sensitive. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study it could be said that direct election of the mayor can increase the efficiency, responsibility, coordinating and power of the mayor. Moreover, if along with that other changes would happen, such as competence and duty of the local government, procedure of discharging and appointing of mayor and his/her cabinet, clarity of rules about checking and controlling of mayor by the council, elimination of unstable incomes from the budget of municipality, and elimination of distinct structure of managing city, could proliferate the performance of the urban management system and mayor.     Manuscript profile
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        9 - Protective effects of phoenixin 14 from the pathological point of view in experimental duodenal ulcer induced by indomethacin in rats
        یاسر Zandeh‑Rahimi نگار Panahi سعید Hesaraki S.H Shirazi‑Beheshtiha
        10.30495/jcp.2022.21981
        Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) is a newly identified neuropeptide with potential anti-inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluated the protective effect of PNX-14 against the formation of duodenal ulcers caused by experimental indomethacin (IND). More
        Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) is a newly identified neuropeptide with potential anti-inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluated the protective effect of PNX-14 against the formation of duodenal ulcers caused by experimental indomethacin (IND). Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups. They include negative control, IND (7.5 mg/kg subcutaneous indomethacin), FAM (7.5 mg/kg subcutaneous indomethacin followed by 40 mg /kg famotidine intraperitoneal), and PNX-14 (7.5 mg/kg subcutaneous indomethacin followed by 50 μg/kg intraperitoneal PNX-14). Outcome measures included macroscopic assessment of duodenal lesions and histopathological parameters. Selected parts of the duodenum were removed and placed in 10% formalin, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were prepared. The macroscopic grade of duodenal lesions in the PNX-14 group was significantly smaller than the IND group (P< 0.001). The components of tissue pathology lesions were significantly increased in the IND group. The wound's diameter and depth and the inflammation intensity in the PNX-14 group were significantly smaller than in the IND group (P<0.001). PNX-14 was superior to the FAM group in reducing inflammation. PNX-14 showed significant protective effects against IND-induced duodenal ulcer formation. These results show a promising therapeutic outcome for PNX-14 in treating inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Manuscript profile
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        10 - Religious Developments in Modern Islam and the 16th Century Europe: A Comparative Study
        بهروز حدادی
        Religious developments in different societies– due to the similarities insome basic principles– follow a common pattern. However we couldnot claim that, in this respect, societies are completely the same. In thisarticle, religious developments in modern Isla More
        Religious developments in different societies– due to the similarities insome basic principles– follow a common pattern. However we couldnot claim that, in this respect, societies are completely the same. In thisarticle, religious developments in modern Islam and in the 16th centuryEurope are analyzed. Their main similarities are as follows: carefulattention to the essence and reality of religion, disputation overauthority and the role of tradition, the importance of purity andrejection of philosophical and modern ideas, and paying attention to thehereafter and the final salvation. Manuscript profile
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        11 - The Sources of Hindu Culture: A Glance at Pre-Aryan and Early Aryan Civilization
        محمدرضا Adli
        Due to archaeological and linguistic evidence there are two sources for the ancient Indian civilization: Harappan-Dravidian and Indo-Aryan. Most of these archaeological findings are related to the mature phase of the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE), but as long as More
        Due to archaeological and linguistic evidence there are two sources for the ancient Indian civilization: Harappan-Dravidian and Indo-Aryan. Most of these archaeological findings are related to the mature phase of the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE), but as long as their script remains undeciphered talking of Harappan thoughts is a matter of mere speculation. The Dravidian is one of the main language families in India and the Dravidians are native speakers of any of the Dravidian languages. These languages were popular before Aryans arrived in the subcontinent. From about 1700 BCE groups of Indo-Aryan people migrated to the north of India and gradually spread their culture there, so it combined with pre-Aryan culture hence the Vedic period emerged. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Regeneration of the Window to Reach the Sustainable City (Review of EU Policies and Strategies)
        Negar Barati Borujeni Sara Nahibi Hossein Mosavi Fatemi
        Background and Purpose: Better employment opportunities and expectancy to economic and social benefits are reason for choosing urban life, noise pollution, poor air quality, traffic and waste and industrial pollution are just a few effects of urban life on the environme More
        Background and Purpose: Better employment opportunities and expectancy to economic and social benefits are reason for choosing urban life, noise pollution, poor air quality, traffic and waste and industrial pollution are just a few effects of urban life on the environment. Urban design as an arm and force combined with art can identify and analyze condition, with its special techniques which brings urban regeneration area. Urban regeneration is a way that uses in order to organize and promote current position instead of rescheduling for a new city. Method of study: this research, -the environmental crisis addresses as an important crisis in design for the environment, 2-using library studies and descriptive research methods, it examines the policies and strategies of urban regeneration and how to use land and nature in urban design and Environment design and its criteria, 3- examines EU policies and strategies for physical urban regeneration. The purpose of this study was to get acquainted with the urban regeneration approach and provide appropriate solutions  Results: To regenerate the urban body, promotional measures must be accompanied by the development of education, economic, social development and environmental protection, which requires the strong participation of local citizens, civil society and various levels of government. Car-free lifestyle by increasing the density of neighborhoods, using accurate information technology and reducing the need for travel, restoration activities beyond the protection of natural habitats and preventing the reduction of biodiversity in need of open spaces and increasing the urban ecosystem for a network of plant life and it is animals.  Discussion and Conclusion: Finding technical and infrastructural solutions to manage water, heat island and minimize energy consumption, reduce waste and use public transportation and change the behavior of individuals and active participation of environmental organizations and develop projects such as solar energy, wind energy and forest reclamation And regenerating green space is one of the ways to reduce carbon and environmental problems. The results of this study show that the measures taken in the European Union for urban regeneration have focused more on environmental measures. Finally, in this study in order to regeneration of Iran's cities, it provides effective items in the matter of regenerating and improving urban conditions. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Utilization of renewable energy resources in European Union’s Legal System
        Seyed Abbas Poor Hashemi Loabat Taghavi Azam Parande Motlagh
        Today, renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand, utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent y More
        Today, renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand, utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent years especially in developed countries and employing this kind of energies for environmental protection has been successful. Despite the importance of renewable energies, unfortunately, this type of energy are not widely used in all countries. It is clear that renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.Based on the European Union model, in order to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection, the use of fossil energy sources to renewable energy sources such as wind energy , solar energy, global warming , alternative energy, biomass, etc., are very essential. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current EU legal system to promote of the utilization of renewable resources that can be considered as one of the models studied in this context. Manuscript profile
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        14 - The first impressive poets in the west (Saadi,Khayyam, Ferdoussy)
        Amir Ismaeil Azar Maryam Barzegar
        The culture and customs of Iranians reached the European countries by The Christian Missionaries Who went back home after Visiting Iran in 11th and 12th centuries. Itinerant who had come to Iran complied their itineraries white coming back home. They introduced Iranian More
        The culture and customs of Iranians reached the European countries by The Christian Missionaries Who went back home after Visiting Iran in 11th and 12th centuries. Itinerant who had come to Iran complied their itineraries white coming back home. They introduced Iranian culture and spiritual heritage. Meanwhile, Orientalism was to be gradually formed. In the caose of The time easter institutes stabled and had an effective roll in Iranology. In the end of 17th century and in the beginning of 18th century Europeans considered Iranian literature. For the first time Saadi was introduced and poets like Lafontaine, De sence, Voltair, Le Bailly were inspired by him. Khayyam Rubaaiats Translated perfectly by Edward Fitz Gerald, Nicolas and the others like Jean Lahor, goutier were inspired as well. Ferdoussy was introduced by Champion, Atkinson and Jules Mohl to Europeans. A Famous Writer as Matihew Arnold wrote a story named Sohrab and Rostam inspiring by Shahnameh. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Persian Contemporary Literature Weighed with the Scale of Comparative literature
        Abolghasem Radfar
        Comparative literature is a branch of literature which apparently compares the literature of the different countries of the world focusing on the penetration of the subjects and methods of literary conception which have resulted in great conceptual movements; or in othe More
        Comparative literature is a branch of literature which apparently compares the literature of the different countries of the world focusing on the penetration of the subjects and methods of literary conception which have resulted in great conceptual movements; or in other words, its subject is (literary relations and impacts) of the two countries. The present article first discusses the emergence of fields of comparison and factors affecting emergence of comparative literature based on the creation of important European literary schools and their impacts on the relation of the literature of East and West including examples and then the main part of the article, namely contemporary literary give and takes such as poetry prose, drama and other things are mentioned.  Manuscript profile
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        16 - A Look into the European Borrowed Words in Persian and Arabic Languages
        Mahmoud Shakib
        In borrowing European words, Persianization is far different from Arabicization. Persians have four letters more than Arabs in their alphabet. They use ";' for both "v" and "w", while Arabs chose "d" for "v". In addition, unlike Persian, there is a serious tendency in A More
        In borrowing European words, Persianization is far different from Arabicization. Persians have four letters more than Arabs in their alphabet. They use ";' for both "v" and "w", while Arabs chose "d" for "v". In addition, unlike Persian, there is a serious tendency in Arabic for satiation of Damma and Kasra. However, the causes of differentiation go far beyond these factors; as shown in this research.  Manuscript profile
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        17 - The European Union and the Syrian Crisis
        Seyed Morteza Oreizi Maybodi
        In the 1950s, the European region made integration in the form of European community. Various views were presented by scholars, including Andrew Moravcsik who brought up the theory of “Liberal Intergovernmentalism” by examining the strengths and weaknesses o More
        In the 1950s, the European region made integration in the form of European community. Various views were presented by scholars, including Andrew Moravcsik who brought up the theory of “Liberal Intergovernmentalism” by examining the strengths and weaknesses of the European community. Since this theory, compared with other theories, shows the integration among European Union in a more practical way especially in the context of the common agricultural policy, the present study examines the common foreign and security policy of the European Union towards the Syrian crisis based on this theory. The present study’s research method is library research and descriptive correlational research. The hypothesis of the article is that the common foreign and security policy of the European Union has not been met due to the different behavior of the main actors of the European Union (UK, Germany, and France) over the Syrian crisis. The results of this research show that considering the assumptions of identifying states as the main actors of integration and rationalizing their behavior, the theory of “Liberal Intergovernmentalism”, in contrast to other similar theories, has a more realistic view of European integration. In this theory, integration between governments was examined in three stages of identification of national preferences, bargaining between governments, and institutional selection, among which integrated institutions and the common foreign and security policy of the European Union after the Maastricht Treaty was of great importance among the integrated institutions. Manuscript profile
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        18 - The Impact of the European Jewish Congress on the Relationship between Iran and the European Union
        Zahra Alvandi Mahdi Zakerianamiri Seyedabdolali Ghavam Hamid Ahmadi
        10.22034/sej.2022.1949591.1420
        The purpose of the present study is to review the impact of the European Jewish Congress (EJC) on the Relationship between Iran and the European Union (EU). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the EJC by its penetration into the Europ More
        The purpose of the present study is to review the impact of the European Jewish Congress (EJC) on the Relationship between Iran and the European Union (EU). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the EJC by its penetration into the European parliament have been influential through abusing disputes between Iran and the EU to achieve its goals and deteriorate bilateral ties between two countries. The EJC as one of the most important institutions of the Israel lobby in Brussel has had the most influence on Iran-EU relations. This congress could fulfill its political and strategic objectives by the strategy of negative propaganda and highlighting Iran’s threat. Moreover, the EJC has been influential on decreasing bilateral ties between Iran and the EU by increasing heavy sanctions, restrictive measures, high-ranking European officials’ avoidance of travelling to Iran, and the critical tone of Europe in its resolution and statement against Iran’s policies. Manuscript profile
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        19 - The Policy of the European Union and the United States towards the War in Yemen form the Perspective of Neorealism (2015-2019)
        Majid Abbasi Akbar Zareai
        10.22034/sej.2020.1897458.1237
        The purpose of the present study is to research about the policies of the European Union (E.U) and United States of America (U.S.A) towards the attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to Yemen. The main hypothesis of the study is that the E.U mostly aims to use legal and d More
        The purpose of the present study is to research about the policies of the European Union (E.U) and United States of America (U.S.A) towards the attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to Yemen. The main hypothesis of the study is that the E.U mostly aims to use legal and diplomatic solutions as well as national and international talks to resolve the crisis in Yemen but the U.S.A attempts to support Saudi policies and the military attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to handle the crisis with the purpose of defeating Ansarullah. This study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and qualitative approach and the results showed that the Europeans and Americans hold that Houthi Movement in Yemen is under the influence and guidance of Islamic Republic of Iran so they attempt to prevent Iran’s penetration in the region and the establishment of a government like Iran. The Europeans assume that ongoing negotiations to end conflict and return to peace should be supported. Despite this announced policy by the E.U, the governments of Germany, France, and U.K are still continuing to sell their military weapons to Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E and do not want to lose this important market for selling their weapons. The Americans think that the stabilization of Houthi state in Yemen entails the spread of Iran’s penetration in the region and it will lead to the imbalance of power to the disadvantage of the U.S allies. The solution for the crisis in Yemen is to hold national talks between opposing parties and resolve conflicts in short term and long term under the supervision of the United Nation to decrease military tension and conflict and force the attacking military forces out of Yemen. Manuscript profile
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        20 - The influence of eastern thought and mysticism on the works of Henry Miller
        shahyar Saadat
        Manuscript profile
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        21 - Optimization of Oleuropein Extraction from Olive Leaves using Artificial Neural Network
        Mahnaz Yasemi
        Manuscript profile
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        22 - A Critique and New Look into the Emergence of Modern Poetry in Iraq
        Toraj Zeinivand
        Emergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. Appearance of epic among the Greek and the Iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances More
        Emergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. Appearance of epic among the Greek and the Iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances and means for their development and evolution. Movement of free verse developing in Arabic lands was in fact reaction to artistic, social, political and cultural needs of these countries. Birth of this movement was in Iraq but not in other Arabic states because this country had higher ability and readiness for it in addition to a rich literary heritage due to dominance of autocracy and colonialism than other Arabic countries. However it seems that the main and distinct reason for birth of free peotry in Iraq has been its pioneers' ability to be influenced by movements  which dominated European and western literature, though it may be possible that literary men of this country have known about Persian free verse and its evolutions which has been more due to Iraqi modern peotry.  Manuscript profile
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        23 - Deep Learning Application in Rainbow Options Pricing
        Ali Bolfake Seyed Nourollah Mousavi Sima Mashayekhi
        10.22034/amfa.2023.1970841.1812
        Manuscript profile
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        24 - Quality Function Deployment Method for Selection of Effective Management Tools on Setting EFQM Model
        Seyed Masoud Seyedi Maryam Yeganeh Seyed Amin Nazem Sadat Arsenjani
        Manuscript profile
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        25 - Phenomenological study of Iranian women features in their itineraries to Europe
        Faramarz Motamad Dezfouli Hasan Mohaddesigilvaii Ali Zahed
        In this search, our goal is the phenomenological study of Iranian women features in their itineraries to Europe at two centuries ago. The statistical population consisted of Iranian travelogues who went to the top and based on literary history, three travelogues of Mir More
        In this search, our goal is the phenomenological study of Iranian women features in their itineraries to Europe at two centuries ago. The statistical population consisted of Iranian travelogues who went to the top and based on literary history, three travelogues of Mir Abdul Latif Shooshtari (1805), Mirza Asalah Shirazi (1815) and Mirzahadi Alavi Shirazi (1813) were selected as the sample. The research design is descriptive-analytical that qualitative method and a phenomenological approach are studied. This itinerary is a representation of Iranians first encounter to the new world. Representing the new age women pictures is one of the most important cognitive elements of such itineraries. The Qajarid society knew no image but a traditional woman, but these itineraries, pawed the pavement for the women acquaintance and their cultural and social presence in that society at the constitutional age by introducing and portraying of the modern woman. These itineraries, besides introducing the “European women”, describe the changes in women's role, and their husband finding methods as well as the changes in the families' structure and the women problems, and the ability of modern women versus traditional women element is seriously concentrated on. As each of the itinerants find this ability in a triplet of “flagrancy”, “unchastity”, and “perfection”, according to their lived and phenomenological experience. They see the new women models, who have reached to being subject and indepenance, carrying one of these valuations in their phenomenological experience, and reflect it in their itineraries. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Tax violations in the European Court of Human Rights
        mohammad reza yosefi
        One of the achievements of human rights and the initiative of the European Court of Human Rights is the concept of criminal matters. One of the important elements of the application of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which includes the criterion of More
        One of the achievements of human rights and the initiative of the European Court of Human Rights is the concept of criminal matters. One of the important elements of the application of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which includes the criterion of fair trial, is the entry of the guarantee of the implementation of the provision into the criminal matters. In the law of direct taxes, there is a guarantee of executions for tax violations, which in case of entering the criminal matters, it will be necessary to observe the principles of fair proceedings. The main question of this research is to compare the criminal scope of tax violations in Iran's legal system with the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. In order to answer this question, we will first discuss the concept of criminal matters and its criteria, then guarantee the implementation of the aforementioned violations, and finally, the procedures related to dealing with this type of violations. Manuscript profile
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        27 - A survey of the Historical background of Ayyari movement in Iran.
        sedegheh ghnadzadeh
        Benevolent caraliership in Iran so called "Ayyari" is one of the most interesting aspects of Iranian social history . The evident shows that this social tradition origin returns to pre-islamic era since Mani's teaching prevailed in this period . For instance , one can f More
        Benevolent caraliership in Iran so called "Ayyari" is one of the most interesting aspects of Iranian social history . The evident shows that this social tradition origin returns to pre-islamic era since Mani's teaching prevailed in this period . For instance , one can find same traditions in Ferdosi narration of Shahnameh . It seems that Ferdosi attempted to retell the very facts he had been told of . This tradition turned to be anti-Arab movements of many Iranians in post-eslamic era since Arab rulers and their allied classes were displeased by the publics because of their unlimited cruelty . The people who followed Ayyari tradition were called Ayyaran . They belonged to very poor classes and there fore , they supported the poor. They fighted against the higher classes such as nobles, wealthy people and feudalists. This tradition migrated to Europe with the expansion of Islamic empire and turned to be cavalry tradition in the tenth centry . Ayyari movement remained vital in East of Iran and played a great role in many historical events during Abbasi era a lot of Iranian kings and rulers orginially relied on this tradition for their domintion . It remained as a social value and emerged differently in every period of history  Manuscript profile
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        28 - The historical course of critical knowledge in Europe
        Bahman Modiri
        10.30495/hstr.2023.1978396.1830
        At the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous ph More
        At the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by analyzing poetry and speech criticism, made the issues of literary criticism a rule, and gradually, the art of criticism found a privileged place in European literature. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to reflect on the flow of theorizing in the field of criticism in a passing perspective and illustrate the development and excellence of the knowledge of criticism in the history of Western literature. The result of the research shows that criticism began with philosophy and the questioning of Greek philosophers became an indicator for the evaluation of literary texts to the point where in the period of infancy, classical texts were also criticized and with such thinking and legacy, new schools of criticism emerged. Schools that are based on the combination of the most constructive and enlightened opinions and with their various manifestations introduce literature as a systematic and independent knowledge Manuscript profile
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        29 - A survey of the effective factors on Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Ilkhans and West
        Omid Omid Sepehri Rad
        Defeat of Hulegu Khan at the battle of Ayn Jalut (658 AH / 1260 AD) cause to tend the Ilkhans and Christian Europe state to establish and expand diplomatic, military and economic relations. Before encountering Ilkhans to resistance of Mamluks at syria, not Mongols  More
        Defeat of Hulegu Khan at the battle of Ayn Jalut (658 AH / 1260 AD) cause to tend the Ilkhans and Christian Europe state to establish and expand diplomatic, military and economic relations. Before encountering Ilkhans to resistance of Mamluks at syria, not Mongols  paid attention to the pop and European ststes envoys، nor Europeans confidence to the Mongols.              Ayn Jalut defeated and failur of  next invasions of Ilkhans to the syria and Access to power of mamluks in Egypt and  syria and theirs effort to drive out Crusade from the coast of Palestin and attacks on  Lesser Armenia، led to European states sought to attract  friendship of  Ilkhanate.             Review of available resources shows، Conflict with a common enemy caused the Relationship between Ilkhans  and  pop and European  stste.   Manuscript profile
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        30 - Three Nasiruddin Shah Court’s Women and European Civilization
        taherh azimzadeh
        Amongst Qajar’s court men, Abas Mirza, Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir were pioneers in Modernism and paying attention to European civilization. However, the extent of the familiarity of Qajar court’s women to western ideas is not clear. The research investigate More
        Amongst Qajar’s court men, Abas Mirza, Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir were pioneers in Modernism and paying attention to European civilization. However, the extent of the familiarity of Qajar court’s women to western ideas is not clear. The research investigates the level of women’s acquaintance with the knowledge and Western Colonialism to lean on three women of Nasiruddin Shah’s Court like Mahd Oliya, Ezatodolleh and Tajosaltane who were Nasiruddin Shah’s mother, sister and daughter. It seems they did not try to improve Western civilization symbols such as schools, newspaper etc. Furthermore, they did not pay attention to the aspects of Western Colonialism Manuscript profile
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        31 - A brief introuduction to the book " JahanNamayehJadid", and it's contribution to the iranians recognition about European countries
        abbas hashemzadeh
        Translation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European  books and literature under  the supervi More
        Translation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European  books and literature under  the supervision of the professionalists. Translating this outstanding works played an  important role in improving the understanding of Europe for the Iranian people. One of the brilliant achievements of this era was Compiling a book entitled "JahanNamayehJadid", compiled from translating of European historical and geographical books after Amir kabir′s assignment as Ambassador  inArzanat. Arroum. The latterimprovedIranian  recognition about European countries. In this article, we attempt to explain the contribution of this book to the  awareness among the Iranians.     Manuscript profile
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        32 - A survey of the Historical background of Ayyari movement in Iran.
        seddigheh ghannadzadeh
        Benevolent caraliership in Iran so called "Ayyari" is one of the mostinteresting aspects of Iranian social history . The evident shows that thissocial tradition origin returns to pre-islamic era since Mani's teachingprevailed in this period . For instance , one can find More
        Benevolent caraliership in Iran so called "Ayyari" is one of the mostinteresting aspects of Iranian social history . The evident shows that thissocial tradition origin returns to pre-islamic era since Mani's teachingprevailed in this period . For instance , one can find same traditions inFerdosi narration of Shahnameh . It seems that Ferdosi attempted to retellthe very facts he had been told of . This tradition turned to be anti-Arabmovements of many Iranians in post-eslamic era since Arab rulers andtheir allied classes were displeased by the publics because of theirunlimited cruelty . The people who followed Ayyari tradition were calledAyyaran . They belonged to very poor classes and there fore , theysupported the poor. They fighted against the higher classes such asnobles, wealthy people and feudalists. This tradition migrated to Europewith the expansion of Islamic empire and turned to be cavalry tradition inthe tenth centry . Ayyari movement remained vital in East of Iran andplayed a great role in many historical events during Abbasi era a lot ofIranian kings and rulers orginially relied on this tradition for theirdomintion . It remained as a social value and emerged differently inevery period of history . Manuscript profile
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        33 - A comparative study of development material culture between Europe & Iran in the Safavied period
        alireza karimi
        The development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have  also pay atten More
        The development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have  also pay attention to it with this approach and analytical method and we have tried to answer  to some of questions about the causes of undevelopment In the field of trade in Iran. Progress and development in every country there have had total cultural immersion with the culture of development. The safavids in Iran came to power coincided with the start of development in Europe and they were attempts to revive the ancient Iranian authority. The safavids welcomed political and military reasons from arrival of Europeans in Iran. But the Safavids never used from this opportunity for to know the material culture of develop in Europe. Iranians did not follow Europeans in the field of trade and its industries such as waterways and land roads, money, navigation, freedom of trade and commercial corporations. Safavids Despite extensive relations established with Europe and Europeans, they did not adopt No element of material culture of development in Europe .In this article we have tried to review the material culture development in Europe and to compare that with the situation of Iran in the Safavids period.   Manuscript profile
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        34 - A Comparative Study of US, EU, and Iran Legal Approaches to Anti-Competitive Civil Liability
        majid khalilpourgorgani javad niknejad behnam ghanbarpor
        In a free market economy, competitive rules are determined by the market itself. Competition causes the producer to improve the quality of the product, the consumer to provide it with the most suitable conditions. However, there are vertical and horizontal anti-competit More
        In a free market economy, competitive rules are determined by the market itself. Competition causes the producer to improve the quality of the product, the consumer to provide it with the most suitable conditions. However, there are vertical and horizontal anti-competitive practices that are detrimental to this competition. The main question of the present study is what legal approaches at the level of the United States, the European Union and Iran to civil liability arising from anti-competitive practices? In the United States, there is currently a more legal approach to civil liability arising from vertical agreements. It is horizontally focused, while the European Union has the opposite position. Iran's legal approach can be considered as an intermediate approach according to the jurisprudential rules as well as the prevailing laws such as civil law. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Critical Review of "Fair Trial" in International Documents
        Namdar Babayi Valiolah Ansari Ali qorbani
        Namdar Babayi [1] Valiolah Ansari [2]  Ali qorbani [3] Abstract: The concept of fairness in modern criminal law has influenced by the defendant-oriented philosophy. The major part of the rules on the substantive criminal law andprocedure has been arranged to guaran More
        Namdar Babayi [1] Valiolah Ansari [2]  Ali qorbani [3] Abstract: The concept of fairness in modern criminal law has influenced by the defendant-oriented philosophy. The major part of the rules on the substantive criminal law andprocedure has been arranged to guarantee the rights of the defendant. This approach creates a complicated situation for the victim: He shouldtolerate the cruel as well as the criminal system considering him insignificant. The Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights, and in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966),embodies such an idea. In so-called postmodern criminal law, this situation is undesirable, and the restorative justice approach, that guarantees the victim’s rights, tries to establish a balance between the plaintiff and defendant in the criminal justice process. In Islamic theology, correspondence of the hearing with God’s commands is the criteria of fairness while in Europe common’s judgment serves as the criteria of the fairness of the trial. [1]-Ph.D Candidate in Criminology and Criminal Law, Isalamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, goldenfit.web@gmail.com [2]- Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, drvansari98@gmail.com [3] - Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad Universit, Chaloos branch, Chaloos, Iran, agt1350@gmail.com Manuscript profile
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        36 - Quality Management Approaches and their impact on firms’ financial performance (The Case of EFQM)
        Seyyedeh Leyla Samadi AliReza ErajPour
        At the national level, attention to quality and efforts to its constant improvement, play the major role in economic development and neglecting these leads to the loss of domestic production and will increase imports. The model of excellence is a tool to reflect a compr More
        At the national level, attention to quality and efforts to its constant improvement, play the major role in economic development and neglecting these leads to the loss of domestic production and will increase imports. The model of excellence is a tool to reflect a comprehensive image of the organization. These models validate the performance of firms in implementing improvement programs at different period of times and also they are utilized as a driver for organizations and businesses for excellence, growth and earning money. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of the quality management on the Financial Performance Efficiency of companies and the impact of the equipment on the productivity improvements and labor and capital efficiency during the periods before EFQM certification and after that for the period of 1390 to 1393 through semi-longitudinal and cross-sectional data and the Wilcoxon test was used. Results indicate there is not any significant difference among financial variables ROA, ROS and VADLAB on financial performance and as a result, hypothesis based on the impact of EFQM Model on financial performance is rejected. It means the companies have failed in improving their financial performance and only the result of the test of third hypothesis of financial efficiency variable on financial performance has been significant CAPLAB. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Short-Term Tuberculosis Incidence Rate Prediction for Europe using Machine learning Algorithms
        Jamilu Yahaya Maipan-uku Nadire Cavus Boran Sekeroglu
        10.22094/joie.2023.1988443.2079
        Manuscript profile
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        38 - Evaluation on Morphological Characters of European Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orth.: Gryllotalpidae) in the North-west of Iran
        M.H. Kazemi Sh. Jafari H.A. Lotfalizadeh M. Mashhadi-Jafarloo
        The European mole cricket is considered to be of the most important insect pests of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan province. Its damage in some area economically is very high. In this study, morphological characteristics, including the length of various parts of the pes More
        The European mole cricket is considered to be of the most important insect pests of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan province. Its damage in some area economically is very high. In this study, morphological characteristics, including the length of various parts of the pest body, were evaluated. Analyzing of the size of fore and hind wings results of the adults in this species, showed that there were seasonal dimorphism as long-winged (L.W.) and short-winged (S.W.) among the insects. Based on the literature available seasonal dimorphism in this species is the first report in the world, and probably each morph of this species is various in different both in the biology and behavior. Sexual dimorphism can be distinguished by study pattern of venation in the forewings of sexes. One of the important characteristics in distinguishing mole cricket species is arrangement spines in the fore and hind tibia where their numbers and sizes of these spines in various species are different. The fore tibia of insect has four wide and strong dactyls in its apex, but lateral margin of the hind tibia armed with five sharp spines with seven spines at the end of its tibia.  Manuscript profile
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        39 - Monetary and financial contexts of Britain's exit from the European Union
        Soraya Babaei Alireza Soltan Ardeshi Sanaei Hamidreza Shirzad
        AbstractThe election was one of the most important events since the formation of the European Convergence and Unification Project and the worst decision in recent years in the European Union. This is a European Heritage project by former British Prime Minister David Cam More
        AbstractThe election was one of the most important events since the formation of the European Convergence and Unification Project and the worst decision in recent years in the European Union. This is a European Heritage project by former British Prime Minister David Cameron. Britain's controversial move to leave the EU, which found strong supporters and opponents in parliament, parties and even among the people, began in 2015 and was completed in 2020. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to examine the monetary-financial contexts of Brexit. Thus, the authors of the article seek to answer the question based on the descriptive-analytical method, emphasizing the integration of the theory of convergence and divergence using the collection and analysis of the obtained information. Our hypothesis has also been that the roots of the election should be sought more in British nationalism, the desire for special relations with the United States, the financial crisis in Europe and the euro, and the ambiguity in the British economic future. Manuscript profile
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        40 - Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Permanent Membership of Islamic Republic of Iran
        Alireza Rezaie Abbas Salehi
        Shanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic o More
        Shanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic of Iran, with its present observational role in this organization and the demand to become its permanent member, leads to certain implications which within the framework and opportunities of membership facilitate the analysis of Iranian foreign policy. In this article, we aim to assess Iranian membership in this organization on four dimensions of Iranian politics, security, economic and culture. On this basis, we, first apply theoretical explanation of the origin and continuation of Shanghai Organization. Having done that, we then study the effect of Iranian membership in this organization on four foretold dimensions. Finally, probability and improbability of permanent membership of Islamic republic of Iran will be discussed and suggestions are made to the Iranian diplomatic approaches. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Investigating the security commitment of digital and software systems manufacturers in Islamic jurisprudence, Iranian and European subject laws
        Seyed Mohammad Reza Hosseini Alireza mazloomrahni Alireza Rajabzadehestahbanati
        10.22034/ijrj.2022.694907
        Digital and software systems are undoubtedly the vital force governing the information society. As it plays a huge role in the economy and employment of the society in the present era, with the expansion of its application in various aspects of life, the category of def More
        Digital and software systems are undoubtedly the vital force governing the information society. As it plays a huge role in the economy and employment of the society in the present era, with the expansion of its application in various aspects of life, the category of defects and disadvantages has also arisen in this field. And the software in Islamic jurisprudence, the subject laws of Iran and Europe" and the result is that: the obligation of safety can be obtained from the works of Islamic jurists, because their emphasis is on production without harm and such discussions can be discovered under jurisprudential rules. The presence of safe goods in the market of any countries is necessary for the health and general well-being of the citizens living in that country, therefore the right to safety and having safe digital and software systems is granted among the human rights and also the basic rights of every consumer. Considering the extreme importance of the right to safety, special attention has been paid to this right in the consumer protection laws of Iran and Europe, and various arrangements have been made to guarantee its observance by suppliers - both manufacturers and distributors. At the international level, especially in the European Union, a lot of effort has been made to realize this purpose. However, the situation in our country is somehow different and the existing regulations are not in any ways adequate to the purpose. Manuscript profile
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        42 - Performance Evaluation of educational organization in east Azerbaijan using European foundation quality model (EFQM) in 2007
        Sadegh Maleki Alireza Ranjbari
        The general objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of education organization in east Azarbijan using EFQM. In this regard, the descriptive – survey method was used. The research population was people76. The sample size using  Cochrans formula& More
        The general objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of education organization in east Azarbijan using EFQM. In this regard, the descriptive – survey method was used. The research population was people76. The sample size using  Cochrans formula  was 38 people.An advanced questionnaire was used to measure the variables including nine criteria and thirty-two sub- criteria. Each sub criteria included guide points and evidences which have been regulated according to specifications related education. The total sub criteria questions according to RADAR logic added up to 264. After carring on two days justifying course for employees, these questions were given to them. The performance of education organization was carried out through the sef –evaluation method by the employees of the organization.the validity of the questionnaire was determined by experts. The Cronbach's Alpha was used to calculate the reliability, which was 0.96. In this study nine questions were posed, the scores of performance obtained were 486 out of 1000 based on (EFQM). The percentage of nine sub- sores were: 47% leadership, 44% policy and strategy, 47% staff, 46% recourses  and participation, 44% processes, 54% results of the client, 45% results of the staff, 51% results of the society and 47% the key results of performance.  Manuscript profile
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        43 - Evaluating the Performance of Management in Engineer Traininig Centers of Iran Based on Fuzzy Approach: A case study
        Hassan Khademi Zare Mahnaz zarei
        One of the key factors that lead organizations and high education centers to deficieney is that their processes and obtained results are not evaluted well. In the case that high education centers realize their positions well and become aware of their weaknesses, they wi More
        One of the key factors that lead organizations and high education centers to deficieney is that their processes and obtained results are not evaluted well. In the case that high education centers realize their positions well and become aware of their weaknesses, they will no doubt attempt to eliminate those deficiencies. The purpose of this research, whose implementation scope is one of the technical-engineering complexes, is to present a method for the evalution of the performance of management in engineer training centers based on the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model. Since the existing decision – making environment of high education centers, like many other organizations, is generally fuzzy and vague, for a further adjustment of the mentioned method with the existing situations of high education centers the proposed model is designed in fuzzy environments so that we would be able to evaluate the management performance of high engineering education centers in a more accurate way.  Manuscript profile
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        44 - Extraction and compare of Oleuropin compound in olea europaea L. in three province state of Gilan, Tehran and Fars
        Jaimand, جایمند M.B Rezaee, A.N Ashtiany مصطفی Golipoor
        Phenolic compounds in Olive fruits are important factors to consider in order to evaluate the quality of virgin Olive oil. Several studies concerning phenolic compounds in the Olive have already been carried out. Oleuropein, have pharmacological properties which have a More
        Phenolic compounds in Olive fruits are important factors to consider in order to evaluate the quality of virgin Olive oil. Several studies concerning phenolic compounds in the Olive have already been carried out. Oleuropein, have pharmacological properties which have a antibiotic and antiviral effects. In this research, we study about determination of oleuropein in leaf and fruits of Olea europaea L. from three province of Gilan, Tehran and Fars are colected. After collection of samples in every months for leaves and fruits from June up to December, samples are dried and Extraction was with methanol and determinded by HPLC. In this study, oleuropein in leaves from three proviance of Gilan, Tehran and Fars are 39217, 33665 and 31311 ppm in January respectly, and in fruits are 35328 and 29740 ppm in July and 22095 ppm in September, respectly. These amounts shows that highest are in Gilan provience and Fars have a lowest. Manuscript profile
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        45 - Historical Explanation of the Political-Economic Indicators and Consequences of the Safavid Kings' Autocracy in European Travelogues (Based on the theory of Iranian tyranny Homayoon Katouzian)
        akram karamali mojtaba zahabi
        Iran's history has witnessed the power of finding different tribes and governments. The common mode of exercising political power in the centuries ago has been based on the Shah. This political system was a heritage of the ancient Persian past, which later became quite More
        Iran's history has witnessed the power of finding different tribes and governments. The common mode of exercising political power in the centuries ago has been based on the Shah. This political system was a heritage of the ancient Persian past, which later became quite seriously in the Islamic era of Iranian history. In this way of rule, the Shah was the highest in the head of the social and political pyramid of society And according to the theory of divine right, the shadow of the Lord was on earth and the owner of the goddess and glory of the kingdom. As a result, the king was beyond the reach of the people, and God had chosen him to exercise his will on earth. According to European logbooks, the structure of government in the Safavid period was also autocratic And in addition to the theory of divine right, they considered themselves as the deputy of the absent Imam and the guardian of the Safavid regime. The present research is working on descriptive-analytical method in the light of the reports of European journalists, Some aspects of the mode of rule and the nature of political power in Iran during the Safavid era, based on the Iranian tyranny theory Homayoon Katouzian, To analyze and explain And the political-economic consequences of this mode of rule. Manuscript profile
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        46 - Consequences of defense and security Brexit of European convergence
        maryam rahimi Mahmood Seyyed
        The June 23, 2016 referendum of the British people approved the law of the country leaving the European Union, which became known as Bergzit. An output that has had a tremendous impact on power equations in Europe and the world. Britain, which has not been happy with Eu More
        The June 23, 2016 referendum of the British people approved the law of the country leaving the European Union, which became known as Bergzit. An output that has had a tremendous impact on power equations in Europe and the world. Britain, which has not been happy with Europe's common foreign and security policy, has sought to pursue independent security and defense policies. Britain's withdrawal from the European Union as a veto-wielding country, while reducing the weight and power of Europe at the international level, interrupts the implementation of a number of British defense projects, which in turn could lead to a reduction in Europe's military and defense capabilities. .The main question of this article is: What are the most important defense and security implications of the election on EU convergence?In this article, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used in a library manner.Glossary: European Union, Brexist and Britain Manuscript profile
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        47 - Interaction and confrontation between East and West and its representation in the transfer of medical knowledge from Islamic civilization to Europe
        Mahmoud Akbari ahmad ashrafi Mohammad Nabi Salim
        During the confrontation between the two Islamic civilizations and Western civilization in the 5th and 6th centuries AH, a favorable opportunity was provided for the transmission of civilizational heritage and cultural and scientific achievements. Even the Crusades, aim More
        During the confrontation between the two Islamic civilizations and Western civilization in the 5th and 6th centuries AH, a favorable opportunity was provided for the transmission of civilizational heritage and cultural and scientific achievements. Even the Crusades, aimed at infiltrating the Orient, introduced Europeans to the radiant face of Islamic civilization and culture. In the transition from the confrontation to the interaction of civilization, medical knowledge also spread from the field of Islam to Western civilization and reminded Europe of the need to increase the level of health and scientific dynamism.Relying on a descriptive-analytical method based on library data, the present study aims to address the unspoken angles and factors affecting the process of transfer of Islamic medicine to the Western world along the cultural interactions of the Middle Ages. One of the important aspects in the process of civilization convergence between the two fields of East and West was borrowing science and attracting innovative techniques of Muslim scholars, especially in the field of scientific adaptation. Thus, the innovations and teachings of Muslim physicians and the progress of the Islamic world in the field of health and paramedics attracted the attention of Europeans and, by translating the works of Muslims, fueled the wave of the Renaissance in the West. Manuscript profile
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        48 - Pricing of participation option in Iran's Social Security Organization (ISSO)'s pension fund
        abbas khandan Erfan Salavati
        10.30495/eco.2022.1955155.2643
        Collective pension schemes with mandatory participation, despite their many benefits, are not commensurate with the future of work so that recently granting exit option has been considered in pension reforms. However, there are concerns about the consequences of grantin More
        Collective pension schemes with mandatory participation, despite their many benefits, are not commensurate with the future of work so that recently granting exit option has been considered in pension reforms. However, there are concerns about the consequences of granting exit option on sustainability of the plans. This study based on the main characteristics of Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO)’s pension fund, mathematically calculates the value of participation in this plan. It was assumed that contributors are allowed to opt out once at a given time (European option) or several times during employment (US option) and, then, the option pricing theory is used to determine the value of these options. Findings show that in both cases of European and American options, the incentive to leave generally is low at old ages and they prefer to stay and receive their entitled pension annually. In contrast, young people have less incentive to participate because they know that they are the ones who have to pay the high recovery contributions necessary to fill the deficit. However, it was shown that even young people are willing to accept a deficit (between 30 and 40 percent) because in case of participation, they would benefit from investment returns of their predecessors’ funds or other benefits of collective schemes including interpersonal and intergenerational risk sharing. The results also show that in case of American option, people have always higher participation incentive and its exit threshold is always lower than the case of European option. Manuscript profile
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        49 - Disclosure of E-commerce Secrets Stipulated Under the Competition Law of Iran and Law of European Union
        vadood barzi Ali Gharibe Ismaeil Saghiri Nsaer Masoudi
        10.30495/cyberlaw.2022.696587
        In free commercial competition, each company has its own competitive policy, programs and special goals. Each of these entities has two categories of news and information. Some of this information do not have any special confidentiality and, therefore, the other compani More
        In free commercial competition, each company has its own competitive policy, programs and special goals. Each of these entities has two categories of news and information. Some of this information do not have any special confidentiality and, therefore, the other companies in addition to the general buyers and consumers of products have the right to be aware in order to step into deal with them having sufficient knowledge and information. But, the other category of the information which companies possess are completely confidential and classified. All companies must refrain from acquiring and disseminating such type of information pursuing the aims which include weakening or elimination of competitors, elimination of competition and creation of monopoly. Competition Law covering issues such as electronic commerce regulations under the Iran's legal system and certain treaties, agreements and directives in the European Union's legal system constitute attempts at protecting these trade secrets through prohibition of such actions and incorporation of multiple execution guarantees. In terms of special importance these secret information has in free competition and global trade, the present research tries to study, analyze and assess the concept and state the types of secrets and the legal bases of banning its disclosure in electronic commerce as stipulated under the Competition Law of Iran and Law of European Union by referring to the reliable and valid domestic and international sources. Manuscript profile
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        50 - مقایسه دو روش اسپکتروفتومتری به‌منظور اندازه‌گیری هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای کل در فرآورده‌های دارویی سرخارگل (Echinacea purpurea)
        حسین مهدوی محمد رضا نادری محمدحسین اسماعیلی
        10.14196/JHD. 2018. 235
        مقدمه و هدف: هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدها یکی از مهمترین مواد مؤثره فرآورده‌های دارویی سرخارگل هستند. این ترکیبات موجب تقویت سیستم ایمنی بدن می‌شوند و از این رو، غالباً از هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای کل به عنوان معیار اصلی کنترل کیفیت سرخارگل و فرآورده‌های دارویی آن استفاده می‌ More
        مقدمه و هدف: هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدها یکی از مهمترین مواد مؤثره فرآورده‌های دارویی سرخارگل هستند. این ترکیبات موجب تقویت سیستم ایمنی بدن می‌شوند و از این رو، غالباً از هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای کل به عنوان معیار اصلی کنترل کیفیت سرخارگل و فرآورده‌های دارویی آن استفاده می‌گردد. بنابراین، کنترل کیفیت سرخارگل نیازمند توسعه روش‌های معتبری که در عین ساده بودن، از دقت مناسبی نیز در اندازه‌گیری هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای کل برخوردار باشند، است. مطالعه حاضر، با هدف توسعه روشی ساده برای اندازه‌گیری مقدار کل هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای سرخارگل و سپس، مقایسه این روش که تحت عنوان روش AlCl3 نامیده شد، با روش فارماکوپه اروپا، به انجام رسید. روش تحقیق: مقدار کل هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای 10 نمونه سرخارگل با استفاده از دو روش AlCl3 و فارماکوپه اروپا اندازه‌گیری شد و مقادیر حاصل از این دو روش، به‌وسیله شاخص‌های آماری مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. نتایج و بحث: روش AlCl3 از دقت مناسبی در اندازه‌گیری مقدار کل هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای سرخارگل برخوردار نبود، چراکه اختلاف نسبی بین مقادیر اندازه‌گیری شده به‌وسیله این روش و مقادیر اندازه‌گیری شده به‌وسیله روش فارماکوپه اروپا، بین 50 تا 130 درصد بود. مقایسه این روش با روش فارماکوپه اروپا نشان داد که به دلیل پایین بودن مقدار شاخص انطباق ویلموت (d= 0.53) و بالا بودن مقدار خطای نسبی (RE= 0.83)، کارآیی روش AlCl3 در اندازه‌گیری هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای کل فرآورده‌های دارویی سرخارگل، بسیار ضعیف بود. توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: به دلیل عدم وجود واکنش اختصاصی بین آلومینیوم سه ظرفیتی و هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدها، روش AlCl3 برای اندازه‌گیری مقدار کل هیدروکسی‌سینامیک اسیدهای سرخارگل و فرآورده‌های دارویی آن، مناسب نیست. Manuscript profile
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        51 - اندازه گیری میزان اولئوروپین در کیک اسفنجی حاوی عصاره ی برگ زیتون
        فریبا عطایی جواد کرامت محمد حجت الاسلامی مریم میرلوحی
        مقدمه و هدف: اولئوروپین ماده اصلی برگ زیتون است که اکثر خواص فارموکولوژیک برگ زیتون مربوط به آن می باشد. هدف اصلی در این پژوهش بررسی امکان به کارگیری برگ زیتون در صنایع غذایی (صنعت کیک) و به دنبال آن استفاده از خواص دارویی آن است. روش تحقیق: در تحقیق حاضر عصاره اتانولی More
        مقدمه و هدف: اولئوروپین ماده اصلی برگ زیتون است که اکثر خواص فارموکولوژیک برگ زیتون مربوط به آن می باشد. هدف اصلی در این پژوهش بررسی امکان به کارگیری برگ زیتون در صنایع غذایی (صنعت کیک) و به دنبال آن استفاده از خواص دارویی آن است. روش تحقیق: در تحقیق حاضر عصاره اتانولی برگ زیتون در سطوح 0، 1/0، 2/0، 3/0، 4/0 گرم (نسبت به 50 گرم آرد) به خمیر کیک اسفنجی افزوده شد و میزان اولئوروپین آن به وسیله دستگاه HPLC اندازه گیری شد، هم­چنین آزمون حسی هدونیک پنج نقطه ای با حضور بیست پنلیست انجام گرفت و صفاتی مانند طعم، پس طعم، بافت، رنگ، بو و پذیرش کلی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت نتایج و بحث: طبق آزمون  حسی انجام شده ، نمونه حاوی 1/0 گرم عصاره، از نظر فاکتورهای طعم و پس طعم تفاوت معنی داری با نمونه شاهد نداشت؛ علاوه بر آن در مورد فاکتور بافت، نمونه های حاوی 1/0 و 2/0 گرم عصاره از نظر مصرف کننده تفاوت معنی داری با نمونه شاهد نداشتند. به طور کلی تنها سطح 1/0 گرم عصاره (به ازای 50 گرم کیک) از نظر مصرف کننده قابل پذیرش بود که در آن 003/0 گرم اولئوروپین موجود بود. هم­چنین از نظر میزان چربی، پروتئین و خاکستر اختلاف معنی داری بین تیمارها مشاهده نشد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: برگ زیتون حاوی اولئوروپین به عنوان منبع غنی از مواد فنولیک با خواص دارویی فراوان می­تواند در صنایع غذایی به خصوص کیک استفاده شود. Manuscript profile
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        52 - A Study of the Role of Identity in Relationship between Islamic Republic of Iran and the European Union
        Gholamreza Karimi محسن کشوریان
        Abstract The political and economic influence of Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union in world and regional interaction can provide a suitable ground for expansion of cooperation and integration between the two but during the past three decades the relations bet More
        Abstract The political and economic influence of Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union in world and regional interaction can provide a suitable ground for expansion of cooperation and integration between the two but during the past three decades the relations between the two sides not only had great ups and downs but in certain period it had been strained. The purpose of the present article is to examine the role of identity elements that affect the relations of Iran and European Union and also the impact of social and identity element as disintegrative factors in relation between the two. The assumption is that after the Islamic revolution the relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union have been influenced by factors like identity, culture, values, norms and inter-subjective concepts. These influencing factors have led to different outlook and viewpoint towards global problems and pessimistic view towards each other which act as disintegrative factor in bilateral relations. The reason is that the values and norms of Islamic Republic of Iran are derived from Islamic-revolutionary identity which has formed after Islamic revolution. On the other hand the European Union values are based on European identity, liberal Western values and secularism. Manuscript profile
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        53 - Examining the opportunities and Threats of the European Union presence in the Central Asian region
        zahra akbari hadis bagherinia
        10.30495/pir.2020.674312
        The end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era for the European Union in Central Asia the ,, law and respect for human rights. The present study, based on the SOWT model and using descriptive-analytical methods, examines the opportunities and threats of the E More
        The end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era for the European Union in Central Asia the ,, law and respect for human rights. The present study, based on the SOWT model and using descriptive-analytical methods, examines the opportunities and threats of the European Union in the Central Asian region. The main question of this research is what opportunities and threats does the EU's presence in Central Asia pose to this EU? According to this question, the two-part hypothesis of the research is: A) Opportunity: Central Asia's need for investment at various levels and high capacities of the European Union will lead to the presence of this union in the region and the achievement of its political and economic goals; B) Threat: The EU's overemphasis on liberal goals and the promotion of democracy and human rights in Central Asia will fail the EU to achieve its goals. The results of the study show that on the one hand, the EU's great attention to European values and on the other hand, the lack of unity on human rights issues in the EU have led to threats for the EU. Manuscript profile
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        54 - Changing approach to Turkish foreign policy: From the EU to the Middle East
        Ebrahim Meraji
        10.30495/pir.2021.680718
        Turkey is one of the developing and emerging countries that has been economically and politically successful among the countries of the region.The geographical location of this country in its proximity to Europe and the Middle East, has led to a mutual impact on both re More
        Turkey is one of the developing and emerging countries that has been economically and politically successful among the countries of the region.The geographical location of this country in its proximity to Europe and the Middle East, has led to a mutual impact on both regions.Turkey's growth and development path has been such that it has sought to achieve European political, economic, behavioral and value standards, and has always applied to join the European Union over the years.Today, however,we see that Turkey has chosen a different path and, with less attention to European standards, is trying to present itself as an active player in the Middle East and North Africa. The present Study seeks the reason for this change in Turkey's approach between 2000 and 2020 and tests the hypothesis by descriptive-analytical method that the policy of Turkish leaders is based on the existence of great and influential powers in the European Union,Turkey could have been a second-rate player in Europe at best, but these capabilities of Turkey in the Middle East could make it one of the most important and influential players in the first level of the region, and therefore in a strategic choice,Turkey has chosen the second path. Manuscript profile
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        55 - Citizenship rights, Citizen Security and Combating Terrorism in Europe
        mohammad nassirzadeh نصیرزاده Farideh Mohammad Alipour
        10.30495/pir.2022.1956341.3486
        Citizenship rights are a combination of duties and responsibilities of society members towards one another, society and state. In cases such as threats to national security, governments may serve these threats as a ground for restrictions on these rights. In enforcing t More
        Citizenship rights are a combination of duties and responsibilities of society members towards one another, society and state. In cases such as threats to national security, governments may serve these threats as a ground for restrictions on these rights. In enforcing this restriction States must adhere to legislative principles such as proportionality and non-discrimination. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the European countries have tried to restrict civil rights. The main question is how fighting terrorism has affected Citizenship rights in Europe? Using the explanatory method and with the aim of enriching the research literature on the current situation of civil rights in the light of the anti-terrorist policies of European countries, the results of the study show that in the State of Exception, the provision of security through preventive use of criminal justice in reality, results in ignoring many of the fundamental rights and freedom of individuals and minority groupsIncluding Muslims. Manuscript profile
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        56 - Britain’s European Policy Discourse: A Metaphoric Analysis (Text in Persian)
        Homira Moshirzadeh Fatemeh Hamoei
        The relations of Britain and European Union have always been one of the important and controversial issues in domestic political scene of Britain for the past fifty years due to negative attitude of Britain towards European integration and unity. The question which the More
        The relations of Britain and European Union have always been one of the important and controversial issues in domestic political scene of Britain for the past fifty years due to negative attitude of Britain towards European integration and unity. The question which the present article wants to examine is how this skeptical and stressful attitude of Britain towards European unity has shaped and what circumstances have helped shaping this outlook? The present article wants by making use of “perceptual-cognitive theory” of Lakoff and Johnson and metaphoric documentation analysis method of Millikan and also by examining the language used in speeches، statement of politicians and foreign ministers of Britain in relation to European integration، extract and analyze metaphors، signs، premise، symbols and systems indicating this discourse and explain the possibility of this attitude in foreign policy، the process of shaping British and European identity and also the common custom of this country towards European policy and the dynamic of such interpretation. Manuscript profile
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        57 - The United Kingdom and Europe Foreign Policy Discourse Analysis (Laclau and Mouffe Model)
        Ahmad Naghibzadeh Fatemeh Hamoei
        Britain as a European power is always famous for her opposition to deepening integration in Europe and Europeanization. In fact this country is one of the staunchest opposition of converting the European Union into European federation. The observers are of the view that More
        Britain as a European power is always famous for her opposition to deepening integration in Europe and Europeanization. In fact this country is one of the staunchest opposition of converting the European Union into European federation. The observers are of the view that it is only the economic compulsion that has made Britain join the process of integration and this country is having a supra Atlantic outlook. The present paper by taking the help of discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe wants to identify and analyze the signs (signifier and signified) present in foreign policy discourse of European Union which is articulated by Britain as an important member of the union and also examine the formative discourse atmosphere in order to explain the process of making British and European identity and to make possible the tense approach of Britain foreign policy Manuscript profile
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        58 - Uniqueness: Secret of the European Union
        Helmot Wagner رابرت آلیس مسعود بنیانیان
        The political and international relation's experts have not been able too define the European Union (EU) in legal and political terms. The reality is that the EU's charter is not clearly defined and due to this, most Europeans desire the exit of their countries through More
        The political and international relation's experts have not been able too define the European Union (EU) in legal and political terms. The reality is that the EU's charter is not clearly defined and due to this, most Europeans desire the exit of their countries through referendum. The purpose of this article is to present an EU new interpretation. The author believes that this union can be gradually substituted by a "Subsidiary Union". The titles such as federation, confederation, and even empire, republic, or a collection of countries are used for EU and all have failed to illuminate the true nature of this union. EU has never been a country, but a unique phenomenon. EU has avoided to become a country and the members of this union do not like this title and the centre of all these discrepancies arise from the fact that EU in contrast to practical experiences, political theories and philosophies insists on not becoming a country. Why is it so? The reasons are clear. On the one hand, the union's members have fear towards transferring their sovereignty and on the other hand, the other minor and major members know this unpleasant truth that it is probable to lose their sovereignty in globalization process. Unity and partnership are the only ways to save themselves from this. Therefore, the members try to establish a society of European countries that do not change into a country and simultaneously defend the members and their sovereignties. The realization of this idea is still a secret among politicians. This study analyzes this secret. Manuscript profile
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        59 - The Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991: Systemic Peculiarities and Historical Parallels (Text in Persian)
        Helmut Wagner حسن ملائکه
        one of the most important events of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on the political، economic and ideological issues in the region and international level، which is still of importance. This paper presents a comparative analyti More
        one of the most important events of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on the political، economic and ideological issues in the region and international level، which is still of importance. This paper presents a comparative analytical approach to understanding the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union and compares it with other empires of the twentieth century that have fallen. The author examines the views of Russian politicians like Vladimir Putin، Mikhail Gorbachev and Alexander Yakovlev and German scholars like Ulrich Druwe، Gerhard Simon and Helmut Altrichter to gain a comprehensive overview of the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author examines the choices before Russia in case she wants to play an effective role in world affairs and he comes to the conclusion that for achieving the above goal Russia should integrate with European Union. Manuscript profile
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        60 - Explaining the Impact of Iranian Nuclear Program on Mutual Relations of Iran and European Union
        عنایت الله یزدانی Leila Morovati
        Abstract: After the victory of the Islamic revolution fundamental changes took place in foreign policy of Iran. Pursuing nuclear program was one of the sign of these developments, which created a concern in European Union and as a result led to a security challenge for More
        Abstract: After the victory of the Islamic revolution fundamental changes took place in foreign policy of Iran. Pursuing nuclear program was one of the sign of these developments, which created a concern in European Union and as a result led to a security challenge for Iran. The fear from Iran who possesses nuclear technology drove the green continent towards a coalition with the United States and some of Iran's neighbor particularly the conservative Arab governments. With the turn in European Union foreign policy towards Iran, Iran also revised its policies towards her friends and the possible foes. On this basis the present article wants to examine the opportunities and limitations of relations of Iran with the European Union under the impact of nuclear program. The basic strategy of the European Union in regard to nuclear program is preventing Iran acquiring the potential to produce nuclear arms. With this objective in view the European Union makes use of different tools like sanctions, negotiations and supporting Iran's rival. Part of this policy making of the European Union has undergone changes under the impact of Iran's relations with China, Russia and also confrontation or interaction with the United States in medium term. Manuscript profile
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        61 - The Political and Security Relations of Russia and the United States in Eastern Europe during Putin’s Presidency (1998-2008)
        Hamid Hadiyan Hasti Saif
        The international system after the end of the Cold War is still in transition. There is not yet an established situation in relations of the governments. The former bipolar world has given its place to a chaotic world which does not have a definite order. The Soviet Uni More
        The international system after the end of the Cold War is still in transition. There is not yet an established situation in relations of the governments. The former bipolar world has given its place to a chaotic world which does not have a definite order. The Soviet Union and the United States competed with each other during the Cold War era for nearly half a century due to bipolar power structure and nature. For this reason, the study of the relations of these two countries has attracted the attention of observers. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and separation of several republics and formation of Russian Federation many changes took place in the relations of the two. The relations of the United States and Russia took a new shape during Vladimir Putin presidency due to presence and influence of the United States in the periphery and sphere of influence of Russia. The partnership for peace plan by NATO with Central Asian, Caucasus and former Eastern Europe countries led to sharp differences between Russia and NATO, also deployment of missile defense shield of the United States in Czech Republic and Poland have been among important issues and challenging factors in relations of the two. These measures by the United States have had Russia’s reaction in the shape of energy diplomacy and armament diplomacy. In this regard the Eastern Europe has been the hotbed of all these events. This region, therefore, devoted a high priority region in security policies of Russia and the United States within 1998-2008 periods. Manuscript profile
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        62 - The Boycott of Iran’s Oil (with Emphasis on European Union Boycott of Iranian Oil in the Year 2012)
        Hadi Ajili Zahra Mobini Kesheh
        The success of Iran in enrichment of uranium and obtaining nuclear fuel cycle has provoked mixed reactions from international community. Some of the countries including the United States and her allies did not hesitate in showing their strongest opposition to Iran They More
        The success of Iran in enrichment of uranium and obtaining nuclear fuel cycle has provoked mixed reactions from international community. Some of the countries including the United States and her allies did not hesitate in showing their strongest opposition to Iran They have made hue and cry and tried to present Iran as a country which is a threat to peace. They have sent Iran’s nuclear case to Security Council and are issuing resolution calling for sanction against Iran. In this way they are forcing Iran to stop her peaceful nuclear activities. In this direction the European statesmen under the pressure of the United States and with the intention of exerting pressure on Iranian oil revenue and economy brought up the issue of sanction against Iran. The European Union in the direction of implementing Security Council resolution 1929 followed the boycott of purchasing oil from Iran. The European Union referred to preamble of the resolution as a legal base for their action against Iran. The present paper wants to explain whether this oil sanction can be continued or it will be discontinued in the year 2012. Manuscript profile
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        63 - Security of Energy and Relations of European Union with Central Asian Countries
        Ali Sabbaghian Abas Sarvestani
        Abstract The geo-economic position and the extent of oil and gas reserves in Central Asia in the past two decades have given an important place to this region in international equations. Besides that, the occurrence of 11September 2001 terrorist attacks and the neighbo More
        Abstract The geo-economic position and the extent of oil and gas reserves in Central Asia in the past two decades have given an important place to this region in international equations. Besides that, the occurrence of 11September 2001 terrorist attacks and the neighborhood of Central Asia with crises centers and issues like terrorism, cultivation and smuggling of narcotic drugs and fundamentalism have raised the geopolitical importance of the region and prepared the ground for big powers presence. The dispute between Russia and Ukraine in 2008 and 2014 and suspension of natural gas supply to European countries necessitated the search for new source of energy by European Union and they thus, turned to the expansion of relations with Central Asian countries. The sphere of relations was further expanded after the Lisbon Treaty which was an attempt to bring efficiency and coherence to EU place in international system. This convention emphasized on propagation of European values and expansion of relations of EU with the developing countries. The present article examines the causes and grounds of changing role of energy in cooperation of European Union with Central Asian countries and the role and impact of Lisbon Treaty in expansion and institutionalization of these relations in the past two decades. The main question raised by the paper is; what is the place of Central Asia in security of energy of European Union? The underlying hypothesis is the use of energy by Russia as a lever for putting pressure against European Union also the growing need of European Union for import of energy sources have prepared the ground for expansion of cooperation between the European Union and the Central Asian countries. While the relations of European Union with Russia is strained, the expansion of relations of European Union with Central Asian countries can facilitate the process of putting pressure on Russia   and will lead to a better negotiating power for European Union vis-à-vis Russia. The finding of the study shows that the European Union has come to the conclusion that asymmetric and imbalanced dependence on Russia for energy and the security threat and repercussion resulted from it in recent years can be balanced by expansion of relations with Central Asian countries and diversification of sources of energy. Manuscript profile
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        64 - State, Sovereignty and Regional Integration (Comparing East Asia and Europe)
        Mohammad Ali Basiri Seyed Hesamaldin Mousavi Mohammad Ali Rayati Nejad
        Integration and regional cooperation have increasingly become an important trend in Asia and Europe. In the West five decades of integration in Europe has led to the formation of a regional government which is having the power to take legal and political decisions that More
        Integration and regional cooperation have increasingly become an important trend in Asia and Europe. In the West five decades of integration in Europe has led to the formation of a regional government which is having the power to take legal and political decisions that are binding on its members. In the East of Asia, the regional cooperation had been on the basis of ASEAN methods and ideas. In Europe regional integration is based on a strong institutional and legal framework. The European commission, Ministerial Council, European Parliament, Central Bank of Europe and the European Hague Court, constitute the strong institutional infrastructure of European decision making. In East Asia integration is based on the principles of respect for sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs and not use of violence in regional conflicts. Why Europe and East Asia have approved different pattern of regionalism? How this pattern of regional decision making can bring change in Europe and East Asia? The present article points out that different and distinct feature of the constituting countries play important role in determining the pattern of integration and cooperation in each region. Besides that, different pattern of regional cooperation has led to adopting different approaches by regional countries to face specific challenges. Manuscript profile
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        65 - The Process of Amendment of Turkish Constitution and its Impact on Turkey’s Joining European Union
        Masoud Ghafari Noralddin Akbari
        In recent decade Turkey has made tremendous efforts to become a part of European countries. The official application of Turkey for joining European community was presented on 24 April 1978. The process of negotiation for joining the community started on 13 October2005 b More
        In recent decade Turkey has made tremendous efforts to become a part of European countries. The official application of Turkey for joining European community was presented on 24 April 1978. The process of negotiation for joining the community started on 13 October2005 by signing a thirty five chapter document, a process which conditioned to ten years period time and in that the European Union laid the conditions, criteria and standards for joining of Turkey. The Turkish government in the direction of European demands put on the agenda vast reforms in the field of politics, economy, culture, judiciary and conferring concessions to ethnic and religious minorities. The present article by relying on documents data and by a descriptive-analytical method, believes that taking into consideration ideological approach of Europe about Turkey’s joining European Union, the present reforms do not have much impact on Turkey’s position in joining European Union and it seems that basically West, due to cultural and civilizational reasons does not have a tendency to accept Turkey into European Union. Manuscript profile
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        66 - The Right to Work in the European Union Law
        Mostafa Namdar Pourbengar Mojahed Amiri
        Among the second generation rights of man--social and economic rights--one is the right to work which have been emphasized in international and regional documents and also in the constitutions of several states. From 1919 with the establishment of International Labour O More
        Among the second generation rights of man--social and economic rights--one is the right to work which have been emphasized in international and regional documents and also in the constitutions of several states. From 1919 with the establishment of International Labour Organization different aspects of this right (like the right to have a job, prohibition against discrimination while employing and occupation, the right to have job security …) were internationally emphasized and from this angel it found its place in different legal systems in a way that today first generation rights (the right to life and prohibition of torture etc.) is not the focus of attention of human rights activists. On the other hand other rights like right to, prohibition of discrimination and other related rights have become the center of workers expectations and the subject of legal cases. In this regard the judgments of human rights courts and the European Court of Justice is an indication to this point. With the establishment of European Union in the continent of Europe as a regional organization, gradually a new legal system got shaped which today is called the European Union law system. This comprehensive and developed legal system includes a wide range of legal rules including human rights rules. Social and economic rights are in the center of attention of European institutions like Commission of Europe and Council of Europe. The council has approved different directives in which they have paid attention to right to work. For instance the directive on prohibition of discrimination in employing and occupation (2006), directive related to collective dismissal of workers in 1998, directive related to working hours (2006) are some of the examples of obligatory rules of European Union regarding the right to work. In the present article examining the legal rules of European Union regarding work, different issues are discussed in three parts. In the first part the concept of right to work and right to have access to work specially the right to set up a business and also access to job training opportunities have been discussed. In the second part prohibition of discrimination while employing and occupation and working condition and payments are discussed and different directives of the Union are explained and illustrated. In this way a comparison has been made between the system of prohibition of discrimination at European level and international level. In the third part the job security and issues like dismissal of workers and fixed period employment contracts in Europe have been discussed. In each part it has been tried to tally the European Union rules and international law rules to compare the level of European standards and international law. Manuscript profile
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        67 - The feasibility for replacement of urea with nitrogen nano-chelated fertilizer in olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards
        Zohre Rohi Vishekaii Ali Soleimani Mahmood Ghasemnezhad Akbar Hasani
        10.30495/ijpp.2019.670790
        Manuscript profile
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        68 - The Role of the Europeans in the Midst of the US-Iran Crisis in January 2020: the Dilemma of being a Normative Power in an Amoral World
        سزار کاستیا سمانه کچوئی
        Abstract: EU's foreign policy instruments have been mainly designed with a normative approach to contribute to stability and peace in a changing political landscape. However, EU foreign policy faces different challenges that constantly test its ability related to confli More
        Abstract: EU's foreign policy instruments have been mainly designed with a normative approach to contribute to stability and peace in a changing political landscape. However, EU foreign policy faces different challenges that constantly test its ability related to conflict resolution, international understanding, and the defence of its Interests, such as the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020. This research will answer the following question: What were the failures of the EU's foreign policy in the middle of the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020? This paper aims to determine the shortcoming of the EU foreign policy affecting its role as a Global Power during the US-Iran crisis in January 2020. Manuscript profile
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        69 - EU Actions Regarding the Principle of Non-Refoulement of Asylum Seekers in Light of EU-Turkey Agreement
        Reza Mousazadeh Ahmadreza Azarpendar
        Manuscript profile
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        70 - Consistency in the EU’s Normative Foreign Policy: Crimean Tatars and Xinjiang Uyghurs
        Nasrin Mosaffa Issa Adeli
        Manuscript profile
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        71 - Europe, America and the Atlanticism Approach in Eastern Europe (2008-2018)
        Mohsen Sharif Khodaei Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mohammad Reza Ghaedi
        Manuscript profile
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        72 - Fundamental Labor Rights in the light of The European Court of Human Rights
        Seyed Behnam Mehrdel کارن روحانی Iraj Rezainejad
        Manuscript profile
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        73 - The US and EU Approach to the Brexit
        سعید خسروی Zahra Emami Mohammad Taheri
        Manuscript profile
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        74 - Determination of Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu in muscle and liver of tissue of European Perch (Perca fluviatilis) in areas of Abkenar and Sheyjan of Anzali Lagoon in spring
        A. Ashja Ardalan M.R. Sohrabi S. M. Mirheydari H. Abdollah Beiki
        Anzali Lagoon is one of the most important aquatic ecosystems of Iran located in south-west of the Caspian Sea. This Lagoon is a habitat for valuable fishes and aquatic animals which have an important role in life cycle of this ecosystem. In this study, sampling from E More
        Anzali Lagoon is one of the most important aquatic ecosystems of Iran located in south-west of the Caspian Sea. This Lagoon is a habitat for valuable fishes and aquatic animals which have an important role in life cycle of this ecosystem. In this study, sampling from European perch (Perca fluviatilis) was conducted in two areas of Abkenar (from western basin of the Anzali Lagoon) and Sheyjan (from eastern basin) in spring 2008. The aim of this investigation was to determination of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu) in muscle and liver of Perch. 9 specimens of perch (1- +2 years) were sampled and transferred to laboratory for relevant analyses. During this investigation, the results in these areas were compared. The results showed that in muscle and liver of samples in Abkenar Cu determination 1.74 and 10.43 µg per gr wet weight, respectively, Pb determination was 0.68 and 1.82 µg per gr wet weight, Zn determination was 6.84 and 25.27 µg per gr wet weight and Hg determination was 0.013 and 0.024 µg per gr wet weight. Also in muscle and liver of samples in Sheyjan Cu determination was 1.23 and 8.72 µg per gr wet weight, respectively, Pb determination was 0.43 and 1.24 µg per gr wet weight, Zn determination was 5.32 and 21.36 µg per gr wet weight and Hg determination was 0.024 and 0.031 µg per gr wet weight. Results revealed significant difference using t-test between determination of heavy metals ( Hg, Pb, Zn & Cu) in muscle and liver tissue samples of the two areas(p<0.05). Manuscript profile
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        75 - The impact of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights On how to restrict fundamental rights and freedoms in the Iranian constitution
        mohsen marhoni leila raisi
        10.30495/alr.2022.1948327.2250
        Background and Aim: The European Court of Human Rights can be considered as a successful experience as a judicial body of the European Convention on Human Rights, whose opinions and decisions are binding on many governments. Not only has it played an important role in p More
        Background and Aim: The European Court of Human Rights can be considered as a successful experience as a judicial body of the European Convention on Human Rights, whose opinions and decisions are binding on many governments. Not only has it played an important role in promoting human rights in the member states of the Convention, but it has also played a significant role in the development of these rights in other countries. In this regard, this institution, its mission and duty to protect and guarantee human rights and freedoms based on the application of some mechanisms, including the use of the components of "legality of action", "legitimacy of purpose" and "necessity of democratic action", Pursuant to the European Convention on Human Rights.Method: Descriptive-analytical, by collecting information in a library method and documents from various sources, including the legal opinions and opinions of the European Court of Human Rights.Findings and Results: An action that interferes with the rights and freedoms of individuals should not only be read in accordance with domestic laws and regulations, but also should be in line with legitimate goals such as: national security, territorial integrity, public order, Public health, ethics and economic welfare should be considered a necessary and appropriate action in a democratic society. Therefore, it is possible to seek the feasibility and modeling of the court's procedure as a way to prevent the arbitrary actions of the authorities in restricting the rights and freedoms of individuals. Manuscript profile
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        76 - Assessing the legislative criminal policy of Iran and the European Union against cybercrime
        navid deylami moezi mahdi esmaeili hassan hajitabar
        10.30495/alr.2022.1949604.2258
        Background and Aim: The development and expansion of computer science and the growing desire to use it, in addition to creating a technological revolution in the world, has also provided favorable conditions and context for the emergence of crime in cyberspace and its e More
        Background and Aim: The development and expansion of computer science and the growing desire to use it, in addition to creating a technological revolution in the world, has also provided favorable conditions and context for the emergence of crime in cyberspace and its expansion has caused various damages in Communities have become. The present study intends to prevent and deal with these crimes and the damages caused by them and how to formulate criminal policies on cybercrime in the context of the legislative criminal policy of Iran and the European Union in order to take the lead of this union in the fight against crime. Cyberspace and the development of an efficient criminal policy system can also benefit from their experiences in eliminating the weaknesses and gaps in the country's criminal policy in dealing with cybercrime.Method: The present study is written by descriptive-analytical method.Findings and Results: The study indicates that the strength and correlation of the range of criminal policies adopted in the European Union, given the history and antiquity of legislation and the fight against cybercrime, is greater and deeper than the Iranian penal system. Iran's legislative criminal policy based on criminal policy and distancing itself from non-criminal preventive measures and not adopting situational and social preventive measures of crime and lack of proper understanding of the law inability to predict emerging crimes in the future and the culture of misuse of space Cyber ​​is one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of Iran's criminal policy. Manuscript profile
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        77 - The kinds of symbol in Arabic Contemporary Poetry
        Baqer Qorbani Zarin
        The Symbol has been discussed in Arabic Literature from a long time ago. Even some poems written by Imru’ al-Qays and Zuhayr are considered symbolic. In Arabic literature, this concept appeared after emerging the Symbolism school in France. Mane poets and writers More
        The Symbol has been discussed in Arabic Literature from a long time ago. Even some poems written by Imru’ al-Qays and Zuhayr are considered symbolic. In Arabic literature, this concept appeared after emerging the Symbolism school in France. Mane poets and writers welcomed this school and filled their work with different symbols. The varieties of these cases are so much, so we can fill a lot of papers and volumes with. Hence, in this essay we’ll just investigate the Symbolism in Arabic Contemporary Literature. Even in this case, gathering all related materials spends a lot of time; therefore, only prominent instances of Symbolism in Contemporary Arabic poetry have been analyzed. Symbol analysis has major effect on stating poems’ contents and themes; if the ‘Symbol’ won’t be identified and interpreted correctly, the poem’s whole content would be incomprehensible. For presenting the Symbolism generally, it hasn’t sufficed to a single country’s poets; and by dividing symbols, which was for the first time in this way, it was attempt to draw an overall image about symbolism in Arabic Contemporary Literature. Manuscript profile
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        78 - Analysis of the process of accession of the Republic of Serbia to the European Union with emphasis on economic behavior pattern
        MOHAMMAD MAHDI FARAHMAND ALI ADAMI
        Due to its geopolitical and geostrategic position, the Western Balkans region has been of special importance to important and influential actors in various dimensions, and has always been the target of all regional and global powers and the place of the conflict of inte More
        Due to its geopolitical and geostrategic position, the Western Balkans region has been of special importance to important and influential actors in various dimensions, and has always been the target of all regional and global powers and the place of the conflict of interests. The Republic of Serbia, as the most important and largest republic of the Western Balkans, in order to achieve its strategic goal of joining the European Union, despite the conflicting interests of regional and international actors, to reform its economic infrastructure and better comply with EU standards He has joined this union. The present study seeks to analyze and explain the process of accession of the Republic of Serbia to the European Union, and to examine and evaluate the economic behavior pattern governing its foreign policy in the process of European integration. Accordingly, the question is what is the process of Serbia's accession to the European Union and the Euro-Atlantic structures, and what effect do the economic conditions and economic behavior of Serbian foreign policy have on this process? This study, in response to the main question, seeks to test the hypothesis that after the collapse of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Serbia, as the most important inheritor of crises and the weak economic structures left by it, in recent years has tried to use a development-based behavior model. Take steps towards the Stability and Cooperation Process (SAA) in order to adapt and harmonize itself with the standards defined by the European Union. Manuscript profile
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        79 - Analysis of populism in eastern Europe ,a study of Vise grad group countries
        mohsen sharif khodaei Mohammadreza Dehshiri Mohammadreza Ghaedi Arsalan Ghorbani Sheykh Neshin
        DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1399.13.4.5.1
        With collapse of the bipolar system and the end of the cold War, the Central and Eastern European countries who were newly abandoned from the communist system tried to join European Structure. The Counties of Vise grad joined the European Union in the first wave of expa More
        With collapse of the bipolar system and the end of the cold War, the Central and Eastern European countries who were newly abandoned from the communist system tried to join European Structure. The Counties of Vise grad joined the European Union in the first wave of expansion of the European Union in 2004. The global financial crisis 2008 had a profound impact in the economic situation of the people Europe and the reform process in the east of continent faced slowness. Flood of immigrants to Europe affected by Syria Crisis surprised, and central European countries and the nationalist and extremist right parties have strongly resisted. the Brexit and subsequently, the victory of Donald Trump in American`s elections in 2016 has significantly influenced the victory of populism parties in decision-marking centers in Eastern Europe.The main question of this research is how populism phenomenon spread among in vise grad group countries? the research method gathering information through library and research findings shows that populism phenomenon not only split Europe, but also intensified the discourse of Xenophobia and Islamophobia in this region. Manuscript profile
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        80 - EU-Iran relations in the light of transatlantic relations (Case study of the Obama and Trump eras)
        Ebrahim Bagheri seyed Davood Aghaee
        The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence More
        The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within BRICS. The findings show that the EU's lack of strategic independence is due to the EU's transatlantic dependence on three levels of institutional security deficit, asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of EU transnational corporations in relation to US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit; Given the United States' security umbrella and lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level; The interdependence of economic, trade, and investment interactions on both sides of the Atlantic and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) have severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The third level concerns the preferences of the market and the private and transnational corporations of the European Union and the rational and risk-taking pattern of companies under secondary US sanctions, which has been a major obstacle to the independence of the EU approach to Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data. Manuscript profile
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        81 - Energy security relations between the EU and Russia from the perspective of the theory of interdependence
        Fatemeh Hamoei Kayhan Barzegar Hamid Ahmadi hossain daheshiar
        Due to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy fo More
        Due to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy for energy. A long-term strategy based on interdependence with the energy market, European unity, and improved governance in energy-producing countries. The present paper analyzes the complex energy relations between Russia and the European Union, which are at the same time involved in conflict and cooperation, in the Charter of "Asymmetric Interdependence". The purpose of this research is to discover and present the reasons for adopting a European Union collective strategy to provide sustainable and secure energy security. In order to achieve this purpose using a theoretical analysis, we identify the EU and Russia's sensitivity and vulnerability axes in terms of energy and the prospects for future interdependence in the forthcoming decades and ultimately conclude from the increasing trend that the symmetric interdependence on the issue of energy security between the two sides, neither party will be able to carry out their own security considerations without regard to the other party's security. Manuscript profile
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        82 - The European Union’s Anti Terrorism & Extremism Norm-building Strategy Within the International Order
        Ramsin Beit Jam Mohammad Ali Khosravi Reza Jalali didokht sadeghi hagigi
        The present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism h More
        The present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism has the potentiality to train a group of individuals which have no consideration for tolerance and for a peaceful coexistence of different nations. The most tangible contact of the European countries with the brutal aspects of terrorism regards the different conflicts in the Middle East where a note vole group of European terrorists that are actually the native citizens of these mostly western European countries that at the end of conflicts could try return to their native countries bring inning with them the extremist ideologies that could destabilize the above mentioned European countries. Inconsideration of such danger the anti terrorism policy of European Union represents a priority for this important international structure and because of that the collaboration with the other countries and between Parliaments of different countries is extremely important especially in consideration of fact to block the financial resources of terrorist organizations. Manuscript profile
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        83 - The Feasibility of the Theory of Integration in the Analysis of European Crisis
        Ebrahim Aghamohammadi
        Abstract Since the Europe Union, various theories have tried to why, how, and to examine the results of the integration process. Neo functionalists on the spread, inter governmentalizes on talks between the governments and the role of consensus, constructivists on iden More
        Abstract Since the Europe Union, various theories have tried to why, how, and to examine the results of the integration process. Neo functionalists on the spread, inter governmentalizes on talks between the governments and the role of consensus, constructivists on identity issues and intersubjective interaction, institutionalizes on the formation of supranational institutions and the new realists emphasize the balance of power in the international system. After the events of the crisis in Europe are again important to analyze this process thinkers have focused on this area. The question that arises here is whether any of these views can the current situation (crisis) to analyze Europe Union? In other words, which of them can be a good theoretical basis for the analysis of the Europe Union is a crisis situation? In response to this question can be said that more theories can analyze the conditions of the growing Integration. But among them the theories of Inter governmentalize can better analyze the current situation. Manuscript profile
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        84 - European Economic and Social Crisis in the Third Era:England, France, Germany
        Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Zahra Sadeghi
        Abstract The financial crisis occurred in late 2007 in the United States of America and quickly spread to other parts of the world especially Europe and due to the communication and huge exchange of economic, financial and trade markets of the Europe with the United S More
        Abstract The financial crisis occurred in late 2007 in the United States of America and quickly spread to other parts of the world especially Europe and due to the communication and huge exchange of economic, financial and trade markets of the Europe with the United States of America, it had a great  direct effects on the economics of European countries. This crisis in the Europe since the last major economic crisis (1929) has had the greatest economic and social problems and led to the budget deficit, rising unemployment, a sharp decline in GDP, rising debt, the devaluation of the euro and the social unrests in Europe and especially in the three major European countries. England, France and Germany are countries that have better economic conditions of other European countries. Given the fact that the size of relations with America, which had consequently adopted many influences. However from the beginning of the crises, these countries tried to control the policies separately or jointly in groups of 20 industrialized nations, and even implemented. The positive effects will occur and the relative economic recovery continues.   Manuscript profile
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        85 - Place of Culture in Common European Identity and the European Union Integration
        حیبب اله ابوالحسن شیرازی حمید نیکو
        Abstract Common European identity can be defined as a set of secular-based cultures and values shared by all the citizens of the European Union. Theoretically, there is a European identity alongside other national or cultural identities, and in fact, people have the ide More
        Abstract Common European identity can be defined as a set of secular-based cultures and values shared by all the citizens of the European Union. Theoretically, there is a European identity alongside other national or cultural identities, and in fact, people have the identity of hierarchical and multi-layered identity in terms of national or cultural significance. Strengthening a common European identity in which the Europe Union's people consider secularism-based culture as the base of their political, social, cultural and economic values ​​and norms, is vital for the long-term integrity of EU. EU member states, despite religious and cultural similarities and commonalities, have subcultures which have led to their own identity. As a result, they have a different strategic culture and strategic priorities. This different strategic culture is among the key factors that made these countries, especially in times of crisis, not reach a coherent security and defence policy. For analysing the various aspects of culture in Europe and the place and its impact on a common European identity, on basis of the theory of constructivism and strategic culture approach, we can say the secularism-based culture can be considered as a core layer of common European identity and has played a fundamental role in EU integration and also considered the main criteria for the admission of new members to EU.   Manuscript profile
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        86 - The Methods of Russia’s Encounter with Nato’s Development to the East
        Mohammadjavad Haghshenas Amin Bavir
        Abstract After collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the East Europe countries were one of the problems that become as a trouble for Western European countries and America and at that time these countries (East Europe) were a membership of verso treaty. For these coun More
        Abstract After collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the East Europe countries were one of the problems that become as a trouble for Western European countries and America and at that time these countries (East Europe) were a membership of verso treaty. For these countries, it was necessary to delivered them to join the Western European during a long- term program, so that they cannot be leagued once more with Russia on any conditions in the future .So the development of Nato to the East is pursued at that time. Nato’s development to the East is unnecessary by Russia and knows it as a treaty for his national security. These two developments are into opposition to each other for more than two centuries, but the scale of policy is in far out of Westerners, because up to now , nine countries of Eastern Europe and three countries that become as an organ of Nato and were a part of Soviet territory (Litvani , Letoni , Estonia) for a time . This paper attempts to explore that the styles of Russia’s cooperation with Nato’s development to the East , and also studding the possible method’s between Russia and Nato.         Manuscript profile
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        87 - The European Union’s Human Rights Policy towards Islamic Republic of‌ Iran and Saudi Arabia
        زهرا الوندی داود کیانی
        Abstract In recent decades, the important part of dominant soul of the relations between European Union-EU and other countries has been formed of the human rights subjects and problems. European Union, with the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, entered the respect conditions t More
        Abstract In recent decades, the important part of dominant soul of the relations between European Union-EU and other countries has been formed of the human rights subjects and problems. European Union, with the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, entered the respect conditions to human rights for third world countries as essential element and also shows the high sensitive than to human rights subjects. Concerning the EU Relations with Islamic Republic of Iran and Southern States of Persian Gulf, it has always been truth. Current paper, reviews the European Union’s Human Rights Policy towards I.R.­ Iran and Saudi Arabia as Comparatively. This paper tries to analyze the violations of human rights standards, defined by European Union, towards Iran and Saudi Arabia and also reviews the effect of its behavior on foreign policy for European Union towards these two countries.   Key words: European Union, Human Rights Policy, Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia.   Manuscript profile
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        88 - European Union Stances in the Balkans with a Focus on Bosnia
        Morteza Mahmoudi Gholamhossein Seyedsalehi
        Abstract According to European countries, the Balkans is not a part of Europe but also Euro-Asian area is a barrier placed between two continents and with regard to natural and geo-political characteristics which in recent years has been of interest to European countrie More
        Abstract According to European countries, the Balkans is not a part of Europe but also Euro-Asian area is a barrier placed between two continents and with regard to natural and geo-political characteristics which in recent years has been of interest to European countries; so that some countries in the region have been able to become a member of the Europe Union and others are trying to join the Union. The issue that comes to mind is, what factors led to Europe in the past years in the Balkans towards the EU with the course will focus on this article Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper attempts to answer this question that what are the viewpoints of European Union to the Balkans, especially Bosnia and Herzegovina and whether Bosnia has a chance to join the European Union despite the internal ethnic divisions in this country. This raised the hypothesis that despite the ethnic divisions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe Union is reluctant to the conflict surrounding this field, especially in Bosnia and this underlying desire to join Europe Union countries in the Balkans to Europe. Manuscript profile
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        89 - The German defense and security policy in the period after the cold war: From national strategy to regional and international responsibility
        Mohammad Tabatabaei Jabbar Khodadust
        With the unification of Germany and the collapse of the bipolar system, the country's foreign policy and security as well as having an extensive transformation . So According to the economic power, the population and the geopolitic position of the German caused Complete More
        With the unification of Germany and the collapse of the bipolar system, the country's foreign policy and security as well as having an extensive transformation . So According to the economic power, the population and the geopolitic position of the German caused Completely new conditions for playing a more active role in the country's economic, political, defense and regional and international security.This research intends to use research methods and analytical -explanatory compiled a library of resources to techniques, to examine the changes and evolution of the defense and security policy in Germany in the period after the cold war. The hypothesis of this research is based on the claim that the resulting space after the end of the cold war and developments in the regional and international level, such as the breakdown of Yugoslavia, the Balkan crisis and the events of September 11, 2001 caused a fundamental transformation in the German defense and security policy, and this country is to adopt an active regional and international strategy . Manuscript profile
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        90 - European Union's Relations with Emerging Powers, Challenges and Conflicts
        Mohammadreza majidi Alireza Samudi
        Abstract BRIC (consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first introduced in 2001 by Jim O'Neill. The purpose of this action also refer to existing capabilities in economies such as Brazil, Russia, India and China will play a role in the global arena, because the More
        Abstract BRIC (consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first introduced in 2001 by Jim O'Neill. The purpose of this action also refer to existing capabilities in economies such as Brazil, Russia, India and China will play a role in the global arena, because these states had been successful in recent years with the organization closer to its positions and views on the successes achieved in the international arena and its economic power to the political lever. In the past decade, these powers has relied on their economic powers in calling for stronger and more influential role in the international financial and monetary policy. On the other hand, the European Uunion as the second economic power due to economic crisis involved with a wide range of challenges and attempted to maintain its position in the international arena to face the emerging powers. Indeed, Brussels is in competition with members of Brix in areas such as global governance and the role of the international system. This paper attempts to analyze European Union's relations with emerging powers of BRIC.     Manuscript profile
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        91 - Middle Eastern Immigrants and Europe Security
        Reza Ekhtiari Hosein Rafie Esmat Arefi
        In recent years the Middle East has been facing with Intense crisis that is resulted of geopolitics rivalries and identical and ideological confrontation, Interventions and rivalry of the Great powers and growth of terrorism and fundamentalism. Outcome of such a situati More
        In recent years the Middle East has been facing with Intense crisis that is resulted of geopolitics rivalries and identical and ideological confrontation, Interventions and rivalry of the Great powers and growth of terrorism and fundamentalism. Outcome of such a situation was different wars and struggles that have been continuing so far and given rise to Displace of millions of people and immigrants to Europe. With regards to that, the present research is amid at to study different security consequence of enter of the Middle Eastern immigrants to Europe. The research method is analytical- explanatory and Copenhagen School is utilized for analyzing the research. The research findings reveal that immigrants’ tsunami to Europe, has threatened security indexes of this region in different sections of political, economic, social and cultural. In other words, flood of the Middle Eastern immigrants to Europe led to increase of terrorist threats, disassemble of ethical combination and consequently national unity, cultural confrontation and multiculturalism, empowering of radical right parties and weakening of political stability of European countries. Also, entry of the immigrants in addition to imposing financial costs for the countries, it has been challenging process of strengthening of European Union as an international institution. Manuscript profile
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        92 - The role of transparency in the efficiency of the legislative process of the parliaments of the European Union, the United Kingdom, Italy and Iran
        Mohammad Baqer Bahrami Fereydoun Akbarzadeh Ruhollah Shahabi Shiva Jalalpour
        Transparency in revealing how rulers make decisions, in the field of power as an indicator of the quality of politics and governance, is one of the main foundations of democracy and republic and one of the factors of social evaluation in creating good governance. Transp More
        Transparency in revealing how rulers make decisions, in the field of power as an indicator of the quality of politics and governance, is one of the main foundations of democracy and republic and one of the factors of social evaluation in creating good governance. Transparency is one of the tools of public oversight of the parliament and influences the decision-making process in countries and can prepare the ground for change in the field of legislation and be an opportunity to start structural reforms in various sectors of society. The main question of the article is that what role does the transparency of the votes of the representatives of the European and Iranian parliaments play in the efficiency of the parliament from the perspective of good governance? In response, it can be hypothesized that the transparency of the votes of the representatives of the European and Iranian parliaments can play a strategic role in realizing the inherent right of the people to be aware of citizenship rights, monitor the performance of their representatives and be aware of the legislative process. Finally, to ensure the health and efficiency of the performance of the parliaments of Iran and the European Union. Conclusion The article concludes that transparency is important not only domestically but also internationally, and that the interaction between the two can help make parliaments more efficient. Manuscript profile
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        93 - Role of EU’s Normative Power in Western Balkans
        احمد نقیب زاده حسین تفضلی مهدی نیکخواه قمی
             Abstract       European Union is one of most important international actors that wants in addition to expanding its economic influence, emerge as a major international power and in this regard, especially after the Maastricht Tre More
             Abstract       European Union is one of most important international actors that wants in addition to expanding its economic influence, emerge as a major international power and in this regard, especially after the Maastricht Treaty has taken important step towards increasing its international political weight. After the formation of the European Union, issue of its formation as a whole was discussed in political and academic circles and different views were introduced. Normative power approach which was introduced by Manners, created new literature in international scene and at the same time prompted supporters and opponents. On the other hand, Western Balkan region, which mainly consists of former Yugoslavia countries, has particular importance for European Union. Geographical proximity, historical and cultural commonalities and the shared border areas have created grounds for development of relations between the two sides. Therefore, in this article, the question is what is the impact of European Union’s normative power on countries of Western Balkan? What Instruments European Union has used and what challenges facing it? In addition to theoretical dimension of research and measures and applied policies, this paper believes that the relative stability of this unstable region and its alignment with the West is due to European Union’s normative power.     Manuscript profile
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        94 - Comparing Study of Strategies of the EU and U.S. in relation to Combat with Terrorism
        Ardeshir Sanaie
        Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the More
        Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the issue of terrorism was changed into factor in the way of formation to foreign policy of some countries and in the field of international policy: each country based on its values and norms fight against asymmetric threats and terrorism and selected specific strategy. In his way following up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks in U.S.A the doctrine of war against terrorism and combat with mass destruction weapons was compiled by neoconservative party. E.U. approved strategy of combat with mass destruction weapons: which resulted in coalition of great worlds powers against terrorism. In the way of combat with terrorism, Sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks prepared suitable grounds for attacks of U.S.A to Afghanistan in year 2001 and following up attack to Iraq in year 2003 without accompany of EU countries such as: France and Germany and regardless to U.N. which resulted in great gap between relations of EU beyond Atlantic region and U.S.A in the field of combat with terrorism. In the present research it is dealt with this question that: What is similarity and difference among strategies of EU and U.S.A in relation to combat with terrorism?  Manuscript profile
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        95 - EU financial and Economic Crisis and European Political and Security Integration
        Alireza Ghorbanpour Najafabadi Mahnaz Gudarzi
        Abstract 2007 can be considered as the beginning of one of the deepest and most influential global crisis. The financial and economic crisis that hit keys from the States of America spread among the other member countries of the capitalist system. European Union as one More
        Abstract 2007 can be considered as the beginning of one of the deepest and most influential global crisis. The financial and economic crisis that hit keys from the States of America spread among the other member countries of the capitalist system. European Union as one of the most important actors in the international system with the liberal democratic foundation was not an exception to this. But what makes it different for prominent analysts is the impact of the crisis on the process of political and security integration of European Union. Since the beginning of formation of the crisis, the impact of that on the political and security integration was the major question for analysts. This article seeks to answer this question with the analytical methods. This article believes that given the economic foundation of European integration -despite the EU's success in managing the crisis- financial and economic crisis has hurt the political and security integration of Europe and due to the slow pace of economic recovery and the fragility of Europe's economy, its threatening shadow over the political and security integration is maintained. Manuscript profile
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        96 - Examining the views of British parties on the election with emphasis on theories of political development
        Pouya Kalantari Hamid Houshangi sobhan bayat
        Britain is a member of the European Union that has never had a close relationship with the organization and in some cases has not even accepted the EU framework in the field of finance and visas. The latest example of Britain's reluctance to join the union can be seen i More
        Britain is a member of the European Union that has never had a close relationship with the organization and in some cases has not even accepted the EU framework in the field of finance and visas. The latest example of Britain's reluctance to join the union can be seen in the 2016 secession referendum. Britain's secession from the European Union has drawn opposition from both the people and the political parties. In this paper, the authors collect political development views as well as the views of the main British parties on the election through the secondary analysis method and then use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the impact of political development theories as an independent variable on the parties' approach They have chosen the issue of choice as a dependent variable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the views of British political parties in the selection process based on theories of political development. The results of this study show that relying on theories of political development, it is possible to analyze to a large extent the views of British political parties in the field of election. The Labor Party, for example, agrees with the election, but is opposed to political development, as it seeks things like the state economy. Manuscript profile
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        97 - Islamic Republic of Iran's Foreign Policy with the European Union in the Last Three Decades
        Kamran Tarami Iraj Moradi
        As a major political player on the global stage and a chief trading partner, the European Union (EU) has always occupied a prominent place in Islamic Iran's foreign relations. Bilateral ties, however, have always been strained fluctuating between bad and worse. This art More
        As a major political player on the global stage and a chief trading partner, the European Union (EU) has always occupied a prominent place in Islamic Iran's foreign relations. Bilateral ties, however, have always been strained fluctuating between bad and worse. This article examines Iranian-EU relations since the revolution in Iran with the aim of identifying the factors in Iranian foreign policy that have contributed to estrangement and variations that have characterized Iran-EU ties. It argues that whenever the governments in Tehran have adopted a radical foreign policy, relations have deteriorated and at times when they have pursued a pragmatist line tensions have eased. Manuscript profile
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        98 - Turkish Regional Development Policies in Adaptive Process with the European Union
        Reza Rasouli Esmael Baibordi Malek Dalir
        Abstract Regional planning approaches include the actions which aim to eliminate the economical, social differences between the regions. In Turkey, there are serious developmental differences in terms of population, income level, economical and social activities betwee More
        Abstract Regional planning approaches include the actions which aim to eliminate the economical, social differences between the regions. In Turkey, there are serious developmental differences in terms of population, income level, economical and social activities between the regions. To eliminate these differences, the regional planning policies and development plans are made. The main goals are to eliminate the regions, to satisfy the efficient use of the resources and to control the population movements. In the European Union, even though all member states apply their own national regional policies, there is a common regional policy to provide the economical and social development and to remove the regional instabilities. To realize these policies, the European Union benefits from certain instruments like financial aids and structural funds. Turkey, in the accession period has a responsibility of implementing regional policies. The accession partnership documents and progress reports prepared by the Union and national program and preliminary national development plan prepared by Turkey are very important in terms of showing the priorities of the Union and the responsibilities of Turkey. This paper attempts to analyze Turkish regional development policies in adaptive process with the European Union.     Manuscript profile
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        99 - Iran and European Union Relations after Coming to Power of the E Iran and European Union Relations after Coming to Power of the Eleventh Government
        اردشیر سنائی رومیسا رحمتی مقدم
          Abstract European countries majorly have been interested in the establishment the relations and using the economical capacities of Iran since the beginning of the revolution till now. Although during the past 36 years the mutual relations have passed various ups More
          Abstract European countries majorly have been interested in the establishment the relations and using the economical capacities of Iran since the beginning of the revolution till now. Although during the past 36 years the mutual relations have passed various ups and downs including inimical and friendly. With the start of Iran's nuclear case, European countries tried to keep themselves in the center of the relations between Iran and IAEA. Finally accompany of Europe and the US sent Iran's nuclear case to the Security Council. But the eleventh presidential election period in Iran caused the new stage of relations between Iran and the European Union. To design of the discussions such as moderation, detent, confidence building and constructive interactions with the international system from the Iran's government have been acclaimed by the European countries. The European Union in the framework of 5+1 group again started the negotiations for the peaceful settlement of the Iran's nuclear case. Finally the negotiations were led to the temporary Geneva agreement in November 2014.The negotiations are continuing to reach a comprehensive agreement after twice extend. Thus it can be said that Iran has privilege from especial situation in European countries foreign policy. Therefore in this article we intend to present an analytical framework to study the relations between Iran and EU after coming to power of the eleventh government. The main question of this article is that how can the relations between Iran and EU after coming to power of the eleventh government be explained from the analytical-theoretical aspect?                Manuscript profile
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        100 - Union for Mediterranean, France Eastern Dream; Goals and obstacles
        Shahnaz Zomorodbakhsh
        Union for Mediterranean was first introduced by Sarkozy in his elections campaign in 2008. Suggesting the establishment of such an organization (consisting of countries from Europe, Asia and Africa continents which common borders with Mediterranean) Pursued different go More
        Union for Mediterranean was first introduced by Sarkozy in his elections campaign in 2008. Suggesting the establishment of such an organization (consisting of countries from Europe, Asia and Africa continents which common borders with Mediterranean) Pursued different goals including reproduction of Gulist approach, convincing Turkey to with draw its attempts for joining the EU, promoting France as the hegemonic power in Mediterranean region, resolving the issue of immigration from African countries to France, and more pronounced voice in the Middle Eastern developments. Sarkozy's proposal which faced with extensive objections from European and even African and the Middle Eastern countries, could introduce him as a history making leaders of Frances. Providing a review over the historical trend of the establishment of this regional institution, obstacles, the objection of other countries and Frances objectives in establishing this organization, tries to answer this question whether or not France could create a union Mediterranean and strengthen its influence despite the numerous challenges. Manuscript profile
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        101 - Nuclear agreement on Iran and Europe relations
        Jafar Ghamat Mohammadreza Purghoshchi
          The relationship between Iran and European countries has a deeply rooted history and has constantly witnessed its ups and downs in different epochs. However, thanks to the recently signed nuclear deal and the ruling administration’s breakthroughs in resolv More
          The relationship between Iran and European countries has a deeply rooted history and has constantly witnessed its ups and downs in different epochs. However, thanks to the recently signed nuclear deal and the ruling administration’s breakthroughs in resolving Iran’s complex nuclear case, one can anticipate that such mutual ties are set to boom in a wide range of areas as both sides have lots of shared interests. The present study is an attempt to elaborate on the importance of strengthening the relationship between Iran and European Union (EU) member states. It also addresses key questions in the context of the aftermath of the nuclear deal, namely what factors will govern the ties between Iran and the EU and in which direction such cooperation may steer? In which sectors is it possible to identify shared bilateral interests and common grounds and how can they be realized in a constructive and interactive atmosphere? To fathom the nature of ties between Iran and Europe, one has to initially recognize influential factors on the future of these links and then within such framework analyze such a relationship. It seems that in the new era, combined efforts in the domains of energy and energy security, economy and commerce as well as political and security issues come as the main priorities to secure stability in the region. Following the implementation of The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the framework for expanding such collaboration are explained through the use of pragmatism in international relations theory and analytical methods in this study.   Manuscript profile
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        102 - Analyzing the Impact of the Elements of the Rouhani Government's Moderate Discourse on the Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the European Union
        Ali Mohammad Mottaqi Seyed Ali Tabatabai Panah
        Mr. Rouhani's plan for moderation as the president of the 11th and 12th governments, along with interactive and flexible approaches, was welcomed by the EU countries, and with the start of the nuclear talks that led to the nuclear deal, a new chapter of cooperation and More
        Mr. Rouhani's plan for moderation as the president of the 11th and 12th governments, along with interactive and flexible approaches, was welcomed by the EU countries, and with the start of the nuclear talks that led to the nuclear deal, a new chapter of cooperation and Opened interaction with the European Union. Assessing the relations between the parties from the period of 1392 until now shows that all the factors and variables of the discourse in the foreign policy of Mr. Rouhani's government towards a kind of realism in the sense of understanding the international scene and acting based on the country's interests and capacities and avoiding They have played a role in ideologizing issues and improving relations. In the framework of constructivist theory and content analysis, this article intends to explain the effective elements of Mr. Rouhani's government's moderation discourse that have influenced relations with the European Union. All the elements of this discourse evoke approaches to de-escalation and interaction with the world and presenting a responsible and committed face to international laws and regulations, which, by raising these issues, fundamentally changes the EU's belief in the Islamic Republic's foreign policy. Iran was created and shifted foreign policy and bilateral relations from past confrontational approaches to engagement and detente. Manuscript profile
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        103 - European Union and Energy Security Challenges
        Alireza Soltani Reza Behmanesh
        Abstract: Energy, and the issues related to it, are among the most important topics in the European Union. Among the most central concerns in the European Union are the prospects for the provision and transfer of energy to Europe’s industries and economy. The exi More
        Abstract: Energy, and the issues related to it, are among the most important topics in the European Union. Among the most central concerns in the European Union are the prospects for the provision and transfer of energy to Europe’s industries and economy. The existence of realities such as the increasing rate of energy consumption and the consequent rise in the Union’s dependence on fossil fuel imports, have all led to the European Union’s concerns regarding energy supply and security. Such a noteworthy dependence has drawn the attention of the European Union towards the adoption of common and long-term policies for reducing the risks  and challenges surrounding energy security. The European Union’s concerns regarding Russia’s economic and political hegemony over energy resources in Central Asia and the Caucasus, have resulted in the Union’s quest for diversifying the routs used for the transfer of its energy and gas. Therefore, the Nabucco project which is one of the European Union’s projects concerning the diversification of suppliers of gas to the Union’s members, should be examined in the framework of the mentioned discourse. The main question raised by this article is that why European Union have followed diversifying its energy resources in recent years? The article is based on this hypothesis that the EU concerns regarding Russian monopoly on energy resources of Central Asia and Caucasus has led this block to diversify its energy resources and Nabucco Pipeline is one of its recent projects and routes for fulfilling this goal and reducing the risks and challenges for energy security.     Manuscript profile
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        104 - Nobert Elias: sport and the process of European civilization
        kamal javanmard
        10.30495/jscc.2022.1956181.1998
        The following article explores the ideas of Norbert Elias, a vanguard in the sociologist of sport. A philosopher who saw "sport" as the key to understanding societies and a tool for analyzing the governing structures of society, and saw it as a vehicle for self-control More
        The following article explores the ideas of Norbert Elias, a vanguard in the sociologist of sport. A philosopher who saw "sport" as the key to understanding societies and a tool for analyzing the governing structures of society, and saw it as a vehicle for self-control and moderation of violence in the civilizing process. In this article, we first explain the life and application of the theories of this tireless sociologist who sought to provide a model for discovering the causes of change in European behavior and how modern Western civilization originated, and the role of sport and games in this valley. Then, a look at the basics of "Elias" views in the sociology of sport is taken and his positive view of sports and verification of games. Then, the functions of sport are analyzed from his perspective, which considered sport beyond sport. In another paper, the game is described as a social process and its models for sociological explanations, because "Elias" likened the world to a big game and believed that the game and its models govern social life. And constitute human relations. Finally, in the final part of this article, the evolution of this phenomenon was examined and its change process from traditional and violent games to modern and peaceful sports was analyzed. The process in which sport influences the behavioral patterns of Europeans and the process of "sportization" process in society as a whole to provide the basis for the creation and expansion of Western civilization. Manuscript profile
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        105 - International and Iranian policies on defective goods and compensation
        faranak moazen Ahmad Shams Seyed Mojtaba Mirdamadi Ahad Bagherzadeh
        Political and trade developments in the last half century have introduced the world into a new process, which is characterized by the rapid reduction of geographical distances and the increasing integration of trade, social and political systems with the accelerating pr More
        Political and trade developments in the last half century have introduced the world into a new process, which is characterized by the rapid reduction of geographical distances and the increasing integration of trade, social and political systems with the accelerating process of concluding numerous contracts in the creation, production and consumption. Is. ﺎ ، . In Iranian law and international documents, the scope of customer rights arising from the sale of defective goods can be imagined in two parts: And its mechanisms and in international documents are referred to as non-compliance of goods and defects and related mechanisms. 2. The actual methods of compensation, which raises the possibility of providing damages resulting from the loss of a favorable contractual position both in order to fulfill the obligation and its termination. Basically, in the case of ﻣ In the 1980 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the principles of European contract law, in addition to providing for mechanisms to relieve the customer of an unfavorable contractual situation, there is no need to go back. However, in Iranian law this scope is more limited and there is no explicit text regarding the compensation and assignment of damages resulting from the loss of a favorable contractual position; Also, this difference in compensation methods is such that the methods provided in international documents are more diverse, up-to-date and more purposeful than the mostly traditional methods of compensation in Iranian law. Manuscript profile
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        106 - The feasibility studies of using the Greeks' sensitivity formula in the Iranian capital market
        siavosh ahmadi chehreh bargh
        In this paper, the sensitivity of the Greeks to the capital market will be examined. The purpose of this research is to make the use of the Greeks formula in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has been carried out on the applied research and financial information More
        In this paper, the sensitivity of the Greeks to the capital market will be examined. The purpose of this research is to make the use of the Greeks formula in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has been carried out on the applied research and financial information of Iran Khodro from September 9th to March 2010. In order to study and interpret the concepts of the Greek sensitivity formula, statistical and mathematical software such as MATLAB is used and calculations are performed with the European law (according to Tehran Stock Exchange). The outputs show that the mean and dispersion obtained in the selected sample is not normal distribution and it is proved with the help of the Lyon test that the mean and dispersion of the sample obtained can be replaced by the mean and dispersion of the society with a confidence coefficient of 99%, and the equation The Black-Scholes method is used to introduce the Greeks and examines the impact of each of the variables. Outputs show that the parameters of stock price, dispersion, maturity, and interest rate influence on the purchase price and have the effect of reducing market risk The stock introduces a mathematical model and Greek sensitivity coefficients such as d Leta, Rho, Vega, Theta and Gamma are necessary and it is necessary to use the Greek sensitivity coefficients in the Tehran Stock Exchange and acquaint investors with the concepts of mathematical finance. Manuscript profile
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        107 - Survey on fractional Black-scholes with hurst exponent on European option with transaction cost
        Morteza Rahmani Nahid Jafarian
        On all stock exchange of the world famous considerably derivatives are traded. Options are a patent for its owner, the most important are derivatives. The best economic tool management risk, the use of the option contract. It is obvious that at the conclusion of each co More
        On all stock exchange of the world famous considerably derivatives are traded. Options are a patent for its owner, the most important are derivatives. The best economic tool management risk, the use of the option contract. It is obvious that at the conclusion of each contract, determining the price is the main element, Thus providing fair prices for securities is very important. In this study, the option pricing under fractional Black-Scholes is survived. The fractional Black-Scholes is based on fractional Brownian motion with hurst parameter. The Hurst exponent be associated with fractal dimension and self-similary as an indicator of long-term memory is used in the process of stock prices. The aim to provide a pricing formula for European options with transaction costs is an approximate answer fractional pricing equation with transaction costs by way of variational iteration method is checked. The transaction costs contain fixed costs, a cost proportional to the volume traded and a cost proportional to the value traded. Expected, the price of the European option decreases as the Hurst exponent increases. To achieve this goal, we estimate (Hurst parameter time series), on the real data to the desired result, the option price reduction reached. Comparing results show that the actual prices by fractional black-scholes model, is closer to the actual results. Manuscript profile
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        108 - Evaluation the effect of stochastic fluctuations on operational risk of hedging European options: Application of Markov Switching and Black Scholes Standard
        Mahmoud Zarrini seyed parviz jalili kamju Razyeh Goodarzi
        Operational risk is not general definition and it has a unique definition for each company, which depends on the industry and the market of the company. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of stochastic fluctuations on operational risk hedging Europea More
        Operational risk is not general definition and it has a unique definition for each company, which depends on the industry and the market of the company. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of stochastic fluctuations on operational risk hedging European options on the S & P500 index. So this research will compare the operational risk level in the Markov Switching and Black Scholes models using the Var. The implicit volatility values for the three confidence levels of 90, 95 and 99% for different values of call options K, different maturity T, and different interest rate r were calculated for both models using S & P500 index call options information. The results of this study showed that due to higher gamma and random variation of operational risk, the coverage of transaction options in the Markov Switching Model compared to the Black Scholes Standard model was higher by using the criterion of value-at-risk op Var's coverage is at 90, 95, and 99 levels. The results show that OP VaR is inversely proportional to  ,    It also reduced doubling of the OP Variant's maturity over the agreed price. Finally, the results show that the interest rate has an asymmetric effect on OP VaR. As is clear from the figure, for K <S, the OP VaR has been lowered by rising interest rates, and for K> S interest rates have reduced OP VaR . Manuscript profile
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        109 - Review and Compare the earnings patterns of Asian, European and American Stock Option in Tehran Stock Exchange
        S. Ali Nabavi Chashami Farhad Abdollahi
        By development of economic enterprises and the expansion of trade, risk management has been particularly important in financial studies. The nature of risk management requires that these studies need to be multifaceted; it means that, in addition to recognizing the ente More
        By development of economic enterprises and the expansion of trade, risk management has been particularly important in financial studies. The nature of risk management requires that these studies need to be multifaceted; it means that, in addition to recognizing the enterprise’s economic and commercial functions, risk managers need to be familiar with statistical and mathematical issues and risk control methods and models. Its output is the same rewards for accepting risk in an economic and commercial activity, so in managing economic enterprises, instead of eliminating risk, it is necessary to create the right environment for optimal risk management. The present study seeks to study the pattern of different stock option exchanges profitability and determine the appropriate solution to reduce the risk of price manipulation when the transaction is negotiated. For this purpose, the price of European, American and Asian transaction option shares of 48 companies after the estimation of volatility has been calculated and analyzed by DerivaGem software. Since the closing date price in applying Asian contracts is not limited to the end-of-day closing date and it is an average of final prices during the lifetime of transaction option contracts, so the results of research after studying the various patterns of profit show that closing date price of Asian transaction option is less manipulated, and the holder enduring lower risk. The values ​​of risk sensitivity parameters calculated for each transaction option also prove this issue. Manuscript profile
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        110 - Investigation of the Effects of Oleuropein on Depression Induced by Scopolamine in Adult Mice
        Azam Moshfegh Gelavij Mahmoodi
        Depression is still one of challenging, and widely encountered disorders with complex etiology. The role of healthy diet and oleuropein in ameliorating depression has been claimed. This study was designed to explore the effects of oleuropein on depression induced by sco More
        Depression is still one of challenging, and widely encountered disorders with complex etiology. The role of healthy diet and oleuropein in ameliorating depression has been claimed. This study was designed to explore the effects of oleuropein on depression induced by scopolamine. In the present study, 35 male mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=7). The control group received normal saline. The Sco group received intraperitoneal scopolamine at a dose of 1 mg/ kg for three weeks. The treatment groups received oleuropein in three doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ kg. At the end of the behavioral tests, blood samples and brain tissues of the animals were removed for determination of biochemical tests. Results show that in groups receiving oleuropein at doses of 10 and 20 mg/ kg, the duration of immobility significantly reduced compared to the scopolamine group. Prescribing oleuropein at a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduced the level of nitric oxide (NO) in serum and brain tissue. Oleuropein shows significant anti-depressant effects in mice receiving a scopolamine, possibly due to its antioxidant activity.   Manuscript profile
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        111 - The Effect of Anxiety and Oleuropein-induced Memory Improvement in an Animal Model of Ischemia
        Shahrbanoo Alami Rostami
        10.22034/ascij.2022.1942053.1321
        Cerebral ischemia is a condition not reaching all or part of the brain, blood, and therefore oxygen. According to the property oleuropein antioxidant, the current study was performed aiming at using this substance to affect anxiety and improve memory in ischemic animals More
        Cerebral ischemia is a condition not reaching all or part of the brain, blood, and therefore oxygen. According to the property oleuropein antioxidant, the current study was performed aiming at using this substance to affect anxiety and improve memory in ischemic animals. In this study, 50 Wistar rats in the weight range of 200 to 250 g were randomly assigned to 5 groups including: control group; the ischemia group was divided by occlusion of both common carotid arteries and the three ischemia groups that received oleuropein at doses (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) by gavage for 14 days. To cause ischemia, bilateral carotid arteries were isolated, blocked in two, and severed in the middle. Memory assessment was performed using the passive avoidance learning test (shuttle box) and the elevated plus maze device was used to assess anxiety. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD support. Ischemia decreased memory (p <0.001). Anxiety was reduced (p <0.001) and administration of doses of 10, 50, 100 mg/kg oleuropein, especially 100 mg/kg, led to improvement in memory deficits (p <0.001) and anxiety (p <0.001). Based on the results of this study, it seems that oleuropein reduces the severity of cognitive and behavioral disorders caused by hypoperfusion ischemia due to its antioxidant properties and inhibition of free radicals. Manuscript profile
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        112 - The Effect of Oleuropein on Chronic Stress-induced Anxiety: Possible Role of Oxidative Stress and Serum Corticosterone
        Maede Jafari Zahra Hushmandi Gelavij Mahmoodi
        10.22034/ascij.2022.1936837.1281
        Chronic stress is associated with the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders and depression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oleuropein on anxiety in mice under chronic stress. In order to induce c More
        Chronic stress is associated with the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders and depression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oleuropein on anxiety in mice under chronic stress. In order to induce chronic stress (CRS), rats were subjected to immobility stress for 2 hours daily in the Restrainer device for two weeks and then to electric shock with a power of half milliampere for two minutes. Rats under chronic stress were divided into five groups, including control (receiver of drug solvent), treatment (oleuropein at doses of 7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg) and positive control (diazepam). In CRS rats, oleuropein at a dose of 30 mg/kg increased the number of entries and the time spent in the open arms of the EPM (p < 0.05). The administration of oleuropein in CRS rats at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg decreased the frequency of being on the edge in the open page test (p < 0.05). Administering different doses of oleuropein decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant capacity of brain and serum in CRS rats (p < 0.05). Oleuropein also decreased serum corticosterone in CRS rats. The effectiveness of oleuropein on anxiety behaviors in mice under chronic stress is through reducing oxidative stress. . Manuscript profile
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        113 - Analysis of the possibility and the nature of African Philosophy Based on the Heinz Kimmerle’s Intercultural reading of the History of Philosophy
        Ali Sanaie Reza Dehghani
        In this paper, we describe and analyze the view of Heinz Kimmerle about the possibility and the obstacles to the realization of African philosophy. Under the influence of Gadamer's hermeneutics, Kimmerle speaks of mixing horizons of understanding into a dialogue between More
        In this paper, we describe and analyze the view of Heinz Kimmerle about the possibility and the obstacles to the realization of African philosophy. Under the influence of Gadamer's hermeneutics, Kimmerle speaks of mixing horizons of understanding into a dialogue between two cultures. In his view, in order to interact with different cultures, it is necessary to keep away from centralism, while preserving the cultural identity, so that dialogue can be made between them. According to a reading that has spread through the spread of European colonialism and the Enlightenment, and the shadow of the history of philosophy, philosophy is rooted in Western thought, and other nations, especially the African tribes, lack philosophical thinking. According to Kimmerle, this European-Western thinking is a serious obstacle to intercultural dialogue. In light of the analysis that Kimmerle presents of the advent of African philosophy, rewriting the history of a new philosophy is based on the principles of intercultural dialogue, which in turn provides the basis for mutual respect on the international level and the realization of lasting peace in the world. Manuscript profile
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        114 - Stridulation in European mole cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) a north-western population of Iran
        Mohammad Hossein Kazemi Shabnam Jafari Hosseinali Lotfalizadeh Mohammad Jafarloo Nader Vahdani Manaf
        Acoustic system has an important role in communication and behavior of several of insects. In mole crickets, acoustic signals are used for intraspecific communications. It is an important part of their reproductive system that temporal patterns and frequency components More
        Acoustic system has an important role in communication and behavior of several of insects. In mole crickets, acoustic signals are used for intraspecific communications. It is an important part of their reproductive system that temporal patterns and frequency components of these songs are species specific. Males of the European mole cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758) stridulate by rubbing of their forewings to each other. In this process, the scraper on the posterior margin of the forewing is rubbed by a file bearing 84-90 pegs in the population studied. The stridulatory pegs are placed under surface of the Cu2 vein. Base on results of the present study males excavate an acoustic chamber for sound production. These burrows have one entrance to the soil surface. They were horn shaped and this special pattern amplifies the sound. Each acoustic burrow terminates to two or three horizontal tunnels. Males called for approximately half an hour (ranged 15–46 min) typically. This can often be heard on warm evenings of the spring and attracts the females for mating. Manuscript profile
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        115 - Comparative study of effect of E-commerce on tax structure in selected countries: suggestions to improve tax system of Iran
        Amir Kazemi Soheil Sarmad Saeedy
        Manuscript profile
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        116 - Qatar's foreign policy priorities in relation with the European Union
        Ali Adami Mohammad Hosein Ansari
        Qatar's remarkable economic growth in the last two decades has transformed it from a small, non-influential country into an effective player in regional and global level. Qatar's new approach to achieve economic diversification and sustainable development, especially af More
        Qatar's remarkable economic growth in the last two decades has transformed it from a small, non-influential country into an effective player in regional and global level. Qatar's new approach to achieve economic diversification and sustainable development, especially after the Arab Spring, has led Qatari policymakers to exploit the capacities and experiences of other countries. In this regard, Europe is an important partner for Qatar. This article aims to examine Qatar's relations with the European Union based on current and future Qatari priorities and interests, from the perspective of bilateral and region-to-region relations. The main question is, what are Qatar's foreign policy priorities for developing relations with the European Union? This study hypothesizes that the Qatar's main priority in expanding relations with the European Union is to develop socio-economic relations. By using the descriptive-analytical approach, it was concluded that, Qatar's defense-security reliance on the United States and its efforts to achieve economic diversity and sustainable development have led Qatar's foreign policy priorities in relation with the EU, toward socio-economic interactions. This approach has made the European Union the largest exporter of goods and services, the most important supplier of modern technologies and, most importantly, the supplier of the diversification necessaries for socio-economic development of Qatari society. Manuscript profile
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        117 - Comparative study of Islamic Republic of Iran and EU's foreign policy on ISIS crisis from the point of view of Defensive Realism
        Mohammadmehdi Ghasemi aliabadi Hossein Masoudnia Seyyed Javad Emam jomezadeh
        The post-age period means going beyond ISIS and a period in which ISIS and ISIS's existence are not existential and somewhat ambitious. Its postmodern age will be an era in which frictions are more compact and open space becomes much more direct. In other words, ISIS ha More
        The post-age period means going beyond ISIS and a period in which ISIS and ISIS's existence are not existential and somewhat ambitious. Its postmodern age will be an era in which frictions are more compact and open space becomes much more direct. In other words, ISIS has now failed in Syria, and as it moves away, there will be renewed issues and revival of disputed issues between the Syrian oppositionists and Assad. The Syrian crisis has affected Iran and has created challenges in relations between the two countries. The approaches followed by Iran in recent years in the field of foreign policy are rooted in the historical issues and the behavior of policymakers and the motives of the two countries. On the other hand, the European Union, which somehow had a French influence in Syria and now has economic and ... relations with this country, although dissatisfied with the existence of the central government of Damascus under the leadership of the Assad dynasty, It seeks to create a strong security blockade against the influence of the terrorist elements of the Middle East. In this article, we are trying to answer the following question: what are the foreign policies of the regional power of Iran and the transatlantic power of the European Union in relation to Syria? What are their goals? What are the consequences of these goals and the route to them? Manuscript profile
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        118 - The unilateral performance of the United States and the European Union in the international arena
        Mehdi Ashtari Ali Pourghasab Amiri Fakhrodin Abooye
        Governments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and More
        Governments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and enactment of laws and norms. Unilateralism occurs, unilateralism occurs. After the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States, along with European countries, especially Western Europe, has become a new international arena, which after a while with various events in various places, intervened politically, legally, militarily and economically, violating international law. No country, not even the United States, which has a hegemonic role, or the European Union, can intervene in the affairs of other countries, except in one case, according to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of countries, to which the United Nations is committed. The exception is the issue of humanitarian law, which should not be unilateral and arbitrary with the permission of the Security Council, while the United States openly violates international trade laws, arbitrarily intervenes militarily in various parts of the world, and political institutions. - Domestic law condemns countries Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        119 - Examining Iran-Europe relations before and after the US withdrawal from JCPOA
        yaser kahrazeh Abolfazl Araseteh
        10.30495/psq.2022.1942016.2113
        Today, in the field of international relations, countries of the world, in order to reduce conflicts and disputes, as well as to strengthen exchanges between them, try to establish international agreements in various political, economic, cultural and social fields. The More
        Today, in the field of international relations, countries of the world, in order to reduce conflicts and disputes, as well as to strengthen exchanges between them, try to establish international agreements in various political, economic, cultural and social fields. The Comprehensive Joint Action Plan (CJAP) between Iran and the G5 countries (US, Russia, China, France, Britain and Germany) in Vienna is an example of this agreement. The present study, which is conducted by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of what were the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Europe before and after the withdrawal of the United States from Barjam? The present study has tested the hypothesis that after the approval of Barjam. The political and economic relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran with European countries have enjoyed a relative improvement but because of US sabotage, European relations with Iran have been based on conservatism and fear from the beginning and after the withdrawal of the United States from the Barjam agreement, European countries, with the withdrawal of their capital and economic companies from Iran, as well as the imposition of harsh sanctions, have preferred to follow US policies to adhere to the Barjam agreement. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        120 - Brexit and Special Relations in lieu of Global Britain idea
        Alireza Ghadrdoust Nakhchi Mehdi Zakarian Amiri Hamid Ahmadi
        10.30495/psq.2022.1947230.2163
        The results of the United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union on Thursday June 23, 2016 was a big shock not for the UK but for the Europe and the rest of the world. In the plebiscite, 52 percent of the eligible voters chose leave, better known as Brexiteers, More
        The results of the United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union on Thursday June 23, 2016 was a big shock not for the UK but for the Europe and the rest of the world. In the plebiscite, 52 percent of the eligible voters chose leave, better known as Brexiteers, to take the rest of the 48 percent out of the Union. Due to type, form and the nature of the UK relations with the countries, the effects of the vote is quite understandable. Moreover, the leave vote put a huge question mark on the on-going efforts of European integrations.Changing world conditions, emerging China as an effective power, along with Russian moves especially after annexation of Crimea, jeopardizes EU’s firm stance against international developments. On the other side of the Atlantic, occurring Trump phenomenon in 2016 in the United States changed deep-rooted “Special Relations” with the two Anglo-Saxon countries and the Europe, as well. In the aftermath of the Brexit, “Global Britain” strategy focuses more than ever on Britain’s role in the world. In this strategy, Britain away from EU can be an active player in the world arena.This paper based on integration theory will quest the answer to the question of do we face close UK-US relations in the post-Brexit? The findings show that the two countries will be closer and the UK needs the US to gain its goals in the Global Britain policy. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        121 - Turkey’s Compliance with European Union Energy Rules and Policies
        Hosein Mofidi Ahmadi
        This paper aims to investigate Turkey’s compliance with European Union energy rules and policies.  European Union encourages and reinforces member states and candidate countries to compliance with its rules and policies by normative and monitoring structures. More
        This paper aims to investigate Turkey’s compliance with European Union energy rules and policies.  European Union encourages and reinforces member states and candidate countries to compliance with its rules and policies by normative and monitoring structures. Because of European Union’s sensitive situation in energy sector, candidate countries compliance with EU energy policies, is one of the most important requirements for the country’s accession to the Europe Union. It seems that Turkey in its accession process, have been significant advances in compliance with EU rules and policies in the sectors of energy supply security; internal market; energy efficiency; renewable energy sources and transnational networks. To test this hypothesis, the author tries to utilize Compliance literature and investigate the Turkey’s compliance with European Union energy rules and policies from the perspective of annual progress reports of EU and focus on different sectors of the country’s energy. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        122 - The impacts of Disagreements between European Union Member States Over this Union’s Positions in the World System
        Seyed Hassan Mir Fakhraie
        European Union (EU) is one of the most important and coherent state-based  unions in both political and economic dimensions, that has taken great strides in further convergence and coordination and also in expanding its sphere of influence; Although it brought in a More
        European Union (EU) is one of the most important and coherent state-based  unions in both political and economic dimensions, that has taken great strides in further convergence and coordination and also in expanding its sphere of influence; Although it brought in a new concept of collaboration and  convergence, between states, to the literature of international relations.  For understanding its position in the global system, more attention is needed actually. In this paper two main objectives shall be followed. First, what has been the impact of disagreements among members of the European Union, on its current position in the world system? And second is studying what would be the impacts of continuation of disagreements and opposing views among the members of European Union on its position, which has been imagined in a multipolar system, and also on its strategic future? A temporary response to above questions would be: The disagreements and opposing views among the members of European Union in different internal and international issues, has faced EU to a lack of functional identity, and so, its strategic role and position in the future world is in doubt and it will just remain as an economical power.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        123 - Effect of Oleuropein on blood glucose and gene expression of pyruvate kinase in Streptozotocin-induced ‎diabetic male rats
        Akram Asadi مریم رفیعی راد Ameneh Javid
        Background & Aim: Considering the antioxidant properties of oleuropein and the role of antioxidants in improving diabetes, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of oleuropein on blood glucose levels and pyruvate kinase gene expression in diab More
        Background & Aim: Considering the antioxidant properties of oleuropein and the role of antioxidants in improving diabetes, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of oleuropein on blood glucose levels and pyruvate kinase gene expression in diabetic male rats. Materials & Methods: 40 rats aged 2-3 months (weighing 200-250 grams) were divided into four groups of ten. By injecting streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), type 1 diabetes was induced in male rats. After intraperitoneal injection of STZ, animals with blood glucose above 200 mg/kg were considered diabetic. The control groups and the diabetic group only received saline and the treated diabetic groups received 10, 20 mg/kg oleuropein daily by gavage for four weeks. At the end of the experiment period, all the rats were dissected after anesthesia with ether by drawing blood from the heart and liver tissue was isolated and used to check the expression of pyruvate kinase gene by Real-time PCR method. Data analysis was performed using Tukey's test at P<0.05 level. Results: The results showed that in the diabetic group receiving doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg of oleuropein, the blood glucose level decreased significantly compared to the diabetic group. Examining the expression of pyruvate kinase gene also showed that there was a decrease in the diabetic group compared to the healthy control group, but this decrease was not statistically significant. On the other hand, in the diabetic group treated with 20 and 10 mg/kg doses of oleuropein, pyruvate kinase gene expression increased significantly compared to the diabetic group. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the administration of oleuropein has been able to reduce blood glucose by changing the expression of the pyruvate kinase gene. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        124 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
        Ali Rahimi
        Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal More
        Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        125 - Evaluation of Student''''s Satisfaction in Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj Using Customer Results Indicator of European Foundation Model of Quality Management
        Rafigh Hassani Mehdi Feizi
        Abstract: This study investigated student''s satisfaction of educational services in IslamicAzad University of Sanandaj. Method of this research is descriptive- survey. The statistical community includes 11741 students of IslamicAzad University of Sanandaj Using Stratif More
        Abstract: This study investigated student''s satisfaction of educational services in IslamicAzad University of Sanandaj. Method of this research is descriptive- survey. The statistical community includes 11741 students of IslamicAzad University of Sanandaj Using Stratified random sampling based on the Cochran''s formula, 508 were selected as sample. Customer satisfaction questionnaire was administered to the students. After gathering and analysis of data, it was found that most of students are not content about educational services offered, after-graduation services, public conception of the Department, loyalty to the university and extracurricular activities and there isn''t a significant difference between different departments of Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj in terms of customer satisfaction. The average satisfaction was higher in boys than girls and there is a significant difference about the satisfaction of educational services among students'' attitudes in the second, third, and fourth years of schooling. Finally, dissatisfaction indicators in sequence are extracurricular activities, offering of educational services offered, after-graduation services, public conception of the department, and loyalty to the university. Manuscript profile

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