The Role of Education in Green Infrastructure Plannig and Design Approch

Subject Areas : Urban Management Studies

Reza Ramyar ¹ , Eamail Zarghami ²

1 - دانشجو
2 - استاد

Received: 2015-12-30 Accepted : 2016-02-20 Published : 2016-02-20

Keywords: Key words: Green Infrastructur, ecology, landscape planning, Education,

Abstract :

Introduction and Aim: This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environmental state, with catastrophic consequences. Green infrastructure is a conservation planning that its conservation tools are land acquisition, easement, floodplain management, smart growth management tools, conservation land development, partnerships with landowners and  land trusts. Green Infrastructure is now known as a new term in environment and conservation planning. The term Green Infrastructure has appeared to have gained acceptance more recently. In this paper it is tried to explain the role of learning and education in Green Infrastructure strategy. Research method: In this paper with the help of analytical method and relying on documents and researches the status of education in the theory of green infrastructure as a modern approach in planning and landscape design has been reviewed and analyzed. Findings: First of all it is tried to describe Green infrastructure as a strategy in landscape planning then after that education and learning define as a basement in this idea and strategy. Education then is described as a method for increase in participation and also the necessity of educating people is also explained. This subject is also emphasized in making cities more resilient. “Learning by Doing” is emphasized as a way in mitigating failures in landscape planning that is used in Green Infrastructure planning. Conclusion:  In this paper, we show that education is a facilitator and complex concept in planning that is part of the active participation of citizens and other stakeholders and even the planners. Education in this way is a moderator and regulator of power geometry and aware people about this that can be regarded as the safest solution to improve the quality of urban green spaces.  

References:

مدنی پور علی، (1390). طراحی شهر خرد، مبانی و چارچوب‌ها. ترجمه بهادر زمانی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.

Ahern, J (1995) Greenways as a planning strategy. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 33., No. 1-3.Pg 131-155.

Ahern, J (2007) Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In: Novotny, V & Brown, P (Eds.) (2007) Cities for the Future Towards Integrated Sustainable Water and Landscape management. IWA Publishing, London. Pg. 265-283

Antrop, M .(2000). Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Vol. 77, No. 1. Pg. 17-28.

Baker LE (2004) Tending cultural landscapes and food citizenship in Toronto’s community gardens. Geogr Rev 94:305–325

Benedict, MA & McMahon, ED .(2002). Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation for the 21st Century. Renewable Resources Journal. Autumn Edition

Benedict, MA & McMahon, ED (2006) Green Infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities. Island Press, Washington.

CABE, 2011, 'CABE Sustainable Places — Green Infrastructure', Commission for Architecture and Built Environment (http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/ )

CABE Space (2003) Planning green infrastructure. CABE Space, London.

Djalante, R., C. Holley and F. Thomalla 2011. Adaptive Governance and Managing Resilience to Natural Hazards. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 2 (4), pp.1–14

EEA Technical report No 18 .2011. Green infrastructure and territorial cohesion: The concept of green infrastructure and its integration in to policies using monitoring systems. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

EEAC European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils, 2009, Green infrastructure and ecological connectivity. EEAC Biodiversity WG Briefing Paper (http://www.eeac-net.org/workgroups/pdf/WGBiod_Green%20Infrastructure_EEACpaperFinal_06-11-09.pdf) accessed 20 September 2010.

EPA, 2008, Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure. Action Strategy. United States Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/gi_action_strategy.pdf) accessed 20 September 2010.

Ernstson Henrik (2013) The social production of ecosystem services: A framework for studying environmental justice and ecological complexity in urbanized landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 109 7– 17.

Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C., Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A., Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prentice, J. C., Ramankutty, N. & Snyder, P. K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309, pp. 570-574.

Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L. H., Holling, C. S., & Walker, B. (2002). Resilience and sustainable development: Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. Ambio, 31(5), 437–440

Folke, C. T., Hahn, P. Olsson and J. Norberg. 2005. Adaptive governance of social–ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30, pp.441-473.

Fjørtoft, I & Sageie, J (2000) The natural environment as a playground for children. Landscape description and analyses of a natural playground. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 48, No. 1-2. Pg 83-97

Hudson, R. (2010). Resilient regions in an uncertain world: Wishful thinking or a practical reality? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3 (1), 11–25.

Kambites C & Owen S (2006) Renewed Prospects for Green Infrastructure Planning in the UK. Planning, Practice & Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 483 – 496.

Landscape Institute (2009) Green infrastructure: connected and multifunctional landscapes. England, London.

Lovell Sarah Taylor Taylor John R.. (2013)Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landscape Ecol  28:1447–1463.

Kazmierczak, A. and Carter, J. (2010) Adaptation to climate change using green and blue infrastructure. A database of case studies.

Mell Ian C. .2010.. Green infrastructure: concepts, perceptions and its use in spatial planning, Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University

McDonald, L.A., Allen, W.L., Benedict, M.A. & O’Conner, K. (2005) Green Infrastructure Plan Evaluation Frameworks. Journal of Conservation Planning 1:6-25.

McCall, M.K. and Minang P.A. (2005). Assessing participatory GIS for community-based natural resource management: claiming community forestes in cameroon. The Geoghraphical Journal 171: 340-356.

Natural England, 2010, 'Natural England — Green Infrastructure' (http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/planningtransportlocalgov/greeninfrastructure/default.aspx)

Ostrom, E., 1990. Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Pickett S.T.A., Cadenassso, M.L., Grove, J.M., 2004. Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape Urban Plan. 69, 369–384.

Roe, M .2006. ‘Making a Wish’: Children and the Local Landscape. Local Landscape. Vol. 11, No. 2. Pg.163-181.

Rockström, J., W. Steffen, K. Noone, Å. Persson, F.S. Chapin III, E.F. Lambin, T.M. Lenton, M. Scheffer, C. Folke, H.J. Schellnhuber, B. Nykvist, C.A. de Wit, T. Hughes, S. van der Leeuw, H. Rodhe, S. Sörlin, P.K. Snyder, R. Costanza, U. Svedin, M. Falkenmark, L. Karlberg, R.W. Corell, V.J. Fabry, J. Hansen, B.H. Walker, D. Liverman, K. Richardson, P. Crutzen, and J.A. Foley. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461, pp.472-475.

Sandstrom, Ulf. 2002. “Green infrastructure planning in urban Sweden.” In The Journal of Planning, Practice, and Research. Vol. 17, No. 4. 373-385.

Strang, Gary L. (1996). Infrastructure as Landscape [Infrastructure as Landscape, Landscape as Infrastructure]. Places, 10(3), 8.

Tidball KG, Krasny ME .2009. From risk to resilience: what role for community greening and civic ecology in cities?. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen

Tippett J .2004. ‘‘Think like an ecosystem’’—embedding a living system paradigm into participatory planning. Syst Pract Action Res 17:603–622

Vale, L., J. Campanella, and J. Thomas (2005) The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Valentine, G (1997) A safe place to grow up? Parenting, perceptions of young children’s safety and the rural idyll. Journal of Rural Studies. Vol. 13, No. 2. Pg. 134-148

Weber, T, Sloan, A & Wolf, J (2006) Maryland’s Green Infrastructure Assessment: Development of a comprehensive approach to land conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 77, No. 1-2. Pg 94-110.

White MM (2011) Sisters of the soil: urban gardening as resistance in Detroit. Race/Ethn Multidiscip Glob Contexts 5:13–28