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Open Access Article
1 - Evolution of Mazandaran Rural Cultural Landscape During the First Pahlavi Era
Mehrdad Divsalar Mohammad Hossein Farajiha Mohammad Noormohammadi NajafabadiThe first Pahlavi era is a turning point in the historical geography of Mazandaran in the view of landscape school. Major changes occurred in different parts of the geographical landscape of Mazandaran during this period. Urban livelihoods and morphology evolved, modern MoreThe first Pahlavi era is a turning point in the historical geography of Mazandaran in the view of landscape school. Major changes occurred in different parts of the geographical landscape of Mazandaran during this period. Urban livelihoods and morphology evolved, modern reforms took place in agriculture and industry and also the rural cultural landscape changed a great deal. The evolution of rural cultural landscape was influenced by various factors. Research findings indicate that modernization of agriculture, creation of railways, industry, and especially fisheries and rural migration which were influenced by various factors, were the most important components of evolving rural cultural landscape during the first Pahlavi era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Approach to sustainable landscaping in vicinity of ports (Case study: Coasts in vicinity of Bushehr port)
ghazale rafiee محسن کافی سارا نهیبیWater is a vital natural resource is renewable, but finite, which is used for various purposes. Historically in many parts of the world, water resources play an important role in the establishment and formation of their residence and identity. Before industrialization, MoreWater is a vital natural resource is renewable, but finite, which is used for various purposes. Historically in many parts of the world, water resources play an important role in the establishment and formation of their residence and identity. Before industrialization, urban coastal areas were booming with people and diverse activities and there was a close connection between the coast and city but in the industrial age, this relationship was cut by creating some users such as major ports, commercial uses, Industrial activities, warehouse and transportation. Development of such as industrial activities in coastal areas have environmental problems such as pollution, aesthetic as well as social and economic effects for the surrounding urban communities. According to the sustainable development approach that is raised at the international level, should limit the effects of industrial development on the environment or be removed. Undoubtedly, the way out of the current problem is to consider the principles of sustainable architectural development and use them in development activities in urban coastal areas. For this purpose, Sustainable development and landscaping margin coast, ports can be used as a tool to achieve sustainable development goals. In this study that is applied and developmental research, Text and content analysis were used for the analysis, and a library method also was used to collect the required data and documents. Also we attempted to describe these principles before introducing an appropriate criterion to create sustainable coastal landscapes in vicinity of ports that would also serve as dynamic urban centers. Reconstruction and development of coast base on sustainability criteria can convert coast to on the most important center of national and international socio-economic focus. Sustainable development of a coastal area meant to benefit from the full potential of these spaces. Therefore, the landscaping of coasts in vicinity of ports include a combination of understanding of ecological, environmental impacts and link the city with the port and coast. The integration of sustainable development criteria and standards for reducing an environmental impact of ports, can be a fundamental structure, particularly in relation to sustainable landscaping coasts near ports provided. According to the findings, establishing and maintaining communication between the city, the harbor and the beach, protect and guarantee the quality of water and the environment, reduce environmental pollution (air-optic-audio), create economic opportunities, meet the needs of local people and the city, contributing expertise, organizations, government agencies and people in the planning and design projects, preservation of cultural identity, natural scenery and landscape, creating complex and diverse applications to exploit the environment all the days, building infrastructure and convenient access to coastal areas, creating quality public spaces, enhances the visual quality of the environment and coverage unfavorable landscapes, are including criteria for sustainable landscaping in vicinity of ports. In addition, the coastal margins of the port of Bushehr as a case study were identified and investigated in a variety of aspects (functional, accessibility, visual and environmental), then identified base zones and macro-design strategies to create a sustainable landscape on these beaches has been provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Defining a Method for Measuring and Enhancing Urban Resilience to Climate Change based on Landscape Ecology Theories (Case study:Yousef Abad Neighborhood,Tehran)
Elmira Shirgir Mostafa Behzadfar Reza KheyroddinThe growing number of cities in the world face a wide range of hazards, which are affected by factors such as the increased urban population and climate change. Urban development and climate change are closely related and interlinked. Today, the direct and indirect effe MoreThe growing number of cities in the world face a wide range of hazards, which are affected by factors such as the increased urban population and climate change. Urban development and climate change are closely related and interlinked. Today, the direct and indirect effects of climate change can be seen in countries with the lowest effect on global warming and climate change. Cities that are exposed to the risk of climate change are very vulnerable. Climate change is a globally widespread phenomenon. These cities can be said susceptible. In recent years, to cope with the adverse challenges caused by climate change, the concepts of urban ecological resilience, specifically, climate resilience have been introduced. Climate resilience is a type of urban ecological resilience, which is defined as urban resilience to climate change. In this respect, in recent years, two urban resilience concepts have been introduced to reduce these negative effects. Resilience is the ability of a system to absorb the disturbances while maintaining the basic structure in the same way and the functional methods, the capacity for self-organization and the capacity to adapt to stress and change and the capability to build back the system into its condition before a shock or intense change. Adaption to climate change focuses on reducing the vulnerability to these negative changes. Resilience has different aspects, among which climate resilience as a subcategory of urban ecological resilience is considered in this study, which includes the adaptation to and mitigation of the risks and adverse effects of climate. However, urban green infrastructure has various vital functions, including environmental, social, etc. The urban green infrastructure (UGI), according to research, has been effective in reducing the impacts of climate change in cities and enhancing climate resilience. Reviewing existing literature on the urban green infrastructure related to its role in creating urban (climate) resilience, it seems that the features of green infrastructure and which one is effective based on the development, analysis, and evaluation of urban resilience to climate change. These have not been properly addressed so far, and in general, no exact factors have been provided to assess this kind of resilience. It seems that the characteristics of urban green infrastructure can be used as an important factor affecting climate resilience in cities to achieve such factors for assessing the quality of climate resilience. Moreover, the neighborhood scale has not been fully studied in the existing literature. Given the theoretical gap existing in this field, this question arises: "How and based on which features of the green infrastructure can we assess and analyze climate resilience in a city?” To answer this question, landscape ecology principles and the relationship between them and green infrastructure in cities were studied. The relationship was developed in the Yousef Abad neighborhood of Tehran and was qualitatively tested using aerial images, field surveys, and preparation of basic and analytical GIS maps. Finally, ‘effective qualities in assessing climate resilience in cities using UGI based on landscape ecology were obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Explaining the ritualistic concept and studying its crystallization effects
reihaneh khorramrouei amin mahan ahmad ali farzinThe landscape is an objective-minded phenomenon that is shaped by the human understanding of the environment and takes on different forms in the context of history and time. In the meantime, the paradigm has been created with concepts of identity, such as culture and re MoreThe landscape is an objective-minded phenomenon that is shaped by the human understanding of the environment and takes on different forms in the context of history and time. In the meantime, the paradigm has been created with concepts of identity, such as culture and religion, and created a specific objective and mental effects with respect to particular spatial situations. The core of the cultural landscape is seen by three elements of the environment, time, and man. The two-way relationship between each of these factors leads to the creation of a new element. Human beings reminisce over time and shape history. A factor that has been one of the main cornerstones of culture in human life and human history (requiring space to remain in time).The presence of human beings in the environment and its experience will lead to the formation of space, a place where human presence is meaningful, and the agent that creates the dimension of memory and creation of the mind in the landscape.Rites are a symbolic social show that appears under certain conditions in the community, and it is up to the people of the community to act in that particular way. Rites in all human societies are sacred acts That members of the community feel committed and committed to doing so. The ritualistic aspect is part of a cultural perspective that reflects the customs, ceremonies, religions and religious rituals. Ceremonies such as the Nowruz ceremony in Iran, the celebration of cherry blossoms in Japan, the celebration of watering in Thailand, cheesecloth in the UK, and many others are nature-shaped ceremonies, rooted in respect for natural elements. The ritualistic view as a subset of the perspective and as an important part of the cultural landscape is considered to be the reaction of society to its spiritual needs.The ritualistic view as a subset of the landscape and culture has the same characteristics of both. According to the definitions given in the ritual section, the ritualistic aspect is initially formed in the context of nature; Because nature, the bed and the creator of the elements constitute the ritual. Nature is the context in which man and history are formed, and their interaction with nature leads to the creation of culture and religion. Perhaps the strongest link in the nature and customs of the people can be found in ritual and sacred centers. From the past, living near human nature has been very important to humans Therefore, this paper tries to identify the effects of its appearance in Iran by examining the concepts of the landscape and the ritual and the recognition of the ritualistic concept. The research methodology of this paper is of a qualitative type and combines an analytical-descriptive and citation research method.Based on this, using a library method and using authoritative sources, a wide range of sources related to the landscape and religion was studied. By comparative study, inferential and inference method was used to analyze the cases presented in the ritualistic viewpoint And its aspects have been addressed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Comparative Study of the Factors of Sensory Richness in the garden’s transition to park in Tehran (Case Studies: Iranian Garden and Niavaran Park)
sadaf sarmadi Azadeh Shahcheraghi leila karimi fardHuman cognition and experience of being in the landscape are achieved through diverse sensory perceptions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mind-dependent senses. The importance of these senses in the landscape creates a non-intuitive connection with spa MoreHuman cognition and experience of being in the landscape are achieved through diverse sensory perceptions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mind-dependent senses. The importance of these senses in the landscape creates a non-intuitive connection with space, understanding aesthetics, the concept of the environment and empowering the human’s mind about the environment. Senses affect human spatial behavior and the spirit of space, due to their stimulus features. The extent and depth of the experience can create quality for the landscape, known as »sensory richness«. It not only can increase human enjoyment but also make the environment more enjoyable. This increases the variety of sensory experiences for humans as space users. This study refers to coordinate the relationship between the physical environment of contemporary parks regarding the needs and behaviors of users. This also leads to increase its sensory richness by identifying and prioritizing diverse sensory perceptions in the landscape. The present study is related to the mixed nature and the comparative method. After identifying the senses affecting the landscape through the library method, data collection and analysis method in field study will be a combination of two procedures called »Sensewalking« and »Sensory notation«. By Sensewalking method, in each case study, a specific pathway consisting of primary and secondary pathways, including sensory index elements, was selected for the study. Furthermore, according to previous research, the Hamburg Sensewalking Project by Schultz in 2014, a team of researchers and seven participants, who were masters of architecture and urban planning, were formed. The group was already familiar to walk to identify six index sensory points. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants during the walk, and the sensory stimuli that triggered people’s senses everywhere were identified. After identifying six sensory index points, sensory notation was performed to analyze senses. This is followed by connecting the dots on each diagram, in which a gray surface was created. By comparing the area of the painted surfaces in these six points, the sensory richness levels of each spot are determined qualitatively and quantitatively. A comparative study of the sensory richness in the Persian Garden and Niavaran Park reveals that the sensory richness of the Iranian garden, which has an Iranian pattern was well supplied. However, Niavaran Park, which is one of the old gardens of Tehran, changed to the park during the garden transition. This leads to have less sensory richness. Although because of the features of the Iranian garden in Niavaran Park such as the water axis and the row of trees, the visual and auditory preference was the same, the other senses had different priorities. Consequently, modeling the sensory richness of the Iranian garden through identifying and prioritizing diverse sensory perceptions in the landscape can enhance the sensory richness of contemporary parks. This leads to tailor the relationship between the park's physical environment to user needs and behavior. For the sake of suggestion for future research, we can address the impact of senses on the environmental quality of landscapes and their extent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Guidelines of Designing the Urban Agriculture Landscape According to the Persian Garden Prototype
Mohammad Reza KhalilnezhadUrban agriculture encompasses all production activities in urban areas and their surrounding regions. While in the past two decades, worldwide interest in urban agriculture has rapidly increased, Iranian administrations and researchers did not pay adequate attention to MoreUrban agriculture encompasses all production activities in urban areas and their surrounding regions. While in the past two decades, worldwide interest in urban agriculture has rapidly increased, Iranian administrations and researchers did not pay adequate attention to this significant field of landscape and urbanism. Persian garden is one of the main capabilities of Iranian cities in the field of urban agriculture. Although many studies have previously been carried out on the Persian garden, the agricultural landscapes of the historical gardens have yet remained neglected. However, one aspect of the Persian garden that has received little attention is the circumstances of integrating the agricultural and recreational landscapes into the garden design system. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to provide functional suggestions on acquiring the multidimensional identity of the productive landscapes of the Persian garden as a multifunctional open space for the landscapes and green spaces' design projects to be carried out in the future. Landscape architects in Iran are educated and trained to understand design considerations for establishing a public green space. But most of these professionals do not have sufficient experience in utilizing the Iranian tradition of landscaping. For a long time, the agricultural and productive identity of the Persian garden has been forgotten and neglected. Thus, this study seeks to answer the following questions: What spatial features in Persian gardens can provide the criteria for designing new multifunctional landscapes? Based on the Persian garden model, which planning and design considerations should be considered by landscape architects to integrate agriculture into public landscapes? This study was benefited from two research methods, including the design of research and case study. The basic data were collected from library sources, interviews with garden managers, experts and consultants, and some gardeners on seven historic gardens. Field studies were also carried out by the author in three different provinces (South Khorasan, Yazd, and Kerman). Having a specialized toolbox of the guidelines for integrating the agricultural landscape into the development of open spaces can be a significant challenge for landscape designers. This study showed that historical landscapes and Persian gardens can provide local and traditional criteria for planning and designing productive landscapes (consisting of edible and non-edible plants). As a basic guideline, the agricultural fields and the recreational zones should be separated. The second guideline states that access to the edible landscape in the Persian garden has special rules that provide access to the garden fruits under a hierarchical system. Thus, by applying the creativity of the environment design, the agricultural scenery will come to the attention of the visitors in the form of discovery and intuition. Besides, the visual combination of both edible and ornamental plant systems enhances the aesthetic sceneries of the landscape. Therefore, under the experience of the Persian garden, the visual approach to urban agriculture should not be underestimated. The next guideline is the importance of continuing physical separation and visual composition throughout the site and not limiting the application of these guidelines to some places. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Subjective evaluation of urban street soundscape via sound walk technique Case study: Emam Khomeyni street in Tabriz
nasrin mohsen haghighi Abbas Ghaffari Ayda MalekiThe soundscape is one of the perceptual dimensions of the urban landscape, the quality of which depends on the pleasantness of the auditory perception of individuals. Different sonic potentials and, in general, the acoustic environment of any urban space is affected by MoreThe soundscape is one of the perceptual dimensions of the urban landscape, the quality of which depends on the pleasantness of the auditory perception of individuals. Different sonic potentials and, in general, the acoustic environment of any urban space is affected by the character and role of the area in the city. The central streets of the town are one of the urban spaces that, in addition to passing the various modes of transportation like light vehicles, heavy vehicles, motorcycles, buses, and BRT, include diverse land uses and functions and activities that it is both a transit space and a destination space for pedestrians. The acoustic quality of this space, which is affected by traffic flow and all activities that take place there, has a significant impact on the tendency of people to use the area and its pleasantness. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the quality of soundscape perception of pedestrians on Imam Street in Tabriz, which is the central main street of the city that embraces various architectural heritage sites and buildings. The sound walk method was used for the subjective assessment of 30 people (17 men and 13 women) based on the standard requirements of ISO12913-2. After giving the necessary training to the people, they were asked to walk from Fajr square to Shahid Beheshti Square, focusing on listening and evaluating the soundscape of the route at three station points. The results showed that nature-related sounds like bird songs, wind in the trees, and human sounds like conversations, kids playing sounds were assessed as pleasant, and the traffic-related sounds were assessed negatively. These unpleasant sounds were bus passing, motorcycles, horns, and sirens. In terms of overall soundscape quality, the route from Shariati Intersection to Saat square was evaluated as more eventful, memorable, chaotic, vibrant and pleasant. It seems this part's character and spatial organization have a meaningful effect on the pleasantness of the soundscape. The characteristics that differ from the two other factors are openness, different grades of the enclosure, the quality of porosity of the façade, diversity of the old buildings, sight to the heritage sites and buildings like Alishah Citadel, Saat palace and diversity in land use and functions like cinemas, fast foods and restaurants. When it was asked if the soundscape quality of space is according to your expectations, surprisingly, the majority of respondents answered that yes, and it was because the street is one of the main routes of the city, and it is normal to be chaotic and loud, but they admitted that this loudness shouldn't be related to unpleasant sounds. On the hand, results demonstrated that in similar traffic conditions, the factors affecting the perceptual pleasantness of individuals depend on the following factors: diversity of land use and activity (increasing diversity (spatial contrast) Leads to increased pleasantness, increased open and green space including diverse vegetation, reduced background noise level as well as architectural species of heritage value (the presence of valuable architectural heritage increases overall pleasantness). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigating semantic types in the contemporary monumental landscape (Case studies: monumental landscapes of the recent century in Iran)
Farnaz KhajehSaeed Lida Balilan Asl Dariush SattarzadehModern international approaches in the landscape design of contemporary monuments as memorial sites of human memory have a specialized landscape design in urban public spaces, which requires comprehensive studies in memorial landscape of Iran. The main question of the r MoreModern international approaches in the landscape design of contemporary monuments as memorial sites of human memory have a specialized landscape design in urban public spaces, which requires comprehensive studies in memorial landscape of Iran. The main question of the research is : "What are the semantic types of the contemporary memorial landscape of Iran?". so the aim of the current research is to develop a typology model of the explicit and implicit meanings of the contemporary monumental landscape, which has been tested in the study sample of the recent centenary memorial landscapes of Iran. The present qualitative research, with using a comparative analytical method, develops a conceptual model of the contemporary Iranian memorial landscapes typology, which is trying to achieve the morphological types of the objective landscape and the content types of the subjective landscape in the representative samples of the contemporary Iranian memorial landscape. Based on this, the explicit meanings of the objective landscapes have been studied through " physical types of monuments ", the implicit meanings of the subjective landscapes through " narrative types of memories " as well as the explicit-implicit meanings with "archetypal types of monuments". In order to form the proposed hypothetical model, the classification of the types was done based on the Theoretical studies, and for testing the hypothesis, each extracted types and sub-types were analyzed by random selection of 2 case studies of the memorial landscape of the recent century in Iran. In the selection of samples to increase the reliability and validity of the research, the case studies were selected in the first stage by the researcher with the tool of observation and review of texts and in the next stage through interview with experts; which three experts in the field of landscape architecture and three experts in the field of landscape architecture reviewed the resulting classification and the desired corrections were applied. The findings indicate that in the typology of contemporary monumental landscapes of Iran, physical types include "macro-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale urban types", narrative types carrying "collective value-narrative, spatial-narrative, and individual-narrative" and archetypal types including "noor water, arch-dome, grave and Stella" which by examining their strengths and weaknesses, the following suggestions have been made for landscape design in the desired types: using the symbolism and social symbols of that society, audience-oriented and considering his role and needs, avoiding the construction of decorative monuments without deep connection with people, combining the work with daily life in public spaces, , Using abstract forms to avoid the representation of pre-prepared narratives, opening the way for free interpretation for different and even contradictory perceptions of memorial space users, avoiding populism in designing a form with the participation of the audience and execution by experts.Considering the necessity of discovering the meaning from the audience of monuments in contemporary counter-monumental landscapes,the current research with a semantic typology in the contemporary memorial landscapes of Iran lays the groundwork for future studies for physical-content investigations on the part of the audience in the face of the memorial landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of Aesthetics and Place Identity
Behnaz Aminzadeh The shortage of theories and research in the field of urban design aesthetics have caused that the creation of beautiful landscape in cities to be regarded as a marginal and selective subject, depending on individual and personal tastes of the c More The shortage of theories and research in the field of urban design aesthetics have caused that the creation of beautiful landscape in cities to be regarded as a marginal and selective subject, depending on individual and personal tastes of the clients and designers. In related literature, the studies about the evaluation of urban aesthetics have been focused on the experts’ opinion about the beauty, and thus people's preferences of urban aesthetics are usually ignored. Galindo’s research (2005) is one of the few studies which establish connections between environmental meanings and urban aesthetics by using the people’s opinion about their environments. He introduces variables such as visual wealth, light, originality, and place memories as the most important variables of beautiful urban landscapes. This study is an attempt to demonstrate the people aesthetic preferences and its relation to the identity of place. In evaluating people’s preferences we are looking for the “beauty in the eye of beholder”, and thus the evaluation is involved in the perception of beauty and the emotion people have for their living places. Four hundred residents of the district of Navab (old and new fabrics) interviewed according to a visual test (Q-sort). The findings show that there is no considerable differences between the criteria regarding beautiful landscape and those involving sense of place; it is also recognized that for both beauty and identity the objective criteria are cited more than subjective criteria by the respondents. In detail, the result of people preferences about beauty can be summarized as below: Objective variables related to the physical appearance of the landscape are more effective than subjective variables such as beliefs and values about the place. The design of the building façade has been the most important criterion in evaluating beauty. Beautiful landscapes are mostly selected from new designed fabric of Navab. There is a public consensus in selecting desirable landscapes. Characteristics of the best three selected landscapes are their clarity of form, function, and structure. They all have a strong social context. The results about preferences for identity shows that: Objective criteria are more notable than subjective ones. Familiarity with place is the important criterion of identity; it obtained the highest rank among other variables. Three higher landscapes which constituted the highest percent of preferences have special characteristics. All are landmarks with distinctive social context and hold clear forms and functions. According to the opinions of residents of both old and new fabrics, the new fabric is more identifiable. Although the reason for this selection is residents’ familiarity with space (place identification instead of place identity) but it demonstrates how much the designed environment (as an expert product), influences the people’s preferences of place. It comes to the conclusion that a professional work holds an inherent value for people. This issue should be regarded by those who participate in designing and making decisions about cities. It seems a participatory place making, supports and enhances the compatibility between built form and the people’s preferences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Landscape design patterns along inner city-floodways (Case study: Alusjerd floodway, Hamedan)
Mohammadreza Pourjafar Amin RastandehThe present study aims to introduce and analyze the most important landscape design criteria along inner-city floodways. Obviously, there are various patterns in this field of study which can be classified into three categories of physical, biological, as well as cultur MoreThe present study aims to introduce and analyze the most important landscape design criteria along inner-city floodways. Obviously, there are various patterns in this field of study which can be classified into three categories of physical, biological, as well as cultural considerations. Introducing the related patterns, in parallel with paying attention to their adaptation to environmental strategies and local considerations is the main subject of this study. Using such a pattern, it is more possible to protect the buildings, as well as historical monuments in the route of the foodways. In this regard, in one hand, local sense would be improved in inhabitants and in the other hand, the tourisme intereset may be enhanced for visting the studied site. Therefore, creation of minor jobs would be accessible by means of the considered procedure. According to the researches, this research attempts to multi-functional landscape planning which essentially contributes to sustainable urban landscape along inner-city floodways. For this purpose, Analytic-descriptive method based on criteria evaluation has been applied qualitatively. In addition, to represent the present scientific literature, the Alusjerd floodway in Hamedan has been chosen as a case study in the west of Iran to present the most important landscape design criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Presenting a New Method in Ecological Design of Urban Green Landscape (Case Study: Kish Island)
Maryam Moinifar Behnaz AminzadehCities are places for diverse hierarchies of natural inhabitants, and thus designing their ecological landscapes is a complex process. Landscape design is more important than form creating. Landscape ecology is a science of dynamic reactions between nature and society. MoreCities are places for diverse hierarchies of natural inhabitants, and thus designing their ecological landscapes is a complex process. Landscape design is more important than form creating. Landscape ecology is a science of dynamic reactions between nature and society. Disturbance in urban landscape may cause simplification of landscape system resulted in degradation of life quality in living areas. Therefore urban development without consideration on ecological process will damage ecosystems in urban and regional scales. A good ecological design in built areas can improve ecological functions of the whole system. In this study, the application of landscape ecology together with land compatibility has been studied. The result is creating an efficient method in ecological design of urban green spaces. Urban green spaces are the most important parts of urban ecosystems, providing many social and environmental services and promoting the quality of living conditions in cities. The application of landscape ecology in urban design and consideration of urban green spaces as green networks or green infrastructures help to improve the quality of natural areas in cities. It seems that determination of an optimal method in urban landscape and green space design based on landscape ecology principles is a necessary task for landscape and urban designers. Also, recognition and introducing the interdisciplinary method in green landscape design results in positive ecological function and provides a basis for sustainability. The Kish island is selected as a case study because of its ecological sensitiveness, rapid growth development of tourism, and demand for green spaces. The main objectives of this research are as follows: a) creating a method for designing ecological urban green spaces, and b) zoning for developing, conserving or rehabilitating of green spaces in Kish island. To do this, reviewing existing ecological theories and methods and comparison of existing methods in landscape ecology are applied. The proposed method which has been nominated Ecological Land Suitability Analysis (ELSA) is based on land suitability analysis and landscape ecology principles, using GIS VER 9.2, and AHP techniques. The process of using the method is as follows: 1-Explaining of effective criteria in selection of green areas and their priorities; 2-Determination of criteria values; 3- Providing spatial layers of the selected criteria; 4- Classification of layers based on their special purpose; 5-Quantifying of quality classes using Phasy values; 6-Applying AHP weight and quantitative values in layers and determination of final weight layers; 7- Changing spatial layers from vector to raster; 8- Overlaying the spatial layers; 9-Preparing of land compatibility and suitability map; 10-Extraction of unvalued layers from total spatial layers; 11-Final layer classification and evaluation of different outputs. 12- Zoning the urban green areas in Kish Island. Results have been shown in land suitability GIS maps. The efficiency of the proposed method has been proved, using quality comparative criteria including: comprehensiveness, clearness, completeness, and flexibility, reliability, efficiency, easiness, generalizing, rapidity, necessary technology, being up to date, and fitness with the principles of theory making. It was concluded that, this method (ELSA) could be generalized in the same environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - An Analytical Approach toward Cultural Events Effects on Temporary Urbanscape
Maryam cheshmeghasabani Nooshin KarimiThe appearance of landscape architecture is based upon a mutual relationship between the human being and the environment, which has been formed, based on a set of principles and logic and continued; however, it depends upon beauty, comprehensibility, function and identi MoreThe appearance of landscape architecture is based upon a mutual relationship between the human being and the environment, which has been formed, based on a set of principles and logic and continued; however, it depends upon beauty, comprehensibility, function and identity. The relevant patterns applied in landscape designing are aesthetic, environmental patterns and social patterns as well as including conceptual values, socio-economic and political identity. Today, architectures and designers have found out the importance of social patterns in relation to forming landscape, especially from temporary landscape viewpoint accordingly. What is mentioned as temporary landscapes has various dimensions that provide a background for it to be created. The mutual interaction between human being and environment may cause temporary landscapes to appear as the place events based upon social conditions, which can be programmed by the communities or they can react to their occurrence. Temporary landscapes can be accounted for places where various cultural events occurred. Due to its role in specific social behaviors, temporary urbanscape idea is really important in the environment, providing a suitable field and situation for the citizen to have transactions; dealing with environment and having social relations with each others as well, which lead to some considerable results. It can be stated that temporary landscape and social behaviors of citizens are the two components which have mutual relationship. Therefore, as a suitable field of sociocultural events, temporary urbanscapes are potentials which in spite of their physical effects have a wide range of effects on promting and upgrading of citizen behaviors and their living settings quality. Using of descriptive method and based upon current texts and instances, this paper intends to find out and analyze the exact position and effects of cultural events on quality of temporary urbanscapes and its further applications. The major goal and ideal of this analytical article is to analyze any modern cultural events which may cause a temporary landscape and further special social behaviors, among which emotional behaviors resulted from different events and more relations between human being and the environment can be pointed to. Finally, it may lead to upgrading of life quality. The structure of this research has been established in three steps as follows: Theoretical basics (Generalities, Subject Background, Examining of Case Samples) The importance and necessity of temporary urbanscape, cultural events emphasizing on artistic aspect, surveying the effects of cultural events on quality of temporary urbanscape Conclusion (Results) Finally, the effect of cultural events on quality of temporary urbanscape is presented as follows: Creation of sense of belonging and dependency to a place, collective memory and meaning creation through establishment a suitable field for further citizenship dealings with environment and each others promoting the meaning of citizenship and also persuading citizens to be active members through providing suitable field to create further transactions among citizens as well as between them and their city. Supplying of safety and security in urban spaces through creating of deeper relations among families and close relations among citizens, as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Effects of Townscapes in the Place Attachment Case Study: Nārmak Area in Tehran
Sakineh Maroofi Mojtaba AnsariThe nature of people–environment relationships is reflected in multiple research paradigms of the field, including studies of environmental stress, cognitive mapping, environmental assessment, human spatial behavior, conservation behaviors and ecological psycholog MoreThe nature of people–environment relationships is reflected in multiple research paradigms of the field, including studies of environmental stress, cognitive mapping, environmental assessment, human spatial behavior, conservation behaviors and ecological psychology. Environment in which man and human life are surrounded, affects the human behaviors, senses and perceptions. In this case, the built physical environment particularly in cities are the most important part of human life spaces. These spaces can affect the citizens’ life in various ways. Some of them grow out of the meaning of places, some of them are dealt with their physical features and some are concerned with the functions of environment. The quality of urban spaces depends on how they are enclosed as much as on their own attributes. This article aims to explore the interrelations between townscapes and social characters of environment.An understanding of the relationship between people and their environment is essential in urban design and planning. It assumes, that environment – people interaction in two way process. People aren’t passive, however they influence and change the environment as it influence and change them. The form and shape of a location can affect on social futures of residents in an area. Experience has shown that the design of the built environment can affect the social life. The term “sense of locality” deals with two concerns, one is sociological and the other psychological. The first has to do with the sense of one’s location, or one’s society’s location, within a larger social unit, and the second with a sense of belonging to a region and a regional culture. This research is going to answer this question: What is the relation between townscape and the sense of locality in an area? It seems that there is a meaningful relation between these variables. The attractive and appropriate townscape is an important element to enhance the sense of locality in an urban community. There is an interrelation between both tow variables. As determining the inhabitants ́ socio- cultural effects on urban landscape is too difficult, the authors study the effects of the urban landscape on the sense of locality among citizen in an area. To answer the question of the paper Nārmak area in Tehran was selected as the case study, since the area is one of the old communities in the city, its especial urban landscape and urban design the authors choose the area. The variables were determined and defined. There were two main variables in this paper. To evaluate the first variable (urban landscape) four indexes were determined. The indexes were: the design type of street and squares in the area, the quantity and quality of green coverage in the community, urban furniture, urban lighting, the coverage of footpath. Then a questionnaire was prepared and data were collected. Finally the responds were analyzed by SPSS. Based on the results, the hypothec of the investigation was accepted. It means, in the area under study there is a meaningful relation between urban landscape and the sense of locality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Urban identity and sense of place in new public spaces (Nahjolbalagheh Park in Tehran city)
Smaeil Daviran Malihe KariminezhadTraditionally only the identity of towns and places that have a certain historical works. But today these places in large cities do not have the old place. So must be identity to the cities in new places. One of the ways that these identities can be created from the use MoreTraditionally only the identity of towns and places that have a certain historical works. But today these places in large cities do not have the old place. So must be identity to the cities in new places. One of the ways that these identities can be created from the use of the identity of urban design and urban spaces, especially spaces in a furniture builder is new. This not only strengthens the identity and survival in the minds of people. But the continuation of sustainable urban identity and enhancing the sense of belonging somewhere.The purpose of this study is research role new spaces in creating sense of place belonging and without belonging place. The other hand achieve to this concept that the design of new spaces in desolate places as much impact on the community to create vitality and sense of belonging place and will result in the identity space.This research using descriptive - explanatory and using data collection methods as librarian and survival had intended to try to identify the role of design in creating a sense of belonging and research urban identity in Nahjolbalagheh park in Tehran city. The survival research in this research is observation and completion of questionnaires. Sample size is 100 cases of Nahjolbalagheh park visitors that the data collected in SPSS software was implemented and analyze hypothesis test was with the use of chi-square, Kendall, and gamma test. This research shows that community-based design space, proper placement of urban elements, the elements of identity construction, furniture and improving the quality of urban environment, including factors that may lead to new urban spaces are spaces in the maker’s identity. These finding shows that should not be sought identity in areas of historic old town. Proper design and use of furniture in a dynamic urban spaces abandoned not only led to the development of social spaces, increasing the level of citizen engagement, a sense of belonging somewhere, peace and comfort is psychological. But also on improving the security space. This study with studying of Nahjolbalagheh park of Tehran city examined the content expressed that how old abandoned space using design tools in new and dynamic space and time resolution of the identity and authentication mechanism be created.Therefore can say to be promoted how much quality and service in space, how well the various elements of the quality of urban spaces and urban design elements in public spaces, especially the new builder of quality and quantity as so attract the people, the use of space, satisfying feeling of space and space and thus increase the shelf-space and space in mind and the space is identity. The purpose of this study is research new space and role of new spaces in creating sense of place and belonging is non-place. Therefore results of studies show that identity and sense of belonging related with style and environment design and improving the quality of the urban landscape, such as furniture, identity and urban culture in the new areas will be strengthened. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A study on the role of the landscape design with the approach of solving the limitations of use for women in the coastal areas in Iran as an Islamic country
Saman Gheidi Heshmatollah Motedayen Maryam Cheshmehghasbani -
Open Access Article
16 - A Review of Temporary Landscape Research in China and Other Regions
Ziyang Cui Minzi Zeng Minxia Zhang Wei Yin -
Open Access Article
17 - Phenomenology of Place: A Framework for the Architectural Interpretation in Visual Arts (Case Study: Sohrab Sepehri's Drawings)
Ali Asadpour -
Open Access Article
18 - Investigating the Role of Urban Landscaping in the Perception of Collective Spaces Using Perceptual Potentials (Case study: Third Square of Tehranpars)
Saeed Sharif kazemi Haleh Hosseinpour -
Open Access Article
19 - Explaining the Adaptability Model of Industrial Heritage with Landscape
Hadith Faramarzi Mehdi Khakzand Mohammad Hasan Talebian Mostafa Masoudinejad -
Open Access Article
20 - Using the Component Model of Sustainable Landscape for the Quality Assessment of Urban Natural Public Spaces: A Case Study from Tehran’s River-valleys
Shahindokht Barghjelveh Nima Sayad -
Open Access Article
21 - Planning and Design of Urban Sustainable Riparian Park (Case Study: Kan River- Valley)
Hassanali Laghai Seyedeh Maryam Gilani -
Open Access Article
22 - A Comparative Study on Gardens of Isfahan and Shiraz From Sustainability View (Case Studies: Gardens of Hashtbehesht and Jahannama)
Honey Fadaie Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
23 - Architecture Students’ Understanding of Landscape Issues in Design Studios (A Comparison Approach in Some Tehran Architecture Schools)
Mehdi Khakzand -
Open Access Article
24 - Analyzing and Specifying the Mechanism of Temporary Landscape
Maryam Cheshmehghasabani Hassanali Laghai Farah Habib -
Open Access Article
25 - Organizing the Urban Landscape with Emphasis on Legibility, Using Visual Preference Technique (V.P.T) (Case Study: Khayyam Street of Qazvin)
Hossein Najafi charmini Maryam Khastou -
Open Access Article
26 - Relation Between Eco Urbanism and Cultural Landscape
Mahsa Marashizadeh -
Open Access Article
27 - Analysis of spatial heterogeneity and driving factors of land surface temperature using spatial regression models
Zahra Parvar Marjan Mohammadzadeh Sepideh SaeidiLand surface temperature is a significant factor affecting thermal variation and balance in global studies. In the last two decades, the great necessity for LST data in environmental studies and land resource management activities has made the measurement of LST as a ma MoreLand surface temperature is a significant factor affecting thermal variation and balance in global studies. In the last two decades, the great necessity for LST data in environmental studies and land resource management activities has made the measurement of LST as a major scientific debate. Discovering the spatial heterogeneity of land surface temperature and analyzing the key factors and specific effective spatial relationships that are affected by time series have great importance in land management. The aim of this study is to analysis of land surface temperature driving factors and spatial heterogeneity using spatial regression models. To review this issue, daily LST maps were prepared by the radiative transfer equation method using Landsat 7 and 8 data for 2002, 2013, and 2021 years in Bojnord city. The analysis of land surface temperature in areas where barren lands prevail requires nighttime temperature data. Therefore, MODIS night LSTs were also prepared as auxiliary maps. Pearson correlation, spatial autocorrelation, ordinary least square, and geographically weighted regression models were used for data analysis. Then, the performance of the models was compared using the coefficient of determination and the Akaike information criterion. The results showed that the GWR approach had a better prediction accuracy and a better ability to describe spatial non-stationarity than the OLS approach. The spatial response of LST and different influencing variables from 2002 to 2021 showed that the development of green space plays an important role in modulating land surface temperatures. Since LST is influenced by various variables, including topography, climatic and atmospheric variables, and vegetation, therefore, understanding spatial relationships and analyzing the areas with high LST can be useful as a way forward in the planning strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Identification and prioritization of criteria and indicators in the forest landscape restoration (case study: Chehl-Chay watershed, Golestan Province)
Mitra Emami Marjan Mohammadzadeh Seyedhamed Mirkarimi Shaban Shataee MohammadHadi MoayeriDeforestation and forest degradation have led to the formation of poor landscapes all over the world. Although in the past conservation strategies have emphasized intact natural systems, today the strategies have focused on the conservation and restoration of degraded e MoreDeforestation and forest degradation have led to the formation of poor landscapes all over the world. Although in the past conservation strategies have emphasized intact natural systems, today the strategies have focused on the conservation and restoration of degraded ecosystems. The forest landscape restoration approach (FLR) is considered an important approach for the restoration of ecological and socio-economic services of forest ecosystems in landscape scales. Identification and prioritization of efficient and effective criteria and indicators in the process of prioritizing areas to restore the forest landscape are a necessity that has not been done in Iran so far. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to introduce effective criteria and indicators for prioritizing appropriate areas for forest landscape restoration in the selected area. In this study, a total of 26 criteria and 68 indicators from ecological and socio-economic points of view were identified with an emphasis on directing restoration efforts towards areas that guarantee maximum profits from two perspectives of necessity (the need for restoration) and opportunity (feasibility of a restoration) and then, they were prioritized using the Delphi method. The results showed that in the section on the need for restoration, the process of landscape degradation from ecological criteria and poverty from socio-economic criteria were the first priorities. Besides, the ecological criteria of destruction and natural regeneration potential with equal priority and socio-economic criterion of the budget in terms of feasibility of reconstruction were the first priority. The results of this study, in addition to helping decision-makers and planners dealing with protecting nature protection and its use, can lead to the attraction of active participation of stakeholders in the forest landscape restoration programs with a balanced attention to both aspects of the necessity and the opportunity of restoration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Simulation of a Suitable Pattern of vegetation Cover for Protection and Restoration of Tajan Watershed Using TOPSIS and AHP
فاطمه رجائی عباس اسماعیلی ساری عبوالرسول سلمان ماهینی مجید دلاور علی رضا مساح بوانی مصطفی قلی پورAbstract Change and destruction of the environment by human activities, has been increased that results can be pointed out to the landscape change. This paper aims to determine the best scenario to protect and restore land cover changes in the future with an emphasis on MoreAbstract Change and destruction of the environment by human activities, has been increased that results can be pointed out to the landscape change. This paper aims to determine the best scenario to protect and restore land cover changes in the future with an emphasis on the patches connection of natural vegetation. Predict the ecological impacts of management scenarios based on metrics values determine and then the best scenario-based TOPSIS method was selected. In addition, the implementation of the scenario of protection and restoration in the watershed Tajan will be reduce the number of patches from 7600 to 4657 patches in natural vegetation and will cause better connectivity that is a sign of decreasing degradation and fragmentation of the landscape in the study area. The approach used in this study the possibility of predicting the ecological results of land use for achieve the objectives of the assessment and better integrated management of the watershed changes provides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - An analysis of the flexibility of open residential spaces with emphasis on landscape elements (Case study: Araki House)
Leila Fatahi Mihammadreza Bemanian HamidReza SaremiToday, the rapid growth of Iranian cities in recent decades has quantitatively neglected them in terms of the quality of the yard and open space, this situation has minimized the comfort and quality of homes, today due to the progress made In the field of technology, it MoreToday, the rapid growth of Iranian cities in recent decades has quantitatively neglected them in terms of the quality of the yard and open space, this situation has minimized the comfort and quality of homes, today due to the progress made In the field of technology, it is possible to create a flexible architecture that adapts to the changes, an architecture that adapts to the changing needs of its residents. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical to study and analyze houses built in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in Arak and find common features related to plant species, water and body structure and landscape elements in the yard in order to create flexibility. Pays outdoors. In traditional Iranian houses, the connection of areas such as energy saving, landscaping and flexibility, etc. has been done, which in recent decades has been raised as a concern of scientists and architects as a fundamental and critical issue in the present world. The results show that the courtyards of ancient houses in Arak have a single structural pattern as well as landscaping elements and vegetation. This study tries to test the efficiency of landscape components in the open space of houses and based on modeling and retrieving the principles and factors of landscaping to find a suitable solution to enhance the flexibility of today's open architecture Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Analysis of Landscape Structure and Land Use Changes as an Ecological Approach to Acheive the Sustainable Regional Planning (case study: Latian Dam Watershed)
Banafsheh Shafie Homa Irani Behbahani Amir Hossein Javid Hassan Darabi Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi,Landscape changes occur by natural trends or disturbing events. The current study evaluated the landscape structure changes of Latian Dam watershed by means of landscape metrics to achieve the ecological approach in order to formulate sustainable regional development an MoreLandscape changes occur by natural trends or disturbing events. The current study evaluated the landscape structure changes of Latian Dam watershed by means of landscape metrics to achieve the ecological approach in order to formulate sustainable regional development and planning for area of the study. Land use changes were identified using four time-series atmospherically-corrected surface reflectance Landsat images from 1987 to 2017.Then,7 metrics in landscape level and 8 metrics in class level were chosen to quantification the landscape structure by Fragstats 4.2 software, in order to analyze the landscape changes. The results and analysis show the increase in NP and IJI, and the decrease of AREA-MN which mean the fragmentation occurs in landscape level. The increase of AREA-MN and NP in built-area class shows the tendency to coarse grain structure (homogeneity), and the decrease of AREA-MN and increase of NP in vegetated area class, shows the tendency to fine grain structure (heterogeneity) in landscape level. These scientific findings of past, present and ability to estimate the future land use of the study area will assist planners and decision-makers to formulate environmental protection plans to conserve natural heritage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Measuring the effect of the color of environmental advertisements on the urban landscape of Mashhad's Felestin Street
pouya matini Hadi SarvariAs the main factor of advertising in the last century and as the newest one, environmental advertising is one of the building components of the city landscape. Although advertising is one of the methods of beautifying the urban landscape, sometimes people use urban spac MoreAs the main factor of advertising in the last century and as the newest one, environmental advertising is one of the building components of the city landscape. Although advertising is one of the methods of beautifying the urban landscape, sometimes people use urban spaces for advertising regardless of their visual beauty. The landscape of urban spaces is affected by many factors. Environmental advertising is one of the most important influencing factors in terms of urban spaces due to its close relationship with the body of the city and also an objective factor in people's eyes. Therefore, the role of environmental advertising in the urban landscape is of great importance, in order to develop an organizing plan or to modify urban views. The purpose of this research is to measure the effect of environmental advertising color on the urban landscape in Felestin Street, Mashhad, in order to use it to improve the quality of the landscape in this area. In this research, by using a questionnaire and a population of 352 people and spss software, information related to advertising boards in Felestin was collected and by using analysis methods and Spearman's correlation test and multiple regression, as well as field observation and collection, the resulting information was processed. has been The results obtained from this research show that there is a significant relationship between the color of environmental advertisements and urban landscape, and the attention to color in environmental advertisements, according to the investigations and the use of Spearman's test, where the significance level was less than 0.05. It has a direct effect on increasing the quality of urban landscapes, and in particular, according to the obtained regression coefficient (0.04), it can be concluded that the color of environmental protection has little effect on the urban landscape of Felestin Street. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Explaining the components affecting the flexibility of open residential spaces in Arak case study
Leila Fatahi Bemanian, Mohammadreza Bemanian HamidReza SaremiThe need for flexibility can be demonstrated from two dimensions, one in theory and the other in the many experiences that have existed throughout the history of architecture. Flexibility requires organization and without it it can lead to confusion and chaos. However, MoreThe need for flexibility can be demonstrated from two dimensions, one in theory and the other in the many experiences that have existed throughout the history of architecture. Flexibility requires organization and without it it can lead to confusion and chaos. However, complete flexibility is not possible, because there are boundaries that must preserve the entire system and the main structure. One of the preconditions for flexibility is the separate function of the retaining and separating elements of the building, therefore, the history of flexibility is closely related to the developments and flourishing of skeletal buildings in the new era. Theoretically, there are continuous changes that occur daily, monthly and even annually in environmental and human factors that these changes are generally in the form of three categories: changes in population structure (individuals), changes in rules and standards and Changes in values, architecture in order to adapt to these changes and maintain the quality of space, change is necessary, a change that according to the definitions, is considered flexible. In residential spaces, the ability to adapt the space to the personal needs and tastes of users is essential to maintain the desirability of the space. Factors such as increasing the number of children, change of residents and independence of children from the family, create the need for separation or integration in the housing unit or units. Also, the growth of people's age and change of their tastes is one of the factors that cause physical changes in the residential space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Livelihood Landscape Changes with Emphasizing on Propagation of Commercial Cultivation Case study: Havigh District of Talesh Sharestan, Iran
منصور Badrifar محمد Mina-AbadHavigh district mounted temperate and semi _ humid climate in south coast of Caspiansea, small part of this district is plain and the rest is moon teahouse the majoreconomic activity in this district is agriculture. Having district after victorious Islamicrevolution exp MoreHavigh district mounted temperate and semi _ humid climate in south coast of Caspiansea, small part of this district is plain and the rest is moon teahouse the majoreconomic activity in this district is agriculture. Having district after victorious Islamicrevolution experienced lots of change which commercial farming (kiwi cropping) hadan important effect in this change. Although this changes brought more welfare topeople, but from environmental point of view it caused some problem. In addition toKiwis fruit production and appropriate natural environment, factors like marketsespecially foreign market, politics and government decision could highly considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Dynamics of geographical structures in rural landscapes Case study: Shivasar,Govaver and Dinavar rural districts in Kermanshah province
منصور Badrifar نوذر GhanbariRural landscapes cover a vast area of territory of Iran as they accommodate aboutForty percent of the population of the whole country. In order to develop landuseplanning, rural landscapes have obtained special significance and value and they play akey role. Rural devel MoreRural landscapes cover a vast area of territory of Iran as they accommodate aboutForty percent of the population of the whole country. In order to develop landuseplanning, rural landscapes have obtained special significance and value and they play akey role. Rural development results in urbanism . In developing countries, develop ofservice and industry section, depend on agricultural development and to developAgriculture, primary emphasis is on rural development. Rural areas in Iran areaccounted for the most important activity field which face ill-designed andunorganized strategies and suffer from the lack of an institutional framework andregional development plans. This witnesses the lack of landuse planning in rural areas.It seems to be obvious that this controversial issue exists in different natural, social,economical and of mountainous, hilly and plain villges (areas).The results of this paper imply significantly the lack of Transformation changeand dynamism in some components and elements of landscape (Geographical bases)in relation to the time and place which accounted for the reason of undeveloped ruralareas. Every kind of villages (mountainous, hilly and plain) do not have any changesand dynamism which lead to malfunction in the whole system (rural landscape). Inorder to develop the rural landscape the emphasis in this research is to findout andrecognize these components and elements and also create transformation change,reconstruction and reorganization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The comparative study of cultural landscapes in mountainous and plain villages (A case study : ROODSAR TOWNSHIP)
نصرالله Molaei سیده مرضیه RoodbariIn consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other MoreIn consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other.In this study, with a view to this main question that "what are the differences andsimilarities between cultural landscape in mountainous villages and plain villages? "the main purposes like considering the component elements of the cultural lands cap inmountainous villages and plain villages and also analyzing the mutual effects of theseelements on each other and on the rural environments have taken in to attention as theeffective chains.In direction of the analysis of these purposes , the analytic and descriptivemethods of studies are in two ways including documents - library studies and fieldstudies and also through analytic considering the cultural landscapes of the villagesunder in restigalion in Roudsar township, we have been engaged in hypothesis test,concluding and presenting propositions.The achived results are consist of:The kind of living is an important factor in explaning the differnces between thecultural landscape of mountainous and plain villages.Presentation of the infra structural and public services in mountainous and plainvillages are effective in the changes of the cultural landscape of villages . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - A Comparative Study on Urban Green Space Landscape Developments an Geomorphological Perspective in Shiraz City, Iran, from 1976 to 2014 using GIS/RS
Meysam Jamali E. Moghimi Z. JafarpourGreen spaces represent an indispensible role and specific significance in today’s urban life. The importance of green spaces is to such an extent that experts regard such spaces as the “lungs” of cities. Nowadays, remote assessment applications, such a MoreGreen spaces represent an indispensible role and specific significance in today’s urban life. The importance of green spaces is to such an extent that experts regard such spaces as the “lungs” of cities. Nowadays, remote assessment applications, such as satellite imagery, have become especially important. Of course, analyzing the changes via such applications demands frequently updated images. In the present study, GIS/RS technology was used to investigate geomorphological patterns of change in urban spaces in Shiraz city, Iran, within a 38-year statistical period (1976-2014). To conduct the research, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Landsat satellite images (1, 8) and ETM+ and MSS sensors were processed in ENVI4.8. The maps of green space changes and the geomorphological perspective within the said period were prepared in GIS. Results revealed that the green space in Shiraz, within the period under study, was reduced more than 61.17%. The average of green space in the city was 57.11 m2 in 1976 which was reduced to 10 m2 in 2014. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Study of Tehran Nature Bridge and its impact on urban landscape
Somayeh Nedaei Mohsen KamaliIntroduction & Objective: The urban landscape in Iran, especially in metropolitan areas, like other developing countries, has suffered from diminished modernization, lack of vitality and vitality. Especially because of the variety of new physical barriers, seeing fr MoreIntroduction & Objective: The urban landscape in Iran, especially in metropolitan areas, like other developing countries, has suffered from diminished modernization, lack of vitality and vitality. Especially because of the variety of new physical barriers, seeing from the inside out to the city in this sense which is getting closer to the nature and landscape of the city, has been ignored. Today pedestrians are more likely to be involved with street traffic. One of the effective ways for lesser pedestrians to engage in traffic is to use pedestrian overpass bridges, the most important of which is the reduction of pedestrian interference and pedestrian safety. Therefore, the propos of this research is Identify effective factors in enhancing beauty of the urban landscape through modern instruments and the effect of the nature bridge on the readability and the exploration of the factors that make this structure apparent. Method:Library studies and questionnaires. Findings:The readability and impact of the nature bridge in the urban context and the public view, which is designed using the principles of urban landscape. ConclusionThe results of this research showed that the design of the nature bridge is considerably more urban in terms of urban landscape and readability for passersby is quite tangible and well-known, as well as in terms of the use and performance of one of the successful urban structures. According to the findings, the form and form, as well as factors The effective urban landscape in designing this bridge has been linked with users and its indexation in global societies. Therefore, the design of the bridge in the country is necessary with the criteria and principles of urban landscape design, using successful patterns in this field as well as The use of design and engineering teams to design and sample examples of bridges that meet the principles and criteria Coordinated urban landscape and add value and richness of urban environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Policy making for parks and urban landscape organization to obtain citizen participations
Ehsan Sepahvand Rasoul Mohammad Rezaie B. hayatiIntroduction and Goals: The organization of urban parks and green space is one of the municipal's organizations which has important role in studying, designing, operation and protection of urban green spaces. But it seems to obtain these goals the management of urban wo MoreIntroduction and Goals: The organization of urban parks and green space is one of the municipal's organizations which has important role in studying, designing, operation and protection of urban green spaces. But it seems to obtain these goals the management of urban won't be able to success by the common and traditional methods that why it needs to use powerful planning for answer the requests. The scientists believe that powerful planning is participation and in addition they will be ensuring of project successfulness by citizen participation on conceptions. Methods: In this research the approaches of participation by reputation criteria were used and then tried to made policy for parks and urban green space organization. Results: Residents of neighborhoods Encouragement to formation of people who interested on landscape (green helpers), and interaction with urban landscape organization Representatives, To turn matters relating to green space and using residential participator for: investment, Execution and maintenance of these area scan be planned and proposed solutions to improve the quality of their landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Assessing the Visual-Spatial Quality of the Urban Landscape over Time (Case Study: Region 8, District 1 of Tehran)
katayoon Teymoorian seyed mohsen mirIntroduction & Objective: The urban landscape is the totality of the mind, the interaction between man and the environment, and the mental image remains in the human mind. Urban landscape is a phenomenon that is revealed only through human experience in the interact MoreIntroduction & Objective: The urban landscape is the totality of the mind, the interaction between man and the environment, and the mental image remains in the human mind. Urban landscape is a phenomenon that is revealed only through human experience in the interaction between man and the environment. Due to the importance of urban landscape, the purpose of this article is to analyze the visual-spatial quality of urban landscape over time in District 8 of Tehran. Method: This research is a content analysis that has been done by exploratory method. The data used by the municipality of the study area have been provided. In order to achieve the research indicators, first the spatial analysis indicators and then the visual quality indicators for District 8 of District 1 of Tehran have been studied. Indicators are recorded based on the assessment of the perceptual approach based on the observer's view (scenes and places) with the camera (on routes in the study area). Results: According to the obtained results, it can be noted that in each of the factors studied in the study area, one of the criteria in the form of the concept of time dimension, is more prominent. So that sometimes man-made factors dominate the environment more, and sometimes the natural factors of the environment with the presence of man-made factors have a more prominent presence in the environment. Conclusion: In the evaluation of the present study, the studied paths in visual quality, path number 2 is more important, which requires planning and codified design to be able to revive the identifying elements of the area. Depending on the spatial characteristics of the study area, consecutive and related views lead to the creation of many three-dimensional values. These consecutive views, by moving from one direction to another, create a strong emphasis and impression on the observer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The Role of Education in Green Infrastructure Plannig and Design Approch
Reza Ramyar Eamail ZarghamiIntroduction and Aim: This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environmental state, with catastrophic consequences. Green infrastructure is a conservation planning that its conservation tools are land acquisition, easement, floodplain man MoreIntroduction and Aim: This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environmental state, with catastrophic consequences. Green infrastructure is a conservation planning that its conservation tools are land acquisition, easement, floodplain management, smart growth management tools, conservation land development, partnerships with landowners and land trusts. Green Infrastructure is now known as a new term in environment and conservation planning. The term Green Infrastructure has appeared to have gained acceptance more recently. In this paper it is tried to explain the role of learning and education in Green Infrastructure strategy. Research method: In this paper with the help of analytical method and relying on documents and researches the status of education in the theory of green infrastructure as a modern approach in planning and landscape design has been reviewed and analyzed. Findings: First of all it is tried to describe Green infrastructure as a strategy in landscape planning then after that education and learning define as a basement in this idea and strategy. Education then is described as a method for increase in participation and also the necessity of educating people is also explained. This subject is also emphasized in making cities more resilient. “Learning by Doing” is emphasized as a way in mitigating failures in landscape planning that is used in Green Infrastructure planning. Conclusion: In this paper, we show that education is a facilitator and complex concept in planning that is part of the active participation of citizens and other stakeholders and even the planners. Education in this way is a moderator and regulator of power geometry and aware people about this that can be regarded as the safest solution to improve the quality of urban green spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Locating the temporary landscapes in order to improve the quality of the urban living environment
Gh Siami نیلوفر Harivandi تهمینه KangiIntroduction and aim: The ‘Temporary urban landscapes’, is ascribed to temporary usage of lands and useless spaces in the city which can be used as arena of cultural-social events and also as the occasion of emerging citizen’s behavior. These spaces th MoreIntroduction and aim: The ‘Temporary urban landscapes’, is ascribed to temporary usage of lands and useless spaces in the city which can be used as arena of cultural-social events and also as the occasion of emerging citizen’s behavior. These spaces that can play important role in enhancing the social correlations, improving the citizen’s behavior and the quality of their living environment. The 8th region of metropolis Mashhad, because of its neighborhood with Razavi Holy Shrine and being important center for holding rites, ethics and rituals at different situations and the move of religious groups(carnival) towards Holy Shrine and also numerous abandoned places have a big potential in planning for locating temporary urban landscapes. Hence this paper’s aim is locating temporary urban landscapes appropriately in 8th region of Mashhad by using AHP, which is based on four standards including, social-cultural, skeletal, performance and availability and 19 substandard. Method: The process of completing this study is done by identifying current situation, defining standards and substandard and using Analytical Hierarchy Process. The data in this research have been collected through using libraries and fieldwork (completing questionnaire by specialists and city experts). Findings:In this research final weight of locating’s standards, is retrieved from the specialists and city expert’s view point. They are obtained as performance standard (0/550), availability standards (0/314), skeletal standards (0/069) and social-cultural standards (0/066). Conclusions:The result showed that north region, include Bahar ST and from Imam Khomeini ST to Imam Khomeini SQ is in the first priority, Kouhsangi and Passenger Terminals is the second priority, Namjou ST and Sento Rd is in the third and finally the south part of region is in the last priority for locating temporary urban landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Landscape management of urban distressed areas with Emphasis on visual and spatial Organization; Case study: Khak sefid Neighborhood
Zahra Khodaee Marjan ShahabzadehIntroduction and Objective: Spatial and visual organization impact due to a strong role in the management of urban landscape and environment perception is notable in the pathology and organizing urban landscape of worn out tissues. This paper aims to create favorable m MoreIntroduction and Objective: Spatial and visual organization impact due to a strong role in the management of urban landscape and environment perception is notable in the pathology and organizing urban landscape of worn out tissues. This paper aims to create favorable mental perspective and to mitigate these negative views of contemporary worn out tissues and accelerate economic and social vitality to these tissues studying the role of spatial and visual organization. Methods: based on literature review in connection with the urban landscape, is studying the role of spatial and visual organization to create mental perspective as a tool to control and manage the urban landscape and then with the case study of Khak Sefid neighborhood as a contemporary worn out tissues is used an introduced tool practically. Results: The results of this study showed that the use of spatial and visual organization is caused upgrade aesthetic qualities, Identifying to the site, legibility of site from objective and subjective perspective and physical and functional resilience. . Conclusion: Visual and spatial organization as a means of creating a mental picture of the place has a significant impact on the physical and metaphysical elements regulatory environment. Spatial and visual organization impact due to a strong role in the management of urban landscape and environment perception is notable in the pathology and organizing urban landscape of worn out tissues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Desining and Organizing of Parks in Urban Environmont: Acase Stdady of "8Th Shahriva" Park in the Semnan Sity
اکرم الملوک لاهیجانیان شادی شیعه بیکیThe aims of this research were studying landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks for citizens, studying existing abnormalities and irregularities in parks, resulted from non appropriate design of park spaces, providing appropriate conditions in Park MoreThe aims of this research were studying landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks for citizens, studying existing abnormalities and irregularities in parks, resulted from non appropriate design of park spaces, providing appropriate conditions in Park 8 Shahrivar for users, providing suitable criteria to qualitatively improve Semnan parks. Statistic society of this research, based on census of 2006, is included all citizens of Semnan amounted to 126780 persons and the studied sample is 170 persons of this society. This research has 2 hypotheses in mind: the hypothesis 1” landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks can attract and increase users’ numbers” confirmed by calculating percentage abundance and Pierson test calculation and considerable different between questions. Hypothesis 2 “access to beautiful and green environment can increase citizens’ life qualitatively and increase the society output” confirmed by calculating percentage abundance and Pierson test calculation and considerable different between questions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Environmental Design of Civic Wastes Location, with Emphasis on Ecological Landscape Design (Case study: Kahrizak landfill of Tehran)
seyed fazel ghazavi fereshteh habib Sara NahibiBackground and Objective: Landfills cause environmental degradation and pollution by producing greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide and producing leachate as well as contaminating surface and ground water. Recently, the ecological design approach as a fra MoreBackground and Objective: Landfills cause environmental degradation and pollution by producing greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide and producing leachate as well as contaminating surface and ground water. Recently, the ecological design approach as a framework for reducing environmental degradation by adapting municipal solid waste management to environmental processes is expanding widely. Ecological design strives to maximize comfort by minimizing damage to the environment and natural processes while enhancing people's quality of life. Ecological design strives to adapt to nature through the use of natural materials as well as environmental considerations.Method: In the present study, according to the definition of sustainable design and understanding its applications, in order to achieve the best, most complete and practical design for the site in question, existing maps of the area, including aerial maps, topography , GIS, vegetation, upstream maps, site development plans, survey of active sites in Landfill, survey of contaminant types, study of COD and BOD indices of the site have been studied, as well as review and identification of existing status (Environmental, Physical, Climatic, Landscape, Land Use, Transportation, Biological) through observation, photography and interviewing strategic design of this area is provided with ecological-based approach by site staff and residents of neighboring neighborhoods in accordance with the principles and principles governing the design of industrial environments.Findings: The existing plan prevents contamination of groundwater levels and prevents contaminated surrounding urban areas and agricultural lands. Restoration of damaged parts of the landfill, reduction of the risk of contamination by animals and noise pollution and unpleasant odors and its release into the atmosphere. The landfill is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the country through biogas production from landfill gas collection and reduction of fossil fuel use. By collecting and using Landfill gases as fuel and power generation, the rate of emissions to the atmosphere is reduced. Maximum use of biogas is due to the greater use of digesters.Discussion & Conclusion: Design criteria are mainly based on existing constraints and needs and make the designer's policy clearer and significantly help in locating applications. Applying these criteria will help to enhance opportunities and take advantage of existing opportunities and make the project less threatening. After developing the strategies, designing from different perspectives is done to finally select the best plan for implementation by reviewing the concepts and comparing them with each other and in accordance with international standards. At the end of the study, the three concepts are finally selected and after examining these three concepts together, the winning concept is selected for the execution phase. Landfill is an inevitable step in waste management. In today's growing population, landfill has become an integral part of communities, but landfills should not be used as a last resort, but rather as a mean to create new uses for it. Converting landfills to recreational uses while also providing a pleasant place to meet the recreational and sporting needs of the area's inhabitants. Human landfill contaminates the area and destroys many animals and causes major disturbance in nature. Brings to enhance the quality of the landfills and with as the landfill site becomes more prone to disruption, it is necessary to look at the area as a demolished mosaic and take steps to repair it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Land cover changes Assessment in Malayer using landscape metrics
Mohammad Javad Amiri Afsaneh Asgaripor Mahmoud ZoghiBackground and Objective: Due to the negative effects caused by the inappropriate use of land and land use changes, it is necessary to be aware about the variability process in the environmental impacts assessment witch arising from different developments to have the be MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the negative effects caused by the inappropriate use of land and land use changes, it is necessary to be aware about the variability process in the environmental impacts assessment witch arising from different developments to have the best planning and sustainable management of land. This study was conducted to check the effects of landscape changes in the city of Malayer. Malayer city due to various factors such as population growth, modernization of suburban neighborhoods and etc. is experiencing changes in land cover but among them the most effective factor is policies managers. Method: For achieving the studies objectives first step was mapping land cover change analysis, Landsat satellite images were used in the period between 2000 and 2014 and metrics were: class area (CA), number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI) and landscape shape index (LSI). Findings: Findings like landscape metrics analysis shows wide replacement of open lands in the area with green and built lands. This means that from 2000 to 2014 green space is nearly doubled and open land also have decreased about 50%. Also the increase of number of patches was more than double that shows the microlithic landscape in the region. Discussion and Conclusion: The final results show that the changes of green lands are promising and improving and behind of this improvement there is nothing except management focus on green space which should continue in the future for sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Analyzing of Urban Green Space Changes in Gorgan City Using Landscape Metrics
Bibi Sara Daz Ata Ghaffari Gilandeh Ali AziziBackground and Objective: Rapid urbanization and vast changes in land cover have disrupted the urban green patches environmental structure and functions. Identifying and understanding these changes is necessary to improve the urban green patches situation in any place. MoreBackground and Objective: Rapid urbanization and vast changes in land cover have disrupted the urban green patches environmental structure and functions. Identifying and understanding these changes is necessary to improve the urban green patches situation in any place. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to evaluate the changes of green patches of Gorgan City using landscape metrics, remote sensing and geographical information system techniques. Method: In this research, Landsat satellite images for 1987, 2001, and 2014 have been used to provide land use/cover maps of Gorgan City. After conducting the preprocessing, classification of the images was done using the supervised method and the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then the maps were reclassified in three classes namely built-up areas, green patches and other land uses. Afterwards, in order to investigate the changes in urban green patches, landscape metrics including Class Area, Number of Patch, Mean Patch Size, Mean Size Index and Edge Density was used. Findings: Findings show that from 1987 to 2014, green patches, especially agricultural and forest lands, has been decreased and built-up areas has been increased. During these 27 years, built-up areas have increased approximately 15/86 km2 and green patches have decreased approximately 6/53 Km2. Also, the analysis of landscape metrics shows a decrease in the number and size of green patches due to fragmentation and disintegration. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of 27 years’ green patches dynamic in Gorgan City show that the green patch of the city has been significantly reduced and fragmented. Therefore, studying urban green patch changes using new ecological approaches and methods, is necessary in any urban planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Role of Landscape Ecology Spatial Structure Analysis in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Case Study: Miankaleh International Wetland)
Soolmaz Dashti Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Kaveh Jafarzadeh Mojgan Bazmara BaleshtiBackground and Objective: The use of environmental impact assessment methods is one of the important tools in environmental management studies and the reduction of potentially harmful environmental factors in sensitive areas such as wetlands to achieve sustainable devel MoreBackground and Objective: The use of environmental impact assessment methods is one of the important tools in environmental management studies and the reduction of potentially harmful environmental factors in sensitive areas such as wetlands to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of spatial composition and distribution of Miankaleh International Wetland and also to evaluate the efficiency of land features measurements to assess environmental effects. Method: For this purpose, first Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images of ETM + and OLI sensors related to 2001 and 2016 were prepared. Then, by performing the necessary processing and preprocessing, the land use map was prepared and the raster maps were entered into FRAGSTATS 4.2 software was performed. Findings: According to the results, it can be said that the water zone of the wetland (which is the most important part of the wetland) and consequently the wetlands of the wetland have a large area and has not become fine and stained, but during the study period Deleted part of its domain. The use of vegetation and man-made lands has also disrupted the natural environment by creating new spots and fragmentation. Agricultural use has not been in the form of spots and the increase in its area has been in the form of large spots. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the stated results, proper management in the wetland environment is not implemented. Because the current management of Miankaleh wetland is a hardware and old management, also due to the location of this wetland in two provinces, it does not have an integrated management and the management plan is scattered and multiple. As a result, by creating an integrated and coherent management plan, the problems of this wetland can be overcome to some extent. The present study well showed that land use measurements are a suitable tool for assessing environmental impacts in the shortest time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Assessment of Land Changes in Tajan River Watershed with Emphasis on Landscape Metrics
Fatemeh Rajaei Abbas Esmaili Sari Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Majid Delavar Ali Reza Massah BavaniIntroduction: Land cover and its configuration in the landscape are crucial components in the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Hyrcanian forests have a long history (arising in the Jurassic Period) and are among the world's most valuable forests; the de MoreIntroduction: Land cover and its configuration in the landscape are crucial components in the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Hyrcanian forests have a long history (arising in the Jurassic Period) and are among the world's most valuable forests; the decline in the Hyrcanian forests is one of the most serious problems of recent years. Material & Method: This study aims at comparing multi-temporal land use and landscape pattern analysis using satellite images from 1984, 2001 and 2010. Land use and spatial structures were predicted for future time horizons in the Tajan Watershed by land change modeler (LCM). Also, the landscape patterns were calculated by FRAGSTATS 4.2. Result & Discussion: The results show that forest was the dominant land cover (72% of area in 1984 and 46% in 2040) in the study area. The total area of forest was 8/4 times higher than the agriculture land cover in 1984 and 1.8 times in 2040. The Largest patch Index (LPI) shows forest lands as dominant cover in the whole period. Also proximity index (PROX) in agriculture and pasture land use increase during 1984 to 2040. The Edge density (ED) will increase in the future for three land uses. The edge density will increase at forest land use from 2010 to 2040. An informed vision on past, present and future forest area dynamics may help guide and prioritize international decisions aimed at reducing forest loss. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Investigating the Quantitative Trend of Land Changes in Kermanshah Province (Case Study: Gharesou and Mereg Watershed (in years 1984, 2000, and 2016))
Fatemeh Mardani Yaghouti Mehrdad Khanmohammadi Peyman KaramiBackground and Objectives: Human activities change land cover at unprecedented speeds and large spatial scales. The rapid changes in ecosystems in recent decades have been more along all the human history and have led to unprecedented changes in ecosystems and env MoreBackground and Objectives: Human activities change land cover at unprecedented speeds and large spatial scales. The rapid changes in ecosystems in recent decades have been more along all the human history and have led to unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental performance at local, regional and global scales. This research aims to investigate the process of landscape quantitative changes in Gharesou and Mereg watersheds. Investigation method: For monitoring changes, Landsat satellite imagery of 1984 (TM), 2000 (ETM+) and 2016 (OLI-TIRS) were used. The classification was performed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Land cover was classified into seven categories. Metrics PLAND, NP (Number of Patch), PD (Patch Density), and ED (Edge Density) at the Level of Class, NP, LPI (Largest Patch Index), CONTAG (Contagion), and SHDI (Shannon's diversity index) were calculated at the level of Landscape for the study area. Results: The results indicate that the highest percentage of the land cover belongs to agricultural lands and then medium rangelands. The numbers of patches of agricultural land in the period of 1984-2004 has increased due to the conversion of rangelands to agricultural lands and then between years 2000-2016 have decreased due to the conversion to medium ranges with a lesser rate. The number of forest patches in the first period has decreased because of conversion to medium rangelands and increased during the second period. Conclusion: The study of the landscape metrics indicates the increase in continuity, the reduction of fragmentation and diversity in the first time period, and in contrast, in the second time period, continuity has decreased and fragmentation and diversity have increased. Given the fact that the process of landscape changes varies over two different periods, it can generally be noted that the fragmentation and diversity of the landscape have declined and the spatial continuity has increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Agricultural Museum Site: An Educational Approach to Promoting Urban Environment
Neda Zarkesh Reza Sameh Mohammad Mehdi ZarrabiBackground and Objective: Nowadays, one of the most important strategies in the face of the increased population of cities is the design of green space in part of the urban structure. Empowerment at the urban and regional levels should meet the needs of life and respond MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, one of the most important strategies in the face of the increased population of cities is the design of green space in part of the urban structure. Empowerment at the urban and regional levels should meet the needs of life and respond to the needs of citizens. Agriculture has a valuable heritage in Iran and depreciating it in this rich and talented country not only threatens food security, but also endangers environmental health. Since issues such as population growth and climate change require considering the environment. The purpose of this article is to promote environmental conditions by creating an agricultural museum site and establishing a link between the man-made environment and natural environment in order to provide good conditions for education and create a good environmental culture and expand the recreational space. Methodology: The present study uses a descriptive and analytical research method. After describing the previous studies in this field as well as their function, the approaches and goals related to agricultural education in the city and its suburbs will be discussed and the proposed activities on Agricultural Museum Site will be classified into six factors and their impact on each of the mentioned approaches will be analyzed. Findings: The findings of the research show that urban and suburban agricultural approaches, productive urban landscape, design of ecosystems and performance analysis of each one, including their educational, tourism, recreational, economic, social and cultural roles and climatic changes help promote the quality of the natural environment Discussion and Conclusion: The Agricultural Museum Site is a naturalistic approach and presented as an educational approach to promote the urban environment in this research. Therefore, the allocation of urban and suburban lands to productive lands, such as the Agricultural Museum Site and its proper management as part of the social spaces of cities and a place for social interactions have helped revive the green space and improve the quality of the living environment in the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Relationship between Spectator and Green Sceneries in Persian Gardens; Investigating the Differentiation Dimensions (Utilitarian and Pleasure Sceneries)
SEYYEDMOHAMMADREZA KHALILNEZHAD Mohammad Ali BidokhtiIntroduction: Structurally speaking, beyond the productive and decorative functions of plants as the main elements of the garden, they have the significant role in shaping the relationship of viewer and the interior landscape of the garden. Material and Methods: This a MoreIntroduction: Structurally speaking, beyond the productive and decorative functions of plants as the main elements of the garden, they have the significant role in shaping the relationship of viewer and the interior landscape of the garden. Material and Methods: This article under the comparative surveys will discuss the relationship of spectator and the interior sceneries of the historical gardens and the effect of plant order on the quality of visual system. The case gardens studies are: Akbariye, Amir Abad, Bahlgerd, Rahim Abad, Shahzadeh, Pahlavanpour, Dolat Abad, and Fin. Those gardens have been studied and compared based on the connection between onlooker and green appearance from the severally potential viewpoints. Furthermore, based on the separation of fruitful and ornamental greenery in Persian gardens, all of studies and comparison have been conducted in two main sections for each of the above mentioned landscape types. Result and discussion: In Persian gardens, the quality of connection of visitor to the productive sceneries and pleasure landscapes is different. The physical access of public visitors to the productive fields was managed, especially in ceremonial gardens The contemporary conversion (managed or unwanted) of the planting system has undesirable effects on the quality and variety of connection the spectator-scenery, and will decline the genuine differentiation of the connectedness of visitor to the edible and pleasure sceneries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Prioritizing Elements of Recreation Footpaths to Promote Healing with the Help of Sense Perceptions
saina babaei morteza maleki Mohammad Reza Mehrabani GolzarBackground and Objectives: Consideration of Healing through recreational footpaths can improve mental and physical health and increase the mental health of city dwellers. One of the most important dimensions of recreational footpaths is design elements used in them whic MoreBackground and Objectives: Consideration of Healing through recreational footpaths can improve mental and physical health and increase the mental health of city dwellers. One of the most important dimensions of recreational footpaths is design elements used in them which are categorized into two tangible and subjective species. Many researchers have investigated the effective design components on the health and welfare of citizens; but a comprehensive look at the relationship between landscape elements of recreation footpaths and healing components with regard to the role of the human senses has not been carried out yet. This article seeks to identify effective dimensions of recreation footpaths and their impact on healing the users with the help of the five senses. Method: The research approach is qualitative. In a general view, all the used data in this research obtained from two ways; review of previous researches and experts’ vote. At first, efficient dimensions and components were clarified and prioritized using library methods and logical reasoning; then experts’ recommendations had been analyzed and discussed through fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP). At the end, the results of both previous stages were integrated using normalization in order to finalize the priorities of footpath elements. Findings: The findings emphasized that “Sight” has the most impact on perception and healing components, among other senses. Also, natural elements have the most impact on the healing through footpath elements. And the highest proportion of healing will occur in ‘emotional / psychological healing’. Discussion and Conclusion: Seeing "natural landscapes" (through sight and visual aspects) and being in touch with nature (through olfactory, tactile and audible senses), can decrease the psychological stresses and Increase biological well-being as well as heal internal anxiety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Assessment and monitoring of land use degradation around the urban river valley using landscape ecology approach (Case study: Gheshlagh river valley)
Morteza ghobadi alireza sepahvand Masumeh AhmadipariBackground and Objective: Assessment of the resilience threshold based on the characteristics of landscape causes an appropriate management for vulnerability and identifying resilience areas. This study assessed the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approa MoreBackground and Objective: Assessment of the resilience threshold based on the characteristics of landscape causes an appropriate management for vulnerability and identifying resilience areas. This study assessed the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approach by using quantitative methods in the Gheshlagh river valley.Material and Methodology: The study area was classified into five homogeneous zones based on the characteristics of the composition and distribution of the landscape structure, and the vulnerability and resilience of the zones were determined. The vulnerability was calculated based on the status of the signs and their changes, and the resilience of the zones was determined based on 5 resilience criteria including ability of resilience, speed of resilience, maximum resilience, amount of resilience, and possibility of resilience. The method of recording the quantitative characteristics of the landscape was completed using moving windows in the fragstat environment during the two periods of 2000 and 2018.Findings: The results of the vulnerability assessment of the zones showed that the vulnerability of the zones were 33%, 25%, 23% and 20% for A, D, C and B, respectively. The results of the resilience of zones showed that the zones A and D are not resilience against the changes, and also the amount of resilience B is more than all zones, the speed of resilience C is also more than the other zones.Discussion and Conclusion: The characteristics of the composition and distribution of the landscape structure have significant effects on the environment and the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approach is a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring of urban land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Quantification Visual Criteria of Land Cover Using Landscape Metrics (Case Study: Tonekabon Forests of Dohezar-Sehezar )
Kobra Melhosseini Darani Samar Mortazavi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Kamran Shayesteh Samereh FalahatkarBackground and Objective: Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies esp MoreBackground and Objective: Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies especially in northern ecosystem of the country. Methods: This study aimed to quantify the visual criteria of naturalness and complexity using SHDI, SHEI, PLAND, LPI, PR, PD, and NP measurements in the area of Tonekabon's Dohezar-Sehezar watershed from two viewpoints. The visible range, after land use mapping and production of DSM and transmitting of visibility points to GIS, was obtained using the Visibility instruction in GIS, which analyzed the visible range at two points. Findings: According to the PLAND index, the highest amount pertained to forest land use, and their amounts for forest, agriculture, and rangeland land uses found 0.1499, 0.0001, and 0.0021 respectively that detected the naturalness in the first- viewpoint was more than the second viewpoint, and this area has been less affected by human interferences. At the second point, except for the SHEI value which was less than the first point ( 0.0927), the amount of SHDI (0.0927), PR(7000), PD (2.507), and NP(2058000) indices grater than second point obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of landscape metrics with regard to their capabilities can be a useful step to early identification of the impacts of development on the structure of landscape. The proposed approach can be the basis for developing a new method to understanding the effects of landscape changing in planning and management fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Evaluation of Effective Ecological Design Criteria on Designing Chehelsetoon Garden
vahid heidarnattaj Ferial AhmadiBackground and Objective: The current study is applied to assess structural elements of landscape mosaic of Chehelsetoon garden to identify whether ecological design criteria have influenced on Chehelsetoon garden design or not.Material and Methodology: Descriptive- ana MoreBackground and Objective: The current study is applied to assess structural elements of landscape mosaic of Chehelsetoon garden to identify whether ecological design criteria have influenced on Chehelsetoon garden design or not.Material and Methodology: Descriptive- analytical has been used in three steps. Firstly, design criteria of Persian gardens have been studied. Secondly, design features of Chehelsetoon garden have been analyzed and compared with Persian garden criteria. Then adaption degree of design features of Chehelsetoon with Persian garden criteria has been determined.Findings: The results of the current research indicate that rectangular shapes are the main pattern of the landscape of studied area. In addition, continuous mass and rectangular shapes are recognized as the pattern of surrounding green spaces of the Chehelsetoon garden. It should be noted that green space of the main axis of garden is continuous strip patterns.Discussion and Conclusion: Using water in contrast with high humidity of the environment, land morphology intervention, incompatibility with vernacular landscape and using Persian garden pattern and planting non-native trees and flowers (evergreen trees) in the main axis of garden show that designer concentrate on developing Persian garden patters instead of ecological design criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Simulation of the impact of pest outbreak and forest harvesting on stand mixture in the Hhyrcanian forest (Case study: Lireh Sar forests, Tonekabon)
Mehdi Vakili Zahed Shakeri saeid motahari Maryam Farahani Zachary Robbins Robert SchellerBackground and Objective: Species composition are affected by disease outbreaks, pest outbreaks, and harvesting. In the Hyrcanian forests, alder brown leaf beetle is among the most common biological disturbances, which along with timber harvesting can alter its species MoreBackground and Objective: Species composition are affected by disease outbreaks, pest outbreaks, and harvesting. In the Hyrcanian forests, alder brown leaf beetle is among the most common biological disturbances, which along with timber harvesting can alter its species composition. The present study aimed to simulate the species composition of the Hyrcanian forest at stand level under the mentioned natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Material and Methodology: Using random-systematic sampling with a circular plot within a 200*200 grid, 667 plots (1000 m2) were sampled for evaluating the current state. A LANDIS-II landscape change model was used to simulate the study area under different scenarios for 5-years’ time periods over 100 years. Findings: By accelerating the removal of pure hornbeam stands from the landscape, biological disturbance is likely to increase the mixture of tree composition by allowing Carpinus-Diospyros and Carpinus-Parrotia to replace them. Similarly, tree harvesting will also create the same situation by establishing mixed broadleaf and Alnus-Carpinus forest types. In the presence of biological disturbance and tree harvesting, diversity peaked so that the highest mixture stands were produced by scenario of alder brown leaf beetle in the presence of tree harvesting. Discussion and Conclusion: When biological disturbance occur, Caucasian alder species that host this pest can be preserved by implementing appropriate harvest management techniques and creating a more mixed forest ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Urban-rural Gradient Landscape Analysis of Tehran Metropolitan in 2008 and 2018
Golazin Radyn Majd Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad Hejazi Mohammad Javad Amiri Hamidreza GhaffarzadehBackground and Objective: Urban expansion causes fundamental changes in the ecological landscape structure and function and a gradual change in the spatial structure and pattern of the landscape. Due to the importance of understanding the components of urban environment MoreBackground and Objective: Urban expansion causes fundamental changes in the ecological landscape structure and function and a gradual change in the spatial structure and pattern of the landscape. Due to the importance of understanding the components of urban environment and how to understand the interactions between these components, the aim of this study is the urban-rural gradient analysis of Tehran using landscape metrics to quantify the landscape pattern.Method: Research data were collected in 2019 and the combination of gradient analysis and landscape metrics has been used to quantify the pattern of Tehran landscape. Land use maps of Tehran were classified using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images related to 2008 and 2018 in ENVI 5.3 in categories of built-in land, open land, vegetation land and water. For the gradients analysis, a number of 4km×4km transects were designed in the four main directions, and passing through region 12 of Tehran. To calculate the mestrics of Number of Patches, Patch Density, Edge Density, Percentage of Landscape, Mean Patch Size and Mean Shape Index on both landscape and class levels used the moving-window technique.Findings: From 2008 to 2018, urban development has increased the Patch Density in the landscape. So in the central transect the continuity of the landscape has decreased and the fragmentation of the structural components has increased. At the level of the landscape, the Number of Patches and the Edge Density have increased dramatically. However, the Mean Patch Size and the Mean Shape Index have decreased. At the class level, the Mean Patch Size of open lands and built-in land has increased.Discussion and Conclusion: Along transects in addition to land use changes, Shape and Patch Density have also changed, and the process of these changes along transects is different. The percentage of built-in lands is the dominant matrix in transects near the commercial center of Tehran, and the area of vegetation lands and water has decreased from 2008 to 2018. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Presenting Ecological Design Strategies to Restore Vernacular Landscapes Based on Analyzing Natural Pattern
Ferial Ahmadi Maria KordjamshidiBackground and Objective: Intervention of vernacular communities in natural patterns forms vernacular landscapes. Consequences of climate solutions and use of vernacular materials can be observed in development of settlements in these landscapes. However, agreement betw MoreBackground and Objective: Intervention of vernacular communities in natural patterns forms vernacular landscapes. Consequences of climate solutions and use of vernacular materials can be observed in development of settlements in these landscapes. However, agreement between natural and man-made pattern has not been investigated so far. Therefore, the current study assesses level of matching the mentioned issues. Method: In this study, qualitative method along with interference approach is used based on analysis of Iranian vernacular landscapes (Abyaneh, Masouleh, Kandovan and Oraman vernacular landscapes). Finding: The results indicate that the development patterns of urban services such as public streets, settlements, and similar cases matches with natural growth patterns. Discussion and Conclusion: Results of this study emphasize that landscape designers should recognize natural patterns associated with natural disturbances, and thence set their design strategies. For the sake of simplicity, the mentioned process is called as ecological design, which results in agreement between natural and man-made patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Analysis of land use in the BEHBAHAN city approach landscape ecology
Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari Fatemeh MohammadyariBackground and Objective: Land cover changes as a result of complicated interactions of structural and functional factors have extensive effects on the landscape. Therefore, studying the structure of the landscape based on the principles of ecology and landscape metrics MoreBackground and Objective: Land cover changes as a result of complicated interactions of structural and functional factors have extensive effects on the landscape. Therefore, studying the structure of the landscape based on the principles of ecology and landscape metrics as its components, is a suitable tool for mapping and quantifying the spatial characteristics of each user.Material and Methodology: In the preset study, following the preparation of land cover maps and extraction of measures at two levels of class and scale, the main components analysis (PCA) was used to select the appropriate measures in the analysis of landscape changes in Behbahan city between years 2002 and 2014.Findings: Class Area (CA), the number of patches (Np), the landscape image (LSI), edge density (ED), percentage landscape (PLAND) and Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) were selected as the most appropriate measures. The results showed an increase in the area of residential areas (1551 ha), agricultural lands (8036 ha) and irrigated areas (287 ha) and sharp drop in pastures (4560 ha) and city forests (2081 ha).Discussion and Conclusion: By human manipulation, Landscape structure is fine-grained city. and the number of pieces of man-made and natural half increased. Also, most of the changes were made due to the destruction of the grassland spots among man made crops, especially agricultural land consolidation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Visual Impact Assessment of building’s facade on the natural landscape (Case study: Namaz Boulevard of Mashhad)
maryam motamedi nejad sanaz saeidi mofradBackground and Objective: One of the most important challenges regarding recent urban developments is the issue of urban facades, which has become more and more important due to the lack of harmony and coordination of urban facades with the natural context of cities. Th MoreBackground and Objective: One of the most important challenges regarding recent urban developments is the issue of urban facades, which has become more and more important due to the lack of harmony and coordination of urban facades with the natural context of cities. The main issue of the present study is the study and analyzing of the effects of urban views of recent constructions on the natural landscape and the visual effects of the urban landscape. Material and Methodology: The methodology of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. And the research area is Namaz Boulevard located in the southern heights of Mashhad metropolis. First, in order to identify the visual qualities of the study area, field sampling method and photography tools were used, Then, the data were analyzed using graphic software and finally, using the VIA visual impact assessment method, the effects of urban facades on the natural landscape of the area were evaluated. Findings: Findings show that the components of the relationship in the urban landscape of recent constructions have positive and direct effects and in some areas of influence due to lack of coordination and non-observance of rhythm and visual continuity and other adjacent criteria, direct, negative and medium-term effects. It has been left and in terms of components such as harmony and unity in architectural style, the type of materials and color palette used in urban facades, long-term negative effects are predicted for it. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that in recent years, the elevation in Namaz Boulevard on the one hand and the inconsistency of construction patterns and architectural style with the urban context, have negative, direct and long-term effects on the natural landscape and lead to obstruction of vision and disturbances. Visual and loss of landscape and ecological structures are limited. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Examining changes in the ecological structure of four hills in Sanandaj using object-oriented method and metrics of continuity and complexity
Milad Zandsalimi Bakhtiar BahramiBackground and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and nat MoreBackground and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and natural processes. In this study, changes in the ecological structure of four significant hills in Sanandaj (Tosonozar, Nishtman, Mellat, and Didgah) were investigated using Google Earth images and two ecological metrics over 16 years (2020-2004). Material and Methodology: The ecological structure of these hills was investigated by object-oriented method in six classification categories and their changes. Also, by using FRAGSTATS 4.2 software, the status of two ecological indicators, FRAC and CONTIGH, were calculated and checked in the hills until 6/20/2019. Findings: Man-made elements have increased (19%) in all hills, especially in Nishtman. Also, rangeland cover has decreased (32%), especially in Tusunozar and Nazgah hills. The complexity of landscape spots in all hills except Toos-Nozar has increased. Also, the continuity Toos-Nozar has decreased except Toos-Nozar hill. Discussion and Conclusion: The elimination of pastures and plant species, the increase in recent fires and droughts, and the increase in human interventions such as construction and motorways, the cohesion and ecological flows of these hills have posed a severe threat. Simplification while homogeneity of landscape components in Toos-Nozar hill indicates the distance of landscape components from their natural state. The decrease in continuity in the three hills, including Mellat, Didgah, and Nishtman, indicates an increase in fragmentation and discontinuity in these hills' natural landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Landscape Metrics as Tool for Investigating the Relationship between Landscape Patterns and Land Surface Temperature in suitable scale(Case Study: Tehran City
Fatemeh Effati Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Fatemeh SHafie Khorshidi Saeed KarimiBackground and Objective: Tehran has experienced extensive population growth in the last decades, leading to a high rate of urban expansion. Land use/land cover (LULC) patterns have noticeably been changed to impervious surfaces that led to the changes in the thermal co MoreBackground and Objective: Tehran has experienced extensive population growth in the last decades, leading to a high rate of urban expansion. Land use/land cover (LULC) patterns have noticeably been changed to impervious surfaces that led to the changes in the thermal condition and forming heat islands in this city. So this study wants to evaluate the landscape and the Land surface temperature patterns via using the landscape metrics on a proper scale in Tehran. Material and Methodology: In this study, a combination of remote sensing, GIS and landscape ecology approach is used to explain the relationship between land use/cover patterns and land surface temperature in Tehran's urban area. We used ETM + Landsat satellite images of February 28, 2013 to create a five class LULC map of the area through Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis and the maximum algorithm methods. Also, Land Surface Temperature map were prepared according to the available methods for thermal band of the sensor and were presented in four zones. Then, the relationship between LST and land use/cover was investigated using 7 landscape metrics (e.g MPS, PAFRAC, COHESION). Findings: We found that impervious surface has the highest percentage of class and mean patch size, cohesion and aggregation, and landscape metrics very well described the LST zone II with impervious surface dominance. Also, the results showed that the 30 m pixel size is good enough for assessing the spatial and ecological characteristics of LULC patterns and their relationships with LST in Tehran Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed the possibility of assessing the relationship between LST and LULC based on the landscape metrics. The findings can be useful for urban planners and environmental managers to decrease urban heat pollution during urban sprawl and development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Using Landscape Metrics and Remote Sensing to Analyze Land Changes and Land Degradation (Case Study: Shirin Dare Watershed Basin-North Khorasan province-Iran)
Zahra Parvar Kamran Shayesteh Morteza BehzadfarBackground and Objective: Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure h MoreBackground and Objective: Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure helps researchers to realize and quantify LULC changes of the earth surface. The ability to quantify to describe landscape structure is prerequisite to the study of landscape function and change. Landscape ecology has various quantitative indices to analyze and describe the landscape structure for this purpose. Landscape metrics represent the spatial pattern of the entire landscape mosaic e.g. the proportion of each landscape type, or the shape of the component landscape elements at a set point in time. Material and Methodology: This study applied supervised classification-maximum likelihood in IDRISI Selva to detect land cover/land use changes observed in Shirin dare watershed using satellite data obtained from Landsat for the years 1996, 2005 and 2015 respectively. The watershed was classified into six major land cover/use classes viz based on our purpose. Various class-level and landscape level-landscape pattern metrics were calculated using Fragstats 4.2 in order to analyze landscape structure. Metrics include NP, MPS, LPI, SIDI, SHDI, SHEI and SIEI were used in this study. These metrics can give us a lot of information about the structure and changes of landscape components. Findings: The overall classification accuracies in land use cartographies in 1996, 2005 and 2015 were 92.96%, 87.29% and 87/45%, respectively. Our results between 2005 and 2015 were clearly showed that increased number of patches and decreased mean patch area two important fragmentation indicators and the trend of landscape degradation and fragmentation was increasing. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the current patterns of dry farm land and barren land development in the studied landscape and in order to reduce the alarming rates of land degradation and become more efficient land use managers, it is necessary to know the causes of land changes. That means with the ongoing land degradation trend, a reasonable land use plan should be made with emphasis on protecting natural forests, grasslands and the water body. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Principles and strategies of landscape design of primary schools based on improving adaptive behavior
maryamsadat razavipour farhang mozafar zeinab talebiBackground & Objective: Exceptional schools which accept children with special educational needs, including children with intellectual disabilities, should regard educational goals and meet their specific physical and mental needs in school building design .one of t MoreBackground & Objective: Exceptional schools which accept children with special educational needs, including children with intellectual disabilities, should regard educational goals and meet their specific physical and mental needs in school building design .one of the most important one is improving adaptive skills. This study seeks to find criteria for landscape design of exceptional schools, in order to prepare children with intellectual disability for independent living, by improving their adaptive skills. Material and Methodology:The method used in this research is qualitative-quantitative and is based on Delphi type of exploratory research .Correlation test and multiple linear regression was used to test the research hypotheses. Based on the aims and hypotheses of the research, architectural solutions were asked from the architects and after achieving the most important strategies, in order to ensure the accuracy of the data, a survey was conducted and teachers in special schools were asked if the solutions improve adaptive skills. Findings: design of simulated spaces with community, home-like school environment, accessibility, participatory spaces, paly ful spaces, attention to the color, form, material are the principles should be regarded in landscape design of special schools. Discussion and conclusion: Regarding these principles, provide such an environment which encourage participation and communication, direct connection with nature, sensory stimulating by color, music, texture, and the possibility of group games and as the result of the activities occur, adaptive skills will increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - SWOT
Akramolmolook Lahijanian Shadi SheabeygiIranian cities developments show the fact that however their quantitative development was parallel with city superficial development and increasing of construction with urban output, this development in qualitative point of view was accompanied with many challenges. Se MoreIranian cities developments show the fact that however their quantitative development was parallel with city superficial development and increasing of construction with urban output, this development in qualitative point of view was accompanied with many challenges. Semnan is one example of these kinds of cities which contains considerable natural and under structures green environment that has considerable qualitative improvement effect on the city. According to urban green spaces importance, this research considers landscape and environment beautification plans of Park 8 Shahrivar of Semnan measuring 5 hectares. The questionnaire is designed according Likert scale with 5 scores. The aims of this research were based on studying landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks for citizens, existing abnormalities and irregularities in parks, resulted from non appropriate design of park spaces alongside providing appropriate conditions in Park 8 Shahrivar for users and suitable criteria in order to qualitative improvement of Semnan parks. Statistic society of this research, based on census of 2006, is included all citizens of Semnan amounted to 126780 persons and the studied sample is 170 persons of this society. This research has 2 hypotheses in mind: the hypothesis 1” landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks can attract and increase users’ numbers” confirmed by calculating percentage abundance and Pierson test calculation and considerable different between questions. Hypothesis 2 “access to beautiful and green environment can increase citizens’ life quality and the society output” confirmed by calculating percentage abundance and Pierson test calculation and considerable different between questions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Investigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrod Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics
Vahed Kiyani Jahangir FeghhiIntroduction: Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning isimportant, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware ofecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of MoreIntroduction: Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning isimportant, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware ofecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of this study has beenInvestigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrood Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics.Material and method: In this study cover/land use maps of watershed with the goal Sefidrood paperusing Arc GIS 9.2 software maps the desired category and eventually became relevant measures usingsoftware Fragstat 3.3 were extracted. Measures used in the grade level (the user) in this studymeasures grade level, percentage area, the number of spots, total margin, shape, Land, the largestspots, the average level of spot, average spot shape index and mean nearest neighbor distances wereEuclidean.Results: Index numbers to measure tear stains classes used in this study, the largest number of spotsand tear, ie the most agriculture-related classes (691) and the lowest dissociation related to the forestclass (30), respectively. The highest rating land to grassland class (39/56) had the spots are moredispersed than classes and the lowest to the forest class (10/78) and in the forest of stain lessdispersion of have. The highest mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance of the amount of disruptionpieces spots shows a class related to the agricultural class (6747/32 m) and the lowest value was to theforest class (908/32).Conclusion: User disruption in agriculture is the highest amount of fragmentation can therefore beconcluded their relationship with their collection has been discontinued and the notion that this isagricultural land have less integrity (fragmented more disruption) than other classes. The use ofrenewable resources should be a way that do not cause disturbs the balance of the environment, becusethe change in resources due to changes in ecological structure and function of Landscape is impressivein the area. However, applying principles of landscape ecology gives an initial assessment in thelandcape ecological scale that on the way for rapid assessment and scientific use and emphasizedservices of the nature, The prioritization each of the pathes is based on their quality. So suggestedutilization princpel of landscape ecology to provide structural information to design and landuseplanning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - To Assess the Impact of Extension and Education Classes of Plant Clinics on Sustainable Urban Landscape in Tehran Municipality (Case of Study of 17th and 18th Regions)
Sedighe Sarvari S.Jamal Farajolah Hosseini Sahar DehyouriUrban population is growing rapidly and also its requirements are growing fast. This problem needs further attention on sustainability urban landscape. Citizen’s participation and gradual cultural change considered among the best methods for developing and conserv MoreUrban population is growing rapidly and also its requirements are growing fast. This problem needs further attention on sustainability urban landscape. Citizen’s participation and gradual cultural change considered among the best methods for developing and conserving the urban landscape. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of extension and education classes of plant clinics on sustainable urban landscape in Tehran Municipality. The research type was applied and descriptive, casual / correlative methods were used. The population of study was 280 persons who attended the educational classes of plant clinics in 17th and 18th regions of Tehran Municipality. The data was collected by questionnaire and was analyzed by using SPSS win software. The results of study showed that there was meaningful relationship between sustainability of urban landscape as dependent variable and awareness about benefit of landscape, attending educational classes, educational level, interest about plants and flower and attitude about flower and plant as independent variables. The results of regression analysis indicated that attitude about plants and flower determined 19% of sustainability of urban landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Construction of sustainable environment and landscape on the borderline- parks of Yazd province
Ali Rezaei Hassan ali Laghaei Hossein Bari Abarghouei Alireza Mekaeili TabriziAimes and Objectives: This study introduces the parameters and methods of the construction of open joy lands in Yazd Province. Methods: During the present project، for the identification of the climatic factors and their impact on the people in open places، the basic p MoreAimes and Objectives: This study introduces the parameters and methods of the construction of open joy lands in Yazd Province. Methods: During the present project، for the identification of the climatic factors and their impact on the people in open places، the basic pattern of the project was constructed and the effect and decrease of these climatic factors was noted. Results: The data of the functioning of open joy lands and their relation with the green areas was estimated according to the viewpoints of the Yazdian citizens. The results have shown that the covered joy lands have a great impact on the climatic changes and the people and the presence of water in such areas is of great interest for the people (40% of the views). The areas of interest of the people were abundance of water، shady trees، and sloppy regions of the northern mountains. The other thing of interest for the yazdian citizens was the presence of classical pathways covered with stone tiles or bricks، connected with the green land area (for the least absorption of sun rays). Another parameter was the miniaturization or creation of a natural climate via the growth of different plants to minimize the sun rays absorption. Conclusion: The present results show that open joy lands should be constructed in such a way that they should have green areas and artificial sloppy regions، like those of northern areas، with different kinds of shady trees using different techniques of sowing to create a miniaturized climate Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Developing Sustainability Indicators of Greenways Network Based on Landscape Ecology Principles
Shahindokht Barghjelveh Naghmeh Mobarghaee DinanAbstractThis study examines the process of developing sustainability indicators for urban greenwaysnetworking process according to the principles of landscape ecology. The ecological approach towardsgreenways networking process is capable of providing a conceptual theor MoreAbstractThis study examines the process of developing sustainability indicators for urban greenwaysnetworking process according to the principles of landscape ecology. The ecological approach towardsgreenways networking process is capable of providing a conceptual theory and has a multitude ofdifferent aspects that can be studied in mega-urban, urban, and sub-urban scales. The purpose of thisstudy is not only to examine the principles of ecological approach, but also to explore the urban needsto provide green zones and leisure areas for citizens. This paper focuses on the relationship between“structure” and “function” which has a key role in this study.Based on the comparative-analytical research method, new ecological principles are provided for theprocess of planning sustainable urban green zones. Traditional indicators for qualitative evaluation ofgreen zones are not only inadequate for determining the structural value of green zones, but are alsoincapable of expressing their diverse ecological benefits. New ecological criteria provide a betteropportunity to evaluate and qualify greenways networking process and to raise the process oflandscapes networking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Surveying the Level of Quality and Identity of Islaamshar Urban Sight from the Citizens’ Viewpoint
Masoud Alimardani Mahdi Vaezi Abstract Background and Objective: In scientific sources, urban identity has been introduced as consisting of objective and subjective dimensions with different components which are manifested in perspective and image of the city. On the other hand, increasing th More Abstract Background and Objective: In scientific sources, urban identity has been introduced as consisting of objective and subjective dimensions with different components which are manifested in perspective and image of the city. On the other hand, increasing the quality and beauty of the environment in the integrated spatial patterns will be an introduction to achieve identity in the city. In this paper, after identifying multiple dimensions of identity and investigating the components involved in creating quality and beauty in scientific sources and environmental design theories, it was attepted to assess the urban perspective identity in a part of islamshahr of user’s viewpoint. Method: The first part of the study focused on theoretical basis associated with the topic. In the second part, 250 of the users were selected to respond the questions about identity, and the obtained results were presented in qualitative and quantitative forms. Results from this study can provide a framework for preparion of the plan for re-organization of city identity and urban landscape in Eslamshahr and increasing the quality of urban environment. Findings: City is an artificial phenomenon which depends on human being and his activities and social relations. To define a city, its physical and subjective components must be distinguished. From this point of view, each city we can surveyed to become familiar with its difficulties and potentials. In this study, the difficulties and potentials of Islaamshahr neighborhood were identified and some solutions were suggested. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study it was found that there is a direct connection between city identity and quality of environment. City identity affects the behavior of inhabitants and also is a basic factor for sustainable development. To solve the problems of Islamshahr paying attention to city framework, open spaces, variety of land uses, improving the quality of environment, and balancing the usage of building materials and colors seem to be necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Modeling potential corridors for the Persian Leopard (Pantera pardus saxicolor) between the two habitats of Khoshyeilagh wildlife refuge and Golestan National Park based on the least-cost path analysis
Haydar Rouhi Abdolrasol Salman Mahini Hamid Reza RezaeiBackground and Objective: The restoration and maintenance of landscape connectivity and integration of its elements require reliable and efficient communication models and indicators. Habitat fragmentation is a dynamic process that leads to major changes in the pattern MoreBackground and Objective: The restoration and maintenance of landscape connectivity and integration of its elements require reliable and efficient communication models and indicators. Habitat fragmentation is a dynamic process that leads to major changes in the pattern of habitat in a landscape. It describes, generally, the fragmentation and division of vegetation cover and habitat into smaller remnants. Modeling based on the least-cost path analysis is a method used to identify the potential corridors among the isolated habitat patches. Method: This study aims to locate suitable habitats for the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Golestan National Park and Khoshyeilagh Wildlife refuge and the area between these habitats. Given the close proximity of these habitats, their connectivity for the safe movement and energy consumption minimization of the Persian Leopard has vital role in gene flow and prevention of genetic isolation of the species. Findings: The habitat suitability for the Persian Leopard in the study area was analyzed using the ecological niche factor and biomapper software. The data layers used as effective variables in the presence of the species are: elevation, slope, vegetation index (NDVI), distance from roads, distance from villages, streams, and rivers. Discussion and Conclusion: The possibility of corridor existence between the two habitats was studied by the least-cost path analysis. The results of probable map corridors proved that the northern parts of Khoshyeilagh wildlife refuge and the southern parts of Golestan National Park are the shortest and the safest pathways for the species movement. Conservation of these regions is of high importance, because the best route through which the leopard can move between the two habitats are located in these sections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Management and Sustainable Development of the Cultural Landscape Case study of Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)
Marzieh Bavarsad Mojtaba AnsariBackground and Objective: Cultural landscapes are resulted from interactions between past and present ecosystems, cultures and histories. Cultural landscapes also indicate layers of interactions between humans and the natural environment during the time, and it has form MoreBackground and Objective: Cultural landscapes are resulted from interactions between past and present ecosystems, cultures and histories. Cultural landscapes also indicate layers of interactions between humans and the natural environment during the time, and it has formed a complex connection between them which are constantly changing. Cultural landscapes emphasize the importance of human history and continuity of cultural traditions and social values. The site of historical-natural Cheshmeh-Ali with 8000 years history is regarded as the origin of human settlement formation in ancient city of Rey. In this site, constitutive layers of landscape are visible in the format of spring and hill as the natural elements and also Ray’s battlement and Fath Ali shah inscription as the historical and cultural elements. Apart from the outstanding features of Cheshmeh-Ali from cultural-historical aspects, the site is under pressure as a result of human intervention, invasion of residential building to historical buffer zone, so that the nature of the site is under gradual degradation. Method: The methodology used in this study is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and field visits with the aim of enhancing the historical and cultural identity of the site, and the awareness and recognition of outstanding values. Results: All management actions are designed based on the principles and strategies of conservation, along with using sustainable tourism, through revitalization and interpretation of historical narratives and enhancing the experience and enjoyment of visitors. Conclusion: Not only does the site return to its normal life process, but also the performance of all its economic, social and environmental aspects will improve. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Identifying the Most Important Criteria Affecting Landscape Visual Quality
Sepideh Saeidi Marjan Mohammadzadeh Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Seyed Hamed MirkarimiBackground and Objective: In general, landscape studies, conducted based on aesthetic criteria, do not seek to determine the aesthetic value but seek to extract aesthetic preferences of users. These studies have been performed in two different approaches. The first appr MoreBackground and Objective: In general, landscape studies, conducted based on aesthetic criteria, do not seek to determine the aesthetic value but seek to extract aesthetic preferences of users. These studies have been performed in two different approaches. The first approach is based on measurable objective criteria and surveying the interaction between these criteria and the second one is based on recognition of the conceptual criteria from the point of observers view. The aim of this study is to identify the most important criteria affecting the landscape visual quality. Method: In this study, objective and subjective criteria of Ziarat basin, where is one of the tourism poles of Golestan province, were prioritized from the point of aesthetic value using the second approach. A questionnaire was developed and distributed among 100 visitors. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software and the criteria were prioritized using ordinal classification. Results: From total of 23 objective and subjective criteria which were surveyed in this study, the first 5 criteria with the highest score were: pristine area, cleanliness of environment, waterfall visibility, visibility of diverse point and color diversity of a landscape. These 5 criteria could be introduced as the most effective criteria on scenic value of the study area. Conclusion: The subjective criteria introduced in this study could be used as a perfect series of effective criteria which affect the perception of visitors in the other regions too; however, selection of objective criteria for evaluating the visual quality would be different according to geographical location, climatic and topographic characteristics of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The Framework of Sustainability in Environmental Design from the Viewpoint of Architects and Landscape Architects
Morteza Adib Saeid Norouzian-MalekiBackground and Objective: Sustainable development with emphasis on environmental sustainability addresses the interaction between humans and the environment. In this study, it has been attempted to investigate and realize a clear understanding of the principles that aff MoreBackground and Objective: Sustainable development with emphasis on environmental sustainability addresses the interaction between humans and the environment. In this study, it has been attempted to investigate and realize a clear understanding of the principles that affect the issue of sustainability in environmental design. Method: The collected data were analyzed through the content analysis. Following the identification of the criteria, the Delphi study was set up to identify which of them were most important and to derive the priority weightings for each. This study comprised two questionnaire rounds that were sent to two different sets of panel members. 45 invitations were sent out. The experts were selected from the people with substantial knowledge in the field of planning and design. They were from the pool of academics and practitioners involved in environmental design, landscape architecture and urban design. 31 experts agreed to participate and completed the first and second rounds, while 16 architects and 15 landscape architects participated in both rounds, meeting the target. Findings: “Importance” indicates whether such attributes were deemed important by the expert; “suitability” indicates whether such attributes, while important, were suitable tools to evaluate the sustainability in environmental design. This study represents the results of the ranking and weighting of the factors by the experts according to a set of factors. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of ANOVA showed statistically significant differences among the architects and landscape architects and their opinions about several factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Evaluation of Outdoor Recreation Capacity and Recreational Demand in Morineh Forest Park in Noorabad City-Lorestan Province
Masoumeh Mansouri Zahra Havasi Abdalani Ziaedin Badehian Mohamad javad AziziBackground and Objective: Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important fo MoreBackground and Objective: Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important for sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present study aims to evaluate the potential for ecotourism in Morineh forest promenade in Lorestan province by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Methods: First, the most important and effective criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating the potential for recreation in the study area were determined. Then, by using Delphi method, some questionnaires were designed and distributed among the related experts. The weight of criterion in each questionnaire was calculated and the average weights were estimated. In the next step, the final weight for each criterion and sub-criterion was calculated. Then, the required maps for the evaluation were provided in GIS environment. Finally, with the help of Weighted Linear Combination technique, the final potential map for the ecotourism development in the region was provided. Results: The results shows that 21.04% of the study area has a high potential and 22.52% has a good potential for ecotourism. In addition, 28.7% has an average potential and 27.72% has a weak potential for ecotourism purposes. Conclusion: Obtaining the detailed information about the importance of Morineh forest park will lead to a higher WTP for the conservation of this ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Application of Social Perception Variables in Urban Rivers Regeneration (Case Study: Shiraz Khoshk River)
Ali Asadpour Farhang Mozaffar Mohsen Faizi Mostafa BehzadfarBackground and Objective: By definition, the urban landscape is a natural structure in an urban setting and research in social perception about studying the intangible norms that the landscape, as a medium, represented and transmitted throough the society. In this sense MoreBackground and Objective: By definition, the urban landscape is a natural structure in an urban setting and research in social perception about studying the intangible norms that the landscape, as a medium, represented and transmitted throough the society. In this sense, in contrast to landscape restoration which has an ecological approach, social perception has fewer contributions to regeneration of urban streams. Shiraz Khoshk River is one of the natural and historical edges of city that has become a symbol of the city and one of its natural identities for lack of sufficient water, presence of physical interventions and valuable religious monuments in its path across the city. This paper aims to find out the social perceptions of Khoshk River in order to establish a practical framework for landscape regeneration of the urban streams. Hence, categorizing the citizens’ perceptions is inevitable and this could be defined as one of the research objectives. Method: This study relies on integrated strategies as a research method; we applied a complex description with a social survey within the case study using an exploratory content analysis approach. Besides, during assessing the social perception of residence, totally 32 person were chosen randomly through semi-structured interviews. Social perception variables obtained from literature review and categorized in two main groupes: landscape to society variables (six variables), and society to landscape variables (four variables). These variables were evaluated in a field survey (interviews and photography). Results: Results showed that the upper part of the river has higher potential for social perception than the middle and lower part. Furthermore, according to the survey, the social perception consists of some variables which could be categorized in three groups: “natural environment variables”, “functional and activity variables” and “emotional variables” appeared in the responses in priority order. Conclusion: In the social opinions, the noticeable elements of the river were in order of “natural elements”, “arterial and manmade elements” and at least “functional-activity elements”. It means that the relations between landscape and people are mostly a one-way direction than a two-way correlation. In another word, society to landscape variables is less considered than landscape to society variables. At the end, the principle of urban natural stream regeneration based on the case study and social perception of the landscape was modeled and proposed as “cultural, symbolic and identical strategies”, “recreational strategies” and “social and legal sensitivity strategies”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Ecological Restoration of Margoon Waterfall Natural Landscape Based on Ecological Assessment of Landscape Mosaic
Ferial Ahmadi Mohammadreza Bemanian Asghar Mohammad MoradiBackground and Objective: The current study has been performed to present the ecological restoration strategies of natural Margoon Waterfall landscape as a natural monument and dynamic ecosystem of Fars province based on landscape restoration principles. To achieve this MoreBackground and Objective: The current study has been performed to present the ecological restoration strategies of natural Margoon Waterfall landscape as a natural monument and dynamic ecosystem of Fars province based on landscape restoration principles. To achieve this important goal, landscape mosaic of the region has been studied and analyzed. Method: In this study a descriptive – analytic method is used for ecological restoration of Margoon waterfall protected area. For this purpose, first, landscape mosaic structure and flows are analyzed trough aerial photo to recognize landscape disturbances. Afterwards, design strategies (both restoration and conservation strategies) are presented based on ecological assessment. Findings: The results show that Margoon natural landscape faces large disturbances such as biodiversity destruction (plant and animal), soil erosion caused by destroying riverside trees and forests to develop farm land, air and sound pollutions, and decrease of water level through climate changes. These factors cause reduction of ecological quality. Conclusion: Results of this study emphasize on conserving riverside trees by deleting the incompatible activities in the vicinity of natural attraction, improving domestic plant community by cultivating Zagros plant, protecting wildlife habitat and removing tourism parking from the surrounding area of natural limits of riverside trees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Evaluation of urban landscape sustainability of Imam Street in Tabriz based on humanistic landscape components (Saat Square - University Square)
Elham Sheikh Milani Akbar Abdollahzadeh taraf Mahsa Faramarzi Asli Arash SaghafiBackground and Aim: Urban spaces are in close interaction with humans due to the possibility of gathering, pausing and passing. However, streets as one of the urban spaces have changed in the process of urban development and have lost their interactive role with humans MoreBackground and Aim: Urban spaces are in close interaction with humans due to the possibility of gathering, pausing and passing. However, streets as one of the urban spaces have changed in the process of urban development and have lost their interactive role with humans due to becoming a passageway for vehicles. Since the stability of urban landscape as a visual phenomenon, while affecting the human senses, causes emotional-perceptual reactions of humans in space and if it is consistent with human needs, can reproduce the interactive role, the purpose of this study is to assess sustainability. The urban landscape of Imam Street in Tabriz is based on humanistic landscape components. Methods: The research method is based on a descriptive-analytical and survey approach. Documentary data analysis was performed by classification and survey data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistical tests including analysis of variance and Fisher's post hoc test. Finally, in order to provide the possibility of ranking the qualities of humanistic landscape, Friedman test and to rank the selected sections of Imam Street in Tabriz, in order to have the qualities of constructive humanistic landscape, the TOPSIS technique has been used. Findings: The results indicate that humanistic landscape constructs are significantly different in each of the selected areas and among the components of humanistic landscape for sustainability, human needs more than two components of human capabilities and human perceptual states in sustainability. The urban landscape of Imam Street in Tabriz has been crystallized. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the study area, it is concluded that if we pay attention to the components of the humanistic landscape in Imam Street, Tabriz will lead to the stability of the urban landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Presenting Strategies for the Revitalization of the Safavid Gardens of Behshahr, Emphasizing the Components of Green Landscape Design
Seyede Mohaddeseh Najafi Teroujeni Sara Nahibi Hossein Moosavi FatemiBackground and purpose: The historical garden needs protection due to its natural wealth, physical, historical and cultural values. The lands' historical landscapes remaining from the past are considered a symbol of the identity and civilization of its ancestors, which MoreBackground and purpose: The historical garden needs protection due to its natural wealth, physical, historical and cultural values. The lands' historical landscapes remaining from the past are considered a symbol of the identity and civilization of its ancestors, which gives meaning to life of its nation. The Safavid gardens of Behshahr are among the Iranian gardens built at the same time as the foundation of Ashraf Al-Balad city. This series has undergone many changes throughout history, and only a small part of it remains. Protecting and revitalizing the Safavid gardens in Behshahr is an action to promote the identity and revival of the native culture of this city and country.this research aims to identify the most significant components of urban green landscape design in the studied area and their applications in the design and revitalization of the historical gardens of this city. Research method: The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the information is collected through library and field studies. After completing the questionnaires, all the obtained information was analyzed through the Delphi method and SWOT analysis. Additionally, the site design criteria were extracted according to the research objectives. Findings: The most important factors affecting the revitalization of the urban green landscape are physical and functional, social, identity, environmental, landscape and visual, and historical factors. According to the findings of the research, identity factors were the most important influencing factors in the areas of Safavid gardens in Behshahr. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the studies of area knowledge and evaluation of experts' opinions, it is concluded that creating an authentic and lively space that meets the needs of visitors requires the basic design and revitalization of historical gardens, which have shaped the core of this city. The results show that this action improves urban life and identity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Landscape Design Coastal Tourism Route with Resilience Approach (Case Study: Salmanshahr)
ziba maleki fereshteh habib Sara NahibiBackground and Objective: Coastal areas are one of the busiest and most touristy areas, the design and beautification of the landscape is very important, but what is important is to improve safety and security against all kinds of accidents, in other words, to make it r MoreBackground and Objective: Coastal areas are one of the busiest and most touristy areas, the design and beautification of the landscape is very important, but what is important is to improve safety and security against all kinds of accidents, in other words, to make it resilient. Material and Methodology: The main purpose of this research is to design the coastal landscape of Salmanshahr with the aim of promoting resilience, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and field studies. The statistical population consists of all factors involved with the range, including residents, tourists and experts, of which 100 people have been selected as a statistical sample. Data analysis was performed using T-statistic analysis, regression analysis and SWOT-QSPM analysis. Findings: The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between landscape design and resilience promotion in the range. In addition, the findings indicate that there are many problems in the field of landscape and resilience in the area. Discussion and Conclusion: Organizing and designing the landscape of Salmanshahr beach with resilience can lead to the growth and development of tourism in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - The Impact of Rural Landscape on Environmental Quality and Rural Tourism Development (Case study: Baraghan district, Savojbolagh county)
maliheh babakhani reza samehBackground and Objective: Improving the quality of the rural environment and improving the rural appearance and landscape have significant roles in rural development and turning these areas into tourist destinations. The purpose of this article is to identify and survey MoreBackground and Objective: Improving the quality of the rural environment and improving the rural appearance and landscape have significant roles in rural development and turning these areas into tourist destinations. The purpose of this article is to identify and survey the indicators of rural landscape that affect on environmental quality and rural tourism to provide suggestions for the villages of Baraghan. Material and Methodology: This is an applied and developmental research also from the position of process is a quantitative and qualitative research. In the case study were used observations, interviews with village officials and trustees, as well as filling out questionnaires between residents. 350 questionnaires complited and analysis in SPSS software under exploratory factor analysis (F.A) and regression. Findings: According to the results of expert and statistical analysis, six factors of rural economy, safety, physical condition of rural environment, natural and religious landscape, recreational-tourism services, advertising and holding traditional and religious rituals of the village and the original Were identified as factors Rural landscapes that affect environmental quality and rural tourism. Discussion and Conclusion: Strengthening jobs related to tourism, improving the cleanliness of Baraghan rural area, improving access conditions in the village, using more local, traditional materials and identity elements in construction can improve the rural landscape. Finally, the environmental quality was improved and tourists would attracted to these villages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Scenario planning of Integrated Urban Landscape Ecology Network based on the improved Gravity model (Case study: Northeast area of Tehran)
Hossein Moosavi Fatemi Farah Habib Pooyan ShahabianBackground and Objective: The rapid development of cities has caused the unsustainability of the human urban environment and consequently fragmented the ecology of the urban landscape. Today, there is a need for a new conceptualization with which to approach ecological MoreBackground and Objective: The rapid development of cities has caused the unsustainability of the human urban environment and consequently fragmented the ecology of the urban landscape. Today, there is a need for a new conceptualization with which to approach ecological diversity, such as environmental planning and design for integrating the urban landscape ecology. The development of urban green networks is one of the essential factors to protect biodiversity and effectively prevent the isolation of populations and species. The purpose of this article is to connect ecological networks in the urban landscape and finally increase connectivity and provide ecosystem services in cities and presenting proposed potential corridors and their scenarios.Material and Methodology: We produced the proposed scenarios by using the improved Gravity model and network analysis in GIS software.Findings: We achieved the prioritize corridors in the northeast area of Tehran by using the cost layer, the impedance layer, and the core patches. In the final stage, three scenarios were developed in the studied area using corridor network analysis.Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the impedance layer, core patches, and cost layer, the functional prioritization of the proposed corridors was discussed to develop and analyze the proposed corridors. This map leads to decision-making strategies and achieving the integration of the ecological networks in the urban landscape. The output of this paper can be used as a basic map for the development and revitalization of urban ecological landscape structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Applying Network Analysis to the Planning of Urban Green Spaces (Case Study of Ahvas Metropolis)
Sorour Shafinejad Fatemeh Poodat Forouzan FarrokhianBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion leads to fragmentation and isolation of native vegetation that are surrounded by built environment. Nevertheless, urban green patches with suitable condition are still able to serve as a connected network to support MoreBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion leads to fragmentation and isolation of native vegetation that are surrounded by built environment. Nevertheless, urban green patches with suitable condition are still able to serve as a connected network to support biological diversity and enhance the ecological functioning of landscape. This research aims to study the value of green spaces, in maintenance of connectivity of the urban green network of Ahvaz and applying the results in urben green patches planning. Material and Methodology: The method is through modelling and studying the case study of ahvaz metropolis. Also the landscape ecological approach and a network analysis is used. To determine a network, all green patches in Ahvaz landscape, both in the public and private were incorporated due to their habitat values in nesting native animal species. Landscape network is modelled based on Graph Theory and using IIC metric and the network connectivity and the importance of nodes were assessed. Also, patches are prioritized based on their importance. Findings: Resaults revealed the largest patches are of higher priority that are the farms in 4th and 5th district and a large urban park in 3rd district. Indeed, the most valuable patches are located in a linear pattern along the river path. Discussion and Conclusion: Accurate identification of ecological valuable patches assist the targeted increases in per capita green space and suitable distribution of green spaces within the city of Ahvaz, in particular, those districts that suffer from the low per capita of green patches, which leads to effective enhancement and conservation of most important green spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Assessment and Sustainable Urban Landscape Design in 2th Region of Tehran Municipality, with Eco-City Approach
Afrooz Eslami Nasim Sahraei Nejad Seyyed Hossein Moosavi FatemiBasis and Goals: Lack of attention to the issue of sustainability in development process leads cities to a growing trend of unsustainability. Eco-cities pave the way for sustainability through integrated planning and management by saving energy, reducing pollution and i MoreBasis and Goals: Lack of attention to the issue of sustainability in development process leads cities to a growing trend of unsustainability. Eco-cities pave the way for sustainability through integrated planning and management by saving energy, reducing pollution and increasing the quality of life of citizens. In recent years in metropolis of Tehran, the quality of life has declined sharply, so by creating Eco-city, efforts are being made to increase the quality of life of citizens. The main purpose of this study is, first, determining the factors affecting achievement of Eco-city approach and explain their importance, then score the 9areas of Tehran Region2 based on the factors and finally provide design solutions to achieve sustainability and Eco-city. Method: The present research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, descriptive-analytical and research data were collected through library studies, field surveys and questionnaires. After determining the effective criteria by reviewing theoretical basis and using the opinions of urban landscape experts and AHP analytical method and pair-wise comparison of criteria and calculations in Excel software, the importance of the criteria was weighted and then the potential of different areas of Tehran Region2 was evaluated. Using SWOT technique, the data collected through field surveying of study area will be analyzed to provide more accurate design strategies. Findings: The results of the research show that region 9 has the highest score among the region 2 in terms of using the evaluated criteria effective on the ecological city approach, which means that in this region, compared to other regions, there are more measures to achieve and finally, by carrying out studies to identify and analyze District 9 of region 2 of Tehran Municipality and considering the opportunities and limitations of this area, various solutions for sustainable design and on the way to achieving an ecological city in this area in the form of a strategic plan were proposed and presented. Discussion: Based on the studies, it is clear that the basic design of the urban landscape based on the presented solutions is a platform for increasing the sustainability and development of the ecological city approach and transforming this urban area into a quality habitat for the settlement and survival of human and non-human species, and at the same time, it is a model for Other districts and urban areas will provide with similar conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Comparative comparison of the effect of eco park indicators on sustainable urban landscape (Case study: Mountain Park and Mashhad Sun Park)
toktam hanaee elnaz khaliliBackgeround and Objective: Sustainable urban landscapes affect the psychological well-being of citizens, and the characteristics of the sustainable landscape in the context of ecological parks are very important due to the citizens' welcome to the parks while protecting MoreBackgeround and Objective: Sustainable urban landscapes affect the psychological well-being of citizens, and the characteristics of the sustainable landscape in the context of ecological parks are very important due to the citizens' welcome to the parks while protecting native plant and wildlife species and promoting human values and vitality in a recreational environment. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of eco-park indicators on sustainable urban landscapes.. Material and Methodology: This research is analytical-descriptive with a practical purpose and a statistical population. According to the target group of experts in the field of landscape and green space in Mashhad, 28 people have been selected by the counting method. Prioritization of research variables and significant relationships between them were performed by a T-test with SPSS software and Smart PLS.The indicators of eco-parks in these parks are poorly evaluated, and these two parks still face construction challenges in the natural texture of the mountains, but the indicators have a higher score than the mountain park due to the use of a less intact mountainous area and more citizens' knowledge of Sun Park. Discussion and Conclusions: Eco-park indicators are effective in sustainable urban landscapes. Among the various factors, environmental and functional factors have a higher score, and a component of ecological integration means maintaining a stable and diverse structure of different species with a higher score among environmental factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Protection of Suburbs Gardens based on the Principles of Landscape Ecology Case Study: Sarab Qanbar Kermanshah
Sajjad ShamshiriBackground and Objective: Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impac MoreBackground and Objective: Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impacts on whole city. Sarab Qanbar gardens which located in the southern city of Kermanshah, is largely degraded as a result of urban Sprawl growth. While area protection is compulsory necessity due to the ecological services which provided by this area.Method: Landscape ecology framework were used to develop the area in order to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, first the appropriate landscape metrics were used. In the next stage, patches and corridors have been identified and analyzed based on field surveys. Ecological redesign was the final stage.Findings: The strategic design plan of the area was designed, which has been done based on strategic planning. Strategies were classified in four groups of protective, defensive, offensive and opportunistic. Each class determined based on patch and corridors characteristics and their interaction with context. Finally, actions and strategic plan were purposed protection and development of the area.Discussion and conclusion: The expansion of the city has led to the creation of disturbance patches in the region, On the other hand, natural patches tend to be crushed, Natural corridors face serious challenges. While the spread of disturbing corridors leads to changes in the structure of the landscape and the ecological fracture has intensified. The continuation of this process will lead to the destruction of these lands, which will have many consequences. Effective environmental design can be providing a proper framework based on the landscape ecology by defining the city's proper functions, it will protect these natural arenas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Ecological Network, New Approach to Biodiversity Conservation and Habitats on Landscape
Jalil Imani Harsini Aida AshjaeeBackground and Objective: Isolation of populations and reduction of genetic diversity due to habitat isolation is a significant issue in the protection of biodiversity and habitats. Ecological networks include natural and semi-natural elements that are created to mainta MoreBackground and Objective: Isolation of populations and reduction of genetic diversity due to habitat isolation is a significant issue in the protection of biodiversity and habitats. Ecological networks include natural and semi-natural elements that are created to maintain and restore ecological functions, conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources. The purpose of this descriptive - review article introduce ecological networks as a new approach in order to protection biodiversity and habitats in the Landscape scale.Analysis methodology: The present study is a review-descriptive and applied method, and has been done by using library documents and electronic databases and a comprehensive review of numerous English articles.Findings: The role of the new approach of ecological networks in different sources is, maintaining the integrity and ecological stability of habitats, preserving ecological processes, identifying areas with conservation priorities, strengthening the system of protected areas, preserving biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources and habitat management And they are considered a useful tool in the management of protected areas and its complement.Discussion and Conclusions: Due to the efficiency and application of ecological networks, the use of this approach by public and private organizations in order to improve the process of conservation and management of habitats and biodiversity is recommended. Reviewing numerous foreign articles and sources in the field of ecological networks and their relationship with conservation shows their role as a complementary tool in conservation. The use of this approach will help to improve the integrated management of habitats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Visual quality assessment of the park Sarab Gznhleh Songhor
Sajjad ShamshiriTourism industry is a the new economic, social and ecological opportunities due to the world needstoday is growing strongly.One of the fundamental factors in dealing with the natural environment,particularly tourism industry, is a quality of landscape. Visual characteri MoreTourism industry is a the new economic, social and ecological opportunities due to the world needstoday is growing strongly.One of the fundamental factors in dealing with the natural environment,particularly tourism industry, is a quality of landscape. Visual characteristics of the landscapeattributed to identity and sense of place which could be helped to people to enjoy of natural and theartificial environment as well as lead to fundraising and economic and social development. Thepresent study evaluated the landscape of Park Sarab Gznhleh, Songhor. This Park could be consideredas spectacular and recreation because of its location and proximity to the city of the Songhor.Landscape evaluation of Sarab Gznhleh Songhor has been done in three stages: (i) identifying of thelandscape types and their zoning in the park (three zones); (ii) data analysis of results based on ofHassel matrix and (iii) conclusion and suggesting of guideline. Generally, this study requires thefollowing actions for increasing demand of recreational of Sarab Gznhleh Songhor: regard to naturalcondition of water (springs and river) in the park; modification of existing plants and its suitability forlighting system; use a various species of plants, especially native plants in virginal and sloping spaces;proper distribution of park furniture; preparing convenient and safe places for families; developmentof play equipment and sports facilities for all age groups in the park. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Fundamental of Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS
Sepideh Saeidi Marjan MohammadzadehVisualization technologies are powerful tools for communicating the scientific outcomes of environmental planning models between the researchers and public participants. A common problem of landscape and environmental planning is that projects are rarely presented in a MoreVisualization technologies are powerful tools for communicating the scientific outcomes of environmental planning models between the researchers and public participants. A common problem of landscape and environmental planning is that projects are rarely presented in a coherent and stimulating manner. Laypersons are usually overwhelmed by abstract, graphically sparse mapping and are unable to translate this information into landscape images. One of the solutions of this problem is benefit from improvements of 3D visualization technologies. Recently Integration of GIS and three-dimensional visualization technology has been introduced in urban planning and landscape design, so this paper attempts to explain some of the principles and basic concepts in this regard. This paper is generally presented in two parts: the first part expresses the importance of 3D visualization of spatial data and compares different capabilities of 3D making in CAD and GIS softwares, and it has also been referred to some of the problems and solutions of developing 3D GIS softwares. In the second part, some of the three-dimensional systems are introduced and explained. This represented paper is trying to reveal the power of 3D GIS in creating interaction between planners, managers and the general audience Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Introduction to Seascape Ecology (Case Study: Coastal Line of Zone of Assaluye)
Maryam Farrahi Farimani Mehdi HaghighatbinEcology and specially landscape ecology is a relatively new field in the world of biology science. Landscape ecology studies the relationship between ecological functions and spatial patterns in the terrestrial systems. Recently many of manuscripts in this field are abo MoreEcology and specially landscape ecology is a relatively new field in the world of biology science. Landscape ecology studies the relationship between ecological functions and spatial patterns in the terrestrial systems. Recently many of manuscripts in this field are about aquatic ecosystems for example marine ecosystems named seascape ecology and they have allocated so high proportion themselves. Existence of variety aquatic ecosystems in Iran specially coastal line with 6700 Kilometers long emphasizes attention to this category. The high sensitivity of marine ecosystems and specially coastal lines are very important. Because nowadays communities are migrating to coastal cities and using marine resources fast. So creating normal interaction and equilibrium among marine Eco, human Eco and city Eco is vital and hard. The aim of this study is introducing marine- coastal environmental factors and components that can encompass physical factors (such as water and land) and non- physical factors (such as culture, history and view). At this research based on explaining method, it is described the branch of ecology science with method of collecting information by studying papers and books, surfing the Net and field visit to open view for Iran’s scientific community. Then it is discussed about two important features in seascape, composition and configuration. In analyzing the first feature with the help of SWOT technique, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are dumped. In the second feature with the help of overlaying maps and boundary the patches, corridors and matrix, ecological integrity and connectivity of components are dumped. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Landscape planning of kiyan (Nahavand) using hydro geological features with an emphasis on sustainable development
Vahed Kiyani Sajad KiyaniEvery landscape has two principal component or feature of the structure and process, Stone cognitivefactors are the main reason for the development of structural elements, especially water; Water as oneof the main causes of human life have particular importance in addit MoreEvery landscape has two principal component or feature of the structure and process, Stone cognitivefactors are the main reason for the development of structural elements, especially water; Water as oneof the main causes of human life have particular importance in addition to drinking water needs forother purposes related to man and nature. The aim of study is Landscape planning of kiyan(Nahavand) using hydro geological features with an emphasis on sustainable development. Resultedindicated source of kiyan water is characteristic karstic (limestone) and sakhtsia whit the dissolution ofHoles (Dolin) in topographical of area, in addition of Precipitation. Snow in these holes to be filled bystrong winds and formed spring of kiyan by the gradual melting them. Due to lack of rainfall in recentyears recommended the use of existing water resources as we need to be sustainable until enjoy thebenefits of it. As a result, for each geographical area should be consistent with sustainability indicatorsutility diagram ecosystems and human life utility indices will be developed and implemented based onecological features of the region Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - A Review of Aging Theories and its Reflection in the Landscape Architectural Features of Nursing Homes
Ali Sharghi Abdolhamid Ghanbaran Farzaneh Salehi KousalariAbstract Human as a part of nature, has a beginning, a peak and finally a decline. Considering the increase in the elderly population and the phenomenon of population aging, it seems necessary to know the qualitative strategies for improving the lives of the large group MoreAbstract Human as a part of nature, has a beginning, a peak and finally a decline. Considering the increase in the elderly population and the phenomenon of population aging, it seems necessary to know the qualitative strategies for improving the lives of the large group of the elderly. One of the solutions to improve the elderly’s life quality is to take advantage of the appropriate natural landscape in their living space. While recognizing the common theories of aging and summarizing these theories, the present study tries to identify the needs of the elderly and provide a perspective with characteristics appropriate to their physical, psychological and social needs. In the present study, the methods of library studies and documents were used to collect the information and based on popular theories of old age such as theories based on the attitude focused on the elderly, the dominance of society over the behavior of the elderly, the interactive attitude of the elderly and society and the attitude of honoring the elderly. The community tried to select a suitable action plan for landscaping nursing homes based on a more comprehensive theory. The results of the study indicated the application of the attitude of respecting the elderly in accordance with the teachings of Islam. Also, the option of applied-visual landscaping with features such as emotional (emotional stimulus, absence of stressors, user comfort), functional (user opinion, ease of movement, user needs, perception, creating a sense of self-awareness) for landscaping in nursing homes appropriate to their needs and values were presented in the respectful attitude of the elderly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Investigation and identifying of the important and effective elements for visual quality assessment of different landscape types
Fazlolah Ahmadi Mirghaed Marjan MohammadzadehDue to limitations and potential of land ecosystems, ecological integrity and interactions between the various components of land show vulnerable because of the escalation of irrational human activities. So, it is essential that different environmental aspects such as l MoreDue to limitations and potential of land ecosystems, ecological integrity and interactions between the various components of land show vulnerable because of the escalation of irrational human activities. So, it is essential that different environmental aspects such as landscape aesthetic quality be considered in landscape management and planning in order to preserve integrity and balance of ecosystems as well as to achieve sustainable development. Also, it seems necessary to identify and study the important elements affecting quality and aesthetic aspects of landscape in visual quality assessment process. In this study, considering the review and identification of important elements in visual quality assessment of landscape, aesthetic criteria and characteristics were examined based on scientific studies and existing documents. After that, the important and effective elements identified about the various ecological, socio-economic and aesthetic aspects in the visual quality assessment of urban, forest, agriculture, coastal, desert and mountain landscapes. The qualitative analysis was performed in relation to each of the landscapes according to the identified elements and components. This study showed that understanding and awareness of the effective environmental and visual elements and their properties can be helpful in visual quality assessment of different landscape types and it will facilitate its process Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Design and organize a conservation- tourism in fringe gardens, (Case study: Sarab Qanbar Kermanshah)
Sajjad Shamshiri Hassan DarabiMost of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening andagricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas.Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, und MoreMost of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening andagricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas.Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, under thesecircumstances we must take a more sensitive responsibility for the value of marginal areas. On theother hand, with the increase in population of cities like Kermanshah and in the resident’s demand forgreen and open spaces for spending leisure times and making social interactions, the need fordeveloping new spaces proper for spending leisure times in marginal areas is strongly felt in the city.The role that gardens and farmlands have in respect of recreation and aesthetic might prevent the actsof construction in these areas. In this study, by applying landscape ecology for establishing newactivities and practices, we firstly evaluate the existing condition of gardens in Sarab-e-Ghanbar. Thenthe region is zonation visually. Identification of these zone is made to implement practical solutionsfor improving total condition of the region as well as to determine features, potentials and issuesrelated to each zone. Finally, with developing aims for design and organize, these studies are made inthe form of a strategic plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Investigation and Quantification of Variations of Landscape Measures using Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indices (Case Study: Dez Protected Area)
Atousa Soleimani Majid HojatiNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape me MoreNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape measures were used as quantifying tools for investigation of land condition and variation. Here, patch spatial distribution and composition measures were used. The case study was Dez protected area, which is located in the Iranian Khuzestan Province. In order to prepare land cover and variation analysis maps, the satellite images of Landsat 7 from the TM sensor and Landsat 8 related to ETM+ sensor images were used respectively. Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), largest patch index, landscape shape, and total edge (TE) metrics, and diversity indices of Shannon and Simpsons were used. The class-level landscape patterns were analyzed using Fragstats 4.2 and Envi. The results show that the extent of vegetated land of the region has decreased, whereas the scope of land with no vegetation is on the rise. The decrease of vegetation and increase of bare soil indicate the destruction of the region's natural cover during the studied years. The decrease of NP and PD measures and increase of edge density shows the increasing destruction of natural land cover of the region, and its increasing common border with other peripheral areas that have different land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Capturing Landscape Visual Character Using Indicators: Touching Base with Landscape Aesthetic Theory
Sepideh Saeidi Sahar SaeidiThis paper presents one way that landscape visual character can be captured using indicators derived from nine theory-based concepts related to landscape perception. The paper aims to establish links between landscape aesthetic theory and visual indicators, thus explori MoreThis paper presents one way that landscape visual character can be captured using indicators derived from nine theory-based concepts related to landscape perception. The paper aims to establish links between landscape aesthetic theory and visual indicators, thus exploring what landscape indicators are really indicating. The steps from abstract visual concepts to measurable visual indicators are described, and links are made to theories of landscape preferences and perception. The focus of the paper is on the application of indicators, including a presentation of the possible data sources of the presented indicators. The paper includes a discussion on the selection of appropriate landscape indicators through a suggested filtering process. The ‘filtering’ will identify a suitable set of visual indicators for application within a specific project or landscape context. The relationships between the concepts and the ability of visual indicators to capture changes in landscape character and other issues related to interpretation are discussed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wildlife
hamidreza kabiri balajadeh Hamid Reza RezaeiNowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation MoreNowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wild life will be Surveyed.landscape genetics new field of study is combinted of landscape ecology, population genetics and Spatial statistics. Landscape genetic is widely used in conservation biology. Landscape Genetics can also be used to assess the effectiveness of landscape conservation projects that are currently used. For example, the effect of structures in rivers on fish populations can be estimated and the differences in the methods of their connection are evaluated. On the other hand, landscae genetics can be used to plan a new conservation and management project. Different study methods exist in the land scape genetic species, which the land suitable for for the selection of suitable landforms for species. can be selected Including the various software and statistical methods, molecular markers and genetic methods for species used the landscape. therefore, the landscape genetics can be used as a suitable method for designing and controlling conservation and management measures for amphibians, reptiles, insects, birds capable of flying, plants and freshwater fish. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Reviews of assessment procedures and analysis of the quality and aesthetics of the environment and the urban landscape
Mahdi VaeziAesthetics as a distinct system in West philosophy and science did not have a difinite ed place until the mid-eighteenth century. Since the eighteenth-century the concept of aesthetic has been become more psychological and beauty has been considered in relation to perce MoreAesthetics as a distinct system in West philosophy and science did not have a difinite ed place until the mid-eighteenth century. Since the eighteenth-century the concept of aesthetic has been become more psychological and beauty has been considered in relation to perception and the observer has also become one of the effective factors of beauty. Human being has two emotional and rational aspects and perception of beauty is a soul activity and this activity does not take place unless by a stimulus from the outside world which ultimately results in three feedbacks (pleasure, surprise, value). Urban landscapes also should include needs of different aspects of human life simultaneously. In professional evaluation models, valuation is done based on the visual aspect of landscape and the beauty in nature (objective). And in the assessment by people's preferences, valuation is done based on people's perception of the landscape. In this study, by the research on evaluation procedures in the existing theories and by investigating the relationship between physical, psychological reactions of the human being and the beautiful perspectives, we have tried to introduce different (psychological) aspects of the perspective assessment. Physiologic and emotional reactions after engaging the human senses in the landscape will result in some feedback such as stress reduction, changes in heart rate, changes in the pupil of the eye, the skin and facial muscles changes and etc. These feedbacks can be used as benchmarks to measure the three reactions to post beauty (pleasure, surprise, value) and as the effective parameters in landscape design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - The Study of Tourism, Ecotourism & Geotourism Potentials of Dasht-e-Kavir
Batoul Bahak -
Open Access Article
101 - Examining the effective environmental factors on urban landscape building (the case study: Investigation of Environmental Factors Affecting Urban Landscape Structures (Case Study of Arvand River (slang: saghir) Minoo in Abadan, Iran)
Nooriye Mohebi zadeh Ali Mardani -
Open Access Article
102 - Investigating the efficacy of herbicides to control dandelions (Taraxacum syriacum Boiss.) in lawn of Landscape
seyede maryam Mozafari Hamidreza Mohammaddoust ChamanabadUrban landscapes are considered as one of the main elements of beauty in cities. In order to investigate the effect of different herbicides on the control of dandelion in the lawn, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and natural landscape of University of Moha MoreUrban landscapes are considered as one of the main elements of beauty in cities. In order to investigate the effect of different herbicides on the control of dandelion in the lawn, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and natural landscape of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2021. For this purpose, first, in the screening test, nine broad-leaved and dual-purpose herbicides were tested at 0.25, 0.5 x , 1 x and 2 x recommended dose with a control (no herbicide application) in the greenhouse environment on dandelion seedlings. After the statistical analysis of the data from this stage, six herbicides bromoxynil, U46, Otello, Dylan, Atlantis and Total were selected and tested at 0.5, 1 and 2 of recommended dose with the control in natural conditions. It was used in three replications in the landscape infected with dandelions in plots of 1 square meter (1x1). In natural condition, applied of bromoxynil and U46 reduced dandelion dry weight by more than 50% compared to control, which had significantly different with other treatments (except Total). In this case, level of visual scoring on lawn was less than 20% in U46, Bromoxynil, Dylan, Atlantis and Total herbicides and had no significant difference between them. Application of 2x recommended dose of bromoxynil, U46 and Atlantis herbicides had the lowest density of dandelion, which was 37, 50 and 37% less compared with control (dose 0), respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Comparison of spatial resolution of LandSat and SPOT satellite images in measuring landscape fragmentation
Ehsan Rahimi Abdol-Rasoul Salman Mahini Seyed Hamed Mir Karimi Hamid Reza Kamyab Sattar SoltanianSince the foundation of landscape ecology, the correlation between spatial patterns and ecological processes has always been regarded as one of key topics in this discipline. In this context, landscape metrics provide valuable information for the interpretation of lands MoreSince the foundation of landscape ecology, the correlation between spatial patterns and ecological processes has always been regarded as one of key topics in this discipline. In this context, landscape metrics provide valuable information for the interpretation of landscape patterns. It is clear that the scale of input data and the scale of analysis must be coherent in order to calculate and interpret landscape metrics correctly. One main method that is often used to assess the scaling effects on landscape pattern is to manipulate the grain size or pixel size in satellite images. In this study, The SPOT and LandSat satellite images of 1986 and 2010 and simulations and maps of Markov-cellular automata models of 2020 were used. The effects of spatial resolution on 8 metrics were evaluated using the software FRAGSTATS in class and landscape levels. The results showed that the changes in grain size have significant effects on landscape metrics and their changes in the future so that the increased grain size will lead to the deacreased number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), LSI and CONAG. In general, metrics showed two types of irregular and increase behaviors according to the reduced grain size; in this study, the changes in grain size are more sensitive than the other metrics. So, the application of these metrics in landscape studies shoulde be considerably paid attention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - A comparison of continuous and discrete indices in measuring Gorgan forest landscape fragmentation
Ehsan Rahimi Abdol-Rasoul Salman Mahini Sattar SoltanianLandscape ecology is mainly based on the patch-corridor-matrix model. Although this model is efficient and has been successfully used in landscape ecology studies, but it is believed that this model cannot consider the continuous heterogeneity. This fact has encouraged MoreLandscape ecology is mainly based on the patch-corridor-matrix model. Although this model is efficient and has been successfully used in landscape ecology studies, but it is believed that this model cannot consider the continuous heterogeneity. This fact has encouraged researchers in the field to find new indicators for landscape analysis in a continuous framework. The aim of this study is a comparison of continuous and discrete indices in measuring Gorgan forest landscape fragmentation based on the moving window technique. This technique was performed on a classified map derived from SPOT satellite image in year 2010 using a maximum likelihood algorithm and on NDVI vegetation index from a Landsat satellite image of the year 2010. Window sizes were considered in 60, 90, 150 and 300 meters and six landscape class-level metrics were selected for the comparison including LPI, LSI, SPLIT, MESH, AI and PLAND. To assess the correlation between the output images of each of these metrics, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used. The results of the statistical comparisons of different window sizes showed that the values of the correlation coefficient were increased with increasing window size, as the high correlation values were seen when the window size was 300m belonging to PLAND and SPLIT metrics. All of the metrics had minimum correlation values in the window size 60m and the LSI metric had the lowest correlation (0.33). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Integrating visual and environmental elements using fuzzy and multi criteria evaluation methods for aesthetic quality assessment of Gharahsoo watershed, Golestan province
Fazlollah Ahmadi Mirghaed Marjan Mohammadzadeh Abdol-Rasoul Salman Mahini Seyed Hamed MirkarimiThe aesthetic value of landscape is considered as one of the most important natural resources created by the interaction of different environmental and visual variables. These values are among the factors that have a large impact on land quality and habitat conditions. MoreThe aesthetic value of landscape is considered as one of the most important natural resources created by the interaction of different environmental and visual variables. These values are among the factors that have a large impact on land quality and habitat conditions. This study was implemented with the aim of combining visual and environmental elements of aesthetic quality assessment of Gharahsoo watershed in the southwestern Golestan Province of Iran based on Fuzzy and multi criteria decision making models. First, the evaluation criteria, including various aspects of physical, biological, socio - economic and visual features of the study area were selected based on a literature review and expert’s opinion. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) method was used for weighting. In the next stage, data analysis was conducted based on a fuzzy technique for order preference by similar to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) method. The weighting results of evaluation criteria showed that the criteria vegetation type, waterfall viewshed, vegetation density, proximity to rivers and naturalness with values 0.206, 0.155, 0.114, 0.114 and 0.076 respectively, are priority to other criteria in the aesthetic quality assessment of the study area. Man-made elements, including urban and rural settlements, roads and power transmission lines have received the lowest priority. Also, the results proved that there are aesthetic quality classes in various types in the study area, including most of the forest landscape in the central and south of the study area, as well as the southeast and west parts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Degradation assessment of Jajrood protected area using landscape degradation model
Afshin Danehkar Shirkou JafariDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important ap MoreDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important application of landscape metrics is their contribution to landscape degradation model. The goal of this research was to assess landscape degradation in Jajrood protected area. In doing so, landscape indicators were calculated using a land use/cover map of Jajrood protected area for 16 sub basins. For land use/cover mapping, Landsat satellite image was firstly pre-processed, and then, hybrid classification approach was undertaken to categorize the image into different land use/cover categories. According to landscape degradation model, ecological vulnerability and the severity of activities as well as the degradation degree were calculated for the targeted landscape. The results of this research indicated that sub basin 5 with a value of 31 had the highest level of landscape degradation and sub basins 1, 13 and 15 with values 25, 25 and 22, respectively, were on the next orders in Jajrood protected area. In addition, sub basins 16, 7 and 4 with values 3.5, 3.25 and 3.25, respectively, were least degraded and these sub basins had the least level of fragmentation. The results show that 68% of the area was outlined to be potential for development or further development, only 17% of the area is suitable for protection. Approximately 13% of the area should be considered for rehabilitation that demonstrated natural land cover change and degradation in the protected area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Investigating the visual pollution of non-heterogeneous land uses in the tourist areas (Case study: Dohezar and Sehezar forests of Tonekabon)
Kobra Melhosseini Darani Samar Mortazavi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Kamran Shayesteh Samereh FalahatkarDevelopment requires land, and the most obvious feature of the development, land use change, and hence pollution of the land's landscape. For an investigation into the effect of disturbance on the landscape, land use map, using Landsat satellite image of 2016, is produc MoreDevelopment requires land, and the most obvious feature of the development, land use change, and hence pollution of the land's landscape. For an investigation into the effect of disturbance on the landscape, land use map, using Landsat satellite image of 2016, is produced. Calculating the LPI, LSI, MPS and SHDI metrics, the two viewpoints are considered in the case study area. The height of the observer is applied to the DSM map of this region and a visible zone of these points is determined. Therefore, the visual disturbance criterion is examined. According to the man-made and natural uses, this criterion is quantified, considering the above-mentioned metrics. LSI value changes from one to infinity. At the first viewpoint, amounts of the LSI are 21.32, 19 and 2.35 for forest, pasture and mine respectively. Also, in the second one, 7.27, 26.91, 22.24, 1.66, 3.90 and 13.78 are obtained for residential land, forest, pasture, aquaculture, agriculture and rocks. Small LSI numbers of mine, aquaculture and agriculture, being about one, indicates the presence of a human in these areas. The results of MPS and SHDI metrics show that the natural land use of pasture and forest are cut by the man-made of mine. From the second viewpoint, forest, pasture and rocks, having large and close MPS numbers, give a natural face to the landscape. The presence of agriculture, residential and aquaculture with small MPS values, being different from the natural land use, causes a lack of naturalness and disturbance in this part of the region. This study could develop the new and basic method for the understanding of landscape changes in the planning and management fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Modeling the relationships between urban green space, air and noise pollution and temperature using landscape metrics
Shirkou Jaafari Afshin Alizadeh Shabani Mazaher Moeinaddini Afshin Danehkar Amir AlambeigiGreen space has an important role in the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urban green space, air and noise pollution and temperature in Tehran using landscape metrics approach. For this purpose, the gr MoreGreen space has an important role in the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urban green space, air and noise pollution and temperature in Tehran using landscape metrics approach. For this purpose, the green space map was prepared and updated and then landscape metrics were calculated. Then, through interpolated of annual mean data, the air and noise pollution maps were extracted, while the temperature map was prepared by the regression method. Finally, the required information from the prepared maps was extracted for 52 study units and was analyzed using structural equations modelling. The results indicated green space has a decreasing effect on air and noise pollution and temperature. As per unit increase in standard deviation of green space, 0.509 units in the standard deviation of temperature, 0.462 units in the standard deviation of noise pollution and also 0.831 units in the standard deviation of air pollution decrease were observed. For green space construct, the indices of cohesion and patch density had the highest role and the area index had the lowest role in decreasing air and noise pollution and temperature. The highest and lowest amounts of green space construct effect on the air pollution were related to particles less than 2.5 microns and sulfur dioxide, respectively. The Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.807 and the Composite Reliability coefficient of 0.808 indicates high reliability and Average Variance Extracted of 0.523 represents a high convergence validity in the air pollution constructs. In the green space construct, the variance inflation factor value indicates a noncollinearity error. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Remote sensing application for urban landscape assessment in arid regions (Case study: Yazd city, Iran)
Mahdieh Abolhassani Ahad Sotoudeh Parasto ParivarBackground and ObjectivePopulation growth and urbanization have caused many changes in land use and land cover that has been greatly affected by the structure, function and service of the ecosystem. Since 2008, more than half of the world's population has lived in urban MoreBackground and ObjectivePopulation growth and urbanization have caused many changes in land use and land cover that has been greatly affected by the structure, function and service of the ecosystem. Since 2008, more than half of the world's population has lived in urban areas, which, according to the United Nations, 80 percent of the world's population will be urban by 2050, and this continuous increase will lead to the rapid expansion of urban areas. Most of these cities are located in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa, where a considerable part of them are arid and semi-arid countries. Estimates show that 85 percent of total Iran's lands are under arid and semiarid conditions climate. Arid areas with dry climate, poor vegetation, lack of water, limited rainfall and very fragile environment are identified. These characteristics cause the vulnerability of urban ecosystems. Considering that the function and performance of the environment depended on the composition and distribution of their structural elements, to better understand the dynamics of land, it is necessary to study the changes in spatial patterns. Information on land use changes over time can predict future changes and also be used to identify land a principled and sustainable design and planning, also to determine the improper process of land change and prevent its spread. Landscape metrics can be used to identify this spatial pattern and it's change. Applicability of landscape metrics is for the Quantifying of the landscape change and also it's used for analysis and planning of land uses. Metrics is a useful tool for designing and finding exact relationships between the structure and function of landscape functions. Accordingly, this study has tried to study and measure changes in landscape structure of Yazd city by using landscape metrics for three decades in this region from destruction and fragmentation of natural patterns and help planners and policymakers for the orientation of sustainable urban development. The aim of this study is to quantify and measure changes in spatial patterns of land use in Yazd city by using landscape metrics in two levels of class and landscape during the period of 27 years. Also, the distribution and composition of spatial patterns of land use have been investigated in two levels of green and built-up patches that have a major role in ecosystem function. Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat 5 at 1991 and Landsat 8 at 2017 satellite images have been used. After performing the necessary corrections on the satellite images, the classification was done using the maximum likelihood method. according to the diversity of vegetation in the area, three categories including bare land, vegetation and built-up were identified and classified. In order to investigate the accuracy of classification, error matrix and statistical parameters of the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were used. The kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of the classification images for 2017 and 1991 are 0.81, 90%, 0.83 96%, respectively. The Fragstats 4.1 software was used to calculate the landscape metrics. In the present study, according to the aim of the study, Class Area (CA), Number of patches (NP), Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), AREA, Radius of Gyration (GYRATE), Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance (ENN), and Contagion landscape metrics (CONTAGE) were selected and evaluated at the class and landscape level. Results and Discussion In this research, by studying different metrics in the two scales of class and landscape, it was inferred that the landscape in open land and green spaces are being crushed and discrete over a period. While built-up has become more integrated and more expansive over the period, it shows the destructive effects of human activities on the environment. During the studied period, the highest increase in area to other classes belongs to the built-up class. In this study, the maximum number of patches is related to other classes of a green space class. The number of vegetation patches increased and the number of patches opens land and urban class decreased. The results of this metric along with area metrics show the phenomenon of fragmented in Yazd city. Changes in agricultural and gardening land use to residential areas cause disintegration of vegetation patches. The mean patch size of the built-up class has increased and in two vegetation and open land decreased. It shows that the impervious area in the studied city has increased. The average distance metric of each cell in the patches with the center of gravity in two classes of open land and vegetation decreased and the largest reduction is in the green space class. The Euclidean nearest-neighbour distance metric of patches in all uses has been increased which is related to open land. Conclusion The results of the study of metrics changes in the class area show that the built-up has increased by 4346.82 ha in the studied period. The reason for this is the increase in the population of Yazd city, which in 1991 and 2017 were 275298 and 529673 respectively. Therefore, more space is needed for the growth and expansion of the city, which causes the physical development of the construction. Due to the spatial expansion of the city, about 1667.61 ha of the agricultural lands and gardens in Yazd city has been destroyed and integrated into urban infrastructures. Increasing human infrastructure and activities without considering the capacity and ecological capability of this area can cause many environmental problems. Therefore, in order to prevent further degradation of the environment and reduce its quality. Monitoring and evaluation of land use patterns should be measured continuously so that they can be used as a guide to assess the current status of the urban ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - An Introduction to the Impact of Sustainable Landscape Parameters on the Archetype of the Design of Persian Garden: Royal Pasargadae Garden
Honey Fadaie seyed majid mofidi shemirani -
Open Access Article
111 - Analysis of the Woman Position In The Novels Of Ghazaleh Alizadeh (The “After the Summer”, “Two Sceneries”, “Idrisi’s House” and “Tehran Nights” Novels)
Maryam Mahmoodi Negar HeidariThe present study aim was to investigate the feminist Ghazaleh Alizadeh point of views and examine the woman's image in her works. Feminist criticism was emerged as a serious, distinguished, and integrated approach in the European literature in the late 1960s, and its a MoreThe present study aim was to investigate the feminist Ghazaleh Alizadeh point of views and examine the woman's image in her works. Feminist criticism was emerged as a serious, distinguished, and integrated approach in the European literature in the late 1960s, and its aim was identification of cultural roles and great achievements in acquiring women’s social and political rights. This method was developed in Iran in the beginning of 1960s by the novels written by Simin Daneshvar and continued by authors such as Shahrnoush Parsipour, Zoya Pirzad, and Ghazaleh Alizadeh. This study considered the feminist criticism of novels by Ghazaleh Alizadeh, and the women’s characterizations were analyzed with regards to content analysis. By reviewing these works, the readers would realize that Alizadeh has mainly exposed women to socio-political events after the Islamic revolution. With moderate viewpoints, she has criticized the solitude of women in the community, and by a mystic and theosophical approach, she has tried to highlight the roles and contribution of women in the social history of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Survey of Irrigation Systems Management in Landscape in Abhar Township
Amir Abedini Sahar dehyouri Azita zandThe purpose of this research was the survey of irrigation systems management in the landscape in Abhar Township from the view of experts. The type of research is descriptive-correlation and analytical research that is done through survey method. Statistical population o MoreThe purpose of this research was the survey of irrigation systems management in the landscape in Abhar Township from the view of experts. The type of research is descriptive-correlation and analytical research that is done through survey method. Statistical population of research is engineers, experts and observers of the landscape that they are 65 persons that they collected by census method as the statistical population, because of a small and limited population. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by using the panel of experts and masters in the irrigation systems management field and its reliability is done through pre_test (Cronbach alpha= 0.8164). Research findings showed that irrigation systems management in the landscape is at a high level from the view of experts. This variable is obtained from compilating of design, implementation, operation, and maintenance irrigation systems management in the landscape. The results of the research shown that exist a significant positive correlation between management factor, the technical factor, the educational factor, the institutional and organizational factors and the economic factors with irrigation systems management in the landscape. The results of analysis regression are indicated to three variables, management factor, the technical factor, and the educational factor well explain for 64/0% changes in irrigation systems management in the landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Ethnoarchaeological Investigations of Tang Mansouri and Nukhan Villages in Kermanshah Province and their Importance in Archaeological Interpretations with Emphasis on Garbage Disposal Patterns
Naser AminikhahIn the last few decades, the rapid development of technologies has caused extended and rapid changes in various aspects of human life, from architecture and social structure to clothing and food. Therefore, today there are few places and communities that have remained a MoreIn the last few decades, the rapid development of technologies has caused extended and rapid changes in various aspects of human life, from architecture and social structure to clothing and food. Therefore, today there are few places and communities that have remained away from these changes. For this reason, it is very important to record the information available in such places that have preserved their traditional foundation to help in the recognition of archaeological findings and the analysis and interpretation of data. Two villages of Tang Mansouri and Nukhan in Kermanshah Province are among the few communities that have remained far away from the changes of the present age and have been able to preserve their traditional way of life to some extent. Accordingly, the two mentioned villages were considered the most suitable options for conducting ethnoarchaeological studies and hence, they were selected for this research. These two villages have been studied simultaneously and a comprehensive description of them has been presented by investigating different aspects of life. By comparing the data, suggestions are made to help archaeologists make a more accurate analysis of their findings. In addition, the pattern of waste disposal, which is very important in archaeological explorations and interpretations, has been emphasized and the landscape of the archaeological sites has been discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Exploring the Southeast Frontier of the Urartian Kingdom. The Qara Zia-eddin-Survey: An Archaeological Prospection of Anaqizly Tappeh
Sandra Heinsch Walter Kuntner Ali Darvish-Zadeh Gholam Shirzadeh Keomars Haji Mohamadi -
Open Access Article
115 - Landscape information modeling with the approach of controlling urban metabolism
bita haddadian mahdi haghighatbin -
Open Access Article
116 - A Comparative Study on the Landscape Memorability of two Urban Public Spaces emphasizing tourism Naghsh-e-Jahan and Shahrdari Squares
Maryam Khastou Maedeh Khalednezhad -
Open Access Article
117 - Application of Reflective Photography Technique in Visual-Semantic Evaluation from Citizens' Point of View (Case Study: Urban Landscape of Shiraz)
Hajar Asadpour Mahmoud Ghalehnoee Armin Bahramian -
Open Access Article
118 - Beyond Green : A Comprehensive Approach to Urban green space Quality and tastes of users in Tehran
farzaneh azadi kianoush Suzanchi mahdi haghighatbin mahdi khansefidThe research tackles the pressing quality crisis in urban areas, particularly in green spaces. Landscape architects argue that the current approach lacks a comprehensive perspective, prompting the study to explore "landscape" from both objective and subjective MoreThe research tackles the pressing quality crisis in urban areas, particularly in green spaces. Landscape architects argue that the current approach lacks a comprehensive perspective, prompting the study to explore "landscape" from both objective and subjective angles. Systematically adopting visual and mental perspectives, the research aims to enhance urban space quality, emphasizing landscapes' dual nature beyond mere greenery. The primary goal of the study is to establish indicators for understanding and measuring landscape quality, drawing on the perceptions of local users of urban green spaces. This approach stresses the significance of considering both citizen perspectives and specialists in the field, treating urban spaces as landscapes. The research seeks to bridge the gap between the current and desired quality, ultimately improving the presence and usage of urban green spaces. The methodology involves a literature review for identifying qualitative indicators and exploring the relationship between them, along with a T-test to examine urban dwellers' preferences. In addition to these foundational aspects, the research findings reveal a pronounced quality imbalance between the two studied regions in Tehran (17 and 2). The observed disparities underscore significant differences in the tastes of urban dwellers and reveal a notable gap between these preferences and specialist beliefs, suggesting a potential avenue for achieving balance by concentrating on mediatory indicators. The study provides valuable insights for prioritizing key indicators based on user perspectives to enhance the quality of urban green spaces . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Perceptual Analysis of Fast and Irregular Transformations in Historical Urban Landscape (Case Study: Historical-Religious City of Ray and Shemiran District-Tehran)
Homa Eirani Behbahani Anoosheh Gohari Zahra Assar -
Open Access Article
120 - A Trivalent Approach to the Quality of the “Khoshk” River Landscape in Shiraz
Mehdi Khakzand Mohsen Faizi Abbas Azari -
Open Access Article
121 - Ecological Design of Urban Landscape
Maryam Kamyab Teimouri -
Open Access Article
122 - Urban-Historical Landscape Analysis on the Basis of Mental Perceptions Case Study: Tajrish Neighborhood
Anoosheh Gohari Homa Behbahani Ismael Salehi -
Open Access Article
123 - The Effect Of Form & Morphology Criteria On The Enhancement Of Sense Of Invitation In Entrance Landscape (Case Study: Bazaar of Qazvin)
Elahe Shojaei Maryam Moeinifar -
Open Access Article
124 - Analysing the Effects of Environmental Recognition on Enhancing the Hidden Natural Landscape of Tajrish River-Valley and its Sociability
Ali Asghar Adibi parichehr goodarzi -
Open Access Article
125 - Investigating the Effect of Color Factor on Quality of Urban Landscape Central Region of Iran based on Users Ideas (Case Study: Masjed Hakim and MohammadBagher Sadr Axes in Isfahan City)
Morteza Lotfipour Siahkalroudi Narges Hamzeh Elnaz Alsadat NayebiehColors play an important-effective role to improvement of urban identity, readability of environment, vitality of urban spaces, the sense of place and sense of unity in urban spaces. Today, Iran's urban environments are often deprived of the visual richness of color qua MoreColors play an important-effective role to improvement of urban identity, readability of environment, vitality of urban spaces, the sense of place and sense of unity in urban spaces. Today, Iran's urban environments are often deprived of the visual richness of color qualities with incoherent and chaotic combinations and incomplete adaptations of different styles of Western architecture and urban planning, and by transforming the environment into backgrounds in the gray spectrum, lost the color diversity and various functions of this element. While many communities turn the color element into an opportunity to enhance the quality of the urban landscape and use standard color codes to visually enhance the visual quality of buildings, walls, floors, urban furniture and other building elements in their components and totality, But in many cities of Iran, the same element acts as a threat to the urban landscape due to confusion, irregularity and inconsistency in how it is used. Lack of proper use of color element and its related criteria in urban environments, in addition to adverse effects on place construction, reduced sensory richness, degraded place identity and legibility of urban space, in terms of disorders in the objective landscape of the city and adverse psychological effects of presence in such spaces it is also very important. A correct understanding of the capabilities of the color element in increasing the desirability of urban environments is a necessity today in the design of Iranian cities. Unfortunately, the fast growth of urbanization in recent decades, especially in developing countries, has dramatically changed urban perspectives, that it caused there is not enough accuracy in the principles of color using.Today's construction of Iranian cities, which is an uncoordinated and chaotic combination of incomplete adaptations of different styles of Western architecture and urban planning, deprives urban environments of the visual richness of color qualities and turns them into backgrounds in the gray spectrum of color diversity and various functions has strongly influenced the important element. While many communities have turned the color into an opportunity to enhance the quality of the urban landscape and use standard color codes to visually enhance the visual quality of buildings, walls, floors, urban furniture and other building elements in their components and totality. They have given that in many cities of Iran, this element acts as a threat to the urban landscape due to confusion, irregularity and inconsistency in how it is used. Proper use of color and its related criteria in urban environments, increase the sensory richness, enhance the identity of the place and legibility of the urban space, in terms of organizing the objective landscape of the city visual quality and positive psychological effects. A correct understanding of the capabilities of the color in increasing the desirability of urban environments is a necessity today in the design of Iranian cities.The purpose of this research is to provide some criteria for optimal utilization of the potential of the color factor to increasing the utility of urban landscape in according to the user’s expectations. The hypothesis is that the adaptation of color spectra used in urban environments on the color expectations and mindsets of space users is effective in improving the quality and desirability of urban landscape. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic based on a survey strategy and the data are analyzed by quantitative method. In addition to, data collection is done by library and field studies. Statistical calculations are presented in three sections: Determination of sample size, Descriptive section and Inferential section separately. Information was evaluated with using the Excel and Spss software and significance level of 0.05. The research findings were obtained through study of the city context, statistical data as well as comparing and analyzing the color codes and using of internal and external experiences. At the end, the hypothesis have been analyzed and some solutions have been presented for color composition of urban image and landscape based on principles of aesthetics. These findings indicate that according to the religious, cultural and historical background and identity of the study area, those color spectrums that are reminiscent of religious symbols of this area and create a sense of belonging and religious identity among users in space, will have higher qualities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Expression of conceptual model of perception based on synergy of multisensory landscapes in Kerman traditional bazar
Fatemeh Khajeh hasani Mehdiyeh Moeini Ajhang Baghaee Reza AfhamiConversion of conceptual model of perception based on synergy of multisensory landscapes in Kerman traditional bazarAbstract Problem statement: all the information we have about our surrounding world is obtained through our senses. The senses inform us of possible risks MoreConversion of conceptual model of perception based on synergy of multisensory landscapes in Kerman traditional bazarAbstract Problem statement: all the information we have about our surrounding world is obtained through our senses. The senses inform us of possible risks and provide us the required information for interpreting the events and predicting the future. Also, it is through senses that we feel the joy and pain and recognize colors. All this information helps us to have more complex phenomena like perception and recognition. In fact, without senses these processes won't happen and we won't be able to use our other mental abilities. In another hand , in the western culture, from historical point of view, vision has been regarded as the most original sensory perception; either in ancient Greece or in Renaissance, with invention of perspective has yet dominated on other human senses. , the architectural experience is multisensory and man doesn't just see the space but smell, hear, touch and even taste it.In his view, all sensory perceptions such as vision have been taken of the tactile sensation and are designated to the skin. All sensory experiences are related to the tactile sensation and this is the body which is located in the center and finally creates a combination of perceptions senses which gives the architecture meaning.Sense perception, due to presence in the space, is the most important factor of perception of the architecture physical identity. Though, often in the contemporary architecture space, the sense of sight is enumerated as the most original factor of sense perception. But, in reality, this superiority of the sense of sight on other senses has caused the audience of the architectural space faces the one-dimensional and superficial perception and doesn’t experience the main principle of interaction with the space, that is the sense of being in the living environment and receives the sense of agitation and identity perception weakness with the architectural space and the joy of presence and sense of attachment to space in the most inexpressive possible state, while in the architectural space like traditional bazars, the sensory richness institutionalized in the space leads to the perception of the physical identity of various spaces of the bazar through creation of conceptual interaction with the audience and synergy of multiple senses. According to this, this study aims to identify the synergy of multisensory landscapes through the approach of sensory landscaping approach. For this purpose, through the evaluation of the audiences' perception of multisensory landscapes in each space of Kerman traditional bazar, it seeks to achieve a clear perception of the nature of synergy of multisensory landscapes based on sensory perception of various physical spaces of the bazar and finally based on recognition of the type and rate of effectiveness of sensory landscapes, investigate the multisensory perception. Research question: How the synergy of multisensory landscapes is shaped in various architectural frameworks of traditional bazar? Research objectives: Evaluation of the audiences' multisensory perception in any of the spaces of Kerman traditional bazarsResearch method: In this study, at first by library studies with the aim of identifying multisensory perception, multisensory landscapes are determined and for evaluation of the audiences mental image of multisensory landscapes in the field studies, the instruments of questionnaire, SPSS software, GIS with IDW method is used for analysis of spatial data (UTM). Analytical-descriptive method is utilized for inference of the quality of synergy of multisensory landscapes. The most important findings and research conclusion: Finally, it is concluded that the audience perception in Kerman traditional bazar is multisensory and its reason is existence of sensory landscapes in Kerman traditional bazar in various sections of the bazar and it is shaped through synergy of these sensory landscapes. This sensory synergy due to five senses shapes the sensory richness in the audience. Then, due to the individual features and environmental factors and focusing on memorability and creation of sense of association, mental image is created in the audience and finally causes the creation of the sense of attachment to the place in the audience and as a result leads to the audience multisensory perception in this place. Keywords: senses, multisensory perception, traditional bazar, sensory landscapes, sensory synergy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Monitoring space - time in Karaj from the perspective of landscape ecology ecological green network
FAEZE CHEHRAZAR حمید رضا جعقری faeze chehrazarIncreasing rate of population growth through past three decades has created more built areas and destroyed landscape structural patterns of ecosystems in Karaj city and adjacent areas. Karaj, which was known as a “garden city”, now is a metropolitan area wit MoreIncreasing rate of population growth through past three decades has created more built areas and destroyed landscape structural patterns of ecosystems in Karaj city and adjacent areas. Karaj, which was known as a “garden city”, now is a metropolitan area with limited remnants of green spaces. This research aims to study trend of green space changes by landscape ecological approach.Monitoring of landscape changes is based on the comparison of the Landsat images of 2000 and 2013. The satellite images were classified and then landscape metrics was calculated using synoptic method. Our results indicate that overall landscape of Karaj has been more fragmented. Broad scale changes of green spaces in Karaj landscape show decreasing proportional area and mean patch size, and increasing patch edge density and more irregularity in shape, and shrinkage and fragmentation of green space patches.esults indicate th metrics was calculated using synoptic method. Our results indicate that overall landscape of Karaj has been more fragmented. Broad scale changes of green spaces in Karaj lands Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Application of climatic components in locating and design of mountainous hotel in Germi township, Ardabil Province
Vahid Safariyan-Zengir Raoof Mostafazadeh Mahdi Ghanbari-GhanbarlooConservation of environment and the needs of future generations along with utilization of free energies, has become a necessity and considered as a sustainable concept in most fields of science and technologies. Sustainable development and consequently, sustainable arch MoreConservation of environment and the needs of future generations along with utilization of free energies, has become a necessity and considered as a sustainable concept in most fields of science and technologies. Sustainable development and consequently, sustainable architecture is considered in consistent residential development with the natural surrounding environment. So the aim of this study is to effect of climatic factor in locating and design of mountainous hotel in Germi township. In this study, climatic and environmental components considering a sustainable architecture is employed to locate and design of mountainous hotel in Germi Township, Ardabil. In this regard, the Meteorology data in the period 2004 to 2014 were obtained from Germi Meteorological station. The climate, topography, social and cultural status, and environmental factors were used in locating and designing of the study site. According to the results of climatic data into site selection and designing the suitable location for mountainous hotel, the highest average air temperature was observed in summer season (25.6 Celsius degree), and the highest amount precipitation, relative humidity and frost days is occurred in winter season. Determining the climate conditions can be considered as an important factor in welfare of building residents, according to interaction of cliamtic factors and architecture. Since, the sunshine provides natural light and heat, thus, it can be consider as the most important climatic variable in design of buildings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Surface Fuel Models and Fire Hazard in Golestan National Park
Roghayeh JahdiDetermining custom fuel models in forest and rangeland ecosystems is crucial to predict the potential fire behavior and spread, wildfire management, and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount and structure of surface fuel available MoreDetermining custom fuel models in forest and rangeland ecosystems is crucial to predict the potential fire behavior and spread, wildfire management, and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount and structure of surface fuel available for combustion in grasslands, shrublands and forests in Golestan National Park, NE Iran. All information related herbaceous vegetation and surface litter were collected from 1m × 1m, 10m × 10m, and 30m × 30m sampling plots, respectively in the grasslands (n=24), shrublands (n=8), and forest (n=22) fuel types based on Stratified Random Sampling. A fuel hazard rating is assigned to each fuel by assessing the key attributes including fuel load (t ha-1), fuelbed depth (cm), and litter cover (%). The results revealed that variation in surface fuel hazards among fuel types corresponded to patterns of fine fuel loading (1-hr). Broadleaves litter fuels had higher total fine fuel loads resulting from greater grass dominance, potentially providing higher surface fuel hazard. Differences in fuel structure between the existing fuel types also had an important effect. Determining custom fuel models and fire risk assessment in these models is important for natural resource managers to select methods to reduce fuel loads, fire mitigation, and retain the landscape resilience to future wildfires. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Effect of different Ecological patches on soil surface quality indices (case study: Sofi Chai catchment, Maragheh county)
morteza Mofidi Chelan gholamali HeshmatiAbstract To manage rangeland ecosystems, identification of their components and interactions including soil and vegetation is of great deal of importance. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different Ecological patches on soil qualitative attributes MoreAbstract To manage rangeland ecosystems, identification of their components and interactions including soil and vegetation is of great deal of importance. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different Ecological patches on soil qualitative attributes (stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling) using landscape function analysis model as well as to identify vegetation indices in Sofi Chai basin located at Maragheh. For sampling purpose, number of 5 transects in 50 m length in were established in downslope as per randomized-systematic method along which four Ecological patches, grasses, shrub - grass and forbs and interpatch bare soil were identified. 5 replicates of each patch were determined and eleven soil surface indices were scored as per landscape function analysis. The results show that all three indicators of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling were differed significantly among Ecological patches. The maximum amount of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling and the minimum one was relate to shrubs and bare soils respectively. It can be note that shrubs and shrubs-grass patches showed better performance than others. investigation of function attributes in the different Ecological patches can help to identify effective reagents for healthy rangeland vegetation and the assessment of these reagents can be faster and time and cost-effective to study soil qualitative and quantitative sustainability indicators, infiltration and soil nutrient cycling can be realized. It can serve as important step for the evaluation, management and planning future of natural ecosystems. Abstract To manage rangeland ecosystems, identification of their components and interactions including soil and vegetation is of great deal of importance. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different Ecological patches on soil qualitative attributes (stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling) using landscape function analysis model as well as to identify vegetation indices in Sofi Chai basin located at Maragheh. For sampling purpose, number of 5 transects in 50 m length in were established in downslope as per randomized-systematic method along which four Ecological patches, grasses, shrub - grass and forbs and interpatch bare soil were identified. 5 replicates of each patch were determined and eleven soil surface indices were scored as per landscape function analysis. The results show that all three indicators of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling were differed significantly among Ecological patches. The maximum amount of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling and the minimum one was relate to shrubs and bare soils respectively. It can be note that shrubs and shrubs-grass patches showed better performance than others. investigation of function attributes in the different Ecological patches can help to identify effective reagents for healthy rangeland vegetation and the assessment of these reagents can be faster and time and cost-effective to study soil qualitative and quantitative sustainability indicators, infiltration and soil nutrient cycling can be realized. It can serve as important step for the evaluation, management and planning future of natural ecosystems. �ربوط به لکه بوته و کمترین مقدار آن مربوط به خاک لخت می باشد. می توان گفت لکه های بوته ها و بوته- گندمیان از ویژگیهای عملکردی بهتری نسبت به دیگر لکه ها برخوردار بودند. بررسی ویژگیهای عملکردی لکه های اکولوژیک مختلف می تواند کمک زیادی به شناسایی معرفهای گیاهی موثر در سلامت اکوسیستم نموده و با ارزیابی این معرفها می توان سریعتر و با صرف وقت و هزینه کمتری به وضعیت کیفی سطح خاک پی برد که می تواند گامی مهم برای ارزیابی، مدیریت و برنامه ریزیهای آینده در این اکوسیستم های طبیعی باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Organizing City Landscape for Improving Life Quality in Malayer
robabeh rajabi amirabad bijan rahmaniCity landscape plays an important role in defining the spatial functions and is very important in the spirit of people and the city. Malayer has faced with population increase and city development during the last decades. This factor has caused the appearance of a duali MoreCity landscape plays an important role in defining the spatial functions and is very important in the spirit of people and the city. Malayer has faced with population increase and city development during the last decades. This factor has caused the appearance of a duality in the form of this city, i.e., old and modern urban textures. Besides, ignoring the city landscape in urban textures and the lack of suitable furniture or inappropriate designing of these textures has caused disconnections in the spatial structure of the city as far as urban landscape is considered. The researcher of the study had a different look while using an analytical and content-based view as well as a descriptive research to study Malayer, in order to determine its effect on urban life. The results of the study obtained from observation confirmed the significant relationship between city development, improving urban life, and urban landscape. The city of Malayer, despite the high cost of aesthetic and improving its quality of life, is not tailored to the expectations of the people, and the need to review the attitude of urban planners is felt. It has also been concluded that urban living will not bring decent living conditions in Malayer without having a suitable urban landscape. Since Malayer has tourism and tourism capabilities, considering its climate, its culture and its location and the effects it has in the west, the city has been underrepresented in terms of urban design and its organization . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Analysis of the urban fabric using transects Case Study: Urmia city
Hossein Nazmfar Ali Eshghei Monireh OmraniThe study of the urban texture highlights the density of built space and open spaces in the city and has an important role in the final decisions to optimize service distribution and improve the quality of urban spaces. This study aimed to investigate the urban texture MoreThe study of the urban texture highlights the density of built space and open spaces in the city and has an important role in the final decisions to optimize service distribution and improve the quality of urban spaces. This study aimed to investigate the urban texture of Urumia for assessing public open space and green spaces compared to built environments and masses. In order to analyze the data and the quantitative texture of Urumia, transect method was used. The study was a cross- functional one focusing on Urumia. The results showed that in the transect T1 from North-West to South- East of the city, the spaces between 60 and 100 parts of density had been made. The lack of green spaces in parts 80 and 100 and the lack of open spaces in all parts except in parts 34 and 63 is visible. In the transect T2, from the West to the East of the city, the western part of the land had the highest density and the eastern part had the highest density of agricultural land and orchards. In the central part, between parts 30 and 80, there is a deficit passage network. In the transect T3 from the south west to the north east of the city, the density of built spaces in the city center has increased to 85 percent, while the shortage of passage network, especially the shortage of agricultural land and green and open spaces is visible in the middle of the transects 15 to 76. In the transect T4 from the south to the north of the city, built-in compression spaces between parts of the central sections have increased from 40 to 60 and the lack of green and open spaces is clearly evident. In conclusion it can be said that Urumia landscape consists of three types of tissues: the central condensed texture of open green spaces with a minimum and maximum spaces; the edges of the tissue center where the density has somewhat reduced the construction of buildings, and the margin consists of barren land, gardens and agricultural land. In this way, the construction level has decreased from the center to the sides of the city Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Improving the Vitality in Urban Spaces with an Emphasis on Organizing Urban Landscape Approach (A Case Study of Yasuj)
Sina zekavat mohammadreza rezaei Hatam PayamIf a city is assumed to be like a living creature, it requires a vitality to continue its life. Cities are meaningful in the presence of people and urban spaces. With a wide and desirable presence, they need to upgrade their liveliness in the urban landscape. The purpos MoreIf a city is assumed to be like a living creature, it requires a vitality to continue its life. Cities are meaningful in the presence of people and urban spaces. With a wide and desirable presence, they need to upgrade their liveliness in the urban landscape. The purpose of this study was to improve the vitality of urban spaces with the approach of urban landscape management in Yasuj. According to the research purposes and the components studied, the type of applied research is descriptive and analytical. The required information is obtained using library resources, documents and field studies. A questionnaire was designed considering the dimensions of urban spaces or the dependent variable of the study and promoting urban landscape vitality which is the independent variable. The statistical population of the study included all the residents of Yasuj (13,532 people) from whom a sample of 383 people based on the Cochran formula was selected randomly. The Pearson correlation coefficient (between functional and aesthetic dimensions) and nonlinear regression (between physical dimensions and viability) and the SPSS software were used for the analysis. The results of the research showed that there was a meaningful difference between the dimensions of functional, physical, habitable and aesthetic urban spaces in urban landscape (0.00) which is highly less than the p-value of 0.05. As a result, various recommendations such as proper planning of city floors, furniture craft, rebuilding and organizing spaces, creating different service uses, and making artistic elements in Yasuj have been offered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Investigating the Status of Landscape Architecture Theories of the World in the Professional Landscape Architecture Projects of Iran
Mehdi Khakzand koorosh AghabozorgiBy studying theories and approaches regarding landscape, this study analyzes, prioritizes, and evaluates landscapes and investigates their positions in the professional architecture projects of contemporary landscapes in Iran. In this regard, the current theories will b MoreBy studying theories and approaches regarding landscape, this study analyzes, prioritizes, and evaluates landscapes and investigates their positions in the professional architecture projects of contemporary landscapes in Iran. In this regard, the current theories will be classified into six approaches: concept and meaning, aesthetic, social-cultural, nature and ecology, designing, form, function, planning and the process of designing and they will be analyzed accordingly. It should be noted that this study will be carried out at two levels; at the qualitative method level which is based on the grounded theory that analyzes theories by encoding concepts. At the second level, a comparative approach is used in which the extracted criteria from level one will be evaluated in the contemporary landscape architecture of Iran. The results suggest that there are some drawbacks regarding the aforementioned categories in the professional architecture projects of landscape in the country, in a way that in issues such as connecting landscape with architecture, perceiving landscape, flexibility and planning landscape no attempt has been ever made, but the cases of patterns, symbols, tradition, order and geometry are going to be investigated favorably. Therefore, by making effort to compensate for the mentioned shortcomings we can have a considerable development in all of the cited dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Comparative Study of Valiasr and Tarbiat Walk Ways in Tabriz in terms of Walking Oriented Components
Abolfazl Ghanbari Elham Hadi Elnaz HadiWalking was considered as the main form of movement of people inside residential areas because of its low cost or simple accessibility for all classes of people. This trend was forgotten following industrial revolution and domination of vehicles in cities. The metropoli MoreWalking was considered as the main form of movement of people inside residential areas because of its low cost or simple accessibility for all classes of people. This trend was forgotten following industrial revolution and domination of vehicles in cities. The metropolitan of Tabriz is not as exception from this rule and domination of driving spaces has limited presence of citizens in urban spaces where negligence of pedestrians’ demands is an important dilemma. The objective of the present study is to compare the walk ways of Tarbiat and Valiasr in terms of walking centeredness components. This study is conducted using descriptive analytic method and is an applied research where data and documental information were collected applying a survey method. Sampling in Tarbiat and Valiasr walk ways was performed using Cochran formula using random sampling in 2015. This study used elite and specialist ideas to determine the validity and also KMO test was used to test the reliability of the study which was higher than 0.50 in both Tarbiat and Valiasr walk ways. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using factor analysis. The results of this study indicated that 5 factors of “services accessibility”, “security situation”, “facilities of walk way”, “environmental utility” and “attractiveness and aesthetics of walk way” are the most effective factors in defining walking centeredness in these walk ways. The results also indicated that service accessibility with 25.14% and security situation with 20.48% are at desirable level in Tarbiat walk way, and facilities of walkway with 25.26% and environmental utility with 21.40% are at desirable level in Valiasr walkway from the perspectives of the participants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Investigating the Conformity of Shohada-ye Khalij-e Fars Lake in Tehran with the Eco Place Model
Nima Sayad Hossein Zabihi Zahra Sadat Saeideh ZarabadiGiven the global deterioration of environmental conditions and its critical relevance to urban issues, this research aims to establish a model for advancing the theoretical underpinnings of urban spaces through the lens of landscape ecology. Research data have been syst MoreGiven the global deterioration of environmental conditions and its critical relevance to urban issues, this research aims to establish a model for advancing the theoretical underpinnings of urban spaces through the lens of landscape ecology. Research data have been systematically gathered through documentary research, surveys, and questionnaires. The sample size, determined using the Cochran formula, consists of 384 participants, and Likert scale scoring was employed for questionnaire statements, attaining a high correlation level of 0.979 through Cronbach's alpha test. The conformity of the case study with the proposed model was evaluated using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), revealing a substantial alignment. However, it is noted that the ongoing trajectory may diminish this alignment, prompting the provision of solutions to ameliorate the situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Evaluation of Quality Indicators of Urban Public Landscape
Sadi Faraji Ahmad Hami Farzin EmamiUrban landscape plays a key role in improving the quality of urban life as a part of the city's image, and if it is of good quality, it can play an important role in shaping social sustainability and urban solidarity. Nowadays, failure to observe the quality indicators MoreUrban landscape plays a key role in improving the quality of urban life as a part of the city's image, and if it is of good quality, it can play an important role in shaping social sustainability and urban solidarity. Nowadays, failure to observe the quality indicators in these areas clearly indicates the need for more attention in this field. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the existing problems and deficiencies by evaluating the quality of the regional parks in Tabriz and finally, it provides the managers and designers of the city with an appropriate and practical approach to optimize it. The method of data collection was based on library studies, documentation and designing of the questionnaire and its distribution among 300 individuals. After completing the questionnaire, descriptive and analytical methods were used to answer the research questions. Statistical tests such as Pearson and regression analysis were performed using the SPSS19 software. The results revealed that factors and sub factors received different preferences from the participants. Accessibility (Mean= 3.07, SD= 0.907) and socialization (Mean= 3.05, SD= 0.697) had the highest priority in the quality of regional parks, followed by activities, comfort and scenery, respectively. In addition, quality of environment, safety, social activities, and park facilities were people’s priorities in regional parks, respectively. According to the obtained results, Golestan Park had the best accessibility and socialization meanwhile Shams Park received the highest preferences in term of activities and planning quality. In overall, considering accessibility, socialization, and natural environmental quality may enhance quality of regional parks in residential settings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Sustainable Urban Landscape Designing based on Public Participation in Modern Metropolitan Management (A Case of Rudaki Area in the 11th District of Tehran)
IMAN DORODI mohammad reza zandmoghadam zeinab karkehabadi Undoubtedly, confronted with an immense volume of data and information, and recognizing time as the paramount capital in modern city administrations, the imperative is clear: embracing new technologies becomes unavoidable. In the realm of participatory decision-m More Undoubtedly, confronted with an immense volume of data and information, and recognizing time as the paramount capital in modern city administrations, the imperative is clear: embracing new technologies becomes unavoidable. In the realm of participatory decision-making, the utilization of virtual environmental systems offers a practical avenue. These systems enable the selection of viable and fitting solutions through the evaluation of simulated ideas, thereby averting erroneous decisions. The principal objective of this research is to usher in a novel perspective within Iran's urban planning, wherein the precedence of landscape design hinges on the attainment of a sustainable urban landscape, emphasizing the active involvement of local residents in the design process.In this article, the snowball sampling method is employed. The significant components of collaborative urban development and collaborative virtual environments were discerned and analyzed using the Delphi method. Factors with lesser impact on the research model were identified through expert opinions, resulting in the formulation of a conceptual model based on both existing models and responses from a questionnaire. In crafting this conceptual model, expert opinions were amalgamated through the brainstorming method, facilitating the derivation of a suitable model using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method. Following this approach, a sustainable urban landscape system can be envisioned for the Rudaki area, leveraging its substantial potential in historical and cultural identity. This process, rooted in network analysis, not only offers a valuable output for decision-making but also serves as a foundation for designing a sustainable urban landscape system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Ecological Analysis of Green Space Jiroft Using Landscape Metrics
Maryam Larijani Fatemeh Ghassami Elham Yusefi Robiat Application of landscape ecology in the field of urban planning indicates the quantitative interpretability and the analysis capability of the results of such analysis which More Application of landscape ecology in the field of urban planning indicates the quantitative interpretability and the analysis capability of the results of such analysis which shows the interaction of humans and their environment which in most cases happen to be a heterogeneous and disorder one that occurs at ground level. The rapid growth of urban changes spatial patterns of land uses in particular green spaces. Therefore, in this research, to improve green spaces and integration of it to sustainable development; the composition and distribution of green space of Jiroft with the help of landscape metrics(including CAP MPS, MNN, NP)is considered. The results of this study indicate that the composition and distribution of green space in significant part of Jiroft are not favorable conditions and mosaic network of urban green space patches of extent and continuity are not required to provide ecological services. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the ecological processes in areas where there are discrete green patches with a small area in order to create continuity between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Visual assessment of environment and landscape of Mellat Park in Zahedan based on public preferences approach
Khodarahm Bazzi Moahmadali MirshekariAmong senses that humans interact with their surrounding is the sense of sight that has the greatest role in enjoying natural environment. The natural environment has a condition that gives calm to the eye of each viewer. For satisfaction of citizens, it is necessary th MoreAmong senses that humans interact with their surrounding is the sense of sight that has the greatest role in enjoying natural environment. The natural environment has a condition that gives calm to the eye of each viewer. For satisfaction of citizens, it is necessary that urban managers consider visual elements in the design of parks. Zahedan as an emerging metropolitan in the South East area, has numerous parks, Mellat Park of Zahedan that is situated on the road of Zahedan to Khash can have a function in the region. However, this park suffered from serious damage in the terms of aesthetic. This study for determining these damages examined two hypotheses: 1. visitors of Zahedan Mellat Park regarding public preferences, preferred area of designed spaces to other areas. 2. Different age groups in the Mellat Park have different evaluations for visual landscape. This paper is based on public preferences using a classification model quality (Q-Sort) visual assessment of the present situation in the parks based on the tastes of the citizens. According to this model, with regard to the types of landscape existing park space is divided into different area: 1- Area of designed spaces, 2- Area of games and 3- Area of with natural covering. The 495 photos were taken at two different times of the area and with regard to the objectives of the study and a total of 24 images for each area were elected. The images, according to the preferences, were ranked in five categories (very nice picture, nice, ordinary, ugly and too ugly). The results show preferences respectively from the most to the least important priorities: area designed spaces 40%, natural area cover 38% and of the area games 22% with the preferences of visitors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Spatial Analysis Aesthetic Functions on Mental Relaxation for Citizens (Case Study:Tehran City, District 6)
Batoul Majidi Khameneh Hassan JangiAesthetic concern is one of the most important concepts to realization of mental relaxation for citizens. Many of the aesthetic functions which includes environmental convenience, accessibility or permeability, diversity, readability, spatial order, sequence of pe MoreAesthetic concern is one of the most important concepts to realization of mental relaxation for citizens. Many of the aesthetic functions which includes environmental convenience, accessibility or permeability, diversity, readability, spatial order, sequence of perspective, perception of space are attractive in the design of urban landscape. Without attention to beautification elements in urban environmental design, physical freshness and liveliness can not be gained. The main objectiveof thisstudy isdetermining theoptimal strategy, ranking and analysis of aesthetic functions in the 6th district of Tehran. First we used SWOT and ANP for determining the best strategy. Studies show that WO strategy or diversification and conservative strategy is the most important strategy in the district. Then two important variables of Performance and satisfaction of Beautification Organization were Evaluated With emphasis on the seven indexes (number of beautification elements, Locating, shape and form, color, environmental harmony, lighting and readability) by means of SPSS running Pearson’s coefficient of correlation formula. The results show that there is direct relation between satisfaction of citizens and Performance of Beautification Organization which means that, performance increases by increasing satisfaction. In relation with performance index of Beautification Organization, the highest average of performance was located for men and color for women. The Minimum average was the elements’ number index for men and for women. In relation with satisfaction index of Beautification Organization the highest average of satisfaction was for color and the minimum average was lighting. Finally for ranking of regions inside the district, the AHP model was used for surveying performance and satisfaction in regions’ scales. The district 2 was ranked as the highest rank and the district 1 was ranked as the lowest rank on the base of performance and satisfaction of the whole citizens. The results of study showed that Emphasis on urban statues, regional parks, lighting, urban furniture, and land use change of abandoned places and local cleaning and gaining innovative ideas are the most important mechanisms to improve the current situation in district beautification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Evaluation of Malayer County's Ecotourism Arrangements with Emphasis on Manisan Target Village Using SWOT Model
mitra refahi dahrThe purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of ecology, to study the status of ecology resorts and to determine the ecological ecosystems in Malayer. The research will be applied and will be descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The u MoreThe purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of ecology, to study the status of ecology resorts and to determine the ecological ecosystems in Malayer. The research will be applied and will be descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The use of documents, documents and reports and other parts has been collected through the analysis of Swat and its strengths and weaknesses. The SWOT technique is used for field analysis. Developing laws and standards appropriate to the local tourism industry, providing training to local tourism activists, supporting investors to enter the field and closely monitoring the activities of local tourism companies, with the presence of relevant authorities. He wants. The development of the local economy and the active involvement of the private sector in the tourism industry are among the opportunities that the tourism industry can bring to the country's sustainable development of the tourism industry. Ecotourism policies must also be integrated into a systematic, integrated approach to macroeconomic, political, cultural, and social areas with a view to protecting the environment, which is a common legacy of today's and tomorrow's generations, and fostering public participation in the field. Developing infrastructure, infrastructure, and revenue from this business - reviewing the types and patterns of benefits and benefits from public and private partnerships. B The eccentricity of canvas pointed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Measuring the Desirability of Urban Appearance and Landscape for Tourism Development: A Case Study of Ardabil Entrances
Mohammad hasan yazdani Mehdi khakzand Zhila Farzanehsadatzaranji Shiva velayatiThe cityscape, particularly the city entrances, plays a significant role in attracting tourists and forming their initial impressions of a city. However, the entrance spaces of Ardabil, despite its rich cultural and historical heritage and strategic location as a major MoreThe cityscape, particularly the city entrances, plays a significant role in attracting tourists and forming their initial impressions of a city. However, the entrance spaces of Ardabil, despite its rich cultural and historical heritage and strategic location as a major tourist destination, suffer from various problems and do not exhibit the desired characteristics. This research aims to assess the visual appeal and landscape quality of Ardabil's city entrances and prioritize them for future planning. The study adopts an applied research approach with a descriptive, analytical, and survey method. The research population consists of 15 urban planning experts and professionals in Ardabil. Four indicators, including physical, functional, aesthetic, and representation of the city's identity, were used to measure desirability. The Shannon's entropy model was utilized to assign weights to the indicators, and the PROMETHEE model was employed to prioritize the entrances based on the desired indicators. The results ranked the entrances as: 0.226, 0.011, -0.104, -0.074, with the first four entrances taking the top spots, and the Tehran-Ardabil entrance ranking fifth with a score of -0.059. Consequently, planning efforts should be organized according to the strengths and weaknesses of each entrance, while respecting the priority of intervention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Rethinking of Synomorphy Theory in the Art of Street Music (Case study: Urban Sidewalk in Tehran )
Sahar Toofan Yasaman Sadat Mostatab Elham MousapourOne of the effective factors in creating the visual-auditory landscape of cities is the interaction between the city, the citizen and street music that is formed in an urban sidewalk. In the current study, which has been prepared by descriptive-analytical method based o MoreOne of the effective factors in creating the visual-auditory landscape of cities is the interaction between the city, the citizen and street music that is formed in an urban sidewalk. In the current study, which has been prepared by descriptive-analytical method based on "Synomorphy theory", the authors study the art of street music on the sidewalks of Tehran with the aim of knowing why and how this type of visual-auditory landscape is formed. For this purpose, by attending the field of research and observing the behavior of people active in this field of art, they analyzed issues such as time and place of establishment, scope definition, position selection, type of music and instruments used, and identity of artists. The findings showed that the behavior and reaction of citizens in the face of street music under the influence of Synomorphic links was manifested in the three forms of "encouragement"; "compatible" and "neutral"; In such a way that positive behaviors with the effect of continuing this activity in a suitable context and stabilizing the position of street music have improved the quality of visual-auditory landscape in the city and increases social interactions between people and the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The role and importance of ancient sites from the perspective of entrepreneurship and landscape tourism
Amir Hashempour MafiAncient sites are the result of human activity or interactions of nature in a specific place, which can be said to include small and large works, the remains of which are left over time for us archaeologists to interpret and explain them. The tourism industry is an impo MoreAncient sites are the result of human activity or interactions of nature in a specific place, which can be said to include small and large works, the remains of which are left over time for us archaeologists to interpret and explain them. The tourism industry is an important factor in the direction of growth, which is constantly facing the demand of the people of the society, and it is also considered as a necessary and efficient bed for entrepreneurship. The expansion of the tourism industry, especially the landscape tourism, in Iran, in addition to economic and cultural development, plays a significant role in creating more empathy between the ethnic groups and cultures of Iran and increasing the convergence between different strata of the country. The topic of landscape is included in the topic of human places. In recent years, the responsible bodies pay special attention to the development of entrepreneurship and consider its expansion as a solution for economic prosperity, in the last half century, due to reasons including jobs and many problems, many people from villages and regions with ability have Tourism migrated Areas with tourism capabilities have turned into cities that the development of the tourism industry by creating employment and helping to eliminate unemployment and developing wealth can help in controlling this phenomenon. In addition, this topic has caused the expansion of culture and familiarity with landscape tourism and ancient sites and sites and cultural historical monuments that are of great importance and has provided a suitable cultural platform for their protection and preservation. With this aim, the basic and important question of the research can be to what extent ancient sites can be effective in the field of entrepreneurship and landscape tourism? During this research, in addition to stating the known factors in the field of landscape tourism entrepreneurship, the emergence of culture, civilization and landscape manifestations, which will be discussed in addition to the transmission of findings that end up improving the tourists' vision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Study of the Agricultural Landscape Evolution in Mazandaran Province in the First Pahlavi Era
Mehrdad Divsalar Mohammad Taqi Rahnamaei Mohammad Husain Farajiha Mohammad MahmodpourThe cultural landscape of the people of Mazandaran, which in the period under study, the first Pahlavi Era (1925-1941), included a limited geography of the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan today from the western extremity of Ramsar to the eastern extremity of Marave MoreThe cultural landscape of the people of Mazandaran, which in the period under study, the first Pahlavi Era (1925-1941), included a limited geography of the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan today from the western extremity of Ramsar to the eastern extremity of Maraveh Tappeh ;were scattered throughout history due to the diversity of climatic conditions and natural geography in the three geographical units of plain, Foothills and mountainous regions and based on the agricultural-livestock economics. Before the first Pahlavi, the geographical Landscape of the Mazandaran settlements was a stationary situation, but with the special policies of the first Pahlavi in the direction of modernization of Iran, there was a tremendous development in Mazandaran geographic Landscape. The present study aims to investigate the changes and evolutions in the Mazandaran agriculture geography in the first Pahlavi era from the viewpoint of the Landscape school. The landscape model examines nature changes in historical periods in a specific geography based on the applied policies. Due to the policy of modernization, many corrective programs were implemented in the agricultural sector of Mazandaran province. Mazandaran agricultural landscapes were changed by the first Pahlavi activities in order to mechanize Mazandaran agriculture and commercialization and industrialization of agricultural products. The modern state added a lot of land to the total agricultural land of Mazandaran by conquering nature and dominating it by drying the marshes and drainage, building a dam and bridge, and inhibiting the outbreak of water and dominating the water resources. As a result, the open field landscape, which until then was only the Mazandaran agricultural landscape, expanded vastly. New lands were also allocated in plain and foothill areas on plains and hills to cultivate new crops and to create orchard and hill Landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE (CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS, BRANCHES)
nasrollal molaei hashjinThe special space resulted from the interaction between different and varied natural and human forces within a specified regional context are referred to as geographical landscape. The study of landscapes may affect the geographical approach we employ in understanding MoreThe special space resulted from the interaction between different and varied natural and human forces within a specified regional context are referred to as geographical landscape. The study of landscapes may affect the geographical approach we employ in understanding the fundamental relations between man and environment and investigating the effect of cultural context on natural structure as well. Utilizing approaches of this kind in our analyzing and describing the geographical spaces to optimizing the spaces and maintaining a sustained development of societies, requires a comprehensive knowledge of concepts, historical background and a statement of the theories put in the field. The present paper, employing the information and sources available, attempts to elaborate on the concepts and definitions of the geographical landscape, and reviewing its historical background, will end up in conclusion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - ارزیابی زیباشناسی منظر پاییزه گونه های درختی بومی زیرحوزه هیرکانی جهت کاربرد در فضای سبز شهری (مطالعه موردی: حوزه شهرستان ساری)
وجیهه عباسی قادی مسعود آزادبخت یحیی تاجور محمد اکبرزادهدر چند دهه اخیر استفاده از گیاهان غیر بومی در کشور گسترش پیدا کرده است. گیاهانی که استفاده از آن­ها در منظر اغلب چالش برانگیز است و کشور را متحمل هزینه­های سنگینی می­کند. این مسائل سبب شده است که در چند دهه اخیر نگرشی جدید نسبت به گیاهان بومی ایجاد شود. گونه Moreدر چند دهه اخیر استفاده از گیاهان غیر بومی در کشور گسترش پیدا کرده است. گیاهانی که استفاده از آن­ها در منظر اغلب چالش برانگیز است و کشور را متحمل هزینه­های سنگینی می­کند. این مسائل سبب شده است که در چند دهه اخیر نگرشی جدید نسبت به گیاهان بومی ایجاد شود. گونه­هایی که به علت دارا بودن فاکتورهای اصلی اکولوژیکی و عدم نیاز به تطابق با منطقه ایجاد شده اند. بر این اساس، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی گونه­های درختی چوبی که می­توانند در برنامه ریزی جهت کاربرد در فضای سبز مورد استفاده قرار گیرند انجام شد. بر این اساس در این مطالعه در مجموع 55 گونه درختی از 20 خانواده گیاهی در منطقه­ی مورد مطالعه پیدا شدند که پس از ارزیابی پارامترهای زیباشناسی ناظر بر زیبایی فصل خزان گیاهان مورد مطالعه، 27 گونه درختی ناحیه هیرکانی به لحاظ معیارهای زیباشناسی در فصل پاییز در زمره گیاهان زیبا قرار میگیرند و 14 گونه درختی در گروه درختان بسیار زیبا و 14 گونه در گروه درختان با زیبایی متوسط جای گرفتند. در نتیجه برخی از گونه­های درختی بومی هیرکانی دارای قابلیت استفاده جهت زیباسازی مناظر شهری به خصوص در فصل پاییز می­باشند، لذا انجام مطالعات سازگاری جهت کاربرد این گونه­ها در فضای سبزشهری به خصوص پارک­ها توصیه می­شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - ارزیابی پاسخ به تنش خشکی در 13 رقم گیاه همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis)
مریم ضرغامی مقدم محمود شور حسین نعمتی احمد نظامیگیاهان حاشیه­ای بخش پر اهمیتی از فضاهای سبز عمومی و همچنین باغ­های خصوصی به شمار می­آیند و مدیریت تنش امروزه به­عنوان یک عامل ارزشمند در فضاهای سبز شناخته می­شود. خشکی یک تنش غیرزیستی عمده بوده و ظاهر و نمود گیاهان را محدود می­نماید. فضاهای سبز ب Moreگیاهان حاشیه­ای بخش پر اهمیتی از فضاهای سبز عمومی و همچنین باغ­های خصوصی به شمار می­آیند و مدیریت تنش امروزه به­عنوان یک عامل ارزشمند در فضاهای سبز شناخته می­شود. خشکی یک تنش غیرزیستی عمده بوده و ظاهر و نمود گیاهان را محدود می­نماید. فضاهای سبز با نیاز آبی کم رفته رفته به یک موضوع معمول در مناطق خشک تبدیل شده و اطلاعات اندکی درباره مقاومت نسبت به کم آبی و پاسخ­های بسیاری از گیاهان زینتی به ویژه یکساله­ها یا چندساله­های علفی در دسترس است. گیاه همیشه بهار یک گونه یکساله به شمار آمده که در سراسر دنیا به عنوان یک گیاه دارویی شناخته می­شود. هدف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی و ارزیابی پاسخ­های 13 رقم گیاه همیشه بهار (فیستا گیتانا،کَندی­مَن اورنج، سیتروس کوکتیل،کَندی­مَن یلو، نئون، فروت توئست، شِربیت فیز، اوپسی دیزی، پوت ماریگلد، گرین­هرت اورنج، کالِندولا پروکوپاین، پینک سوپرایز، تاچ آف دِ رد) در برابر تنش خشکی در 2 سطح (100 و 50 % ظرفیت زراعی) به روش وزنی با 4 تکرار در شرایط گلخانه­ای بود. در پایان آزمایش برخی از صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی اندازه­گیری و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. تیمار کم آبی (50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بیشتر صفات مورد بررسی را به طور قابل ملاحظه کاهش داده و تنها پرولین را افزایش داد(P<0.01). شاخص­ها و صفات گل مانند قطر و تعداد نیز به­عنوان صفات محوری و مطلوب با کاهش روبرو شدند. در نهایت دو رقم برتر نئون و کَندی­مَن مقاومترین­ها شناخته و گزینش شدند. به نظر می­­رسد منابع آبی مهمترین عامل موثر بر رشد و گلدهی در گیاهان یکساله حاشیه­ای بوده و کیفیت و کمیت در اثر خشکی کاهش معنی­داری پیدا می­کند. ارزیابی این صفات در کنار پاسخ­ها در مقاومت به داشتن فضاهای سبز پایدارتر و با نیاز آبی کمتر در آینده کمک شایانی خواهد نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - اثرات آللوپاتیک برخی عصاره مالچهای آلی بر جوانهزنی بذر و رشد اولیه برخی گیاهان زینتی
فاطمه کاظمی منصوره جوزایمالچ‏ها فواید عمده زیست­ محیطی، زینتی و کاربردی دارند. با این وجود، در خصوص اینکه برخی مالچ‏ها مانع جوانه‎زنی و رشد گیاهان به خاطر اثرات آللوپاتیک می‎شوند، بحث‏هایی وجود دارد. این مطالعه اثر آللوپاتیک عصاره‏های برخی مالچ‏های آلی را بر درص Moreمالچ‏ها فواید عمده زیست­ محیطی، زینتی و کاربردی دارند. با این وجود، در خصوص اینکه برخی مالچ‏ها مانع جوانه‎زنی و رشد گیاهان به خاطر اثرات آللوپاتیک می‎شوند، بحث‏هایی وجود دارد. این مطالعه اثر آللوپاتیک عصاره‏های برخی مالچ‏های آلی را بر درصد جوانه‎زنی بذر و رشد دانهال‏های برخی گیاهان زینتی در دو آزمایش به‎هم ‎مرتبط بررسی کرد. در آزمایش اول، تاثیرات آللوپاتیک شش نوع مالچ شامل چیپس چوب درخت چنار، میوه‎های کاج، برگ‏های کاج، پوسته‎های تنه درخت کاج، خاک اره، و سرزنی‎های چمن فستوکای بلند بر جوانه‎زنی و رشد اولیه بذرهای کاهو به­عنوان یک گیاه شاخص بررسی شد. آزمایش دوم بر پایه نتایج آزمایش اول طراحی شد به­طوری­که عصاره‎های مالچ‏های با پایین‎ترین میزان جوانه‎زنی انتخاب شدند و تاثیر آن­ها بر جوانه‏زنی پنج گیاه گلدار Alyssum maritimum, Celosia argentea, Tagetes sp., Zinnia sp. و Rudbeckia sp. بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد عصاره برگ‏های کاج اثرات بازدارنده بر جوانه‎زنی بذرهای کاهو (در آزمایش اول) داشت و همچنین اثرات معنی‎دار و قوی بازدارندگی بر جوانه‎زنی بذر، طول ریشه‏چه، طول ساقه‏چه، وزن تر و خشک ساقه‎چه همه گیاهان زینتی داشت. بر اساس این نتایج، برگ‏های کاج بعد از رها شدن یا تجزیه در خاک می‎توانند به­عنوان منبع شیمیایی آللوپاتیک عمل کنند و باید با احتیاط به­عنوان مالچ در منظرسازی، حداقل در تلفیق با گیاهان زینتی استفاده شوند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - اثر امواج صوتی بر پاسخهای فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه مریم گلی (Salvia splendens)
سلیم حیدری محسن کافی سپیده کلاته جاری مونا شفقتیان نفیسه ملاکریمیگیاهان به ­دلیل غیر متحرک بودن به ­طور اجتناب­ ناپذیری تحت تاثیر استرسهای محیطی هستند. امواج صوتی یکی از عوامل محیطی است که بر گیاهان اثر میگذارد. این مطالعه به­منظور درک رابطه بین گیاهان و امواج صوتی و پاسخهای آنها که تاکنون ناشناخته مانده است طراحی Moreگیاهان به ­دلیل غیر متحرک بودن به ­طور اجتناب­ ناپذیری تحت تاثیر استرسهای محیطی هستند. امواج صوتی یکی از عوامل محیطی است که بر گیاهان اثر میگذارد. این مطالعه به­منظور درک رابطه بین گیاهان و امواج صوتی و پاسخهای آنها که تاکنون ناشناخته مانده است طراحی گردید. برای این منظور گیاه مریم گلی (Salvia splendens)، یکی از گیاهان رایج در فضای سبز، تحت تاثیر امواج صوتی با فرکانس 1000 هرتز و شدت 90، 100 و 110 دسی بل به مدت یک ماه و هر روز یک ساعت قرار گرفت. گیاهچهها از بذرهای کشت شده در محیط کشت MS بدست آمد و هر 20 روز یک بار واکشت صورت گرفت. زمان آغاز تیمار 15 روز پس از کشت بذور بود. نتایج اندازهگیری صفات رشدی و آنتی­اکسیدانی نشان داد که امواج صوتی با افزایش شدت صوت در فرکانس 1000 هرتز موجب افزایش رشد گیاه شدند. بیشترین طول ریشه، طول ساقه، وزن خشک، وزن تر در تیمار 110 دسی بل بدست آمد. امواج صوتی منجر به افزایش محتوی پروتئین و آنزیم­های آنتی­اکسیداتیو کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و آسکوربات پراکسیداز شد. محتوی مالون­دی­آلدهید به­عنوان شاخص تخریب غشای سلولی با افزایش شدت صوت افزایش نشان داد. به­طور کلی، گیاه مریم گلی با افزایش رشد و بهبود صفات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی به تنش امواج صوتی پاسخ داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Effect of Silicon on Growth and Ornamental Traits of Salt-stressed Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.)
Hassan Bayat Morteza Alirezaie Hossein Neamati Ali Abdollahi SaadabadA pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of foliage spraying of silicon (Si) on growth and ornamental characteristics of calendula grown under salt stress and greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conduct MoreA pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of foliage spraying of silicon (Si) on growth and ornamental characteristics of calendula grown under salt stress and greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted with 3 levels of Si (0, 50 and 100 mg/l) and 3 levels of NaCl (0, 100 and 200 mM) with 4 replications. At flowering stage, Si was applied with spraying two times in two week intervals. NaCl was also applied as drench (200 ml per pot) in two days interval. The results showed that salinity decreased the growth, SPAD values, flower number per plant and flower diameter. However, foliar applications of Si resulted in greater root, shoot and total dry weight, plant height and leaf area of calendula plants under salt stress. The highest SPAD values were obtained under 100 mg/l Si application in all NaCl treatments. Salinity decreased number of flower per plant and flower diameter as ornamental characteristics; however Si increased them under salinity stress. Plants treated with 100 mg/l Si had the highest flower diameter at 100 mM of NaCl. Electrolyte leakage increased by salinity, however foliar application of Si significantly reduced electrolyte leakage under salt stress. These results suggest that the negative effects of salinity on the growth and ornamental characteristics of calendula plants can ameliorate by foliar application of Si treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Physiological and Morphological Responses of White Clover (Trifolium repens) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Plants to Salinity Stress
Navid Vahdati Ali Tehranifar Seyed Hossein Neamati Yahya SelahvarziTrifolium spp. are native plants in Iran exhibiting good ground cover po-tential. Salinity is a major environmental stress and today, 20% of the world cultivated areas and nearly half of all irrigated lands are affected by salinity. The main aim of this research was to MoreTrifolium spp. are native plants in Iran exhibiting good ground cover po-tential. Salinity is a major environmental stress and today, 20% of the world cultivated areas and nearly half of all irrigated lands are affected by salinity. The main aim of this research was to study morphological and physiological adaptations of these native species under different salinity levels for urban landscape usage. For this purpose a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates was conducted. Plants of Trifolium repens and two Trifolium pratense species (native and commercial) were submitted to salinity stress in a pot experiment with 4 different salinity levels (0, 75, 150, 225 mM NaCl) during the experiment period. Leaf area, LRWC (leaf relative water content), electrolyte leakage, root and shoot length and root and shoot fresh and dry weight were measured. Results showed significant dif-ferences within salinity treatments in all 3 species studied. Highest values measured for traits in cultivars were observed in T. pratense commercial followed by T. pratense native and T. repens except electrolyte leakage and root fresh weight. But alinity effect on these species increased along with severity, linearly. Leaf area was ost affected and decreased to 40.21 mm 2 (225 mM) from 184.14 mm 2 in control. Generally Trifolium species showed sensitivity to salinity stress, especially in higher levels. This study should help understand some physiological and morphological responses of Trifolium species to salinity stress for urban landscape projects, parks and xeriscapes in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Physiological and Morphological Responses of White Clover (Trifolium repens) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Plants to Salinity Stress
Navid Vahdati Ali Tehranifar Seyed Hossein Neamati Yahya SelahvarziTrifolium spp. are native plants in Iran exhibiting good ground cover po-tential. Salinity is a major environmental stress and today, 20% of the world cultivated areas and nearly half of all irrigated lands are affected by salinity. The main aim of this research was to MoreTrifolium spp. are native plants in Iran exhibiting good ground cover po-tential. Salinity is a major environmental stress and today, 20% of the world cultivated areas and nearly half of all irrigated lands are affected by salinity. The main aim of this research was to study morphological and physiological adaptations of these native species under different salinity levels for urban landscape usage. For this purpose a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates was conducted. Plants of Trifolium repens and two Trifolium pratense species (native and commercial) were submitted to salinity stress in a pot experiment with 4 different salinity levels (0, 75, 150, 225 mM NaCl) during the experiment period. Leaf area, LRWC (leaf relative water content), electrolyte leakage, root and shoot length and root and shoot fresh and dry weight were measured. Results showed significant dif-ferences within salinity treatments in all 3 species studied. Highest values measured for traits in cultivars were observed in T. pratense commercial followed by T. pratense native and T. repens except electrolyte leakage and root fresh weight. But salinity effect on these species increased along with severity, linearly. Leaf area was most affected and decreased to 40.21 mm 2(225 mM)from 184.14 mm 2 in control. Generally Trifolium species showed sensitivity to salinity stress, especially in higher levels. This study should help understand some physiological and morphological responses of Trifolium species to salinity stress for urban landscape projects, parks and xeriscapes in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Examining the role of urban rules and regulations on the organization of the image and landscape of Tehran Community Verified icon
islam karamiInvestigating Role of Urban Codes and Regulations on Organizing Tehran Urban The urban landscape is the contact surface of human beings and the city that is revealed through human experience and humanbeing-environment interaction. Developments over the past decades ma MoreInvestigating Role of Urban Codes and Regulations on Organizing Tehran Urban The urban landscape is the contact surface of human beings and the city that is revealed through human experience and humanbeing-environment interaction. Developments over the past decades made it necessary to pay attention to urban façade and landscape organization. An overall look at today's urban landscape is proof of this claim. Meanwhile, the role of urban codes and regulations as one of the most important factors effective on urban landscape formation will be investigated. In this research, an exploratory analysis was done, and the effective components of the urban landscape formation were extracted by a field survey using the questionnaire. After analysis, some executive and efficient suggestions would be proposed for the urban landscape planners. The statistic population included the executive managers, architecture and urban planning specialists and experts, and people living in the city Keywords: landscape, urban façade, urban rules, codes and regulations Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Examining the role of urban rules and regulations on the organization of the image and landscape of Tehran
Islam Karmi Arzoo Vafaei, Masoud Yousefi Tadzker Naser Haj MohammadiThe urban landscape is the surface of contact between man and the phenomenon of the city, which is revealed through human experience and the interaction between man and the environment. The developments of the last few decades made it necessary to pay attention to the f MoreThe urban landscape is the surface of contact between man and the phenomenon of the city, which is revealed through human experience and the interaction between man and the environment. The developments of the last few decades made it necessary to pay attention to the facade and organize the urban appearance. A quick look at the appearance of the city today is proof of the above claim. In the meantime, the role of urban laws and regulations will be studied as one of the most important influencing factors in the formation of urban image and landscape. In this research, an exploratory analysis has been carried out and with the design of a questionnaire, the effective components in the formation of the urban view have been extracted in the form of a field survey, and after the analysis, we will provide practical and effective suggestions for architects and urban landscape designers. There are executive directors, specialized experts and experts in urban planning and architecture, and people living in the regions who have a frequent presence in the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Determining Ecological Thresholds in Saline Habitats on Western Shore of Lake Urmia, Iran
Javad Motamedi Esmaeil Sheidai-Karkaj -
Open Access Article
158 - Investigation of Rangeland Changes Based on Landscape Metrics Analysis (Case Study: Kezab Rangelands, Yazd Province, Iran)
Mahdi Tazeh -
Open Access Article
159 - Realize the Identity of Rural Areas with an Aesthetic Approach based on Systematic Review
Mehdi Ghorbani Sajjad AmiriTThe landscape in rural areas is always known by tradition and identity, and one of the criteria of rurality is creating a sense of attachment and place belonging to rural areas, on the other hand, the realization of rural identity as a basic indicator requires knowing MoreTThe landscape in rural areas is always known by tradition and identity, and one of the criteria of rurality is creating a sense of attachment and place belonging to rural areas, on the other hand, the realization of rural identity as a basic indicator requires knowing the components and how to restore identity. It is lost among the rural areas. Defining and explaining the theoretical framework of the realization of rural identity requires benefiting from the studies conducted in this field and other related topics. The review of previous research shows the weakness of the existing frameworks in relation to the realization of the rural identity based on the aesthetic approach. The purpose of this research is how to realize rural identity with a systematic review approach. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and with the approach of a systematic review of the literature related to the components of rural identity, landscape and aesthetics between the years 2000 and 2022, using 3 specific keywords and a clear and pre-designed strategy, from 5 databases. Information was collected. After screening and qualitative assessment, the final analysis was done on 37 articles. For the realization of rural identity with an aesthetic approach, it is necessary to know the structure and executive performance, existing requirements and background and practical measures, on the other hand, we need the participation of local people and related organizations in all stages of the implementation of the mentioned programs. With the help of cooperation and interaction between local people, related organizations and the government, it is possible to create a unique identity for each rural area and contribute to its sustainable economic and social development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Investigating the role of origami algorithm in facades of high-rise buildings to reduce visual pollution and improve urban landscape quality
Tabassom Tabasi Amir Farajolahi Rod Vahid Ahmadi Hamid Reza Shoaei -
Open Access Article
161 - Explaining the Physical Components of the Landscape of Historical Gardens among the Women Who Refer to Them (With the Approach of Improving the Quality of Landscape Healing) (Case study: Historical gardens of Shiraz)
mozhdeh mokhtari mansour yeganeh Reza Afhami Historical gardens, as a healing landscape as a platform that influences the culture and the body, soul and mind of users, especially women, should provide a basis for peace of mind and culture of users with their surroundings. Provide a healing purpo More Historical gardens, as a healing landscape as a platform that influences the culture and the body, soul and mind of users, especially women, should provide a basis for peace of mind and culture of users with their surroundings. Provide a healing purpose. In this regard, in this article, the main purpose of evaluating the effects of the physical components of historic gardens on the healing quality of women's landscape. This article, according to the method, is descriptive-analytical and is applied based on the purpose. The method of data collection in this study is documentary and survey with a questionnaire and data analysis was performed using factor analysis and multivariate regression test in SPSS and structural equation modeling in Amos environment. The statistical population included women referring to the historical gardens of Eram, Delgosha, Takht, Khalili, Jahannama, Narenjestan Ghavam, Karim Khan citadel, Bagh-e Nazar, Haft Tanan and Jannat, with a sample size of 180 people. Findings from confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling also showed that 73.4% of the changes in the quality of landscape healing of women are affected by factor loads related to the physical components of historic gardens, according to which the quality of landscape healing In historical gardens, solutions such as culture building; Prevent the creation of abandoned spaces in study gardens; Not to build long routes in such a way that no other route interferes with it; Allocating special spaces to women in study gardens; Allocation of spaces is provided only for the use of women and … Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Landscape Approach in Dealing with the Cultural Phenomenon of the Road and Emphasizing the Perception of Travelers
saeid gholampour Seyed Amir Mansoori azadeh shahcheraghiToday's human need to travel at a higher speed has prompted engineering sciences to turn the road into a segment between the origin and the destination by increasing the intervention in nature. A review of the cultural history of the road shows the special place of the MoreToday's human need to travel at a higher speed has prompted engineering sciences to turn the road into a segment between the origin and the destination by increasing the intervention in nature. A review of the cultural history of the road shows the special place of the road in the minds of the people of the past. The road is intertwined with the activities of the past and has fully understood the concept of travel for them. On the other hand, the road, as a living space for the past, has many possibilities to give its passengers a better experience. This approach of modern engineering sciences seems to be inappropriate in the face of the road phenomenon. The road can itself become a conscious destination for travelers. A destination that can motivate its passengers to experience it many times. Although the road generates the concept of communication, this concept can 't be a sufficient condition in defining the road phenomenon. The present study is qualitative and based on qualitative content analysis and by examining library documents, reviewing previous theories of experts, as well as observing and analyzing conditions, while emphasizing the quality of roads, examines the impact and role of landscape approach at different levels of study. Today's society, by recognizing the capacities of the road, will plan to manage human perceptions of the environment on it. Road as a platform for sustainable passenger interaction with the environment improves the quality of travel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Environmental evaluation with land ecology and landscape ecological approaches: case study of Kaleibar Chay, basin, Arasbaran, Iran
Mehrdad Akbarzadeh sasan Babaiy Kafaki jaber Davoodi ali Faramarzi This research attempted to find the best sites for development with ecosystemic and landscape ecological approaches. For this purpose, the case study was evaluated by each approach. After data collecting, quantity and quality criteria of the case study zone More This research attempted to find the best sites for development with ecosystemic and landscape ecological approaches. For this purpose, the case study was evaluated by each approach. After data collecting, quantity and quality criteria of the case study zone were quantified and became dimensionless and thereafter limitation layers based on Boolean logic were applied to the map and each approach. Regarding consistency matrices and acceptable errors and using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) principles and aggregative support system, criteria weights in every approach were figured out. Finally, using simple additive weighting (SAW) method, criteria were weighted in each approach. For development, the worked out results were sorted in four groups from high preference to low and then consequences were represented in one complex map and matrix. The complex map outcomes were confirmed by matrix diameter selection which was recommended in every approach. The results showed 4985.12 hectare appropriate areas out of 54872.3 hectares for basin development. In each approach, the most overlap was observed in the lowest preference. Manuscript profile
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