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Open Access Article
1 - Export of Iranian Carpets to the United States During the Qajar Period; Backgrounds and Challenges
Fereshte Jahani The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countri More The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countries for the export of Iranian carpets, but this export was accompanied by ups and downs. The present article, based on the press and unpublished documents, seeks to answer the question of what factors accelerated the trade of Iranian carpets in the US market and what were the challenges ahead? the findings of this study indicate that following the reflection of trade and commerce exhibitions in the Qajar period press and the efforts of Iranian diplomats in Washington, some backgrounds in the United States and some factors in Iran accelerated the process of exporting Iranian carpets. Although in some cases there were brief interruptions in carpet exports to the United States for some reason, these obstacles were removed through the efforts of diplomats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Political Climate of Iranian Cinema from 1991 to 2001; Spoken Discourse Analysis of the Movie “the Dead Wave”
Muhammad Hassan Hashim Khanlou Hassan BashirThis article is conducted by leveraging Fairclough’s framework for Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the representation of Iran’s political context from 1991 to 2001 in the movie, The Dead Wave (2001) written and directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia. The crite MoreThis article is conducted by leveraging Fairclough’s framework for Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the representation of Iran’s political context from 1991 to 2001 in the movie, The Dead Wave (2001) written and directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia. The criteria for choosing this particular movie was its wealth in representing Iran’s political, social and ideological conditions. After reviewing the present wings and political groups at the years leading to the time of production of this text, this research will attempt to determine the movie’s position towards their competing discourses. Disregarding some aspects of the movie in the analysis process (such as images, music and tones of dialogues) due to practical limitations, after extracting discourse types (and their interpretation of situational and intertextual contexts) from the dialogues of the characters of the Dead Wave and their actions in the story and then explanations of these discourse types in respect of power relations in the time of production of the text, It has been claimed that this movie by reminding the history of involvement of the US government in Iran-Iraq war and especially shooting down the Iranian passenger aircraft of flight 655, with criticizing the performance of the then-current administration in foreign affairs and the alteration of position toward that country and the subculture and actions of the Iranian young generation, defends the dominant idealism from 1981 to 1991 in Iran and the traditional values of this country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Compairing the News Discourses in Persian British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC) and Voice of America(VOA) Websites' Regarding the fifth period of Assembly of Experts for Leadership Election
ali noori momrabadi ali akbar razmjoo hadi nazariThis study is going to compare the News Discourses in Persian British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Voice of America (VOA) Websites' regarding the fifth period of Assembly of Experts for Leadership Election. By this way, the study used the theories such as: Framing MoreThis study is going to compare the News Discourses in Persian British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Voice of America (VOA) Websites' regarding the fifth period of Assembly of Experts for Leadership Election. By this way, the study used the theories such as: Framing Theory, Image making and Discourse. Vandijke's Discourse analysis was the method used in this research. All the news of BBC & VOA's Persian websites Regarding the fifth period of Assembly of Experts for Leadership Election in the time period of one month before and two weeks after the Election day, was the Target Population for this thesis. Next to discourse's exploring 10 news selected of Target Population from each of the BBC's & VOA's Persian websites by the targeted sampling method. The results shown that the news texts of both websites from the viewpoints of words style, persons and organizations cited in the text, other, cites, pre- hypothesizes, presenting and empathies were very close together with these differences that Persian B.B.C's website concentrate on topics like removing candidates from Assembly of Experts for Leadership Election and act with pre-programing method, but VOA's Persian acting after the media stream begins. The discourse's system on news texts of both which following the election jointly with the instant media cover before and after the election were based on these discourses: “Supporting one political party and distorting the another one”and “Bipolarizing the Election” which all these discourses were finally “Against the Islamic Republic of Iran's” discourse Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Comparative approach to media literacy in developing countries
Seyed Gholamreza FalsafiIn the present era of information and communication revolution pervades geographical boundaries and dramatic changes hasbeen created in the global arena, media can be such a useful tool to help the modern man have desired life, ideals and fruitfulusing the latest scient MoreIn the present era of information and communication revolution pervades geographical boundaries and dramatic changes hasbeen created in the global arena, media can be such a useful tool to help the modern man have desired life, ideals and fruitfulusing the latest scientific phenomena; furthermore, if the tool is used incorrectly or in bad faith can act as a devastating andcatastrophic force. To have audience will be able to protect themselves against media destructive consequences andchallenges in life alongside present plural media by enjoyment of well informed and actively media should create newliteracy that is called by the name of media literacy. Literacy media in addition to considerable ability in traditional literacythat is reading and writing skills creates the ability to analyze and evaluate messages and data transmission to others invarious formats and by different instruments in man. It also enables people to understand media work procedure and howmeaning it, i.e. the nature and purposes of media produced messages and effects and techniques of various media which makehim out of the mere consumerism and resist him against the damaging effects of the media.To clarify this issue, the study seeks to answer the question that what is approach of media literacy in developing countries?In this research, comparative study is used based on library and document method using information written resources,documents and valid scientific evidence needed to answer the research question were collected and presented. The author hastried to represent the approach of developed countries such as UK, Canada, Japan and the United States to promote medialiteracy in their communities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - A numerical method for pricing American option on Mercantile exchange (case study of wheat and soybean)
Rafi Hassani Moghaadam Hanif Heidari Seyed Rohollah Ahmadi Haji Abadi Abbas EbrahimiAmerican trading options are a way to manage risk in the commodity exchange. This method can be applied before maturity. The valuation of the American trading option in the finite difference method is less complicated than other methods and its calculation time is relat MoreAmerican trading options are a way to manage risk in the commodity exchange. This method can be applied before maturity. The valuation of the American trading option in the finite difference method is less complicated than other methods and its calculation time is relatively short, and also with increasing the sample and increasing the volatility, the parameters are not disturbed. In this research, using the mentioned method, the American option for two products of wheat and rapeseed meal has been done and specified according to the data of Iran Commodity Exchange: A) The value of the American option for wheat and rapeseed meal is very small and negligible from the binomial tree method and the finite difference method calculated using the algorithm presented in the research and coding in MATLAB software. B) The American option value for wheat is higher than soybean meal for both options. The main reason for this is the high volatility (σ) of the base price of wheat stocks compared to rapeseed meal. C) The result of the effect of volatility change and price change on the value of the option, is in favor of volatility change. This indicates the importance of the volatility parameter in the valuation of options. Finally, it is suggested that considering that the American option is capable of applying before maturity ,in the iranian stock exchange for agricultural commodities is presented as one of the tools of risk management . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A new approach to using the cubic B-spline functions to solve the Black-Scholes equation
Hossein Aminikhah Seyyed Javad AlaviNowadays, options are common financial derivatives. For this reason, by increase of applications for these financial derivatives, the problem of options pricing is one of the most important economic issues. With the development of stochastic models, the need for randoml MoreNowadays, options are common financial derivatives. For this reason, by increase of applications for these financial derivatives, the problem of options pricing is one of the most important economic issues. With the development of stochastic models, the need for randomly computational methods caused the generation of a new field called financial engineering. In the financial engineering the presentation of Black-Scholes model in 1973, attracted the attention of economists to the partial differential equations more than past. Therefore, we need a simple and precise solution for this kind of partial differential equations to determine the pricing option contracts. In this article the cubic B-spline collocation method has been used in the form of a difference method to solving Black-Scholes partial differential equation. Using this method as simplicity as finite difference method and does not have complex computation of traditional B-spline collocation method. The use of this method leads to a system of tridiagonal algebraic equations which is suitable for computer programming. The stability and convergence of this method is discussed and numerical results are presented for European and American options. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - مبانی و ضرورتهای اعمال جایگزینهای حبس در مورد کودکان و نوجوانان (در پرتو نگاه تطبیقی به تجربه حقوق ایران و آمریکا)
مسعود همت حمیدرضا حیدرپور ژیلا بزی تنها -
Open Access Article
8 - موسسات مدعی حق اختراع: چالشی نوین در حوزه حقوق اختراعات ایالات متحده با نگاهی به حقوق ایران
محمد مهدی علی عسگری زمانی سوده ناطق نوری -
Open Access Article
9 - Analyzing the American laws and regulations regarding privatizing and providing Access for third party to Oil and Gas Pipelines and Facilities in the USA
Atefe Ghasemi Mehdi Piri Alireza HasaniIn the mid of 19th century, the oil and gas industry has been known as one the most profitable industries in the United States of America. Besides the economic importance, the other most important topic that must be considered and analyzed is the transportation of oil a MoreIn the mid of 19th century, the oil and gas industry has been known as one the most profitable industries in the United States of America. Besides the economic importance, the other most important topic that must be considered and analyzed is the transportation of oil and gas products through pipelines and other transportation methods, creating access for third parties, how to keep this market and industry competitive and how to protect the environment against oil and gas pollution. This article has analyzed the most important laws and regulation enacted by the Congress and other outstanding governmental regulatory agencies and foundations regarding privatizing and creating access for third parties to the pipelines and has concluded that the base and philosophy of these regulation is to require the governments of states and system operators of private sectors to provide non-discriminative with reasonable tariffs for the demanders in this industry and market. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Political Cinema and America’s Foreign Policy Toward Iran After September 11th
Allahyar elahi Elahi Abbas Soltanloo Ali Reza soltaniHollywood’s Political cinema as the hub of America's moviemaking is a set ofprofitable companies which have been produced movies from the beginning of therise of the American film industry in the village of Hollywood, but over time, itsname encompassed all the Ame MoreHollywood’s Political cinema as the hub of America's moviemaking is a set ofprofitable companies which have been produced movies from the beginning of therise of the American film industry in the village of Hollywood, but over time, itsname encompassed all the American film industry. Hollywood has always been aconvenient tool in the hands of the government and the government has beenruling in America until they transfer what they have wanted such as; Viewpointsand also their Positions to others, clearly or unclearly.The question is: what is the position of Hollywood’s political cinema in America'sforeign policy toward Iran after September 11th attacks? It should be answered tothis question that, after September 11th, Hollywood filmmakers have beeninfluenced by America's foreign policy orientations and made movies by referringto the past events and Islamic Revolution and also presented negative and scaryface of Islamic republic in world public thoughts by disguising the fact.Accordingly, we have faced to prominent image of Iran and Iranian in WesternMedias and specifically in Hollywood’s cinemas by Iran phobia project in theyears after the September 11th. After that time, issues such as Islamic Revolution,hostage crisis, terrorist attacks of September 11th, human rights, nuclear power,religion, culture, war, Iranian women, 1388 events of Iran and etc. were the mainsubject of countless anti-Iranian Hollywood films such as Argo, Syriana, Notwithout my daughter, The Insider, Alexander, 300, Maryam, Crash, House of sandand fog, Red Rose, Rosewater and etc., which have been made to presentAmerica's foreign policy goals Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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A. Saei GH. Torabi -
Open Access Article
12 - Recognition and functioning of warehouse receipt in Iran’s law and comparing with US Uniform Commercial Code
Naeim Alinaghi Ismaeil Abbasi mahdi montazer Morteza Shahbazinia heydar hassanzadehRecognition and functioning of warehouse receipt is one of the legal issues that was not studied in Iran’s law. Therefore, in this article firstly recognition and legal nature of warehouse receipt and secondly functioning of this instrument in Iran’s and US MoreRecognition and functioning of warehouse receipt is one of the legal issues that was not studied in Iran’s law. Therefore, in this article firstly recognition and legal nature of warehouse receipt and secondly functioning of this instrument in Iran’s and US law were considered. Historically, warehouse receipt has entered in Iranian law’s litreture since 1961. Although, merchants have used aforesaid instrument prior sch time. In Iran’s law, this instrument has the collateral role. After submission of the commodity to the public warehouse, stockman is obliged to issue the warehouse receipt. This instrument is the proof of title of the commodity and it could be trasfered to the third party through endorsement. In Federal legal system and US Uniform Commercial Code, this instrument has the collateral, endorsable and bearing role. Warehouse owner may select one of the Federal and/or state regulation. In local level, it is possible not to meet unified procedure in warehouse receipt issue. Although, several states supervise on warehouse directly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Role of American Land Reform in the Failure and Underdevelopment of Agricultural Economy in Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
zahra amiri REZA shabani mohamad kalhorLand reform was the most important program of social transformation, which was on the agenda of Mohammad Reza Shah in the early 1340s. The Shah and the Amini government were responsible for implementing the plan, inspired by the ideas of Walt Whitman Rostow, an American MoreLand reform was the most important program of social transformation, which was on the agenda of Mohammad Reza Shah in the early 1340s. The Shah and the Amini government were responsible for implementing the plan, inspired by the ideas of Walt Whitman Rostow, an American economic historian and Kennedy adviser, who sought to implement a Western version of development in Iran. This article seeks to answer the fundamental question, how did the American land reform cause the failure and underdevelopment of the agricultural economy in Iran? Since there are no hypotheses to test, this study seeks to explore and define new concepts in an exploratory manner. The land reform was carried out in the United States under Iran. Contrary to US officials' claims, the main purpose of its implementation was not to elevate it. The level of welfare of the people, but also the strengthening of US-affiliated capitalism against the communists, as well as providing a market and a platform for the sale of US consumer goods in Iran. The Americans, for various reasons, including lack of awareness of the social context of Iran, rapid implementation of reforms, disregard for the leadership of the reforms, use of repression theory, could not conclude the reforms they intended for Iran. Incomplete implementation of the land reform program, census Unrealistic agriculture, changing the traditional land system without institutionalizing a suitable model or alternative, disrupting part of Iran's social fabric following the incomplete implementation of the land reform program, dissatisfaction of landowners and landowners, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Assessment of Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani’s Exposure to the America Object in the Course of Development from the Perspective of Discourse Analysis
Maryam Jamshidi Mehrdad NavabakhshThe world is the product of discourses and discourses have power. This enables them to highlight or marginalize political or social issues. It also allows them to create a hegemony in the political-social conflicts, or even to deconstruct them, and, in short, they creat MoreThe world is the product of discourses and discourses have power. This enables them to highlight or marginalize political or social issues. It also allows them to create a hegemony in the political-social conflicts, or even to deconstruct them, and, in short, they create identity in the same way as myths. This paper examines the object of America in foreign policy discourse in the development period by considering the Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani’s discourse toward facing the U.S. at the time. The research method used in this article is discourse analysis. The results indicate that the signifiers of good will and good faith as well as logical behavior, are the main signifiers in Hashemi Rafsanjani’s discourse in facing the U.S. There are signifiers and other elements articulated such as a lack of trust and intimacy around the signifiers. However, by reviewing the literature related to the speeches and statements of the then Iranian president, he has shown that while he was trying to have an interactive and good-faith-oriented approach to the West / U.S., he could not succeed in this regard because some of America's actions created main obstacles like this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Drought Prediction Using North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) Over Western Regions of Iran
Mehdi Moghasemi Narges Zohrabi Hossein Fathian Alireza Nikbakht Shahbazi Mohammadreza YeganegiBackground and Aim: Drought as a natural hazard significantly impacts various sectors such as agriculture and water resources and causes considerable damage to these sectors worldwide. Therefore, adaptation strategies should be taken to reduce drought damage, and in the MoreBackground and Aim: Drought as a natural hazard significantly impacts various sectors such as agriculture and water resources and causes considerable damage to these sectors worldwide. Therefore, adaptation strategies should be taken to reduce drought damage, and in the meantime, planning and adaptation to drought conditions using drought forecasting is one of the most effective strategies. Due to the need for drought forecasting and the limited studies that evaluated drought indicators obtained from the rainfall forecast output from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) in Iran. This study evaluated these models in four catchments of Karkheh, Karun, Heleh, and Hindijan-Jarahi for1982-2018.Method: In this study, the monthly output of different NMME ensembles were evaluated in the forecast leads of 0 to 9 months from 1982 to 2018, the SPI drought index was calculated. Comparison of these data with GPCC data was used for evaluation. Three quantitative criteria, including correlation coefficient, RMSE, and BIAS, were used for evaluation. Also, to integrate the existing models, two methods: a: Arithmetic mean between the existing models and B: Weighted average between the models have been evaluated by considering the correlation coefficient (CC) results. Also, two criteria (i.e., POD and FAR) and the quantitative statistical criterion (i.e., correlation coefficient) were used to evaluate the SPI drought index.Results: The results of the precipitation evaluation of the models showed that the integrated models have better performance than the individual models. In this integrated model, the weighted model also had better performance. Evaluation of spatial distribution of precipitation models also showed the excellent performance of NMME models in Karun and Hindijan-Jarahi catchments in the zero-month forecast lead and Hindijan-Jarahi catchments in the one-month forecast lead. The results of drought index evaluation showed that integrated models, although having better performance in precipitation forecasting, but in drought forecasting, the best performance belongs to NASA-GMAO-062012 and CFSv2 models. The results also showed that drought index forecasts in three and six-month periods have better performance than one month. Spatial distribution evaluation also showed that the models perform better in the southern basins. In general, it can be concluded that NMME models have good performance in predicting drought in some places and specific forecast leads, so they should be evaluated at each point before use.Conclusion: The results of precipitation evaluation showed that, in general, integrating the output of dynamic models increases its proficiency, and integration in weighted mode (WeightedNMME) performs better than the non-weighted model (NMME). According to the zero-month forecast among individual models, the NASA-GMAO-062012 model has the most skills in terms of the correlation coefficient. However, in the one-month forecast lead in terms of the correlation coefficient, RMSE and BIAS, the best performance belongs to the CFSv2 model. Evaluation of drought indices showed that the model's performance could be different from their performance in predicting rainfall. WeightedNMME, for example, performed well in NASA-GMAO-062012 and CFSv2 months, although they performed well in predicting drought. The spatial evaluation also showed that the southern catchments perform better than other basins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - A Comparison between Mahatma Gandhi’s Thoughts and Latin America’s Liberation Theology
sedighe javadian jafar fallahi Azim HamzeianMahatma Gandhi, spiritual, political and social Hindu leader of India in the first half of twenty century, conducted a political and social struggle by his spiritual and religious values. Theologians of Latin America’s liberation theology started their opposition MoreMahatma Gandhi, spiritual, political and social Hindu leader of India in the first half of twenty century, conducted a political and social struggle by his spiritual and religious values. Theologians of Latin America’s liberation theology started their opposition against the unjust political and economic structures of Latin America after 1960s. Despite their different religious traditions and cultural atmospheres, Gandhi and liberation theologians had comparable features in bases, methods and ends. They had critical relations to their religious traditions, believed in contextual viewpoints, tried for this-worldly changes, removing poverty and injustice and argued that praxis is more important than mere theory. Liberation theologians emphasized on Marxist thoughts and tried to change unjust political and economic structure, even by violent methods of struggle. So, ends are more important than means. But Gandhi, with his emphasis on spiritual and moral transformation, believed in inseparability of ends and means. He argued that violent methods would lead to more severe constraints than that of colonialism. In these thoughts Gandhi was influenced by Leo Tolstoy’s thoughts and Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount. He was in contrary with socialist struggling groups in India. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Civil Liability Sanctions about Environmental Pollution in Iran and US Law
Babak Sadeghi alireza lotfi doudaran Mozaffar BashokouhThe legal confrontation with environmental pollution and the many and various losses resulting from it, which endangers human life in the present generation and future generations, requires appropriate and efficient legal enforcement guarantees. Civil Liability, as a br MoreThe legal confrontation with environmental pollution and the many and various losses resulting from it, which endangers human life in the present generation and future generations, requires appropriate and efficient legal enforcement guarantees. Civil Liability, as a branch of legal science, has provided valuable executive guarantees in this field, which has a preventive and compensatory role. The purpose of choosing the topic of this article is to introduce and review and complete the executive guarantees of civil liability caused by environmental pollution in Iran and US law. According to the studies conducted in this research, the executive guarantees of civil liability in US law are more complete than the legal executive guarantees of Iran, because punitive damages, joint and several liability and referendum have been accepted in US law. But even the executive guarantees of US law also have shortcomings that the authors have pointed out, and by theorizing and examining the issues of this area, the authors have created new executive guarantees, such as the cancellation of contracts that pollute the environment and the return of property. It has also presented the results obtained from the polluting activities in order to provide better means of compensation and prevention of the losses caused by environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Comparative study of the coordinates of "Hajj travelogue" based on Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Mazeh's travelogue
Fazel Abbaszadeh Sarban Valizadehhave set their destination and aim for their trip to Mecca to do the Hajj commandment and if it weren't for this goal, we would only have a few travelogues today.Meanwhile, during trip to Hajj, many belletrist have mentioned the conditions of this trip and compilation o Morehave set their destination and aim for their trip to Mecca to do the Hajj commandment and if it weren't for this goal, we would only have a few travelogues today.Meanwhile, during trip to Hajj, many belletrist have mentioned the conditions of this trip and compilation of a book in the form of a travelogue, and have created a special literary form called "Hajj travelogue" in terms of content, structure and other stylistic and literary features is differentfrom travelogue in the general meaning. . This study wants to compare and analyze characteristics and conditions of Hajj travelogue in Persian and Arabic literature by relying on two ancient Arabic and Persian travelogues called Ibn Mazeh's travelogue entitled "Latayef Al-Azkar lelhozar and Al-safar fi Al-manasek and Al- Adab" and Ibn Jubayr's travelogue entitled " Al-Nasak's validity treatise fi Al-Karimat and Al-Manasek . The results show that both travelogues were from the title to the form and content for Hajj and for the purpose of Hajj. Characteristics and conditions in the processing of time, place,subject,and structure, etc distinguish it from other types and travelogues According to the American comparative literature School, this study investigates a comparative study of this type of literature in two said works Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Schools of Comparative Literature
Sedigheh Sherkat MoghaddamThe present article tries to elaborate on comparative literature and compare different literary schools while studying the realm of comparative literature and its reflection in Iran and today world through clear reasons. Comparative literature is developed branch o MoreThe present article tries to elaborate on comparative literature and compare different literary schools while studying the realm of comparative literature and its reflection in Iran and today world through clear reasons. Comparative literature is developed branch of literature and dramatic literature in which the similarities and differences of different literary works are compared. What is of great contention in comparative literature is not the role of the literary work but its reflection in another nation’s literature. Comparative literature goes beyond the political, linguistic and national borders of one nation. It not only looks for establishing connection with other branches of humanities but also understanding among different cultures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Comparing Behaviors with Slaves in Nezami's Quinary and Uncle Tom's Cabin Novel
Saeed Karimi Ghareh Baba Nahid Javan Biparva Hassan Heidarzadeh SardoroudThe main aim of the present librarian research is to study the behaviors with slaves in Nezami's Quinary (Panj Ganj) and Uncle Tom's cabin novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Nezami and Stowe's perception and view point to slaveholding is affected by their societies' public MoreThe main aim of the present librarian research is to study the behaviors with slaves in Nezami's Quinary (Panj Ganj) and Uncle Tom's cabin novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Nezami and Stowe's perception and view point to slaveholding is affected by their societies' public view point; by studying the behaviors of lords with slaves, two different and public views are faced: in America's late 20th centuries, the slaves did not benefit the least human rights and they behaved the most abhorrent way; but in Nezami's Quinary inhuman and merciless behavior is not seen much; because the slaves had comfortable lives beside their lords and even sometimes they have been counted as family members. On the other hand there are cruel behaviors in some cases in Nezami's Quinary as well such as humiliating slaves and violence. In Uncle Tom's cabin novel set the slaves free and being kind to them by the lords shows human's enlightenment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Study and compare (sonnet) lyrical approaches in poetries of Ibrahim naji and Mohammad Hussein karimi
Hossein Goli Shahrokh Hekmat Shahboddin KarimiThe comparative literature that is a branches from interdisciplinary studies, passes literary borders and discovers new findings. Therefore, lyrics in the scope of lyrical literature, open plenty fields for researchers. Studying lyrical themes at the works of naji and k MoreThe comparative literature that is a branches from interdisciplinary studies, passes literary borders and discovers new findings. Therefore, lyrics in the scope of lyrical literature, open plenty fields for researchers. Studying lyrical themes at the works of naji and karimi indicates that they were dynamic and efficient in composing sonnet. Two fundamental concepts have considered to achieve substantial results among content and context and genres of lyrics. the researchers study According to analysis of lyrical approaches and objective components. The American method of comparative literature was based because without caring whether literatures contractual relationship or not. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Comparative Study on Dirty Realism in Chubak and Carver Works
Mahdi Norouz Mojgan Tahmasebi SetoodehRealism is a literary school which became popular during 1850 and 1880 in United States of America and Europe. The most important feature of realistic works is that it introduces human as a social creature and seeks all evil and good behaviors’ roots in the societ MoreRealism is a literary school which became popular during 1850 and 1880 in United States of America and Europe. The most important feature of realistic works is that it introduces human as a social creature and seeks all evil and good behaviors’ roots in the society. Raymond Carver is one of the American most famous short story writers who is known as a pioneer in dirty realism. Sadeq Chubak is one the most effective writers of Iran’s contemporary literature which dirty realism is remarkable in his works. The present paper is a comparative research to find out the existing similarities and differences in Carver and Chubak’s works in descriptive – analytical method. The approach of the research is historical and based on the “American School” theoretical framework. By studying their works, it could be find out that both writers narrate ruins, breaking downs and lacks in humans’ life y assisting a common language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - ارزیابی دو روش کشت باکتریایی و PCR در تشخیص بیماری لوک آمریکایی و اروپایی
صبا الماسی چگنی ملاحت احمدی حبیب دستمال چی ساعی بنت الهدی رحمان -
Open Access Article
24 - تبیین پیوندهای استراتژیک آمریکا و کشورهای آسیای مرکزی
بنت الهدا یوسفی دیلمی فرهاد حمزه رضا تاجفر -
Open Access Article
25 - دیپلماسی هستهای جمهوری اسلامی ایران در تقابل با ایالات متحده آمریکا
محمد صادق یحییپور آیه شعبانی کوچصفهانی -
Open Access Article
26 - استراتژی جدید ایالات متحده آمریکا و امنیت ملی افغانستان
عبدالرضا فرجی راد بهنام شهبازی سیدهادی ساداتی محمد درخور -
Open Access Article
27 - تأثیر ساختار ژیوپلیتیک حاکم بر روابط روسیه و ایالات متحده آمریکابر رقابت آنها در جنوب غرب آسیا
سجاد مرادی نیا زهرا پیشگاهی فرد کیومرث یزدان پناه بهادر زارعی -
Open Access Article
28 - Legal and Juridical Investigation of US Embassy Transfer from Tel Aviv to Quds Sharif
Farzaneh Tayari Alireza EbrahimiThe usurped Quds regime, Israel, has occupied Palestine. Palestine is historically owned by Muslims and its true inhabitants. The US Embassy in Tel Aviv has been transferred to Quds Sharif, although legally, the embassy's immunity from recognizing governments and govern MoreThe usurped Quds regime, Israel, has occupied Palestine. Palestine is historically owned by Muslims and its true inhabitants. The US Embassy in Tel Aviv has been transferred to Quds Sharif, although legally, the embassy's immunity from recognizing governments and governments is recognized in international law, but this is a matter of legal and legitimate state-state existence. That is, the Israeli occupation regime lacks it. Therefore, the legality of this transfer should be examined. This article examines the legal status of the United States in terms of jurisprudence and jurisprudence with a legal-legal approach. The main hypothesis of the investigation is that the United States is acting illegally. The novelty of the investigation is that it is not legitimate for jurisdictions and international law to have embassies in Israel. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Constructivist Analysis of U.S. National Security Attitudes Facing Islamic Republic of Iran
morteza shirody tahre knaniThe present article has posed an analysis of confrontation of U.S. with Islamic Republic of Iran based on a conceptually constructivist framework and answered this question that “what role have security attitudes and imaginations of American political leaders towa MoreThe present article has posed an analysis of confrontation of U.S. with Islamic Republic of Iran based on a conceptually constructivist framework and answered this question that “what role have security attitudes and imaginations of American political leaders towards Iran-America relations particularly after Revolution?” The article has hypothesized that type of attitude and perception of U.S. officials showing their ideological and supreme power has very largely influenced Iran-America relations. For constructivist concept, imaginative and mental system of people specifies how they behave and act; in fact, the hegemonic imagination that American leaders and American community have towards other people of the world and sense of responsibility and mission for rescuing other people in the world triggered materialization of hegemonic imagination and mission of democratizing the world and salvaging other people in the world by creating international climate security, kicking up horror and dismay, intervening in the affairs of other nations and attempting for subversion of established governments of those nations. The conceptual framework of this article is a constructivist idea and security attitudes of American statesmen vis-à-vis Iran have been analyzed by relying upon constructivist idea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Study of the Role of Thinking Rooms in Obama’s Decision-Making about the Nuclear Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Reza Haghshenas Gorgabi Hossein Ahmadi Mohamad Ali BasiriThe purpose of the present study is to explain the role of thinking rooms in Obama’s decision-making about the Islamic Republic of Iran’s nuclear plan. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicated that since thinking rooms as non-off MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explain the role of thinking rooms in Obama’s decision-making about the Islamic Republic of Iran’s nuclear plan. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicated that since thinking rooms as non-official organizations in the USA affect decision-making in that country, we can explain changes in Obama’s policies about Iran’s nuclear plan with respect to the decision-making theory, especially the organizational model. During the presidency of Obama, his foreign policy in terms of Iran’s nuclear plan consisted of 2 stages: the first stage of consensus-building for Iran’s maximum sanctions; and the second stage of negotiation and peace with Iran. Changing the government in Iran caused them to be able to dissuade Iran from Uranium enrichment and some other nuclear achievements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Policy of the European Union and the United States towards the War in Yemen form the Perspective of Neorealism (2015-2019)
Majid Abbasi Akbar ZareaiThe purpose of the present study is to research about the policies of the European Union (E.U) and United States of America (U.S.A) towards the attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to Yemen. The main hypothesis of the study is that the E.U mostly aims to use legal and d MoreThe purpose of the present study is to research about the policies of the European Union (E.U) and United States of America (U.S.A) towards the attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to Yemen. The main hypothesis of the study is that the E.U mostly aims to use legal and diplomatic solutions as well as national and international talks to resolve the crisis in Yemen but the U.S.A attempts to support Saudi policies and the military attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to handle the crisis with the purpose of defeating Ansarullah. This study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and qualitative approach and the results showed that the Europeans and Americans hold that Houthi Movement in Yemen is under the influence and guidance of Islamic Republic of Iran so they attempt to prevent Iran’s penetration in the region and the establishment of a government like Iran. The Europeans assume that ongoing negotiations to end conflict and return to peace should be supported. Despite this announced policy by the E.U, the governments of Germany, France, and U.K are still continuing to sell their military weapons to Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E and do not want to lose this important market for selling their weapons. The Americans think that the stabilization of Houthi state in Yemen entails the spread of Iran’s penetration in the region and it will lead to the imbalance of power to the disadvantage of the U.S allies. The solution for the crisis in Yemen is to hold national talks between opposing parties and resolve conflicts in short term and long term under the supervision of the United Nation to decrease military tension and conflict and force the attacking military forces out of Yemen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Strategic Competitions between Powerful Countriesin India-Oceania and Eurasia
Reza Simbar Danyal RezapoorThe purpose of the present study is to investigate bilateral ties between India-Eurasia (Russia and the United States) and India-Oceania in new world conditions and also to assess the gradual transformations of India effective in the above 2 regions using the theory of MoreThe purpose of the present study is to investigate bilateral ties between India-Eurasia (Russia and the United States) and India-Oceania in new world conditions and also to assess the gradual transformations of India effective in the above 2 regions using the theory of geopolitical region. The hypothesis is that bilateral relations in the triangle of India, U.S.A and Russia is of special importance with regard to the growing history of India in the international realm and an ongoing competition between the U.S.A and Russia to remain faithful to India. Furthermore, with respect to the efforts of New Delhi to become an influential world power, India will have to do more trades; therefore, it makes use of its close relations with Washington and Moscow. The method of the study is descriptive-analysis and the results showed that deteriorating relations between Russia and the U.S.A is a hindrance to achieve trilateral cooperation. Despite traditional friendship and mutual trust between India and Russia, it seems that relations between the two countries cannot meet the realities today. Although Washington and Moscow regard relationship with New Delhi as a sign of growing regional ties in India-Pacific Ocean and Eurasia, they face with a special resistance from the Indian counterpart when it comes to developing ties. China is considered as a key variable in the triangle model between the U.S.A, India, and Russia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The U.S Foreign Policy against Iran during the Presidency of Obama and Trump (Based on Mearsheimer's Offensive Realism and Walitz's Defensive Realism)
Hasan Abediny koshkuieh Hossein Masoudnia Mahnaz GoodarziThe purpose of the present research is to explain and clarify the factors and components effective on the U.S foreign policy against Iran during the presidency of Obama and Trump as a period replete with fluctuations. The research method was descriptive-analytic with re MoreThe purpose of the present research is to explain and clarify the factors and components effective on the U.S foreign policy against Iran during the presidency of Obama and Trump as a period replete with fluctuations. The research method was descriptive-analytic with respect to the systematic review of Obama's and Trump's behavior based on defensive and offensive realism. The U.S foreign policy would be explained based on its security approach to Iran's nuclear activities and regional behaviors involving components such as the character of Arabic-Hebraic lobbies and cabinet members. Obama's foreign policy against Iran relying on the approach of interaction and pressure (intelligent power) was successful whereas Trump's foreign policy failed with respect to its offensive nature and the gap among western countries. Therefore, it can be concluded that both of the presidents attempted to challenge the Islamic Republic of Iran's interests by creating political and economic crises and military threats in internal and external aspects. Obama could restrain Iran's nuclear activities by reaching a nuclear agreement but Trump by withdrawing the nuclear deal, not only could not sustain Obama's achievements but also almost failed to restrain Iran to provide the U.S national interests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - American Democratization Project in the Greater Middle East Initiative (GMII)
Khaled Rahmani Sohrab Salahi Mareyam MoradiThe purpose of the present study is to review the American demarcation project in the Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the US as the only super power remaining from the cold war era, aimed to MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the American demarcation project in the Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the US as the only super power remaining from the cold war era, aimed to become a global hegemonic power by its domination over the strategic region of the Middle East so that the USA in the American order is at the top of the pyramid and other powers are below in a linear line. When the US attacked the region and occupied Iraq, it raised two strategies of the elimination of the weapons of mass destruction and countering terrorism. Yet this hypothesis is proposed that the US main strategy in GMEI was the American democratization project in the region. If the US succeeds in this strategy, the condition of reaching its goals in the GMEI is facilitated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - US Approach to Disarmament and Arms Control after September 11th (2001-2020)
seyed mahmod mansorinasab Abomohammad Asgarkhani SOHRAB SALEHIOne of the most important strategic subjects in the realm of international relations between countries and international security is arms control and disarmament. In this regard, the purpose of the present research is to review the US approach to disarmament and arms co MoreOne of the most important strategic subjects in the realm of international relations between countries and international security is arms control and disarmament. In this regard, the purpose of the present research is to review the US approach to disarmament and arms control considering September 11th events 2001-2020. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that the subject of disarmament and mass destruction arms control is one of the most important issues in the international level, particularly in relationships between Russia and the United States. The context of disarmament and arms control after the cold war has immensely been intricate and complicated. After September 11th, peaceful and multilateral international cooperation between countries did not end; but rather with regard to the US movements, the rules of the play firstly undertook a military aspect which led to a change in international discourse. Secondly, unilateralism was raised against multilateralism which affected all the countries. Manuscript profile -
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36 - Transformation and Smartization of the U.S Military Power Strategy in the Persian Gulf Region (2001-2022)
Ali Asghar Ghaffari Cherati Hasan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan SirakiThe present study aims to answer how transformation and smartization of the U.S military power strategy has been conducted in the Persian Gulf region since 2001. The research relies on the hypothesis that consequences and high costs of the U.S military strategies during MoreThe present study aims to answer how transformation and smartization of the U.S military power strategy has been conducted in the Persian Gulf region since 2001. The research relies on the hypothesis that consequences and high costs of the U.S military strategies during the presidency of George W. Bush, under the influence of hard power, made later presidents in the country to follow the strategy of smart power. Along with military presence, they also attempted to rebuild the U.S deteriorated image in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region by some strategies like diplomacy, trade, foreign assistance, and propagation of their values. The research method was content analysis and the results showed that consequences of the U.S military intervention in the Persian Gulf revealed strategic limitations of Washington’s hard power policy during the Bush presidency. Thus, Barack Obama and later presidents in the country emphasized on the simultaneous use of hard and soft power, under the title of smart power. Although their approaches were different, their most important smart and common objective was to intelligently change power balance in the Persian Gulf region, in favor of the U.S and against Iran, by coalition between Israel and Arabic countries especially Saudi Arabia and UAE in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Foreign Policy of Russia vis-à-vis the Islamic Republic of Iran (with an Emphasis on Iran Nuclear Program)
مجتبی محمدی نودهکی محمدرضا اصغری مهدی جاودانی مقدمIran and Russia has gone ups and downs of relations for centuries. The most important relations have been built during Tsarist, ex-communist and neo-Russian governments after 1991. Prior to disintegration of ex-Soviet, Russian policy before Iran had been negative and al MoreIran and Russia has gone ups and downs of relations for centuries. The most important relations have been built during Tsarist, ex-communist and neo-Russian governments after 1991. Prior to disintegration of ex-Soviet, Russian policy before Iran had been negative and always with politico-military interventions, but after disintegration of Soviet Union and during Putin’s presidency, it has maintained a divergently cooperative policy. In these years, Russian policy enjoyed focal points in different areas. Russia’s paradoxical policy has revealed itself particularly about Iran nuclear program. Although Russia was the only country that continued nuclear cooperation with Iran after the western nations resigned to keep on cooperating with Iran, it has, since Iran nuclear crisis began, tried to maintain its relations with Iran and the west and make benefits from such hubbub. Paradoxical policies of Russia affected by internal-external variables led us to trying to explore the reasons behind the paradoxical behavior of Russia to keep a more understandable concept of such policies because miscalculations trigger unfavorable outcomes when further predictable optimism and reliance towards Russia and its real capacities of foreign policy are given consideration. Manuscript profile -
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38 - The normalization of tension in US-Iran relations from the perspective of ontological security
farideh amani Abas mokarami mohhamad sotodeRelations between Iran and the United States have undergone tensions and divergences after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. So that perspective of both countries regarding international issues is in contrast with each other. Although each of these two countries, at some MoreRelations between Iran and the United States have undergone tensions and divergences after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. So that perspective of both countries regarding international issues is in contrast with each other. Although each of these two countries, at some points, tried to talk about a number of issues that guaranteed their security and mutual benefits, but many factors interrupted it and prevented detente in bilateral relations between the two countries. Bilateral relations have been established between the two countries. Accordingly, the question is why, despite the direct and indirect contacts and negotiations between the two countries, Iran and the United States have not yet established their bilateral official relations?.Based on the theory of ontological security, it is assumed that the hostility of Iran and the United States due to basic conflict has become common for both countries, and none of these two countries want to unsettle these normal relations and endanger its ontological security by establishing official relations.The findings of this study indicate that, given the continuous lack of official relations and lasting hostility between the parties for many decades and also giving identification basic disputes, ontological security has become very important to them. This paper uses a descriptive analytical method to advance its hypothesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Providing a roadmap for technical and vocational secondary school educational system in Iran
zohreh bagherzade Alireza AsarehFocusing on the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of technical and vocational educational system in such countries to improve the vocational and technical educational system in Iran. This study was a comparative survey. Da MoreFocusing on the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of technical and vocational educational system in such countries to improve the vocational and technical educational system in Iran. This study was a comparative survey. Data were collected using documentary method and libraries research as well as surfing the related websites as UNESCO and Ministries of Education of the studied countries. The used pattern was George Brady. Based on the findings, improving the quality of educational system, building confidence, promoting the employment efficiency, entrepreneurship, and adopting with the international markets were the determined purpose of such countries in this very field. Developing a national qualifications framework, using an eclectic approach for teacher training, allocating more hours devoted for the internship, communicating teachers with companies, continuing corporation under the supervision of an expert, having evaluation by using a variety of different types (lasting, formative, continuous), considering the emotional factors, professional ethics, and grouping evaluation were highly noticed in these countries.Taking the successful models of developed countries into consideration and applying them in our vocational and technical educational system in our country would provide more occupational chances for graduate students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Toxicity and insecticidal effect of titanium oxide nanoparticles on American cockroach
Ali Noori Shahzad ShiraniBackground and purpose: American cockroach is one of the important household insects, which transmits many types of pathogens to the environment. On the other hand, the methods used to control it today are somewhat ineffective and have caused resistance in these insects MoreBackground and purpose: American cockroach is one of the important household insects, which transmits many types of pathogens to the environment. On the other hand, the methods used to control it today are somewhat ineffective and have caused resistance in these insects. Materials and methods: 311 adult American cockroaches were purchased from Tehran Health College. Titanium oxide nanoparticles were also purchased from Neutrino company, Tehran. Different concentrations of nanoparticles were prepared for oral and contact treatments of American cockroaches. American cockroaches were treated by contact and oral method with different concentrations of titanium oxide nanoparticles with three repetitions. The average percentage of insect mortality in different groups was compared by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test. Also, the average percentage of insect mortality on different days in each group was compared by analysis of variance with repeated observations. Results: The oral treatment of American cockroaches was more effective than the contact treatment in concentrations of 15 and 21% in all days, but the contact treatment was more effective than the oral treatment in all days except the seventh day in a concentration of 25%. In general, oral treatment was more effective than contact treatment. With increasing dose and passage of time, the mortality percentage of American cockroaches increased significantly due to contact and oral treatment with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Conclusion: The use of different nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide nanoparticles, can create a significant effect in controlling the American cockroach as a new method along with the previous methods. Manuscript profile -
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41 - آینده پژوهی دیالکتیک علائق ژئوپولیتیکی ایالات متحده آمریکا، ایران و روسیه درآسیای مرکزی
علیرضا محرابی امیرعلی عابدینی -
Open Access Article
42 - Analyzing the legal status of high officials in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America
hedieh sadat mirtorabi ehsan aghamohamadaghaeeReferring to the legal structure of official and legal authorities in political systems is a question that can be answered by reflecting on the philosophical-political thought of the separation of powers and also by analyzing the text of the constitution of political sy MoreReferring to the legal structure of official and legal authorities in political systems is a question that can be answered by reflecting on the philosophical-political thought of the separation of powers and also by analyzing the text of the constitution of political systems. In the American presidential system, the president is considered as the embodiment of unity and has a clear superiority over other heads of state. Also, extraordinary power has been given to the president in the following matters: implementing laws and monitoring their good implementation, directing the country's foreign policy and commanding the armed forces. This is despite the fact that in Iran's legal system, according to the requirements of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the position of leadership is the highest official and political position of the Constitution. In the meantime, the texture and structure of the constitution has been composed in such a way that it is not only limited to the cases mentioned in principles 110 and 112, but also any matter of public affairs, provided that it is within the framework of Islamic standards and is subject to public interest. be included in the aforementioned authority. Considering the political structure of the two legal systems of Iran and the United States, this article evaluates these two authorities through the lens of the Constitution. Manuscript profile -
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43 - A comparative study of the imprisonments of Malek al-Shoara Bahar and Fadavi Touqan
Esmaeil EslamiCommon intellectual fields are the result of common social issues and the manifestation of this can be found in literature. By exploring literary works, one can find out how similar ideas are formed among writers. The present research will deal with the descriptive-anal MoreCommon intellectual fields are the result of common social issues and the manifestation of this can be found in literature. By exploring literary works, one can find out how similar ideas are formed among writers. The present research will deal with the descriptive-analytical method, with the approach of comparative literature and based on the American school, to examine imprisonment in the poems of Malek al-Shoara, an Iranian poet, and Fadavi Touqan, a Palestinian poet, and will study and discuss the most obvious themes of prison in their poems. Because Malek al-Shoara Bahar and Fadavi Touqan are poets who fought and sought freedom and spent the best years of their lives in prison and exile. Both of them have complained about their depressing and inhuman environment and have been imprisoned. The results of the research show that patriotism, anti-colonialism, call to resistance, promotion of solidarity and stability, promotion of justice and fairness, honoring the position of martyr and freedom and hope are common themes in the poems of these two poets and it seems that the two poets are in a situation And the understanding of the similar experience has provided the prerequisites for such a thing. Manuscript profile -
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44 - هانسبری نمایش نامه نویسی جهانی یا نمایش نامه نویسی محلی: تحلیل "نشانه در پنجره سیدنی بروستاین" در پرتو دیدگاه های راجر دی. آبراهامز
Maryam Jalali Farahaniبرخی از منتقدان، لورین هانسبری، نمایشنامهنویس زن آفریقایی آمریکایی را به دلیل نوشتن «نشانه در پنجره سیدنی بروستاین» به عنوان نمایشنامهنویسی جهانی ستوده اند و برخی دیگر او را به خیانت به ادبیات آفریقایی آمریکایی و اجدادش متهم کردند. این مطالعه با بهکارگی Moreبرخی از منتقدان، لورین هانسبری، نمایشنامهنویس زن آفریقایی آمریکایی را به دلیل نوشتن «نشانه در پنجره سیدنی بروستاین» به عنوان نمایشنامهنویسی جهانی ستوده اند و برخی دیگر او را به خیانت به ادبیات آفریقایی آمریکایی و اجدادش متهم کردند. این مطالعه با بهکارگیری مفهوم "دلالت"، ارائه شده توسط راجر دیوید آبراهامز، فولکلوریست آمریکایی در این نمایشنامه، نشان میدهد که هانسبری به مشارکت خود در ادبیات آفریقایی آمریکایی و پسا استعماری ادامه داده است. اما این بار با گسترش تمرکز خود بر ظلم و ستم و به طور کلی افراد ستمدیده در کل جهان به این مهم پرداخته است. مفهوم "دلالت" آبراهامز مطرح شده و مواضع و نمونههایی از آن در نمایشنامه کشف شده است. این مقاله نتیجه میگیرد که لورین هانسبری نه تنها به عنوان یک نمایشنامهنویس آمریکایی آفریقایی تبار، بلکه به عنوان یک نویسنده جهانی با نوشتن "نشانه در پنجره سیدنی بروستاین" به شهرت خود میرسد. Manuscript profile -
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45 - Efforts of American missioners for Converting Nestorians'Religion (In Mohammad Shah and Nassereddin Shah Qajar era)
Hossein AhmadiThe American protestant missioners that had entered in Iran in late ofFathali Shah Qajar reign, started their religion mission oriented toconvert Uremia inhabitants to Protestantism once learned some dialectsof north west region of Iran.Since, the Russians backed Armeni MoreThe American protestant missioners that had entered in Iran in late ofFathali Shah Qajar reign, started their religion mission oriented toconvert Uremia inhabitants to Protestantism once learned some dialectsof north west region of Iran.Since, the Russians backed Armenians and the French boosted Catholics,the Americans missioners, at first, did not show a considerable measurein order to attract these two religious groups . Since the Nestorians didnot enjoyed of any foreign groups, the American missioners, with a hugecapital and the protection of British embassy in Tehran, started their vastteaching by Nestorians of Uremia .This paper tries, by using the records of Iran ministry of foreign affaires,to show the conversion of Nestorians religion by the Americanmissioners in Mohammad Shah period and early Nassereddin Shah Qajarreign . Manuscript profile -
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46 - History of Iran and the United States of America Foreign relations
amir akbari reza jalaliWhen the Islamic Revolution climaxed in 1357 and won, Deep hatred of the United States of America in Iran was prevailed. Since Pahlavi autocracy was strengthen and revived by American coup in 28 Mordad 1332 and America was approved and supported regime until the last mo MoreWhen the Islamic Revolution climaxed in 1357 and won, Deep hatred of the United States of America in Iran was prevailed. Since Pahlavi autocracy was strengthen and revived by American coup in 28 Mordad 1332 and America was approved and supported regime until the last moments of the life of it. However, in the early days of the victory, Imam Khomeini, urged revolutionary to refrain from attacking foreign embassies. But these demands were ignored by Marxist groups, and on 25 February (Bahman) 1357, linked gunmen of fedayeen khalq guerrillas attacked the America Embassy in Tehran, and take hostage of Ambassador William Sullivan, along with a group of members of the embassy. After a few hours This Issue ended by the involvement of interim government and three days later, the United States government recognize (legalize) the new regime in Iran. Manuscript profile -
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47 - The history of sanctions appearance Historical trends of mutual interaction of US-Iran relations
reza jalaliAfter the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, all America's Middle East policies were challenged. After this defeat, America had made all their efforts in the region to regain his lost position. Iranian people, which still had not forgotten the bitter memory of t MoreAfter the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, all America's Middle East policies were challenged. After this defeat, America had made all their efforts in the region to regain his lost position. Iranian people, which still had not forgotten the bitter memory of the coup of August 28, revealed His repressed hatred. In an inappropriate and challenging action, America accepted Deposed Shah of Iran by the pretext of treatment. This event led to a revolutionary response to this problem. After this action, in response to American negligence to extradite shah (king), angry group of students, occupied United States Embassy in Tehran and took hostage its staff for 444 days. This event is the beginning of the tensions between Iran and America, which led to the imposition of reprisals. After occupation of embassy by students of Imam Khomeini follower, The United States cut diplomatic ties with Iran and imposing limited sanctions. This was the beginning of the series of sanctions which has continued so far. Initial sanctions were canceled after the Algeria contract. But Iranian movable properties in abroad, on the pretext of compensating the losses of the Islamic Revolution in America continues to be blocked in America. While some of this money was repaid to Iran, but significant amount was never refunded. Manuscript profile -
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48 - st
unes motevaliererterert Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - American missionery Hospital and school of nursing in Mashhad
mohammad kazem radmaneshMedical services provided in various forms, and especially by establishing hospitals, one of the tools and solutions that Christian mission by the American presence in Iran, with the goal of gaining more influence in the way, was used. Hospital and nursing school of Ma MoreMedical services provided in various forms, and especially by establishing hospitals, one of the tools and solutions that Christian mission by the American presence in Iran, with the goal of gaining more influence in the way, was used. Hospital and nursing school of Mashhad American missionary as one of the first hospitals established by the American mission, during its activity as a cover for political and sometimes advertising mission, played very important role. This effort will also evaluate query history course from the beginning of this hospital until transfer to established health ministry, also some efforts of American mission in this reading should be concerned. Manuscript profile -
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50 - Iran and the US relation on the verge of Islamic Revolution
ali soleymanpor amir akbariThe study of Iran and the US relation showe that interventionist presence of the US in Iran started with 28thMordad coup with full support for Pahlavi II. Iran turned to an important country in the middle east to protect the US interest in the region. Iran was considere MoreThe study of Iran and the US relation showe that interventionist presence of the US in Iran started with 28thMordad coup with full support for Pahlavi II. Iran turned to an important country in the middle east to protect the US interest in the region. Iran was considered one of the best allies by the US presidents. Iran was assigned the role of the Police in the region. With democratic President, Carter, taking power, there were serious doubt to support Shah in Iran. This weakened Shah's position and finally leading to his fall. Manuscript profile -
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51 - Examining the Nature and Effects of Sanctions against Iran (With a View to Developing Lobbying Influence in the US Decision-Making System)
Esmaeil Moogholi Abu Mohammad Asgarkhani Mahmoud ErfaniUnilateral sanctions go beyond multilateral sanctions imposed by the Security Council under the Charter of the United Nations. In this research, we are looking for the question that what is the nature of US sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran in the light of MoreUnilateral sanctions go beyond multilateral sanctions imposed by the Security Council under the Charter of the United Nations. In this research, we are looking for the question that what is the nature of US sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran in the light of international sanctions law? US sanctions has been of a mixed nature in the context of congressional and Treasury sanctions, as well as in the context of multilateral sanctions imposed by international organizations and in terms of international law governing sanctions it could only have legal validity in the absence of a bilateral treaty. Various laws in the United States allow US institutions to impose unilateral sanctions on other countries. Sanctions within the framework of the internal resources of the United States of America include: executive orders or decrees of the President, congressional sanctions of states, sanctions of states and governorates, and the Constitution of the United States. Manuscript profile -
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52 - Assessing US National Security Policy in Southwest Asia
Hasan Esfandiari Ebrahim Motaghi Mahdi NasrHasan Esfandiari [1],Ebrahim Motaghi [2]*,Mahdi Nasr[3] Abstract: Southwest Asia is one of the least stable regions, where regional conflicts, especially the Arab-Israeli conflict, continue for nearly more than 2 decades after the end of the Cold War. In the fie MoreHasan Esfandiari [1],Ebrahim Motaghi [2]*,Mahdi Nasr[3] Abstract: Southwest Asia is one of the least stable regions, where regional conflicts, especially the Arab-Israeli conflict, continue for nearly more than 2 decades after the end of the Cold War. In the field of regional countries, the United States is trying to put new strategies on the agenda to bring about a permanent balance of power and threats based on the equation of national security and national interests of the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate US national security policy in Southwest Asia. The research method was qualitative. Finally, it is concluded that the structure of US national security policy is based on recognizing the national security challenge of major powers, regional threats, the appeal of emerging actors, and how to deal with threats, each of which can be used as part of regulatory mechanisms. [1].PhD Student in Political Science (International Relations), Faculty of Political Science, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran [2].Full Professor Department of Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Corr­esp­o­nd­i­ng Author [3].Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Payame Noor University, Shahrekord, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Exploring the Reasons for the Transformation of US Strategies towards Middle East Developments in Obama Era
Dariush Shahbahrami Ghasem Torabi Aliraza Razaei Dariush Shahbahrami[1] Ghasem Torabi[2] Aliraza Razaei[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power in 2008, Washington has had to reassess its foreign policy. This led to a shift in America's approach to the Middle East. One of the most imp More Dariush Shahbahrami[1] Ghasem Torabi[2] Aliraza Razaei[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power in 2008, Washington has had to reassess its foreign policy. This led to a shift in America's approach to the Middle East. One of the most important goals of changing the Obama-era approach to the Middle East was to change from unilateralism to multilateralism. In this regard, the US approach to the nuclear case, cooperation with the P5 + 1, transatlantic relations, and the adoption of a multilateral diplomatic strategy toward Iran can be seen as effects of Obama's multilateralism strategy. In fact, the main question is: what was the reason for the change in US foreign policy toward the Middle East between 2008 and 2016? In response, it can be said that the vast costs and limited benefits of the past US interventionist policy in the Middle East, shale oil economization in the US and the decline of the strategic importance of the Middle East region and US security concerns elsewhere, including in Southeast Asia, have been the causes of the shift in US strategy toward the Middle East between 2008 and 2016. But the most important signs of Obama's strategy toward Iran are: limitation of deterrence strategy against Iran, reduction in strength of multilateral sanctions and restrictions on controlling and reducing the danger of Iran. [1] - PhD Student, International Relations, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran, dariush.shahbahrami@yahoo.com [2] - Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, ghasemtoraby@yahoo.com, Corresponding Author. [3] - Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, ir.alirezarezaei@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The American School of Legal Realism: Dimensions and Approaches
Armin Amini Mojdeh GhoddousiRealism has different and perhaps conflicting meanings in discussions of legal theory and philosophy of law. The general meaning of realism refers to an image of the world in which external reality plays a stronger and more effective role than ideal aspects. Accordingly MoreRealism has different and perhaps conflicting meanings in discussions of legal theory and philosophy of law. The general meaning of realism refers to an image of the world in which external reality plays a stronger and more effective role than ideal aspects. Accordingly, the American realist movement seeks to exclude artificial and mysterious layers in the realm of law. Realism in this sense is somehow testing of legal theories considering the reality that takes place in the outside world. Legal reality, then, is anything that the courts actually do when decision-making. In this regard, descriptive-analytical method is used in problem processing and the purpose of this article is to examine the American school of legal realism and the issues raised by experts in this field. Finally, the findings show that realists, against their will, have succeeded in developing a strong and coherent theoretical perspective on law and judgment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The Effects of US Economic Sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran
Hojjatullah Ghaedi Bardeh sohrab salahi Khairullah ParvinThe purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate US economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was done by descriptive-analytical method. The main research question is: What effect has the US economic sanctions had on the Islamic Republic of Ira MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate US economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was done by descriptive-analytical method. The main research question is: What effect has the US economic sanctions had on the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results show that the United States and the European Union have used cooperative mechanisms in the global system in the process of unilateral sanctions against Iran, and in this way, they have created conditions that changes in Iran's behavior patterns to transition from UN Security Council sanctions and unilateral US-EU sanctions are inevi­t­a­b­le. How­e­v­e­r, some analysts on Iran-US issues believe that a comprehensive proposal for the lifting of economic sanctions against Iran is possible. The current realities of international politics indicate that the United States prefers to use tactical models, step-by-step methods, and strategic persuasion processes in dealing with Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Impact of Ukraine Crisis on Russia, Focusing on Ukraine's Geopolitical Importance to Russia after Soviet Collapse by 2018
Sohila Poladi Bahram Yusefi Fereydoon Akbarzadeh Hossein Karimi FardSohila Poladi[1] Bahram Yusefi[2] Fereydoon Akbarzadeh[3] Hossein Karimi Fard[4] Abstract: Ukraine is a country with a specific geopolitical position between the EU and Russia; this geopolitical situation has unintentionally engaged Ukraine in internationa MoreSohila Poladi[1] Bahram Yusefi[2] Fereydoon Akbarzadeh[3] Hossein Karimi Fard[4] Abstract: Ukraine is a country with a specific geopolitical position between the EU and Russia; this geopolitical situation has unintentionally engaged Ukraine in international disputes, which generally arise between the three powers Russia, the European Union and the United States. In this research, the research is descriptive-analytical and the data are col­le­cted using library resources. Research Question: What were the origins and effects of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis? Conclusion: Russia has felt threatened by the West's presence in Ukraine and its position on the Western Front, and with the separation of the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine and its accession to its territory, it has sought to balance the W­est; The parties involved have argued that Ukraine's territorial integrity could be eroded, Ukraine's economic situation weakened, Ukraine's def­e­­nse capability boomed, Russia's boycott of the West and its economy we­akened, Russia's suspension of Eighth membership, NATO's sus­pe­ns­ion of cooperation. Russia, an EU boycott of EU agricultural products a­nd challenge among EU members on how to deal with Re-entry vehicle, challenged the hegemony of America and Asian countries are close to Russia. [1]- PhD in Political Science - International Relations - Khorramshahr International Branch - Persian Gulf - Islamic Azad University of Khorramshahr - Iran [2]- Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Khorramshahr International Branch - Persian Gulf, Khorramshahr Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran: Corresponding Author [3]- Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Khorramshahr International Branch - Persian Gulf, Khorramshahr Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran [4]- Associate Professor and Scientific Memberships Department of Political Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Survey of International Obstacles to Foreign Investment in the Islamic Republic of Iran and to push off (2010s)
Shahram Saadatmand Hossein Ahmadi Masoud HemmatThe attraction of foreign investments is one of the most important tools for gaining international financial recourses in most states. International obstacles have created some restrictions for the attraction of Foreign Investment in Iran. The purpose of this article is MoreThe attraction of foreign investments is one of the most important tools for gaining international financial recourses in most states. International obstacles have created some restrictions for the attraction of Foreign Investment in Iran. The purpose of this article is to examine the international obstacles for the attraction of foreign investment in the country in 2010s. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The collecting tool of data is library studies and statistics. The research hypothesis emphasizes that sanctions imposed by the USA, have been among the most important international obstacles to reducing the number of foreign investments in Iran. The results show that the USA aimed at containment to Iran through the imposition of sanctions and obstacles to foreign investment, especially in the last decade, has reduced the amount of attraction rate of foreign investment in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Explaining the Role of Think Tanks in Trump's Decision Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran
Reza Haghshenas Gorgabi Hossein Ahmadi Mohammadali Basiri -
Open Access Article
59 - The study of orientation and news coverage of Daesh in IRNA, Persian BBC and VOA sites
Hamid Reza Yarmohammadi Haji Mohammad AhmadiThis research studies the structure and news coverage of Daesh comparatively in Iran in IRNA, Persian BBC and VOA websites. This is an analytical–descriptive method and the data were collected by studying the available documents and analyzing the contents of the m MoreThis research studies the structure and news coverage of Daesh comparatively in Iran in IRNA, Persian BBC and VOA websites. This is an analytical–descriptive method and the data were collected by studying the available documents and analyzing the contents of the mentioned news sites and are presented in descriptive tables. The structure and the way of news coverage in these websites are different. These websites highlights the element “that” and the news value of “the fame” and this demonstrate their subject orientation and discourse orientation. Finally it is concluded that most of the news in these websites are non-productive and from this respect IRNA’s contribution is more than the two other websites. From the subjective point of view, the resistance of Daesh, the use of Jihadi groups and trying to present them Islamic and introducing Daesh as Islamic government and not mentioning their terrorist nature, is the focus of these websites. IRNA and VOA emphasizes on hard news and BBC emphasizes on soft news or reflecting an event with its further information.Among interactive features and multimedia used in these websites, image is used mostly. On the contrary to IRNA, BBC and VOA used email and links to related subjects and sites very much. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Content Analysis of the Supreme Leader's (Ayatollah Khamenei) view of "Relations with America" in the period 1368-1395
Soraya Vedady Mohammad Reza RasooliHeroic flexibility", a term used by the Supreme Leader (AyatollahKhamenei) in 2013, had been raised about the political interactions. BothIran and America are characterized as two powerful and effectivediscourse in the international arena and any interaction and confron MoreHeroic flexibility", a term used by the Supreme Leader (AyatollahKhamenei) in 2013, had been raised about the political interactions. BothIran and America are characterized as two powerful and effectivediscourse in the international arena and any interaction and confrontationbetween the two countries, change many regional and global equations.Therefore, the importance of recognizing the strategies and tactics and thepolitical discourse governing these two countries is essential andimportant. This research followed content analysis approach of theSupreme Leader ( Ayatollah Khamenei) about America with an emphasison what and how to "negotiate and communicate with America" during(1986-2016) years to obtain a detailed scientific understanding about hisperspective of America. According to a purposeful sampling of all hisstatements, 209 lectures related to the concept of "America" wereobtained and classified into five basic subjects: "Islam and America","Pathology of America," "America's isolation," "America Middle Eastpolicy" and "negotiation and relationship with America". The mostfrequent issues are: in the "key Words related to Categorization of Islamand America" is "American Islam"; In "Key Words related to Pathologyof America", is related to weakness and decline in American power; in"Key Words related to America's isolation", is related to America’sisolation with the world ; in "key Words related to America Middle Eastpolicy", is failure of US middle east policies; and the most frequentkeywords in the topic of "negotiation and relationship with the UnitedStates" are related to the characteristics of the United States whichinclude: Domination, tyranny, dictatorship, aggression, Warmongeringand Being cruel. In addition to these characteristics, hostility andarrogance of America was emphasized. According to research findings,America looking for unconditional talks with Iran to impose its demandsand in the context of relations, he also contemplates a contingentrelationship (the surrender of the Islamic Republic), which in the currentsituation, neither negotiation nor a relationship with the United States, theloss is more than its profit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - China Policy to expand its influence on Oil and Energy in the world as an emerging actor
Mohammadreza Farahmand Ebrahim Mottaghi amir houshang mirkousheshThe emergence of China has become a success story for actors in the central Mao region, and has been able to prove its efficiency in production, trade and finance, especially in the field of energy. China's growing tendency to counter the threat to its energy security i MoreThe emergence of China has become a success story for actors in the central Mao region, and has been able to prove its efficiency in production, trade and finance, especially in the field of energy. China's growing tendency to counter the threat to its energy security is significant, as it intends to exert its influence in other areas as well. Emphasizing different perspectives on China's emergence in the world of oil and energy, this study seeks to answer its main question, which is China's policy to expand its influence as an emerging player in the field of oil and energy in the world, and in this way, to examine the different dimensions of this actor in the field of energy. The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. The results indicated that through establishing efficient and effective relationships with energy-rich actors, China could solve energy security problems on the one hand, and China is able to enter markets previously used by Mao as a sector, and on the other hand. Some of the intermediate areas are classified and can affect non-economic areas internationally. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - An Analytical Study on the Personality of Political Leaders with Emphasis on the Role of Political Intelligence and Mindfulness (Case Study: US and North Korean Leaders)
mohammadbagher khorramshad soheil rajabi Ali Mohammadzadeh ebrahim motaghiOne of the most important thematic studies in the field of political psychology studies is the study of the personality and political intelligence of leaders. The present study is an analysis of the personality of political leaders with emphasis on the role of mindfulne MoreOne of the most important thematic studies in the field of political psychology studies is the study of the personality and political intelligence of leaders. The present study is an analysis of the personality of political leaders with emphasis on the role of mindfulness and political intelligence and has examined the political personality of one of the leaders of the United States and North Korea in this regard. The main question of the present study was how political intelligence and mindfulness influenced the decisions of the political leaders of the two countries (Trump) and North Korea (Kim)? In this descriptive-analytical study, the relationship between political intelligence and mindfulness with transformational leadership and its components in the personality context of leaders were analyzed. The results showed that leaders' personality traits play an important role in leadership style and their individual and social interactions. Based on the findings, political intelligence and mindfulness of leaders influenced by their political personality in the light of ways of influence, sources of power, individual adjustments and incompatibilities and identity values affect the decision-making and interests of political leaders of the US and North Korea. It has been a transition and it can be said that this concept has had an effective role on the relations between the two countries due to the complexity and challenges of the relations between the two countries, the United States and North Korea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Challenges of Iran's participation in the Belt and Road Initiative
Fatemeh Khajavi hosin abolfazly Fatemeh Soleimani porlak علی صالحی فارسانیThe new belt and road plan is a tool in the plan to create regional cooperation, create political flexibility; Improving economic growth, proposing business diversification and investment in transportation, mining and energy sectors. The new belt and road is a favorable MoreThe new belt and road plan is a tool in the plan to create regional cooperation, create political flexibility; Improving economic growth, proposing business diversification and investment in transportation, mining and energy sectors. The new belt and road is a favorable condition for Iran, among which the east-west corridor is particularly important. Iran is implementing plans in order to complete and expand its communication channels with the countries of the region. Iran can have a special position in this plan for various reasons, including its privileged geographical position. But this capacity is strongly affected by the limitations and obstacles that challenge Iran's foreign policy and turn even the positive effects of interdependence into a complex category. In this regard, the main question of the article is, what are the challenges that hinder Iran's entry into the Belt and Road project? In response to the above question, the hypothesis is proposed that according to the theory of challenges and obstacles to participation, the absence of complementary economies, the absence of conflicting cultural, ethnic and political values, religious divisions and competition and differences among member countries, the dominance of discourse. Security and the competition of extra-regional powers are the most important challenges for the realization of this economic project. The present research method is theoretical and analytical. Manuscript profile -
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64 - aa
علی آدمی sahel abdollahii manesh ramin bakhshiaa -
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65 - aa
Rahbar Taleihur ali omidi نوذر شفیعیaa -
Open Access Article
66 - Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Permanent Membership of Islamic Republic of Iran
Alireza Rezaie Abbas SalehiShanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic o MoreShanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic of Iran, with its present observational role in this organization and the demand to become its permanent member, leads to certain implications which within the framework and opportunities of membership facilitate the analysis of Iranian foreign policy. In this article, we aim to assess Iranian membership in this organization on four dimensions of Iranian politics, security, economic and culture. On this basis, we, first apply theoretical explanation of the origin and continuation of Shanghai Organization. Having done that, we then study the effect of Iranian membership in this organization on four foretold dimensions. Finally, probability and improbability of permanent membership of Islamic republic of Iran will be discussed and suggestions are made to the Iranian diplomatic approaches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Conflict and Cooperation in the Relation between Iran and Turkey after Cold War, 1989-2008
صمد قائم پناهIt is aimed in this article to answer this question as to why the relation between Iran and Turkey has been both conflictual and cooperative and this relation has never been very friendly and evolutionary .Findings in this research show that the Iran-Turkey relations wi MoreIt is aimed in this article to answer this question as to why the relation between Iran and Turkey has been both conflictual and cooperative and this relation has never been very friendly and evolutionary .Findings in this research show that the Iran-Turkey relations within the years of 1989-2008 has been strongly influenced by three factors of ideology, Iran-Iraq war, the regional and international geopolitical changes. The impact of these factors on the Iran-turkey relationship is what to be considered in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Balanced-Oriented Order: The Russian Pattern of Order in the Post -Cold War International System
Alireza RezayiThe theory of international relationship is concerned with how to cope with the problems arising in the international arena and/or try to bring order among nations. Hence, the science of the international relationships can be defined as the study of systematic order. In MoreThe theory of international relationship is concerned with how to cope with the problems arising in the international arena and/or try to bring order among nations. Hence, the science of the international relationships can be defined as the study of systematic order. In the discussion of international order, we must distinguish between the demand and the supply of order and that is because some of the world actors are demanding order rather than trying to provide it. It is also noteworthy that in the discussion of international actors, international order depends more on the governments rather than nongovernmental organizations and individual actors. The role playing of great powers such as the United States, Russia, China and the European Union in bringing order in the international arena becomes determining factors. The present study aims to the role of Russian pattern of order in the post- cold war period in the international system. To understand the objective of Russia in this period, we analyze the Russian pattern of the international order in the framework of the concept of "balanced-oriented order" which is intended to create political-military equilibrium of power. Manuscript profile -
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69 - aa
Abouzar Nazari parviz ahdi mohammad yousefi jouybariaa -
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70 - a
Hassan Khodaverdi فرزانه رحمتی -
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71 - a
mahdi abbasi محمدرضا قنبری سلحشور -
Open Access Article
72 - a
علی قاسمیان -
Open Access Article
73 - Effective Strategies for Expelling the United States from Iraq
armin amini Yadollah Mohammadi mohammad mohammadiEight years after the US invasion of Iraq, with the withdrawal of the last American combat brigade on 19 August, 2010, this war officially ended. However, the US continues to maintain parts of its forces in sensitive areas under various pretexts. This issue became more MoreEight years after the US invasion of Iraq, with the withdrawal of the last American combat brigade on 19 August, 2010, this war officially ended. However, the US continues to maintain parts of its forces in sensitive areas under various pretexts. This issue became more apparent after the assassinations of Qassem Soleimani and AbuMahdi al-Mohandes, and due to this incident, the study of the possibility of the US expulsion from Iraq became one of the most important issues in this country. But the main question is, what are the main prerequisites for the US withdrawal from Iraq and what are the interests of Iraq-US in this area? And what is the role of Iran? Due to the nature of this issue, the main element of this research method is meta-analysis. Therefore, for this article, a meta from various electronic and published sources is used to interpret the reasons for the US presence in Iraq from a neo-realist perspective. The findings of this study suggest that the various factors influencing the US withdrawal from Iraq are not strong enough to be expected in the short and even medium term for Iraqi officials to reach a unified strategy for the complete withdrawal of the US from Iraq. Despite all the problems and challenges, this study also examines measures that could eliminate the Iraq needs to foreign forces. Perhaps relying on these measures could increase the pressure on the US to withdraw from Iraq or at least minimize its presence in this country. Manuscript profile -
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74 - a
محمدرضا عبدالله پور زهرا ساعی حسین علیپور -
Open Access Article
75 - aa
mojtaba ostovar amir houshang mirkoushesh ali mohammadzadehaa -
Open Access Article
76 - Iran; U.S.; Carter; Pahlavi; Human Right.
شهروز شریعتی مهدی عباسیA review of the history of Islamic revolution shows that the decisions and policies of Pahlavi’s government were; to a great extend, under the influence of western bloc including U.S. leaders. It is aimed in this paper to find out the impact of Carter’s para MoreA review of the history of Islamic revolution shows that the decisions and policies of Pahlavi’s government were; to a great extend, under the influence of western bloc including U.S. leaders. It is aimed in this paper to find out the impact of Carter’s paradoxical decisions on the occurrence of Islamic revolution in Iran. With this in mind as main objective, the principles of “decision making model” in foreign policy are applied to the making of decisions during Pahlavi’s regime and Islamic revolution. Then, this paper addresses the impact of Carter’s paradoxical decisions on both Pahlavi’s regime and the process of Islamic Revolution. It is also tried to examine the capability of decision making theory in the explanation of Islamic revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Examining the claim of entering and attracting a third party in Iranian and American law (federal)
Alireza Sotudeh ali pourjavaheri Ali Jamadi Darush BabaeEvery lawsuit has two parties, the plaintiff and the main defendant; Maybe some people like the lawyer, executor, guardian, heirs, or deputy are also involved in the lawsuit, but they actually enter the lawsuit as the main plaintiff and defendant. If other than the plai MoreEvery lawsuit has two parties, the plaintiff and the main defendant; Maybe some people like the lawyer, executor, guardian, heirs, or deputy are also involved in the lawsuit, but they actually enter the lawsuit as the main plaintiff and defendant. If other than the plaintiff and the main defendant (their dependents), another person is also a beneficiary in the lawsuit, he should enter the lawsuit under the title of "third party"; "Third-party entry" or "Third-party acquisition" will have special provisions. The results of this research showed that in Iranian law, the conditions for filing the said lawsuit are not mentioned in the legal articles related to the third-party claim. But there are two related conditions or the same origin. In order to file these lawsuits, the American legislator has provided three conditions of a common action or legal event, a common judicial or subject matter, and having an interest in the main issue to file these three lawsuits. These conditions of the American federal law are similar to the Iranian procedural law. . Regarding the third entry, the situation is slightly different. The third party cannot always be considered as a defendant, which has been proven both in Iran's civil procedure and in the American federal law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Comparative study of the effect of some types of nitrogen fertilizers on growth, alkaloid content and some physiological traits of the ornamental-medicinal plant Agave Americana cv marginata under greenhouse cultivation
Ebrahim Jokar Aryan Sateei Mehdi Ebadi Mazeyar Ahmadi GolsefidiIn the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar MoreIn the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar Marginata was investigated.Fertilizers including urea (46%), NPK compound fertilizer of type 20 20 20, and Dr. Bio biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter) were applied in two concentrations each, and their effects were compared with the effects ofsoil without fertilizer as a control. Increasing fertilizer in all cases, and especially in the case of biofertilizer, reduced the nitrate reductase activity of the leaves and also changed the overall nitrogen content of the root in favor of increasing it in the leaves. Urea increased wet and dry weight, total protein content, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids. Biofertilizer significantly increased fresh and dry weight and leaf protein content, fresh weight and content of free amino acids and root protein. This fertilizer had no significant effect on the alkaloid content of leaves and roots. Increasing the NPK fertilizer also increased the fresh and dry weight and free amino acids of the leaves and the content of total proteins and alkaloids in the leaves and roots and decreased the fresh weight and free amino acids of the roots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Investigating the Impact of US-Saudi Political-Military Relations and Its Role on Iran's Foreign Policy; Historical Siri
Ali Latifinia Hossein Karimi Fard Fereidun AkbarzadehThe present study was conducted with the aim of influencing the US-Saudi political-military relationship on the security order in the Middle East. In this research, the method and tool of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The Middle East is important in terms of MoreThe present study was conducted with the aim of influencing the US-Saudi political-military relationship on the security order in the Middle East. In this research, the method and tool of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The Middle East is important in terms of political geography, strategic geography and economic geography, and the existence of such components has made the Middle East order and security always on the US agenda in the post-World War II era. Saudi-US relations will have a major impact on the security order in the region. With the power vacuum and the expansion of the anarchic situation in the Middle East, each of the influential actors in the region, including Iran and Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel, are developing their military capabilities. Turkey has already sought to increase its political and economic position in the Persian Gulf, South Asia, the Middle East, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Central Asia and the Caucasus. The new US-Saudi alliance was formed between 2017 and 2020 with the aim of establishing a new order in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The formation of the Tudeh Party and its efforts to transfer the North's oil concession to the Soviet Union
Azim RafizadehIn examining the impact of oil on the relations between the two countries of Iran and Russia, it turns out that they were trying to reach the Iranian oil resources in some cases, one in 1299/1921and the other in 1920/1941. At the time of Iran's occupation of the Second MoreIn examining the impact of oil on the relations between the two countries of Iran and Russia, it turns out that they were trying to reach the Iranian oil resources in some cases, one in 1299/1921and the other in 1920/1941. At the time of Iran's occupation of the Second World War, the Russians, though at every turn did not succeed in their goals, during the occupation of Iran in September 1941 by the Allies they used all the necessary tools. For example, they used the Tudeh Party, the first and most organized Leftist party in Iran, to achieve its oil targets. At this stage, the Russian Foreign Ministry Deputy Foreign Minister, Sergey Kavtaradze came to Iran and formally requested for a license to exploit North Oil. The Tudeh Party, while previously opposed to any transfer of privilege to foreigners, when the Soviet Union- their spiritual and co-professional supporters came out, by providing the Balance Scheme they granted the southern oil share to the British and the North Sea's privilege to the Soviet Union. Because the American companies were set to exploit the oil scorecard in northern Iran, immediately the Soviet Union entered the scene and the Tudeh party also met with them. In this context, the efforts of the Tudeh Party to satisfy the Iranian government and parliament in order to agree with the Soviet demand for oil in their own way can be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The role of Ahmad Ghavam in expanding US influence in Iran
zahra amiri reza shabanisamghabadi mohamad kalhorWhen Qawam came to power in June 1301 A.H., the policy of entering America as a third force was placed on the agenda of Qawam's government. The result of this policy was Arto Millespo's dominance over Iran's economy. With Reza Shah's accession to the throne, the policy MoreWhen Qawam came to power in June 1301 A.H., the policy of entering America as a third force was placed on the agenda of Qawam's government. The result of this policy was Arto Millespo's dominance over Iran's economy. With Reza Shah's accession to the throne, the policy of expanding American influence began to decline, and in December 1314 A.H., it led to the termination of political relations between Iran and the United States. Although the relations between the two countries were re-established in December 1318 AH, it did not lead to the expansion of American influence. The events caused by Shahrivar 1320 A.H. caused Qavam to appear again in the sphere of politics. Qavam took effective steps in the third (August 1321-1321 AH) and fourth (February 1324-1326 AH) administrations in expanding the political, military and economic influence of America as the third force. The present research, benefiting from the historical research method based on analysis, aims to deal with the role of Qawam governments in the expansion of American influence in Iran, during the years 1301 AH to 1326 AH. A policy that first raised America as the third force in Iran and made it the most influential country in Iran after the coup d'état on August 28, 1332 AH. The basic finding of the current research shows that after Shahrivar 1320 AH/1941 AD, with the aim of preventing the growth of communism, Qawam al-Sultaneh played a major role in the entry of America into the foreign policy scene Manuscript profile -
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82 - استراتژی نفتی آمریکا در خلیج فارس و تاثیر آن بر منافع ملّی ایران در بخش نفت (1990-1979)
دکتر نعمت احمدی نسب معصومه شیرکوند -
Open Access Article
83 - بررسی سند استراتژی امنیت ملی آمریکا (2015) و تأثیر آن بر امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران
دکتر احمد جالینوسی سید محمود هاشمی محسن باقری -
Open Access Article
84 - انجمن ایران و آمریکا در مشهد
محمدکاظم رادمنش حسین ابراهیمی -
Open Access Article
85 - Pricing of participation option in Iran's Social Security Organization (ISSO)'s pension fund
abbas khandan Erfan SalavatiCollective pension schemes with mandatory participation, despite their many benefits, are not commensurate with the future of work so that recently granting exit option has been considered in pension reforms. However, there are concerns about the consequences of grantin MoreCollective pension schemes with mandatory participation, despite their many benefits, are not commensurate with the future of work so that recently granting exit option has been considered in pension reforms. However, there are concerns about the consequences of granting exit option on sustainability of the plans. This study based on the main characteristics of Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO)’s pension fund, mathematically calculates the value of participation in this plan. It was assumed that contributors are allowed to opt out once at a given time (European option) or several times during employment (US option) and, then, the option pricing theory is used to determine the value of these options. Findings show that in both cases of European and American options, the incentive to leave generally is low at old ages and they prefer to stay and receive their entitled pension annually. In contrast, young people have less incentive to participate because they know that they are the ones who have to pay the high recovery contributions necessary to fill the deficit. However, it was shown that even young people are willing to accept a deficit (between 30 and 40 percent) because in case of participation, they would benefit from investment returns of their predecessors’ funds or other benefits of collective schemes including interpersonal and intergenerational risk sharing. The results also show that in case of American option, people have always higher participation incentive and its exit threshold is always lower than the case of European option. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Right to “Self-Defense” against Cyber-attacks with an Emphasis on the Attacks of the United States of America
Saeid Eid koshayesh Hossein Sorayaii Azar jahangir bagheriHostile actions and resorting to coercive force in the cyberspace fields are very important issues that could challenge fundamental principles of the international law. Many States consider the cyberspace as a battlefield and intend to inflict damages through it to thei MoreHostile actions and resorting to coercive force in the cyberspace fields are very important issues that could challenge fundamental principles of the international law. Many States consider the cyberspace as a battlefield and intend to inflict damages through it to their opponent states. United States is considered an avant-garde in these issues. The United States possess many advanced technologies in cyberspace field. In this respect, the necessity of self-defense (legitime defense) against cyber-attacks seems inevitable, although from “treaty law” point of view it lacks the basic internationally supported legislations. It remains to be clarified whether the 51th Article of the United Nations Charter could be used as a legal base for cyber self-defense or not and if that could be entitled self-defense or not. This study employs descriptive-analytical method through data analyzing system. Findings of this study indicate that in the event of a cyber-attack by a State or its agents, a cyber-self-defense could be legally justifiable provided that the legal conditions of the self-defense such as compatibility of self-defense with the attacks and some other international law principles (principle of non-use of force for example) are met, Of course, in the path of self-defense, the principle of proportionality must be observed as the main rule, and as soon as the Security Council effectively intervenes in the crisis, the defense must be terminated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - China's economic presence in Africa and the areas of competition with the United States
Mohammad Javad Hosseini Ardeshir SanaieAfrica with many abundant political and economic capacities, has succeeded to attract the attentions of Chinese elites who placed their policy priorities on promotion of economic power as the centerpiece of their national power.The political, security and economic impor MoreAfrica with many abundant political and economic capacities, has succeeded to attract the attentions of Chinese elites who placed their policy priorities on promotion of economic power as the centerpiece of their national power.The political, security and economic importance of Africa especially the concern for development of extremist violent activities and existence of threats including: Piracy, Human trafficking,.. provided the ground for the US to adopt a new strategy towards the continent. The purpose of this article is to examine the activities of China and areas of competition with the US in Africa.The main question: How has China's economic presence on the continent of Africa influenced the interests, goals and areas of American activities in the continent? and the research hypothesis is: China's expansion in Africa during the new century, along with the priority of non-military strategies on both sides on the continent, have caused the US and China's two-way vulnerability and susceptibility toward each other policies in Africa which drives Washington and Beijing towards cooperation and avoidance of any destructive competition. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The Reflection of the Roots of Iran and the United States Conflict in International Arena from the Viewpoint of American Media Diplomacy (The Case Study: The Movie 300, the Rise of an Empire)
Bashir Esmaeili Seyed Hassan Malaekeh Alidad KeymasiAbstract: In recent decade Hollywood cinema is increasingly has paid attention to producing films and serials with the political contents relating to Iran. The set of movies called “300” is trying to exclusively deal with the difference of political thought MoreAbstract: In recent decade Hollywood cinema is increasingly has paid attention to producing films and serials with the political contents relating to Iran. The set of movies called “300” is trying to exclusively deal with the difference of political thought of ancient Iran and ancient Greece. Meanwhile the movie 300 tries to simulate the confrontation of ancient Iranian thinking and Greece thinking with the present confrontation of Islamic Republic of Iran thought and the United States. The article first examines the principle of the thinking projected in the movie “300: the Rise of an Empire” and then explains the basis of the contending thought. The hypothesis of the article is that, the movie “300” wants to infuse this point that the political foundation of thinking of East and West had been different form the ancient time and the political elevation of West against the political obstruction and despotism of the East had been continuing ever since. Therefore, the conflict between Iran and the United States in international scene is a confrontation between freedom and democracy and despotism which has their roots in ancient time. The methodology used in the paper is a mix of Van Dyke’s discourse and Roland Barthes analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Security Strategies of China against Geopolitical and Geostrategic Actions of the United States
Mohsen ZamaniAbstract: The relations between China and the United States may be the most complex and the most controversial relations among the big powers. These relations are affected by numerous variables and in many cases have been opposite and unpredictable. China is a represent MoreAbstract: The relations between China and the United States may be the most complex and the most controversial relations among the big powers. These relations are affected by numerous variables and in many cases have been opposite and unpredictable. China is a representative of the newly emerged powers and the United States is the representative of traditional powers. They have been considered as two rival and conflicting powers in world policies of the twenty first century. These complicated relations and China's emerging as a world power and the consequent repercussion of it is important in international system. Understanding the security strategies of these two countries in geostrategic and geopolitical region of the world will guide us about future prospect of international system. The present article tries to use an analytical model that is a moderation of the model of structural realism of Kenneth Waltz and raises this question that "what is China's security strategy against the geopolitical movements of the United States in geostrategic areas?" It is seen that China's security strategy is having four behavioral models of hard and soft balance, hard trail and soft trail which is based on relative strength, relative security and relative ideology. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical based on library sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Disputed Islands Crisis in the East Asia and its Impact on Regional Stability
alireza koohkan akram mohammadinasabAbstract One of the controversial issues in territorial integrity of the countries is the territorial and border disputes. In South East Asia, most of the countries have differences of opinion over the possession of a set of islands located between their countrie MoreAbstract One of the controversial issues in territorial integrity of the countries is the territorial and border disputes. In South East Asia, most of the countries have differences of opinion over the possession of a set of islands located between their countries and China. These countries are South Korea and Japan. With the discovery of oil and gas in these disputed islands, the attempt to solve these problems has remained unresolved. Since countries like South Korea cannot confront with China, they have sought the support of the United States and this has resulted into the expansion of the latter's influence and arms race and instability in the region. With this background the question raised by the article is "What has been the impact of tension between Japan, China and South Korea over the disputed islands on stability of South East Asian region?" It seems that the tension in relations of these countries have led to increase of arms race, instability and the expansion of the influence of big powers like the United States in the region. The methodology used in the paper is historical and documentary and the analysis of the data is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Analysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power
Khosrow Dehghani محمد علی بصیری Enayatollah YazdaniAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine t MoreAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine the impact of Donald Tramp's policies on American soft power. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the domestic and foreign policies of Trump which have had effects on the soft power of the United States? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the article is that announcements and acts policies of Trump, in particular with the emphasis on the "First America", has led to the decline of American soft power.. Findings of the research, based on existing evidence and evidence, suggest that an economically oriented approach focused on cost-benefit logic, the adoption of intrinsic policies and renewal or the withdrawal of regional and international treaties has led to US soft power resources, including foreign policy And political values. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and is used for analyzing soft power theory and the data collection tool has been based on library and internet resources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Crisis of Decision Making in North Korea Nuclear Crisis
Saeed EslameeAbstract The aim of the present article is to examine the strategies and decisions taken by the United States and North Korea and their outcome during North Korea nuclear crisis. In this direction the article has made use of John Bram’s Theory of Moves. From 1993 MoreAbstract The aim of the present article is to examine the strategies and decisions taken by the United States and North Korea and their outcome during North Korea nuclear crisis. In this direction the article has made use of John Bram’s Theory of Moves. From 1993 when the issue of North Korea nuclear program was considered as a crisis for world community, strategies and counter strategies were made by the United States and North Korea. These moves eventually led to production of nuclear weapon and nuclear tests by North Korea in the years of 2006 and 2009. Consequently the United States cut its economic aid to North Korea and imposed extensive economic sanctions against North Korea within the framework of the security council of the United Nations. From the viewpoint of the article each decision (move) taken by each side was for maximizing of interests and minimizing the threat. Of course these decisions had a close relation with the decision taken by the opposite party. Therefore, the strategies of the two countries were fluctuating within the framework of compromise or hardline position. The finding of the study shows that initially the aim of North Korea by producing nuclear weapon was not deterrence but, taking some concessions (security guarantees, fuel, and food) but taking into consideration what North Korea was considering as the United States obstructionism, led to hard decision of making nuclear weapon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - The United States Media policy against Russia: Hollywood and New Cold War and Revival of Russia Phobia
Bashir Esmaeil Seyed Hassan MalaekehAbstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war ag MoreAbstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war against the latter. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, gradually the focus of media war of the United States changed from communism to Islam and the Middle East region. This trend was intensified after September 11, 2001 incidents. A large wave of cultural products was produced with Islam phobia content. Meanwhile by the expansion of the influence of Russia in some regions of the world and formation of a new balance of power and rivalry which some observers interpreted it as new Cold War, the media war of America against Russia has been revived. The main question raised by the article is whether the developments in relations of the United States with Russia have affected media policy of America against Russia?” The finding of the study shows that after some of Russia’s success in strategic places of the world the United States media policy after a period of propaganda against Islamist and the Muslims they are now focusing on Russia phobia policy. The methodology used in the paper is comparative and interpretative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - The United Strategy and the Regional Order of the Middle East: From Classic Hegemony to Moderate Hegemony
ali mohammadi zia mohammad sotodeAbstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world MoreAbstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world has paid special attention to this region and tries to pursue its objectives through different strategies. The present article by a documentary method and referring to documents of national security of the United States wants to know the strategy of the United States within the framework of regional orders. The underlying hypothesis is that the strategy of the United States for creating regional order in the Middle East has undergone change from classic hegemony to moderate hegemony. The finding of the study shows the new strategy of the United States is based on cooperation with the Middle East countries with minimum common interest of them. For this purpose the United States seeks legitimacy and support for the exercise of its power and actions in the region and the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - The Geopolitics of Ukraine and its Role in the Competition of Russia and the United States of America
Asghar Safari Saeed VosoghiAbstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the MoreAbstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the ensuing unrest. After this incident Ukraine entered one of its most serious political turmoil after Orange revolution in 2004. As in similar crisis like Syrian crisis in 2011, Russia and the United States took side in favor of the government and protesters and this led to the confrontation of the two. The question raised here is what is the importance of Ukraine for Russia and the United States? The present article argues that the main root cause of confrontation of Russia and the United States in Ukraine is geopolitical importance of Ukraine and geopolitical competition of Russia and the United States in post-Cold War era. Ukraine is one of the most important strategic regions of Eurasia and Eastern Europe. The purpose of the present research is to examine the most important determinants affecting the attitude of Russia and West in Ukraine crisis. For analyzing the above issue, geopolitics theory has been used and the research methodology is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - The Confrontation of Violence of Hegemony and Terrorism in Iraq
Shahrouz Shariati Akram MirzadehAbstract The recent developments in the Arabian Middle East countries particularly Iraq have attracted the attention of international relations observers but what has turned the region into an explosive situation is the expansion of terrorist activities of radical Isla MoreAbstract The recent developments in the Arabian Middle East countries particularly Iraq have attracted the attention of international relations observers but what has turned the region into an explosive situation is the expansion of terrorist activities of radical Islamic groups and the military presence and violent and hegemonic measures of the United States in confronting the phenomenon. On this basis, the examination and analysis of terrorism and hegemonic suppression of it and the role of these two phenomena in intensifying each other needs to be explained because it is one of the important problems in the Middle East today. The paper attempts to evaluate the picture and outcome coming out of the interaction and confrontation between terrorism and iron hand suppression of it. In fact the paper wants to examine the causes of growth and expansion of terrorism in the Arabian Middle Eat with emphasis on relations between hegemonic suppression of terrorism and terrorism in Iraq. The article takes the help of historical descriptive, analytical method and statistics to prove the hypothesis. The finding of the study shows that the growth and expansion of terrorism in the Arabian Middle East is the product of employing explicit and implicit violence by the United States hegemonic stability strategy and the relation between hegemonic stability and terrorism in Middle East is evaluated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - The impact of women's rights in the foreign policy of the united states towards the Islamic Republic of Iran
Elham satari Gholam Hossein BolandianAbstract Women like men are entitled to fundamental social, cultural, economic and political rights, but the question that these rights and their bases are different in Islam and West is a debatable issue and is worth study and scrutiny. The main question raised by the MoreAbstract Women like men are entitled to fundamental social, cultural, economic and political rights, but the question that these rights and their bases are different in Islam and West is a debatable issue and is worth study and scrutiny. The main question raised by the present paper is "what is the impact of women’s right on the United States foreign policy vis-à-vis Islamic Republic of Iran"? The underlying hypothesis is that women’s rights has affected the United States foreign policy against Islamic Republic of Iran and it is one of the key factors for continuation of hostility and imposing pressure by the United States against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although there are conventions and rules in the West with slogans like equality and women’s right and responsibility of women is the Islamic Republic of Iran on the basis of gender justice, taking into consideration the ability of women their share and role in decision-making and politics is still low. This can be an excuse for the United States to exert pressure against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and historical, using library tool. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - The United States and Promotion of Democracy in Latin America: The Case of Venezuela
Ahmad Sabouri Nejad Akram TahaDemocracy promotion is one of the most important US strategies after the cold war to keep its dominance and influence in Latin America. Accompaniment and the appropriateness of this policy with the formation of the third wave of democratization caused American politicia MoreDemocracy promotion is one of the most important US strategies after the cold war to keep its dominance and influence in Latin America. Accompaniment and the appropriateness of this policy with the formation of the third wave of democratization caused American politicians to use it as a tool to promote their plans in the region. By considering democracy promotion (William Robinson’s view) in Latin America with focus on Venezuela as its basis, this article tries to investigate on the basis of what criteria and mechanisms has US applied democracy promotion to Latin America? The results of this study show that over the last quarter, US government has made endless efforts and planning in Latin America to let those elites, who agreed with neoliberal economic system and free market, come to power. Therefore it tried to prevent people, groups, nationalist and left-wing parties and totally, those who opposed neoliberal economic system from coming to power. To this end, destabilization of left and nationalist governments in the target countries was of the most important mechanisms in democracy promotion policy in Latin America; A policy which was pursued during all Hugo Chavez administration and even after that. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Analysis and Critique of Obama’s Foreign Policy
Hossein KarimifardAbstract After Obama came into power as president, there has been a shift in the United States foreign policy orientation. While during George Bush unilateralism and emphasis on achieving security and interest through hardware method was on the agenda, Obama based his MoreAbstract After Obama came into power as president, there has been a shift in the United States foreign policy orientation. While during George Bush unilateralism and emphasis on achieving security and interest through hardware method was on the agenda, Obama based his foreign policy on multilateralism, soft power, public diplomacy, democracy and international norms. The present article first summarily examines Obama’s foreign policy then the criticism to his foreign policy in the Middle East and Ukraine crisis are reviewed. The article by relying on specialized articles on the United States foreign policy and by analytical explanative method wants to prove the hypothesis that the critics blame Obama for backing out, isolationism, weakening the position of the United States in world affairs and losing the position of leadership. The critics are also of the view that the United States has lost her self-confidence and is not in a position to take firm stand for supporting her allies. For this reason the United States allies have lost their faith in her position as a world leader. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - The Public Diplomacy’s Regaining Identity in the United States’ Foreign Policy after 11 September
سید اصغر کیوان حسینی Ali ArdakanianAbstract Public diplomacy, a word which entered into international relations from 1960s has been used to describe new aspects of international diplomacy. It is also part of a chain of evolution of diplomacy in different period of time. The United States is one of the b MoreAbstract Public diplomacy, a word which entered into international relations from 1960s has been used to describe new aspects of international diplomacy. It is also part of a chain of evolution of diplomacy in different period of time. The United States is one of the big powers which from the beginning of its entrance into international community made use of public diplomacy. The United States has always used new apparatus and innovative methods for achieving its ends. The present paper pays special attention to vast experiences resulted from applying public diplomacy during Cold War as well as the last decade of 20th century. But what have been more emphasized are the years after September 11th. The paper tries to focus more on qualitative as well as quantitate aspects of George Bush junior and Obama administration’s approach in applying public diplomacy in fight against terrorism. The question raised by the present article is “what has been the impact of September 11th events on development process of public diplomacy of the United States?” The underlying hypothesis is that during the Bush junior administration greater importance had been attached to public diplomacy as compared to earlier periods. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and the collection of data is from library material. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Confrontation and Competition of Iran and the United States in Afghanistan after 11 September 2001
Morteza Mossadeghi Seifolah FazlinejadAbstract: Afghanistan’s developments are important for Islamic Republic of Iran which is having long borders with that country. The September 11th events and the invasion of the United States to Afghanistan and overthrow of Taliban added to sensitivity and importa MoreAbstract: Afghanistan’s developments are important for Islamic Republic of Iran which is having long borders with that country. The September 11th events and the invasion of the United States to Afghanistan and overthrow of Taliban added to sensitivity and importance of this country. Iran and the United States had common interests in overthrowing Taliban but this periodic understanding was marred after the United States president George Bush Junior declared Iran as “Axis of Evil” in January 2002 and hostility between the two countries further increased. After Obama came into power in 2009, the possibility of military confrontation lowered. The signing of strategic treaty between the United States and Afghanistan added to Iran’s security concern and mutual concern continued and in some stages Iran was accused of helping Taliban. The withdrawal and the departure of American troops provided another opportunity for interaction with Iran. The United States after a decade of unsuccessful intervention in Afghanistan should realize that Iran is a good partner for improving the prospect of peace and stability in Afghanistan. Both the countries have common interests in many issues in Afghanistan including helping Afghan government, fighting smuggling of narcotic drugs, dealing with crisis of Afghan refugees, helping strengthening Afghan security forces and creating suitable atmosphere for national reconciliation but the tensions in relations of Iran and the United States have hindered attaining these objectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - China Silk Road Initiative, Goals and Obstacles
ghasem torabi raziyeh saneiThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the various dimensions of the Silk Road Initiative and to reveal its objectives, opportunities and barriers. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the Silk Road Initiative was designed as the most important China MoreThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the various dimensions of the Silk Road Initiative and to reveal its objectives, opportunities and barriers. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the Silk Road Initiative was designed as the most important China strategy in the 21st Century to achieve its goals. It should be noted that the Silk Road is the largest initiative ever announced by a country in the world. This initiative covers sixty-five different countries in the world and costs about $ 4 trillion in 900 different projects. In addition, the plan has dimensions, objectives, and economic, political and security objectives. In this regard, in response to the above question, the hypothesis of the article is that the ultimate goal of China is to operate the Silk Road initiative to provide the economic, political and security contexts necessary for becoming a regional and global hegemony. However, it seems that the plan faces serious barriers and challenges, and ultimately China goals will not be maximized. The present article intends to discuss the question and hypothesis along with the goals, opportunities and obstacle of the project in three sections and in a descriptive-analytical way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - The evolution of the global power structure and its impact on the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia
محمد حسین جمشیدی Sajad MohseniWith the collapse of the Soviet Union and the transformation of the power structure from bipolar to monopolitic, the regions became more important as sub-systems; Accordingly, the United States has sought to redistribute power in the regionsthe main question is what are MoreWith the collapse of the Soviet Union and the transformation of the power structure from bipolar to monopolitic, the regions became more important as sub-systems; Accordingly, the United States has sought to redistribute power in the regionsthe main question is what are the variables of the continuity of strategic relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia? It is hypothesized that the continuity of the relationship variables can be summarized in: "continuity of relationships based on shared interests and threats," "the scope and nature of military relations," and "economic interdependence". Accordingly, the study attempts to investigate issue based on the causal research and multivariate correlation,and the basis of documentary data, . Finally, the common interests and threats, the type of communication and the movement from economy to security and asymmetric reciprocity, have provided the context for the strategic link between Saudi Arabia and the United States, which underscores the continuation of the strategic relationship between the two countries. Iran is a common threat between the two countries of the Islamic Republic. Since the ability to confront and at least the Saudi Arabia's supremacy on the Islamic Republic is difficult, unilateral deterrence is a strategy adopted by the United States Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The Patterns of Turkish and Iranian Foreign Policy in the Latin American Region
Rahmat Hajimineh Mohammad OstadvaliLatin America as a geopolitical region has recently found a special place in Turkish and Iranian foreign policy. Given their proximity and competition in the Middle East, their presence in the region of Latin America and their strategy for this region is crucial and sig MoreLatin America as a geopolitical region has recently found a special place in Turkish and Iranian foreign policy. Given their proximity and competition in the Middle East, their presence in the region of Latin America and their strategy for this region is crucial and significant. So the main question in this article is, what are the patterns of Turkish and Iranian foreign policy in Latin America? In this regard, the main hypothesis of the paper is that Turkey's foreign policy model in the region of Latin America is based on economy motivations, while Iran's model in that region is identity-based and ideological one. In addition, the research findings show that due to the political changes especially the relocation of the ruling parties that the Latin American region is constantly experiencing, the economy-based model will be more effective in maintaining long-term relationships than the identity-based and ideological approach. Meanwhile, The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical with a comparative approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Structural Complexity and Modern patterns in hegemonic war
Abomohammad Asgarkhani omid asiabanHegemonic wars have transformed their essence due to systemic changes. The concept of structural complexity has been utilized as a theoretical framework for research to explain the new patterns of hegemonic warfare. Structural complexity includes principles such as emer MoreHegemonic wars have transformed their essence due to systemic changes. The concept of structural complexity has been utilized as a theoretical framework for research to explain the new patterns of hegemonic warfare. Structural complexity includes principles such as emergent properties, nonlinear dynamics, adaptation, downward causality, network diffusion, non-equilibrium order, and self-regulatory mechanism. In the present study, the question was addressed as what the effects of structural complexity are on new patterns of hegemonic warfare in the modern international system. This research method consisted of two steps; in the first step, a theoretical and analytical model of structural complexity based on deductive inference was presented; in the second step, the time series analysis method was used to examine the historical trend of hegemonic wars as experimental data. According to the hypothesis of this research, the situation of structural complexity in the international system has caused profound changes in an important variable such as international order. The intellectual hegemony of the United States with the dimensions of productive, institutional, structural, and compulsory power in the war against the networks of civilization and identity is challenging in Russia, Iran, and China. Hence, hegemonic wars occur in the discourse, military, economic, and technological dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East
Abdolreza Yousefi Mianji Hossein daheshiar Nozar shafiee Rahmat HajiminehTrump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign polic MoreTrump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question, various factors of US foreign policy in the Middle East have been examined. The research findings show that the theory of aggressive realism, while fundamental-theoretical in nature, has a practical nature. This theory has given a good answer to the behavior of the actors of the international system. According to the study, Trump's foreign policy seeks to maintain its position in the region and prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon that could destabilize the balance of power and challenge US hegemony in the world. This study is theoretical-fundamental and has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in softening Russia's balance with the America
محمود علیپور گرجی Abdul Majid Seifi Mohadeseh RozbahaniCompetition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribut MoreCompetition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribution of power structure, and the other actors were marginalized. After Georgia and Ukraine crises, Russia began new balancing with the United States, but, it has not the power and influence of previous years and cannot balance directly with the United States, so it has turned to indirect opposition. In this soft balancing, Russia considers the states like Islamic Republic of Iran which have anti-hegemonic approach in their foreign policy. This consideration is caused to this question: what is the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States of America? This article investigates the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States. This article has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - A Comparative Assessment of US National Security Policy under Barack Obama and Donald Trump in Southwest Asia .
Hassan Esfandiairi ebrahim mottaghiObama believed that the mere and superficial pursuit of American interests in the past and the lack of attention to the internal situation of the countries in this region has led to popular dissatisfaction in these countries; This is a potential threat to US long-term g MoreObama believed that the mere and superficial pursuit of American interests in the past and the lack of attention to the internal situation of the countries in this region has led to popular dissatisfaction in these countries; This is a potential threat to US long-term goals in the region. comes. Assessing US national security policy and the pattern of US strategic action will also require recognizing the perceptual differences of presidents. Comparative US security policy requires recognition of the national security document, the four-year defense document, State Department documents, and analytical formats published in the field of US security policy. In addition to the Presidential National Security Document, which is published in turn, there are various indications of the security models and processes available to the State Department, the Department of Defense, and strategic agencies. The US Department of Defense has been publishing the US defense strategy for four years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparisons of US national security policy during the time of Barack Obama and Donald Trump in Southwest Asia. The research method was qualitative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - US Sanctions against Iran and its Impact on China-Saudi Arabia Oil Cooperation (2009-2019)
Shirin Haddad Zand S.Ali MonavariChina's expansionist policies have increased the country's need for energy resources and increased oil and gas imports from around the world, especially from the Persian Gulf. This has drawn China's attention to the two main pillars of energy supply in the Persian Gulf: MoreChina's expansionist policies have increased the country's need for energy resources and increased oil and gas imports from around the world, especially from the Persian Gulf. This has drawn China's attention to the two main pillars of energy supply in the Persian Gulf: Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, China-Saudi Arabia and China-Iran's energy relations have had many ups and downs and the main reason can be found in the political issues and specific issues of the region, including the special relations between this two countries with the United States. This research seeks to answer the question of how U.S. sanctions against Iran in 2009-2019 have affected China and Saudi Arabia's oil cooperation. In response to this hypothesis, an explanatory method is used to examine that U.S. sanctions against Iran, by reducing the opportunities for China-Iran's energy cooperation, have led to the expansion of China –Saudi Arabia's oil cooperation in 2009-2019. This research concludes that the U.S. sanctions system isolated the powerful Iran in the economic field and created a golden opportunity for China and Saudi Arabia to strengthen their economic relations, especially energy relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - The Personality of Donald Trump and its Impact on US Foreign Policy towards JCPA (Based on Ennagram Theory)
Hasan Adediny Koshkoueieh Hossein Masoudnia Mahnaz GoodarziUS foreign policy toward Iran during Donald Trump's presidency began with misread of the nuclear deal, and then withdrew from the JCPA in 8102 to reach a better agreement, violating UN statement 8820 .finally, by unilaterally reinstating sanctions against Iran, as well MoreUS foreign policy toward Iran during Donald Trump's presidency began with misread of the nuclear deal, and then withdrew from the JCPA in 8102 to reach a better agreement, violating UN statement 8820 .finally, by unilaterally reinstating sanctions against Iran, as well as creating preconditions for renegotiation, it pressured other members of the JCPA to withdraw from the agreement.The Trump government chose a win-lose policy over a win-win policy, using the option of maximum pressure and the tools of power instead of diplomatic and peaceful methods. The goal of the Trump administration in reaching a new agreement was a better agreement in the name of its own government with the IslamicRepublic of Iran, which was more influenced by his character than the national interests of the United States. He sought to destroy all the gains of the previous Democratic administration, both internally and externally, by populist rhetoric, corrupting the ruling elites and the American structure. In this article, by analyzing the personality of the US President based on Anagram theory, an attempt has been made to this question is answered how much Trump's personality has caused the US government to pursue its policies towards Iran with an aggressive approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Changes in US Middle East Presence Methodology: Reasons and Contexts
amirhossein nemati Jalal Torkashvand alireza naeejDue to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entr MoreDue to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entry and exit and the type of action and strategy of trans-regional powers. has it. The United States has always been the most important and influential trans-regional power in West Asia since World War II. The country has always offered interest-based approaches in its foreign policy in line with the changes in politics and power in the region. Following the developments in West Asia in 2011, the foreign policy approach of US governments, as the largest intervening trans-regional power, has undergone more fundamental changes than in the past, and US leaders appear to be seeking a new methodology for US presence in West Asia. Given the importance of the country's role in the global equations, especially the equations of the West Asian region, this article is a percentage with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the theoretical framework of Randall Schuller's balance of interests to answer the important question What is the United States of America in West Asia? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Survey of international capacities and restrictions on attracting Foreign Investment in the Islamic Republic of Iran (1390s)
Shahram Saadatmand Hosein Ahmadi , masoud hemmatToday, in international relations, attracting foreign investment is one of the most important tools for gaining the international financial resoures in most countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. The existence of some international capacities or restrictions MoreToday, in international relations, attracting foreign investment is one of the most important tools for gaining the international financial resoures in most countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. The existence of some international capacities or restrictions in each country will always have important effects on the inflow of foreign investment.The important queston of Article is “How international limitations influence on attracting foreign investment and wich are increas investment opportunaties for Iran? The purpose of this study is to identify and introduce the important international capacities and limitations of attracting foreign investment, especially in the 1390s Hijri Solar of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the collection tool is library and statistical studies. The research hypothesis emphasizes that from an international perspective, the political and economic sanctions imposed by the United States on our country have been among the most important international restrictions on attracting foreign investment in Iran. The results show that how to use the potential of economic cooperation and investment with some countries and the economic potential of Iranians living abroad can increase the amount of foreign investment and subsequently overcome international constraints for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - The Post-Corona World; China-Centered or America-Centric Continuity in International Relations?
mohammad mahmoodikiaThe outbreak of the coronavirus has raised the question of whether it is possible to transfer power from the West to the East and form a new world order based on China-centric Eastern values.Using the power cycle theory in response to this question, this article argues MoreThe outbreak of the coronavirus has raised the question of whether it is possible to transfer power from the West to the East and form a new world order based on China-centric Eastern values.Using the power cycle theory in response to this question, this article argues that given the current trends in the relative decline of US regulatory and hegemonic power in the international arena, as well as China's rise as an emerging power in the international arena. , The international system seems to be witnessing a period of transition and transfer of power from west to east; However, this transfer of power is a gradual process, and China does not currently have all the resources and capabilities to become a hegemonic power. Issues such as the yuan's influence and parity against the dollar in the international economy, the attractiveness and universality of Chinese values, human rights, civil liberties, and China's controlling system are among the most important issues influencing the speed of the power cycle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Scenarios of regional order with the withdrawal of American troops from the Middle East (from the perspective of the TAIDA model)
Ebrahim Meraji Hossein Daheshiar Mohammadreza DehshiriProper planning based on future trends to advance national security goals and national interests is one of the most important tasks of strategists in each country.Considering the importance of scenario planning in strategic studies, present paper attempts to use the res MoreProper planning based on future trends to advance national security goals and national interests is one of the most important tasks of strategists in each country.Considering the importance of scenario planning in strategic studies, present paper attempts to use the research methodology of the future research and using the TAIDA model, which focuses on the five approaches of " Tracking, Analyzing, Deciding, and Action", The author seeks to examine possible scenarios for regional order in the event of the withdrawal of US troops from the region. With this statement, the main question of the present study is: What will be the possible scenarios regarding the regional order of the withdrawal of American troops from the region?Scenarios include: - The vacuum of power and the development of the activities of non-governmental forces such as ISIS and the resulting disorder.- The possibility that some countries in the region will prevail and its order will be formed based on their interests.- Formation of regional convergence for security by the countries of the region.Finally, the author will try to express the desired scenario from the point of view of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The impacts of Donald Trump's policies on the fulfillment of the American Dream in international system
Mohammadreza Asl Javadian Arsalan Ghorbani Sheikhneshin Seyed Ali Tabatabaei PanahSince Donald Trump took office as US president, the American foreign policy experienced a new era and the discourse approach chosen by the US government, according to some pundits, challenged the foundations and structures the US foreign policy had built as a hegemon in MoreSince Donald Trump took office as US president, the American foreign policy experienced a new era and the discourse approach chosen by the US government, according to some pundits, challenged the foundations and structures the US foreign policy had built as a hegemon in the world. This paper tries to explain the repercussions of the Trump administration's measures on the "American Dream" at the global level through an explanatory formative method. The question of the paper focuses on the impacts of Donald Trump's policies on the fulfillment of the "American Dream" in international system. It is hypothesized that by disregarding the multi-polar order which governs the international relations and also the US withdrawal from international treaties and obligations, the "American Dream" is weekend and has diminished US position in the international system. The results show the Trump administration in the dimensions of multilateralism include; Abandoning international law and establishing unilateralism, NAFTA reform, withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, Trans-Pacific Partnership, and JCPA, review of coalitions, alliances and military commitments, disregard for liberal economic values, review of security commitments India and the Pacific, etc., undermined the American dream. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - The Impact of the Soft Power of Sports Diplomacy on Iran-US Relations: A Case Study of Wrestling Diplomacy (1998 – 2013)
Soudabeh Mokhtari Garineh Keshishyan SirakiOne of the most important issues in international relations is the concept of "power". Joseph Nye's initiative in separating hard power from soft power gave new form to the definition of power. Sports diplomacy is considered as one of the key ways of forming soft power MoreOne of the most important issues in international relations is the concept of "power". Joseph Nye's initiative in separating hard power from soft power gave new form to the definition of power. Sports diplomacy is considered as one of the key ways of forming soft power and countries are trying to find solutions to reduce tensions, political, economic and social effects with other actors in this supply. The strong presence of Iranian national teams, especially wrestling, in popular international events such as the Olympic Games has created an opportunity for sports to help improve Iran's position in the new world structure, even reducing tensions with its longtime enemy, the United States. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question that what role did the soft power of sports diplomacy, especially wrestling, play in Iran-US relations from 1998 to 2013? Studies using the soft power theoretical framework showed that the main hypothesis about the impact of wrestling on the formation of the soft power of sports diplomacy, at critical times and at the lowest cost has helped to improve Iran-US relations. This study also offers suggestions for better use of ship soft power to reduce problems in Iran-US relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - A Survey of the Attitudes of Americans and Iranians toward Iran’s Nuclear Issue
جلیل بیات سید جلال دهقانی فیروزآبادیAbstract Most studies done about the nuclear program of Iran have used realism as theoretical framework to deal with relations of states and statesmen. They have neglected the impact of ideational elements like social inclination, attitudes and the social context. One MoreAbstract Most studies done about the nuclear program of Iran have used realism as theoretical framework to deal with relations of states and statesmen. They have neglected the impact of ideational elements like social inclination, attitudes and the social context. One of the ideational forces which has impact on politics is beliefs and attitudes in the society which they call it public opinion. From the viewpoint of constructivist all the social phenomenon including foreign policy decisions are socially constructed. This rule applies to nuclear issue of Iran as well. Since political decisions are not made in vacuum, they are strongly influenced by values and norms of the society. The present article wants to examine and analyze the United States and Iran's point of view on Iran's nuclear issue based on public opinion polls and surveys which were conducted in both countries and it also tries to find out how they affect and shape the views and perceptions of the decision makers in both the countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - AIPAC and its Influence on the United States of America’s Election
Reza Simbar kianoush NazariAbstract: The decentralized and distributed political structure of the United States has led to a situation that many groups and organizations have been able to affect the complicated process of decision making. Although the Jews comprise only three percent of the Unit MoreAbstract: The decentralized and distributed political structure of the United States has led to a situation that many groups and organizations have been able to affect the complicated process of decision making. Although the Jews comprise only three percent of the United States population yet they have been able to become the most influential ethnic minority in the power structure of the country. The American Jews have created prominent set of different organizations for influencing the United States foreign policy. In this regard the role of American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as the most powerful and known American Jewish organization is quite conspicuous. The present article wants to know what role AIPAC plays in elections of the members of American Congress and President. The underlying hypothesis is that the majority of congressional and presidential candidates try to attract a positive view of this organization and benefit from its extensive financial support and propaganda. In exchange AIPAC by offering these facilities to candidates wants to shape public opinion and influence foreign policy making institutions to achieve its goals which are mobilizing support for Israel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The Impact of Iraqi Kurdistan Geopolitics on Foreign Policy of the United States in Iraq (2003-2012)
Seyyed Jalal Dehghani Firouzabadi Khezr Khadiri VarikThe developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had t MoreThe developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had to change her approach and implemented the second step of her policies (pursuing objectives through Cohen’s entrances). In this direction the Kurds due to their geopolitical and geostrategic importance attracted the attention of the United States policy makers. The present article by a descriptive analytical method wants to answer this question that what has been the impact of Iraqi Kurdistan geopolitics after the fall of Saddam on the United States foreign policy towards Iraq? The finding of the study shows that the geopolitical features of Iraqi Kurdistan have facilitated the United States ability to influence Iraq’s policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - A Study of the United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East after 11 September (On the Basis of Aggressive Realism theory
Ebrahim Mottaghi Khoram Baghayee Maysam RahimiTerrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the MoreTerrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the deterrence strategy. The end of the cold war meant the end of that strategy. As a result during 1991-2000 years there was a security vacuum for the United States. But the September 11 terrorist attacks created an opportunity for the protagonists of that country to adopt a new strategy in foreign policy and international affairs. The Neo-conservatives after September 11 made use of this opportunity to aggrandizement the danger of terrorism at home for gaining popular support and in international arena they could consolidate their hegemony and the leadership of the world. The United States after these incidents took up new policies and objectives. Besides that the United States pursued a new concept in security in foreign policy and in this direction the strategy of pre-emptive attack was adopted. In other words the strategy of “deterrence” gave its place to “increasing intervention”. Hence one notices that the realist approach has been strengthened by American statesmen and decision-makers and they have turned towards security policies and unilateralism in international relations. One of the new approaches which is being stressed today in analysis of international relations and the United States foreign policy is aggressive realism. In aggressive realism the emphasis is placed on the increasing of power as an aim for achieving hegemonic status in international system (as the principal behavior of big powers). The present article by making use of this theoretical framework tries to explain the United States foreign policy in the Middle East after the year 2001. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Theoretical Challenges in Iran-US Relationر
Alireza Sabzian Mousaabadi Seyyed Mohammad MousavianThe US- Iran ties can be discussed based on three perspectives. One of these perspectives refers to what is proposed in Iran, the other in regards to what happens Us, and the last in International System. Some people, in Iran, look at this relation from the political pe MoreThe US- Iran ties can be discussed based on three perspectives. One of these perspectives refers to what is proposed in Iran, the other in regards to what happens Us, and the last in International System. Some people, in Iran, look at this relation from the political perspective and insist on having ties with US. Some others emphasize no relation with US because of religious and political conditions. The advocates of this opinion believe that the Iran-US ties are tangled up with the revolution's fate and this is because of the existeance of conflicts in Islamic Repulic of Iran's intellectual , fundamental bases and discrepancies in the systems macro strategies with US. There are also different attitudes in US that Some believe that US should optimize its relation with Iran to secure its vital interests. Still, some others believe that US should limit and control Iran, understanding the main reasons of conflicts between Iran and US and correct analysis of the approaches in between, sound recognition of the facts without any exltreme views and repetition in policy- makings and decisions, recognizing the American's guidelines and practical strategic strategies with Islamic Republic of Iran, and establishing immunity against the US undesirable cultural consequences leading to ideological, cultural, and political crises in Iran are the factors that should be taken into consideration. Although, this issue is important because of its very close relation with the Islamic basics and values, but separating the strategic aims from non-strategic ones and prioritizing the Islamic Revolution goals, and taking correct attitude towards the opportunities, threats, obstacles, and foreign and domestic challenges, the present disputes, that exist in public opinions on Iran-US relations can be reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - the Hazaras in the Transition Period (2001-2009); Challenges and Opportunities
behnam sarkail ali valiEthnic diversity in Afghanistan is one of the main distinctive aspects of the socio-political structure and the root of many of its equations. However, lack of planning and proper utilization of various identity parameters such as language, religion and ethnicity have c MoreEthnic diversity in Afghanistan is one of the main distinctive aspects of the socio-political structure and the root of many of its equations. However, lack of planning and proper utilization of various identity parameters such as language, religion and ethnicity have caused disagreements, dispersal and hostility among different ethnic groups and people. Factors such as the presence of extremist currents such as the Taliban have made smaller ethnic groups such as Hazaras face serious challenges in addition to some ethnic differences, including religious differences. In this paper, the descriptive-analytical method is attempted to answer the question of what is the status of Hazaras in the new era and what are the opportunities and challenges facing Hazaras? The hypothesis is that the Hazaras nowadays have many opportunities, such as the possibility of formal participation and participation in the political structure of power, the recognition of the Shia religion, but still with challenges such as security threats, cultural challenges. . The result of the study is that radical figures and currents in Afghanistan demand that the Hazaras remain in their traditional and ethnic structures and that they are not dispersed throughout the Afghan society under pretexts such as ethnic and religious differences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - A Study of the Relations of Iran and America from the Beginning till 1946 (On the Basis of Theory of Continuity of James Rosenau)
Sadegh Zibakalam Davood Afshari Hossein Asbaghi Ali SoleimaniThe relations of Iran and the United States is having an important place in contemporary history. Despite the importance of these relations there is an inadequacy of a theoretical framework for analysis of the relations between the two countries to help us to find out t MoreThe relations of Iran and the United States is having an important place in contemporary history. Despite the importance of these relations there is an inadequacy of a theoretical framework for analysis of the relations between the two countries to help us to find out the causes of the relations and its expansion. In this regard the present article with special method tries to identify important factors that played significant role in relations of the two countries. The paper examines these relations within the framework of continuity theory of James Rosenau. Therefore, the question raised by the article is what variables and factors led to the commencement and expansion of relations between the United States and Iran from the beginning till 1946. The paper has tried to answer the above questions within the framework of continuity theory of James Rosenau as such the commencement of relations can be explained with internal variables (individual, role, bureaucracy, society) and the expansion of relations besides internal variable with the help of external variable (international system and the increasing interests of the United States in Iran). With a close look at the relations of the two countries one can identify the increasing interests of the United States in Iran and come to know about the significance of the expansion of relations of the United States with Iran in its entire dimension. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Iranian Opposing Viewpoints about the US Invasion of Afghanistan
Mohsen Khalili Mahmood Bahoosh FardeghiAbstract After 9/11, the doctrine of the regime change for elimination of the anti-American’s hegemony became the main part of the new strategy of US national security. Therefore American neoconservative policymakers, focused on the strategy of regime change. The MoreAbstract After 9/11, the doctrine of the regime change for elimination of the anti-American’s hegemony became the main part of the new strategy of US national security. Therefore American neoconservative policymakers, focused on the strategy of regime change. The first step of this strategy was enforced in Afghanistan. Authors of the present study, considering the strategic importance of the military invasion of Iran’s neighbor, want to answer this question: How can we compare the academic Iranians' viewpoints about US military invasion of Afghanistan? Limiting the scope of the research to the comparison of the printed articles of three top Iranian experts on US studies, authors tried to test the following hypothesis: There have been a twofold aspect (military and civilian) to the US invasion of Afghanistan: Elimination of a failed state and creation of a pattern state. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - The Commonality of Iran and Latin America in Confrontation with the United States Policies: the Case Study Nuclear Programme of Iran
علی علی حسینی علی ابراهیمیThe present article attempts to examine the historical process of the relations of Iran and Latin America with emphasis on their commonalities, the causes for their support of nuclear programme of Iran and also the reason of the United States opposition to Iran’s MoreThe present article attempts to examine the historical process of the relations of Iran and Latin America with emphasis on their commonalities, the causes for their support of nuclear programme of Iran and also the reason of the United States opposition to Iran’s nuclear Programme. The commonalities between Iran and Latin America like negation of Imperialism and the United States hegemony, opposition to repression and tyranny led to cooperation and mutual support of Iran and Latin America in international forums. The United States made tremendous effort to get the support of Latin American countries in its pressure against nuclear programme of Iran but what happened was that the Latin American countries in most occasions supported Iran’s nuclear programme either in ALBA grouping, non-aligned movement, in United Nations security council or as independent countries. It seems that the Latin American countries have realized that the opposition of the United States to Islamic Republic of Iran is completely political and in the direction of the United States interests. Also the relation of the United States towards the Latin American countries has similar nature. Thus the present article contrary to the claim of the United States intends to substantiate the fact that the attitude of the Western world led by the United States towards the nuclear programme of Iran is exclusively political and there are instances which prove that the United States attitude is political. The Latin American countries share this view with Iran and for this reason they have supported Iran’s nuclear programme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - The Political and Security Relations of Russia and the United States in Eastern Europe during Putin’s Presidency (1998-2008)
Hamid Hadiyan Hasti SaifThe international system after the end of the Cold War is still in transition. There is not yet an established situation in relations of the governments. The former bipolar world has given its place to a chaotic world which does not have a definite order. The Soviet Uni MoreThe international system after the end of the Cold War is still in transition. There is not yet an established situation in relations of the governments. The former bipolar world has given its place to a chaotic world which does not have a definite order. The Soviet Union and the United States competed with each other during the Cold War era for nearly half a century due to bipolar power structure and nature. For this reason, the study of the relations of these two countries has attracted the attention of observers. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and separation of several republics and formation of Russian Federation many changes took place in the relations of the two. The relations of the United States and Russia took a new shape during Vladimir Putin presidency due to presence and influence of the United States in the periphery and sphere of influence of Russia. The partnership for peace plan by NATO with Central Asian, Caucasus and former Eastern Europe countries led to sharp differences between Russia and NATO, also deployment of missile defense shield of the United States in Czech Republic and Poland have been among important issues and challenging factors in relations of the two. These measures by the United States have had Russia’s reaction in the shape of energy diplomacy and armament diplomacy. In this regard the Eastern Europe has been the hotbed of all these events. This region, therefore, devoted a high priority region in security policies of Russia and the United States within 1998-2008 periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Explaining the Security Strategy of the United States of America vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia in Post-Cold War Era (Text in Persian)
Ali Adami Elaheh PirozianThe present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperati MoreThe present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperation between the United States and Saudi Arabia had not been free from serious tensions. The Saudi Arabia’s expectations to receive arms and the US no support of Israel and the United States expectations about observance of human rights in Saudi Arabia and providing air base and supply of oil are among the factors that have given serious stress and strain to the cooperative and friendly relations of the two. Unlike what it appears، the cold war between the United States within the framework of combination of realism and idealism had always been problematic. From the viewpoint of both sides، these relations are a necessary alliance but they are quite fragile. The present article is trying to support this hypothesis that the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia after September 11 events had undergone certain changes. It changed from tense cooperation into the policy of containment-suppression. But this strategy did not last long and it could not also continue. After calming down of the post 11 September emotional eruption due to the objectives and interest of the United States it changed from an aggressive position to more moderate form which existed before. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The Role of Iran in Security of the Energy in the Region and the World
Elaheh KolaeiIn spite of the numerous progresses which have taken place so far in supplying the needs of man the issue of supplying energy is having the highest priority for the countries of the world. For the big powers with world status like the United States which after the disin MoreIn spite of the numerous progresses which have taken place so far in supplying the needs of man the issue of supplying energy is having the highest priority for the countries of the world. For the big powers with world status like the United States which after the disintegration of the Soviet Union is making tremendous effort to organize a hegemonic order, the security of energy supply is occupying a more important place. The emergence of economic powers that are growing and flourishing stresses the need for strategic view point about the areas where energy resources are located in the world. In these situations the Russian Federation which has succeeded the former Soviet Union with its large oil and gas resources has tried to have an active role in regional and world competitions. Presently Iran's oil and gas resources like previous decades have played as an important factor in security of energy supply. An effective presence of the United States in the Persian Gulf particularly in Iraq and also Afghanistan has added to the importance of Iran in providing the security of the energy supply in strategically important place of the world. In the present article the author examines the impact of political and security change after the end of bipolar system on the role and impact of Iran in providing security of the energy supply. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The Impact of 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks on Bilateral Relations of Mexico and the United States
Hesamoddin Vaezzadeh Maryam Haghroosta Ali Asghar Ghare DaghiAbstract After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understand MoreAbstract After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understanding etc. were signed between the two countries. The present paper shows that after 11September terrorist attacks “security” became the prime and most important priority in the United States foreign policy agenda with its southern neighbor. Although for Mexican party problem like emigration and economy was having greater importance. The United States for improving its lost security brought Mexico into security pacts; practically Mexico was forced to accept security pacts. In the post 11September time the economic objectives of Mexico was not accomplished within the bilateral pacts with the United States, for this reason Mexico despite the United States pressure turned to the Middle East countries to fulfill its economic priorities. As a result the tension emerged in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico. One of the sign of these tensions was manifested in the opposition of the Mexican statesmen to the United States military invasion of Iraq in 2003. The present article by an analytical method examines the above issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers toward America: Accompanying or Balancing? (Case Study: BRICS)
Seyed Ahmad Fatemi Nejad Samaneh Shafi Zadeh Fatemeh DaneshvarAbstract: BRICS is a group of emerging powers consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa who are pursuing a revisionist foreign policy in challenge to the United States unilateralism in international relations. This group of countries is trying to stre MoreAbstract: BRICS is a group of emerging powers consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa who are pursuing a revisionist foreign policy in challenge to the United States unilateralism in international relations. This group of countries is trying to strengthen economic, political and demographic potentials of themselves and can constitute the as main poles of a multi-polar structure of future world. Meanwhile the attempt of this group of countries for creating a multilateral system is a usual practice in international relations which is based on their potentials. The question raised by the present article is what is the foreign policy of BRICS towards the unilateralism practiced by the United States in international relations? The underlying hypothesis is that BRICS has chosen a kind of revisionist policy based on soft balancing against the United States unilateralism. The theory of soft balance should be a suitable approach to examine the hypothesis through two variables, i.e. “disparity of power” and “economic dependency”. Finding of the study shows that BRICS is indirectly trying to strengthen multilateralism in international relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Integrative and Disintegrative Factors in Iran and Turkey’s Relations after Coming into Power the Islamist Party of Justice and Development in Turkey (2002-2009
Jalal Derakhsheh Majid DivsalarThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to MoreThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to become a regional power، the attitude of the two countries towards the Middle East، nuclear issue of Iran، the Kurdish problem in relations of the two countries، the important factors in expansion of the relations of the two countries، the impact of the United States and Israel relations with Turkey on Iran، the economic cooperation between the two countries and the interaction of these variable on each other. The question، which is raised by the article، is that، what are the factors contributing to integration and disintegration between Iran and Turkey? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - A Study of United States and Saudi Arabia's Reactions to people's Uprising in Bahrain (2011-2012)
Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mohammad Reza Salehi Syed Mohammad ParsaeiBahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view th MoreBahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view that the real cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is in domestic factors and the structure of society and politics of that country. Saudi Arabia with a different motivation and interpretation on the morning of 14 March dispatched its forces and militarily intervened in Bahrain. The United States also for different reasons kept silent about these developments and in other instances it merely suggested holding of talks between the oppositions and Bahraini government and implementing reforms. The present article wants to answer three basic questions: 1.What are the grounds of people’s uprising in Bahrain? 2. On what logic and basis the United States has kept silent about Bahrain crisis? 3. What are the motivations of Saudi Arabia in militarily intervening in Bahrain? The underlying hypothesis is that the struggle for power and national interest at the macro and regional level for the United States and in regional and internal level for Saudi Arabia is basis of the United States and Saudi Arabia behaviour in Bahrain. The finding of the study shows the main cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is the cleavage between the government and people due to unequal distribution of wealth, power and position. The United States wants to sustain its hegemony in international system by controlling the lifeline of energy in strategic Persian Gulf region. In this direction the United States wants to retain its security links with the countries of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council by military presence and opposition to Islamic Republic of Iran. To sum up, power and national interests justify the logic of the United States policy in Bahrain. On the other hand, the nature of political system of Saudi Arabia and the resultant fear of expansion of democracy to Saudi Arabia along with competition and regional opposition to Iran is the main motivation of Riyadh in question of Bahrain. The present paper by a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the above issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - A Study of the Place of Hollywood Cinema in Media Diplomacy of the United States: Representation, Cultural Hegemony and Furtherance of Foreign Policy Goals
Majid Tavassoli Roknabadi Bashir EsmaeiliIn recent years there has been an increase on emphasis on terms like media diplomacy, soft power, soft war etc. in political literature. On this issue besides several conferences and lectures, lot of written works has analyzed the furtherance of foreign policy goals thr MoreIn recent years there has been an increase on emphasis on terms like media diplomacy, soft power, soft war etc. in political literature. On this issue besides several conferences and lectures, lot of written works has analyzed the furtherance of foreign policy goals through media diplomacy. Among the existing literature the term representation has extensive theoretical backing by international politics theoricians and it has not been addressed sufficiently. The present article wants to answer this question that on which theoretical bases Hollywood as a device of American media diplomacy help furtherance of the United States foreign policy? The underlying hypothesis is that representation can explain the relation between media diplomacy and furtherance of foreign policy goals. Among the American media Hollywood has been selected as case study and the time span is Cold War era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The Role of Oil in US Invasion of Iraq
Enayatollah Yazdani Reza modoghliThe September has led to a dramatic change in the from and essexce of international system, and even in it's concepts. This event can be assumed as the end of transition period in international system and US foreign policy. This event paved the ground for the creation o MoreThe September has led to a dramatic change in the from and essexce of international system, and even in it's concepts. This event can be assumed as the end of transition period in international system and US foreign policy. This event paved the ground for the creation of a new enemy called, terrorism, and made it possible for the US to benefit from this to solve its problems in international system. This event also made a different condition for US foreign policy system and provided it with a good excuse to attack Iraq in for fighting against terrorism and destroying the of mass destruction weapons. However, it seems that along with these goals, the act of gaining access to Iraq's rich oil resources has been among the hidden plans of US war in Iraq. In other words, Iraq's crisis has had a close connection to oil resources of this country and oil has been one of the most significant objectives the US invasim. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - An Explanation of the Relations between Iran and USA in Imam Khomeini’s Foreign Policy Discourse
Rahim Afsharian Seyed Asadolah AthariAbstract: The political orientation of states determines the quality of their relationship. Foreign policy is basically an outcome of the identity theories and their actors cannot act efficiently and in a sustained manner unless they achieve a unified theory and ideolo MoreAbstract: The political orientation of states determines the quality of their relationship. Foreign policy is basically an outcome of the identity theories and their actors cannot act efficiently and in a sustained manner unless they achieve a unified theory and ideology. Imam Khomeini considered “Islam” as a different entity so that “others” can be identified in his political identity and perception. Language and ideology emphasizes on justification, production and reproduction of hegemony and unequal power relationship and consider the aim of criticism paying attention to most profound aspect of power in society through exposing the hypocrisy of language. Critical discourse analysis from philosophical point of view is based on social constructivism which by emphasis on human factor reduces the reality to human structure. The aim of critical analysis is to show ideological belief and values which has reflected itself as common sense. Everyone knows that the United States has the role of “hostile” and “other” in Imam Khomeini’s discourse and this role remains until America does not change her behavioral pattern. In response to this question “What are the conditions for normalization of relations between the two countries in Imam Khomeini’s discourse?” factors like “mutual respect” and “change of confrontationist and hostile policy” are recognized. The article by a descriptive method based on library material examines Islamic ideas of Imam Khomeini, his critical discourse analysis in foreign policy and then tests the article’s hypothesis, to prove the general principles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The Place of Persian Gulf in Great Powers Competitions
Zarei Bahador Ali Zeinivand Kimia MohammadiFrom the beginning of 21st century the geo-economic approach is used as a new approach for analysis of strategic and international problems and competition of big powers in strategic regions. This approach is formed from the combination of three elements, namely geograp MoreFrom the beginning of 21st century the geo-economic approach is used as a new approach for analysis of strategic and international problems and competition of big powers in strategic regions. This approach is formed from the combination of three elements, namely geography, power and economy and it examines the relations of geography, power and economy and the interaction of these three elements in acquisition of power. In this period the powerful countries instead of paying attention to mere geopolitics mainly turned to geo-economics and try to have a politico-economic look instead of politico-military look to sensitive regions of the world. In present century energy particularly oil and gas as the spirit of geo-economics plays important role in the process of development, determining security and creating regional and international tensions. One of the strategic and geo-economic regions which will be the scene of disputes and geo-energy competition in twenty first century is Persian Gulf. Persian Gulf from the viewpoint of geopolitical and geostrategic theories is an important international region and this region from the viewpoint of new theories (geo-economic, geostrategic and geo-energy) is one of the sensitive and effective region in international and regional equations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Evaluating of US Anti-Iranian Sanctions Under the context of Defending Human Rights
Mahmood Jalali Setareh Sadeghi Mohammadi Mojtaba BabaeiAbstract Human rights as one of the main features of civilization and development of human community enjoy special significance in international relations. However, ambiguity in its definition and the instrumental use of this concept are considered as major challenges MoreAbstract Human rights as one of the main features of civilization and development of human community enjoy special significance in international relations. However, ambiguity in its definition and the instrumental use of this concept are considered as major challenges for the promotion of the current status of human rights in the World. Under such conditions, the West particularly the US, intervening in the internal affairs of other countries on the pretext of defending democracy and human rights, has launched propaganda against many countries through its public and media diplomacy. From 1993 to 1996, the US imposed over 61 unilateral sanctions on 35 countries which covered 42% of the world’s population. The extraterritorial nature of the unilateral sanctions by the US has caused a controversy. Many states believe that such sanctions violate their sovereignty rights as independent nations. Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the US has always considered 'sanctions' as one of the tools to change Iran’s approach. Washington has highlighted human rights sanctions as 'smart sanctions', imposed under human rights claims to pressure Iran to give concessions and adopt an inactive diplomacy in political fields particularly in nuclear issue. This paper seeks to study the role of human rights sanctions in the US strategy against Iran and find proper and practical approaches to manage the challenges and opportunities facing Iran in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The Public Diplomacy of America vis-à-vis Egypt’s Developments
Gholamreza Karimi Hosseinali Toti Syed Mohammad Reza MosaviAbstract The recent wave of developments in the Middle East gave a new place to public diplomacy and soft power in regional diplomacy of the United States and on this basis the structural engineering of Egypt in cultural, social, political and economic aspects was put MoreAbstract The recent wave of developments in the Middle East gave a new place to public diplomacy and soft power in regional diplomacy of the United States and on this basis the structural engineering of Egypt in cultural, social, political and economic aspects was put on the agenda by the American strategist. The present paper by raising this question as to “what has been the public diplomacy of the United States vis-à-vis Egypt revolutionary development after Mubarak till ouster of Morsi?” comes to this conclusion that with the occurrence of recent developments and challenges put to the United States diplomacy machinery, the United States initially tried to take the help of public diplomacy to improve the public opinion of people of Egypt towards herself and keep Hosni Mubarak on its place but with the overthrow of Mubarak, the United States by the help of public diplomacy wanted to direct the future developments of Egypt in a direction that she be able to keep her dominance on groups who are supporter of America and neutral groups. In the next phase after the dismissal of Morsi the United States for managing the crisis of Islamic awakening of people of Egypt put the programme of “public opinion engineering” on the agenda. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Umited States Foreign Policy Identites and Barak Obama Administration
Masoud Motallebi Ali FallahnejadAbstract The present article attempts to distinguish the relation between the United States foreign policy identities and identity of Obama foreign policy. For this purpose the article has examined the United States identity and her foreign policy identities. The MoreAbstract The present article attempts to distinguish the relation between the United States foreign policy identities and identity of Obama foreign policy. For this purpose the article has examined the United States identity and her foreign policy identities. The article also refers to general policies of the Obama administration. The foreign policy of the United States as a big power has continuity and change like other countries. One of the identity continuity element is Wilsonian identity which its characteristic was internationalist and global. There are similarities of identities between Obama reflective policies in the twentieth first century and Wilson’s identity. One finds that after a period of following aggressive and Jacksonian policies by George Bush, the foreign policy identity of the United States during Obama period has turned to Wilson’s identity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The Place of Public Diplomacy in new Competitions between the US and Russian Federation (Reproduction of cold war in public diplomacy sphere)
Abbasgholi AsgarianAbstract: Public diplomacy is the main tool of soft power. This fact was an accepted fact since long time back but in recent years it has vividly shown itself in the performance of many countries. The United States and Russia are two strong countries who have the prece MoreAbstract: Public diplomacy is the main tool of soft power. This fact was an accepted fact since long time back but in recent years it has vividly shown itself in the performance of many countries. The United States and Russia are two strong countries who have the precedence of competition. Russia in recent years due to military and economic weakness cannot match her rival i.e. the United States and is investing more on public diplomacy but on this sphere also she is lagging behind despite that she has a good political and cultural potential. The present article wants to answer this question that what is the place of public diplomacy in the foreign policies of both the countries and in what fields they make use of it? The underlying hypothesis is that both the countries acknowledge the importance of public diplomacy in modern world but despite attempt made by Russia in recent years, she has not been successful in achieving its goals in the field of public diplomacy. One of the important obstacles in the way of promoting public diplomacy is the rigid and inflexible mentality of the Russian leaders. On the other hand the United States as one of the important actors in international system makes use of different tools to communicate her message to the peoples of the world and she has been more successful in this regard. The present article has examined the above issue by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Idea Centric Order: the United States of America's Pattern of Order in Post Cold War International System
Alireza RezaeiWhen the power structure changes in international politics in that situation the possibilities and ground for cooperation and new challenges are created and the pattern of relations among the actors will be adjusted out of traditional structure. In transition from bipol MoreWhen the power structure changes in international politics in that situation the possibilities and ground for cooperation and new challenges are created and the pattern of relations among the actors will be adjusted out of traditional structure. In transition from bipolar structure the Americans considered themselves as the triumphant of the cold war and tried to establish their position in international system. The post cold war era created a suitable ground for the implementation of strategic objectives of the United States as the remaining pole of the world order. This referred to the effort of the United States leaders for consolidating their hegemony in post cold war international system. The question which arises is that how can we explain the United States pattern of international order in post cold war era? The underlying hypothesis is that the United States pattern of order in post cold war international order is within the framework of "idea centric order". In idea centric order the hegemony of the single pole designs and manages the world، regional and local dynamics. The idea centric order is based on certain norms، ways، patterns، rules، and criteria which the dominant player formulates، implements and justifies in the direction of its own national interests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The Formation of New Cold War in the Competition of the United States and Russia in Caucasus (Text in Persian)
Esmaeil Shafiee Ali Karam SafariThe study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology a MoreThe study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology and economic structure of the countries of Caucasus region. Its aim is substituting free market model economy and capitalism with centrally planned and state economies. In this way facilitate the necessary ground for expansion of its influence and also controlling the political structure of the newly independent republics. It also aims at containing regions and forces that challenge the United States. On the other hand Russia which considers itself the Godfather of this strategic region calls this region “the near abroad” and is determined to contain the United States expansion of influence in the region. In the present article by a descriptive analytical method, an attempt is made to raise this question whether a new cold war has started in the Caucasus region after the end of cold war? The underlying hypothesis that the paper examines, is that, with the presence of the United States in Caucasus region, a new cold war has started. On the whole it seems that by increasing the economic, political and strategic and military attractions of the region the possibility of conflict also increases considerably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - The Military Rise of China and the Challenges before American Hegemony
Mohammad Ali Basiri Syed Hesamolldin Moosavi Mohammad Ali rayatei neshadThe military rise of China is one of the important events of modern history. It is for more than two decades that China by taking up rational policies in domestic and international arena has achieved tremendous progress. These accomplishments along with vast potential o MoreThe military rise of China is one of the important events of modern history. It is for more than two decades that China by taking up rational policies in domestic and international arena has achieved tremendous progress. These accomplishments along with vast potential of this country has changed it into a great and influencing power and one of the candidates of superpower position in the twenty first century. Since the United States considers itself as the only superpower of the modern world, the rise of China is a challenge to its hegemony. This challenge points out the necessity of responding to it. The present article while evaluates the Chinese military progress, its impact and consequences raises this question that what should be the United States policy for facing the rising military power of China? The paper also evaluates the hypothesis that the military development and growth of China is the indication and its tendency for world hegemony and becoming a superpower in international arena. Thus with the rise of China and its establishment as a world power in new world order in thecoming decade, major contradiction will increasingly emerge between the United States and China. This conflict of interests, besides ideological difference, will lead to the strategic interest rivalry in Asia-Pacific and even in the whole world. Since these developments do not conform to the long range policies of the United States it will pursue a two pronged strategy of containment and participation to face this security dilemma. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - The Military Modernization of China: Objectives, Strategies
Saeed Vosoghi SayyedHesamoddin Mosavi mohecen bagiIn 1990 decade after the realization of the importance of sophisticated weapons in the Persian Gulf war (1990-1991), the process of revolution in military affairs, the increasing strategic concern due to the challenges posed by the United States to the military interest MoreIn 1990 decade after the realization of the importance of sophisticated weapons in the Persian Gulf war (1990-1991), the process of revolution in military affairs, the increasing strategic concern due to the challenges posed by the United States to the military interests of China in Taiwan, the emergence of Japan as a regional military power and also the military power of India and its increasing regional influence which made the occurrence of war more possible, one witnesses China’s inclination towards defence technology and modernization of People’s Liberation Army(PLA). Therefore in security thinking of China the priority of improving the military power has reached the level of priority of economic development. In this direction the Chinese leaders in the past decade taking into consideration the above changes have set strategic goals and adjusted their defence policies and have achieved enormous progress in defence technological field Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The Impact of Iranian Nuclear Program on Regional Security System of the Middle East (Persian Gulf) with Emphasis on Offensive Realism Theory
Masoud Jafari Nejad Fidafeh MadabadiAbstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the MoreAbstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the nuclear issue. The position of the United States and the Arab countries of the south of the Persian Gulf is opposition to peaceful Iranian nuclear program. The question raised by the present article is why the United States tried to emphasize that the nuclear program of Iran is a threat to the countries of the region and there existed security problem? The underlying hypothesis is that the securitization of the nuclear issue of Iran along with Iran phobia project can ensure the United States strategic interests in the Middle East particularly the Persian Gulf region. The impression of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region has also shaped on the basis of these propagandas. The present article examines the above issue within the framework of aggressive realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - The Possible Crises in the United States Relations with China
Hamed Mohagheghnia Jahanbakhsh MoradiThe foreign relations of countries always depend on a set of intentions, objectives, interests, interpretations and interactions which are the outcome of decision making centre in internal structures and international limitations and its repercussions are also seen in d MoreThe foreign relations of countries always depend on a set of intentions, objectives, interests, interpretations and interactions which are the outcome of decision making centre in internal structures and international limitations and its repercussions are also seen in domestic and external sphere. The bilateral relations of the United States and China are not an exception to this rule. The United States and China expanded their relations from 1971. They had a successful record in interaction with each other in many field especially in economic field but this does not mean that there are no differences between the two. There are always threat and danger of tension and crisis in relations of the two world powers. The most important possible crises in relations of the United States and China are the problem of Taiwan and also the presence of the United States of other powers in sphere of influence of China and the ensuing tensions in that direction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - تبیین پیوندهای استراتژیک آمریکا و کشورهای آسیای مرکزی
بنت الهدا یوسفی دیلمی فرهاد حمزه رضا تاجفر -
Open Access Article
148 - دیپلماسی هستهای جمهوری اسلامی ایران در تقابل با ایالات متحده آمریکا
محمد صادق یحییپور آیه شعبانی کوچصفهانی -
Open Access Article
149 - استراتژی جدید ایالات متحده آمریکا و امنیت ملی افغانستان
عبدالرضا فرجی راد بهنام شهبازی سیدهادی ساداتی محمد درخور -
Open Access Article
150 - تأثیر ساختار ژیوپلیتیک حاکم بر روابط روسیه و ایالات متحده آمریکابر رقابت آنها در جنوب غرب آسیا
سجاد مرادی نیا زهرا پیشگاهی فرد کیومرث یزدان پناه بهادر زارعی -
Open Access Article
151 - A Comparative Study on the Library and Information Science's Branches in USA, Canada, UK, with Iran: Emphasizing on their Effectiveness on the Amount of Scientific Productions at the international level
Sayyed Mahdi Taheri Mohammad Alaee AraniObjective: The objective of the current study is to determine the difference between library and information science's branches in USA, UK, Canada, and Iran, and their effectiveness on scientific productionsat the international level in these countries, Methodology: It MoreObjective: The objective of the current study is to determine the difference between library and information science's branches in USA, UK, Canada, and Iran, and their effectiveness on scientific productionsat the international level in these countries, Methodology: It is done by analytical–comparative approach, and with documentary method for data gathering. Findings: the results about the amount of library science's branches in Iran in comparison with others shows that, USA, Canada and UK have 46, 26, 20 specialized branches respectively. However, Iran sporadically has only 10 branches, in various universities with varied educational system. On the other hand, scientific production in mentioned countries except Iran is more than 43% of total production in this field (on the bases of WOS[1] database indexes) in 2000 – 2009 versus 0.255% share of Iran. Conclusion: Findings analyses reports that the multiplicity of specialized branches based on the need of indigenous community, consistent with new information technologies, and generally maturity of library and information science, have directly effects on the scientific productions. [1]- Web of Science (WOS) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Coercive guardianship in Iranian law and a similar institution in American law
hasan falah javad ganji behnam ghanbarporField and Aims: Islamic law in the countries that follow the Imami jurisprudence has given guardianship of the child to the father, and also placed the paternal grandfather on the same level as the father, and each of them has compulsory guardianship to manage financial MoreField and Aims: Islamic law in the countries that follow the Imami jurisprudence has given guardianship of the child to the father, and also placed the paternal grandfather on the same level as the father, and each of them has compulsory guardianship to manage financial affairs. And the minor's non-financial status and his legal representation, whether during the other's lifetime or after his death. According to the civil law, the father has compulsory guardianship, but the mother is deprived of the right of guardianship over her child, unless the mother becomes the special guardian according to the will of the father. This is despite the fact that in many countries, the benefit of the child is often considered and not the gender of his parents. In the previous laws of America, as in Iran, it was the father whose role in custody was important, and the mother was deprived of all custody rights of her child. Therefore, in this research, we are going to examine what is the position of coercive guardianship in Iranian and American law?Method: This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical way.Finding and Conclusion: Legal custody is a right and obligation that is given to parents to make important decisions in the child's life after divorce. With the passage of time and changes in the laws, the mother also had rights and duties alongside the father. The benefit of the child is the most important change in custody rights, and the courts should give custody to the most qualified person, either the father or the mother, based on the hypothesis of the best interest of the child. . The examination of the legal system of Iran and the United States shows that there are basic similarities and some important differences in the two legal systems of Iran and the United States regarding guardianship and guardianship of children. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Immunity of state property in international law Looking at the seizure of Iranian oil exports by the United States
Abdul Samad Bahrani Sohrab Salahi Mohsen DiyanatField and Aims: Iran has been under unilateral US sanctions for years, and the scope of these measures is increasing every day. From the seizure of Iranian property and assets to the threat of seizure of Iranian oil tankers shows the growing tensions. In this regard, th MoreField and Aims: Iran has been under unilateral US sanctions for years, and the scope of these measures is increasing every day. From the seizure of Iranian property and assets to the threat of seizure of Iranian oil tankers shows the growing tensions. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to examine US actions in imposing sanctions and seizing Iranian oil tankers from the perspective of international law. Method: This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically. Findings and conclusion: The rule of judicial immunity The government has accepted exceptions following changes in the international legal system, including the exemption of tenure and the adoption of the doctrine of limited immunity. Regarding the imposition of unilateral sanctions, there is no explicit text in the Charter of the United Nations that states agree to exert pressure through sanctions in various fields, and therefore, these actions of the United States have no legitimacy. Regarding the US action in seizing Iran's export oil, it should be said that this measure lacks legitimacy in terms of the principle of equality of states, in terms of international rules of the law of the sea and in terms of the principle of protection of state property from seizure by domestic courts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Supervision of elections and electoral district system in America
zahra raqebi Ruhollah Rahami hamid zarabiBackground and purpose: monitoring of elections in each country is done in a special way; Based on the method and style of regionalization of the United States, which consists of many states, the method of holding a broad election such as the presidency in all states wi MoreBackground and purpose: monitoring of elections in each country is done in a special way; Based on the method and style of regionalization of the United States, which consists of many states, the method of holding a broad election such as the presidency in all states will not be in a specific way and in line with homogeneous policies. In America, special commissions supervise the elections. These committees operate under the supervision and guidance of the "Federal Election Commission" and according to the law of the Federal Election Commission, supervisory actions are mostly focused on advertising and election expenses, and even candidates' qualifications are not monitored.Method: The current research is documentary and library in terms of research tools and descriptive-analytical in terms of analysis method.Findings and results: The partisan and factional interests of members of the state legislatures can leave a tremendous impact on the political fate of the entire United States people with electoral districting. Of course, drawing the boundaries of electoral districts is considered part of the authority of each state, and although in 32 of the 50 American states, this task is entrusted to the state legislatures, whose final approval is often subject to the approval of the state governor, but in the rest The states have become independent institutions responsible for this, although the output of their actions ultimately requires the approval of the state assembly, but it is a positive step to prevent the zoning guage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - بررسی تطبیقی مصونیت اجرائی اموال بانکهای مرکزی خارجی
رحمان آقایی ربیعا اسکینی -
Open Access Article
156 - تحلیل ژئوپلتیکی ،نقش آمریکا درایجاد موانع و چالش های سیاسی - امنیتی منطقه خاورمیانه
فرهاد حمزه محسن چوپانی رستمی -
Open Access Article
157 - فاکتورهای ژئوپلتیکی بحران گرجستان
عبدالرضا فرجی راد حدیث مراد ی -
Open Access Article
158 - Differences in the identities of American Jews and the Zionist regime; Policy agenda
Naser Pourhassan Yousof QorashiThe world's Jewish population is estimated at 15 million, 85% of whom live in the United States and the Occupied Territories. Although Zionism and Judaism are not equal; because some Jews are political anti-Zionists and some non-Jews are also Zionists; However, Jews are MoreThe world's Jewish population is estimated at 15 million, 85% of whom live in the United States and the Occupied Territories. Although Zionism and Judaism are not equal; because some Jews are political anti-Zionists and some non-Jews are also Zionists; However, Jews are the dominant aspect of Zionism. Jews do not have a single identity. The main question of the article is: What is the view of the American Jews and the Jews living in the occupied territories of Palestine towards the ideals of Zionism? The hypothesis of the article is formulated using the results of the Pew Survey Institute as follows: Jews living in America and the occupied territories, due to their identity sources and different life experiences, have different views in terms of believing in the ideals of Zionism, adhering to the beliefs and rituals of Judaism, and the performance of the Zionist regime.This difference of opinion has led to a variety of political actions, including a reduction in the immigration of American Jews to the Occupied Territories. International Zionism, while tacitly acknowledging this difference, sees Jewish influence in American and even world politics as complementary to the migration of Jews from other parts of the world to the occupied territories, and seeks to reduce these differences. The main purpose of this article is to open a new direction in Zionist studies and to explain the real gaps between the Jewish communities, especially the United States, and the Occupied Territories, and to make policy recommendations in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - China's approach towards the Taliban’srising power in Afghanistan with regard to the Silk Road Initiative
RAZIEH Sanei Ghasem Toraby Alireza RezaeiBecause of its profound competition with the United States of America, China is one of the few countries in the world that has a positive view of the Taliban’s rising power in Afghanistan. It considers the Taliban's rise to power as a means for undermining the rol MoreBecause of its profound competition with the United States of America, China is one of the few countries in the world that has a positive view of the Taliban’s rising power in Afghanistan. It considers the Taliban's rise to power as a means for undermining the role and influence of the United States in Asia and a suitable ground for the implementation of the Silk Road Initiative which is part of China’s Soft Balance against the United States. It is important to note that through the Silk Road initiative, China is looking for large investments in the infrastructures of more than sixty-five countries in the world in order to secure its strategic interests in various fields including economic ones. Because of its being faced with regional and global isolation, the Taliban is apt to strongly welcome relations with the emerging China as a superpower. Based on this, the main question of the article is this: To what extent is Chine’s approach toward the Taliban's gaining power in Afghanistan influenced by its competition with the United States over the implementation of the Silk Road initiative? In response to the above question, it is hypothesized and argued that the Chinese government considers the Taliban’s rise to power as an opportunity to advance the Silk Road initiative and, as a result, a basis for expanding its role and influence in the Central Asian region against the United States’ role and presence. The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - The reasons of the US withdrawal from JCPOA based on the Neoclassical Realism Perspective
akram salehi mohammadreza dehshiri Rahmat HajiminiehJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is one of the important legal and international events in the international relations history. This international agreement, result of two years formal and intensive negotiations, was signed between Iran and 5+1 countries, in V MoreJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is one of the important legal and international events in the international relations history. This international agreement, result of two years formal and intensive negotiations, was signed between Iran and 5+1 countries, in Vienna. Following the signing of this document, the Security Council resolution 2231 legislated. According to this resolution, previous Security Council sanctions have been canceled and JCPOA signatory countries were forced to implement the commitments which were inserted on it. However, it did not take long time that the new president of America, Donald Trump, revealed his incompatibility with Iran's multilateral international nuclear agreement. Finally, the United States government officially gets out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Therefore, this study tries to answer this question that, what are the reasons of the US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action? In order to answer this question this hypothesis examined that the US withdrawal of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action can be examined in individual level: Trump characteristics, national: unilateralism approach from the “First America” doctrine and systemic: supporting regional allies and consolidate America's hegemonic position. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is library and internet. The use of neoclassical realism theory to examine the causes of America's exit of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action is the research innovation in the present study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Rise of China and India- US foreign policy toward each other from 2001 to 2019
naser Hadian -Jazy MEHDI BAZVANDAbstractSince 2001, the relationship between India and the United States has been witnessing a fundamental shift from both sides. Many analysts see the rise of China as one of the main reasons for the positive shifts in the foreign policy of the United States and India MoreAbstractSince 2001, the relationship between India and the United States has been witnessing a fundamental shift from both sides. Many analysts see the rise of China as one of the main reasons for the positive shifts in the foreign policy of the United States and India towards each other. Given this point, this study seeks to answer the question of why the rise of China has led to a rapprochement between India and the United States. The results of this study show that as China increasingly seeks to undermine India's national interests, balancing strategy has become a requirement for India's foreign policy toward China. On the other hand, the choice of off-shore balancing by the United States to prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon in East and South Asia has led to a rapprochement between the United States and India. Under such circumstances, the United States could reduce its costs of dealing with the emerging power of China by burden sharing with its partners Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Identity Explanation about Structure of Conflicts in Relation of U.S & I.R.Iran
fazel feiziIdentity Explanation about the Conflicts Structure in the Relation of United State of America and Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract The occurrence of the Islamic revolutionary of Iran in 1357, it was a occurrence that its identity discourse in foreign policy ( discourse MoreIdentity Explanation about the Conflicts Structure in the Relation of United State of America and Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract The occurrence of the Islamic revolutionary of Iran in 1357, it was a occurrence that its identity discourse in foreign policy ( discourse of revolutionary idealism) was based on discourse elements such as autonomy, fighting against imperialism and colonial powers and support of liberator movements. Basically creation this kind of discourse in a country and region that was regarded as a stable island for United State of America was not concerted with aim and interests of U.S. conquering the embassy of U.S. by the students of follower of Imam Line, U.S disconnected its diplomatic relation with Iran as well as undertake a wide range of hostile actions against Iran that was continued in past four decade up to this time. In this research meanwhile we study on the obstacle of the evolution of two state relations, we try to study the conflict of their interests from the viewpoint of identity and norms that appraise their identity, as it is emphasized on constructive theory of international relations. Finally we conclude that although in some certain and defined cases were holed limited negotiations between two states, because of coflictual identity ,there is not any possibility to fundamental change the relation of Iran and United State of America. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Iran in Germany Balancing Policy
Faranak Khodnegah Davoud Kiani Mahdi Javdani moghaddamAmong the main western power, Germany is the only government that have not left a colonial or domineering record in Iranian historical memory, in the last quarter of Qajar’s political life, throughout the Pahlavi era and during the last four decades of the Islamic MoreAmong the main western power, Germany is the only government that have not left a colonial or domineering record in Iranian historical memory, in the last quarter of Qajar’s political life, throughout the Pahlavi era and during the last four decades of the Islamic Republic of Iran, expanding relations with German have always been one of the Iran’s foreign policy priorities. Decoding the reason of the continuation of historical relations between the two countries, have always been one of the main concerns of international relations scholars. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly examine the political relations between Iran and Germany, after the Islamic revolution in spite of the ideological confrontation between Iran and west. Based on this fact, the main question of this article is how Germany, despite of the intense lobbying of the United States and Israel, have led EU foreign policy toward engagement with Iran. Given the inspiration of this research, from the theory of the balance of power of relation in the analysis of German-Iranian relations, the research method used is also a descriptive analytical one. According to the reasoning of this research in response to the main questions is that Germany have been able to lead by applying some form of balance policy to pursue its geopolitical interests in developing relations with Iran and adhering to its transatlantic obligations to the U.S. and its historical responsibility for Israel, have been able to take the lead in EU foreign policy in engaging Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Analyzing Trump's Behavior toward Iran Using a Causal Layered Analysis
Hassan Khodaverdi Aliasghar Ghaffari CheratiThe confrontation between Iran and the US on the political, military, economic and cultural issues has begun since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and has expanded over a wide range of geographical areas. As Donald Trump came to power, the confrontation be MoreThe confrontation between Iran and the US on the political, military, economic and cultural issues has begun since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and has expanded over a wide range of geographical areas. As Donald Trump came to power, the confrontation between the two countries entered a new phase. Using the "principled realism" approach and also the "Nixon's MadMan" Theory, Trump following the increasing weakening of Iran in various economic and political spheres and at all regional and international levels. Given Trump's personality traits, his analysis of Iran's behavior and approaches can paint a clear perspective for Iranian statesmen to advance national goals and Coping strategies against Trump's anti-Iranian approaches. In order to achieve this goal, the method of "Causal Layered Analysis" by examining the above problem can open a new space for the creation of bright future in front of the Iran. In order to design a smart and reciprocal move to achieve national interests, Iranian officials must have a good understanding of Trump's practical and proclaimed policies and approaches toward Iran. The most important tool to pursue these goals is to provide a rational face to the Iran with an emphasis on observing internationally accepted principles and rules, and most importantly adopting smart diplomacy while utilizing the components of hard power alongside the Communication Pattern of Soft power. The main purpose of the present study is to analyze Trump's behavior towards Iran based on a descriptive-analytical method and a Causal Layered Analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Trump, overcoming institutionalism and challenging the status of "liberal hegemony" for the United States
Tajedin SalehiyanThe failure to strike a balance of power with the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century has been a new phenomenon in international relations. Most liberals and proponents of hegemonic stability theory, along with America's extra MoreThe failure to strike a balance of power with the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century has been a new phenomenon in international relations. Most liberals and proponents of hegemonic stability theory, along with America's extraordinary military power, have created international institutions, organizations, and regimes, produced public security, financial, commercial, and economic goods, multilateralism, and avoided unilateralism. Are considered to be the main reasons why the United States has gained the position of "liberal hegemony" and the balance of traditional power has not been formed against it. But with the coming to power of Donald Trump, and the policy of "America First" and the withdrawal of many international institutions and regimes, the refusal to produce public security and economic goods and the end of what he calls "free riding", the pursuit of nationalism Economic, one-sided, and ultimately disregard for the interests of other actors, including friends of allies, have seriously challenged America's position of "liberal hegemony.” Therefore, according to the teachings of the theory of hegemonic stability, the main purpose of this study is to state: US foreign policy in the Trump era, while passing the declared slogans, has undergone serious changes compared to the past, These changes have put the country's position in jeopardy, as Trump has taken steps to undermine the position of liberal hegemony by going through the elements of legitimacy. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used which has used library and electronic resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Trump's withdrawal from "JCPOA" and the inefficiency of UN Security Council
morteza nemati zargaranAbstractIran's nuclear program, in the eyes of the West, has the potential to lead to the acquisition of nuclear weapons. Therefore, this program, along with the anti-Westernism of the Islamic Republic, is considered a security threat to the West and especially to the U MoreAbstractIran's nuclear program, in the eyes of the West, has the potential to lead to the acquisition of nuclear weapons. Therefore, this program, along with the anti-Westernism of the Islamic Republic, is considered a security threat to the West and especially to the United States.The West has two general approaches to limiting Iran's nuclear capability: a peaceful solution or punitive measures and military action.US President Barack Obama has accepted a peaceful solution, which is in line with the UN Charter. This view emphasized multilateralism and the role of international organizations. Negotiations between Iran and the six world powers eventually led to the signing of a "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action " or "JCPOA" agreement. Under the agreement, Iran accepted extensive restrictions of its nuclear program, and instead lifted all UN sanctions, as well as unilateral US and European sanctions. Because the agreement was about international security, the same agreement was passed by the UN Security Council.Trump, the next president of the United States, called "JCPOA" against the national interest and unilaterally withdrew.The question is, what has the Security Council done to violate the UN Security Council? The hypothesis is that the violation of the UN Security Council by the United States is the most serious and clear example of the ineffectiveness of the Security Council in maintaining an agreement on the maintenance of international peace and security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - EU-Iran relations in the light of transatlantic relations (Case study of the Obama and Trump eras)
Ebrahim Bagheri seyed Davood AghaeeThe present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence MoreThe present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within BRICS. The findings show that the EU's lack of strategic independence is due to the EU's transatlantic dependence on three levels of institutional security deficit, asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of EU transnational corporations in relation to US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit; Given the United States' security umbrella and lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level; The interdependence of economic, trade, and investment interactions on both sides of the Atlantic and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) have severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The third level concerns the preferences of the market and the private and transnational corporations of the European Union and the rational and risk-taking pattern of companies under secondary US sanctions, which has been a major obstacle to the independence of the EU approach to Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - US,, Identity challenges and failed state in Iraq (2020-2003)
Behnam SarkheilThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such MoreThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such a way that the currents of identity have enjoyed a growing role and Challenges arising from identity rivalries have acted in a variety of forms such as state-building or even disrupting political stability. However, recognizing the role and position of identity currents and how to identify them in a situation where there is virtually no clear vision for a US presence in the region has become doubly important.The present article examines the role of identity currents in Iraq in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the framework of Rosena Chaos Theory and it answers the question, what strategy has the United States prioritized over the nation-state in Iraq, given the intermediate variables of identity currents? Hypothesis: The United States, understanding the growing role of identity movements, has sought to undermine existing structures in Iraq by shaping a set of identity challenges and creating socio-political irregularities. Paved the way for the realization of the model of a failed state and provided the conditions for the continuation of its interventions in Iraq. Findings: Utilizing soft power such as media and virtual tools to create political, economic, and social destabilization (such as riots and street protests) is part of the strategy of a failed state in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - A comparative comparison of think tanks in Obama and Trump's decision-making towards Iran
Reza Haghshenas Gorgabi Hossein Ahmadi Mohammadali basiriThe think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward MoreThe think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward Iran during the Obama and Trump presidencies. The change in decision-making was due to the change of think tanks during the two presidents. What was the role of think tanks in the decision-making of Obama's and Trump's foreign policy apparatus towards the I.R.Iran? The think tanks with the intellectual and executive elites and the formulation of foreign policy and the design of various scenarios have focused on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus towards Iran during the Obama and Trump eras. Through negotiations, Obama signed JCPOA, which sought to reduce related sanctions. Trump left JCPOA. Obama agreed with JCPOA the negotiation scenario that originated from the think tanks and Trump with JCPOA with the scenario of pressure and sanctions of the think tanks. This change in scenario was due to the shift of think tanks from moderate to neoconservative and extremist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of think tanks on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus and use it to adopt a counter-strategy against US policies towards Iran. using the Obama approved think tank comparison method, chose the negotiation approach and Trump chose sanctions and pressure. This research, analytical method and library tools have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - US and Afghanistan Peace-building Strategy; from neo-Conservatism to neo-Hamiltonism
somaye hamidi ehsan mozdkhah peyman zanganeThe Terrorist attacks of 9/11 brought about a Fundamental change in US foreign policy. To pinpoint this Phenomenon, American officials blamed the lack of democracy and lasting peace in depressed societies for the violence and terrorist movements. The main question of th MoreThe Terrorist attacks of 9/11 brought about a Fundamental change in US foreign policy. To pinpoint this Phenomenon, American officials blamed the lack of democracy and lasting peace in depressed societies for the violence and terrorist movements. The main question of the present study is what were the American peace-building strategies from the time of George w. Bush to the era of neo-Hamiltonism, Biden tenure in Afghanistan in order to establish lasting peace, security and Expanding Democracy? The research hypothesis points out that US activism in Afghanistan to bring peace is rooted in the pursuit of trans-regional interests and the implementation of American globalization. Basically, attention to the issue and approach to peace-building in Afghanistan in the perceptual-practical apparatus of the united states in order to create a stable country in peace and democracy, a policy that somehow to keep the internal currents in Afghanistan away from relations. Has and does not pay attentions to the internal structure of Afghanistan, so the process of sustainable peace-building has not been successful and has not led to positive results. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on the concept of democratic peace/ peace-building. The findings show that white House governments from the time of neo-conservatives under Bush(son) to the era of so-called neo-hamiltonism (joe Biden) have consolidated their peace-building strategies to secure their interests in the trans-regional dimension, as well as their presence. Has always used worry-free to focus on regional competitors such as china and Russia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Deterrence as a Security-defense Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges, Requirements, and its Strategic Model
Masomeh Ansarifard امیر محمد Haji-YousefiSince the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in t MoreSince the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in the disputed region of the Middle East, has highlighted deterrence to ensure its security. The present qualitative study aims to see whether Iran's current strategy is consistent with the components of the “new deterrence” by considering identity-, authority-, and interest-based approaches in national, regional and international levels. In this regard, the main hypothesis raised is Iran's security-defense strategy is inspired solely by the military component of deterrence, not all of the new components of deterrence. In other words, the synergy of all dimensions including the military, political, and economic dimensions of Post-Cold War Deterrence did not exist in the strategic equation of Iranian deterrence,and deterrence for Iran has been a military response to deterrent actions of extra-regional adversaries and their regional allies.In this regard, the present study seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding of deterrence and its evolution with a pathological approach in order to explain the appropriate model of deterrence in Iran. Based on the results, Iran's performance is more based on the requirements of asymmetric warfare than deterrence due to the increasing impact of both regional and international environments on the national environment.Further, the success of Iranian deterrence relies on the use of "deterrence with denial" versus "deterrence with punishment." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Breach of U.S Extraterritorial Obligations through Unilateral Economic Sanctions against Iran and Competence of International Human Rights Bodies
Amir Maghami Ali Akbar Jafari NadoushanUS Unilateral sanctions against Iran aimed at changing the behavior or change of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran have directly and indirectly led to the violation of Iranian people human rights, and in particular to the challenge of economic rights. MoreUS Unilateral sanctions against Iran aimed at changing the behavior or change of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran have directly and indirectly led to the violation of Iranian people human rights, and in particular to the challenge of economic rights. The present descriptive-analytical paper shows that these sanctions violate extraterritorial commitments to respect to human rights and international cooperation by US. Among international human rights organizations, the Human Rights Council has the authority to hear them through Universal Periodic Reports (UPR) procedure or through special procedures. The council can also address individual complaints about human rights violations due to sanctions, in which case, in addition to the US government, third-party States with international Responsibility can also be sued. The competence of other international human rights organizations and even the International Criminal Court (in terms of the relationship between crimes against humanity and human rights) is further assessed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Examining Saudi Arabia's position in US foreign policy regarding Iran's anti-hegemonic role.
sajad hasani arsalan ghorbani-e sheikhneshin Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan SirakiThe governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the re MoreThe governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the relations of actors in the Middle East. Organizes the surface of regular areas. The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia and the patterns of interaction and friendship-enmity between the two countries are also a function of the formulations of the structure of the international system and the order of the Middle East. The question of the present article is that what effect does the anti-hegemonic emergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran have on the position of Saudi Arabia in US policy (considering the superior role of the US in the structure of the international system) in the West Asian region? Findings of the article Using neo-realist theoretical propositions show that Washington, in the context of its superior role in the structure of the international system, uses Riyadh as a geopolitical, geostrategic and geocultural weight to maintain balance. It looks at regional forces and countering the emergence and expansion of anti-hegemonic powers such as Iran. This article has been done through qualitative-interpretive method and inference of information through existing documents with descriptive-analytical approach and case information. The need has also been collected by taking methods from available and available sources, including: books, articles in domestic scientific research quarterly and foreign articles, reputable sites and Internet resources, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Analysis and evaluation of US foreign policy towards Iran in the light of the benefit of smart power(2008-2020)
mojtaba romouk mashallah heidarpour Alireza AminiAbstract This study tries to work on the US foreign policy on Iran based on Smart Power Theory. At the beginning of the 21st-century pivotal role of the US in globalization led to increasing the US power, credibility, and influence in the Middle East, so based on the US MoreAbstract This study tries to work on the US foreign policy on Iran based on Smart Power Theory. At the beginning of the 21st-century pivotal role of the US in globalization led to increasing the US power, credibility, and influence in the Middle East, so based on the US strategy in the foreign policy this power converted from soft and hard power to the "smart power" toward regional countries and especially Iran.The main question of this study is:How we can evaluate US policy based on "smart power" against Iran between the years 2008 to 2020? The hypothesis of this research is on the US foreign policy strategy towards Iran which admits the change in the meaning and use of power by concentrating on "smart power" which became more obvious after 2008. The theoretical framework of this research tries to evaluate and review the US foreign policy based on smart power towards Iran with considering multiple variables The Literature Review of this study is on uses descriptive-analytical and documentary methods that proceed by Literature Review method . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Principles and Consequences of the Trump Administration's Economic Nationalism Policy
Ali Sabbaghian Masoud FathipourWith the victory of Donald Trump in January 2017, significant changes took place in the US economy. These changes included the withdrawal of the United States from international agreements, the increase of customs tariffs, and the protection of domestic production. Emph MoreWith the victory of Donald Trump in January 2017, significant changes took place in the US economy. These changes included the withdrawal of the United States from international agreements, the increase of customs tariffs, and the protection of domestic production. Emphasizing "America First" in his inaugural address, Trump sought new governmental approaches that would free the American economy from long-term problems. For Trump, this was possible by changing macroeconomic approaches. The decision had several reasons and consequences that are the subject of this study. Therefore, the main question of the present study is on what principles was the Trump administration's policy of economic nationalism based and what were the practical consequences? This article examines the hypothesis that the foundations of the Trump administration's economic nationalism stem from three elements: Trump's personality, Republican approaches, and external pressures, and its practical manifestation in the form of US withdrawal from international agreements or efforts to amend them, increase tariffs, and Support for domestic production has been evident. The research method used in this research is qualitative. Findings show that the implementation of the Trump administration's policy of economic nationalism has led to a conflict between US hegemonic requirements and greater isolationism. Hence, the decision-makers of the American foreign policy apparatus in this period have tried to reconcile the nationalist and globalist views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The doctrine of clean hands with emphasis on the dispute between Iran and the United States in Property Confiscation case
abbas barzegarzadehOne of the preliminary objections of the United States of America in the case of the Certain iranian assets of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, raised in the International Court of Justice following the ruling of the Supreme Court (2016) was the citatio MoreOne of the preliminary objections of the United States of America in the case of the Certain iranian assets of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, raised in the International Court of Justice following the ruling of the Supreme Court (2016) was the citation of the doctrine of clean hands. The main point of this descriptive-analytical study is to examine the US preliminary objection based on the Doctrine of the Clean Hands. The United States had claimed that the Iranian government had revoked the right to sue by supporting terrorism and the special face of Lebanese Hezbollah Has done. The International Court of Justice, while accepting the defenses of the Iranian legal team, rejected the US objections to the jurisdiction and hearing of the petition. The Doctrine of the Clean Hands has a long history in the legal literature and has been accepted by international arbitration bodies as a condition for hearing a petition, but has never been accepted by the International Court of Justice as a preliminary objection, and the Court often Examination has referred it to the mertis level. In the case of the dispute between Iran and the United States, the Court did not violate its jurisprudence . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - China in Latin America: goals and strategies Drivers of China's foreign policy developments in Latin America and the Caribbean
roya nezhadzandieh mostafa almasin the present international system, the spread and appearance of China has changed into an important and unavoidable matter. That's why this previous regional power, has come to act in the domain of world and extraterritorial context. It has also presented itself as reg Moren the present international system, the spread and appearance of China has changed into an important and unavoidable matter. That's why this previous regional power, has come to act in the domain of world and extraterritorial context. It has also presented itself as regional area power.. Latin America is one of those in which China has had a growing presence. This research is going to find the reason why china is present in the area and to find out the consequences of this presence in terms of Robert Kagan theory. So the authors are to validate this theory: china in the way of increasing power and also balancing geopolitical against the United states and as an answer to America's presence in the south-East of Asia, china has defined Latin America as an important country in its foreign policy. Then three solution including political, financial، military and security matters are investigated considering the fact that countries are trying to increase their level and influence. Findings of the research show that when a power comes to surface in the international system and searches for increasing power and advancing influence in politics and economics, it will do so through different sources and internal, international capacities. The presence of china in Latin America is looked at around this matter. So china needs to be present in Latin America in order to achieve an international power through a multilateral policy and using smart power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - China-Russia Strategic Alliance against US Unilateralism and its Impact on Iran's National Security 2009-2021
Tahereh Nezafati Garineh Keshishyan SirakiAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and chall MoreAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and challenge America in the position of great power. This competitive process has also affected the national security of other countries. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the alliance between Russia and China against the unilateralism of the United States on Iran's national security. The main question is, what effect did the alliance between Russia and China have on Iran's national security in 2009-2021 against the unilateralism of the United States? It seems that the strategic alliance of China and Russia based on competition and curbing the hegemony of US has had effects in the direction of strengthening and weakening the national security of Iran. The results show that the alliance between China and Russia against the United States affects Iran's national security in the political dimension Iran's emphasis on the role of the United Nations, Iran's membership in the Shanghai Organization, seeking new horizons in BRICS in the military dimension countering Western sanctions and promoting military cooperation with China and Russia in the economic dimension enhancement of economic cooperation, purchase of Iranian oil and gas and Iran's pivotal capability in China's Silk Road project and in the environmental dimension of the cooperation of the two sides with Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Russian security threats Analysis after the U.S. Pullout from Afghanistan in Central Asia with emphasis on Islamic fundamentalism
hassan ainehvand Ali keyvani Mohammadali basiriThe exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of th MoreThe exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of the 20-years US military presence in Afghanistan has challenged international relations researchers with the crucial question of what consequences the military pullout of the United States and its allies will have for other actors active in the Middle East, Central and West Asia? And what aspects of their national interests will be affected? Amongst these players is the Russian Federation, that Afghanistan's proximity to Central Asia, as Moscow's traditional sphere of influence, could lead to new crises, including the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism to the national interests of this country. Therefore, the main question of this present paper is that what are the negative consequences of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on Russia's national interests in Central Asia? The main assumption of this paper is that the central Asian region should be considered the center of the world crisis in the future as the most prone region for the growth of Islamic fundamentalism, which will destroy the region's security dynamics and confront Russia to new security threats. The authors try to prove their hypothesis in this paper by applying Regional security complex theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - A Comparative Study of Political Leadership Styles in North Korea and the United States (Case Study: Trump and Kim Jong UN)
mohammadbagher khorramshad soheil rajabi ali mohammadzadeh Ebrahim MotaghiOne of the important components in shaping the foreign policy of countries is the view and attitude of the agents of that country to the world. The macro-strategy of countries begins with their leaders' understanding of the international environment, their national MoreOne of the important components in shaping the foreign policy of countries is the view and attitude of the agents of that country to the world. The macro-strategy of countries begins with their leaders' understanding of the international environment, their national goals and interests, and the threats posed to the country. On January 20, 2017, Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States. His approach to resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis has had its ups and downs. In the first year, Trump adopted a tough strategy against Pyongyang. The purpose of this article is to use a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the political leadership style of the two countries, the United States and North Korea, and to make a comparative comparison between the political leaders of the two countries (Trump and Kim Jong Un). The results of an analysis of Trump's leadership style and actions show that he had the least adherence to American political structures and principles. Some argue that Trump lacked a clear and predictable foreign policy. The fact is that although Trump did not have a clear and precise approach to foreign policy, and even his foreign policy team was not completely homogeneous, he himself, based on his leadership style, has a broad and consistent view of the world, politics. The United States's foreign policy and its cost-benefit interests in this area were also the basis of its major decisions and policies toward North Korea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - China's New Silk Road Initiative (Aims, obstacles and challenges)
Bahram Amirahmadiyan Roohollah Salehi DolatabadAbstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Sil MoreAbstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Silk Road initiative. Silk Road is one of China's foreign policy initiatives for expanding their influence to other areas. The plan, which almost covers an area of 4.4 billion people 65% of the world's population and 21 trillion of global GDP in total. The initiative was announced by President of China in September 2013 and the two economic belt “New Silk Road" (One road and one belt) and "Marine silk road" has been formed. Effort and dedication of China to promote such huge projects apart from the economic and political consequences could be serious for the country in the lead, also could be the formation of China's ambitious new foreign policy to expand more and trying to play a regional role. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Foreign Policy Encounters between Russia and the U.S. in Georgia
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Zabihollah NaderAbstract Georgia’s declaration on independence in April 1991 and after the collapse of the USSR followed a policy which makes it independent of Russia and close relations with the US and its western allies. After the Rose revolution in 2003 and the election of t MoreAbstract Georgia’s declaration on independence in April 1991 and after the collapse of the USSR followed a policy which makes it independent of Russia and close relations with the US and its western allies. After the Rose revolution in 2003 and the election of the new president Mikhail Saakashvili, one of his first tasks was to consolidate its power and to deal with the situation in Georgia’s three autonomous regions- Ajar, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. After five years of efforts for managing peacefully the two other conflict regions, confrontation with Russia came to a new phase. Russia was supporting separatists of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to justify its presence in and outside of the border of Georgia. As a matter of fact, relations between Russia and Georgia have reached a new low. At the center of their quarrel are Georgia’s secessionist regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The relations of the country with western actors acquired new dynamics, especially considering the solid US support before and during the events. Saakashvili openly stated that membership in the EU and NATO is his main priority. Increasing of the presence of Americans in Georgia and withdrawing of Russians troops from the territory of Georgia, encouraged the Georgians to start new efforts for the settlements of Ossetia’s conflict. Georgia attacked Tskhinvali, the capital, in august 2008 and captured this city. But it was not to be expected, fast response, intense lightning and Russia to these proceedings. down and recognized the independence of these regions.This paper explores the challenges facing the Russian and American policymakers in Georgian territory and attempted to causes and roots of developments in the South Caucasus region in terms of foreign policy of Russia and America should be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Anatomy of Nuclear Talks between Iran and America until CPJA (Barjam) and Adoption of Resolution 2231
Habibollah Abolhassan ShiraziAbstract Nuclear deal between Iran and the P5 + 1 in Vienna on 23 June 94 is as a historic day in the history of international relations. The success of nuclear talks between Tehran and the P5 + 1 is example of the importance and stressing on politics and international MoreAbstract Nuclear deal between Iran and the P5 + 1 in Vienna on 23 June 94 is as a historic day in the history of international relations. The success of nuclear talks between Tehran and the P5 + 1 is example of the importance and stressing on politics and international diplomacy and will be the base of stability in the region and can be described this agreement as a victory for diplomacy. After two years of negotiations, long-term agreement between Iran and the P5 + 1 on Iran's nuclear activities and of sanctions was obtained. On 20 July 2015, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2231 with a comprehensive program of joint action (Barjam). Security Council resolution allowing the transfer of certain nuclear-related equipment to Iran, change two waterfalls at Fordow and updates to Arak’s reactor. The resolution also authorized transfers of nuclear related activities for the implementation of specific obligations in the Barjam knows permitted. European Council also issued a statement which approved first legal action in the form of written procedures to begin implementation of a comprehensive program of action adopted accordingly. Views on the nuclear deal are different, West described it good and fair deal while Iran believes that this agreement has been made in response to the demands of the nation but the agreement has not recognized by Israel. So that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has described the agreement as a historic mistake. Persian Gulf countries also have expressed concern that this agreement is an international cover for nuclear activities of Iran. Reactions to this agreement are different and at a time when many countries have welcomed, Israel strongly opposed this and Saudi Arabia have expressed doubts about it. Israel is at the head of the victim of this agreement, Israeli officials believe Iran has achieved great prizes with the agreement that the award of hundreds of billions of dollars and Iran with such an award can continue their hegemony in the region and the world and this is a historic mistake. This paper investigates and analyzes the content of nuclear talks between Iran and America until the Security Council's 2231 resolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Deng Xiao Ping's Developmental Perceptions and the Normalization of Chinese Policy toward the US
Amir Mohammad Haji-Yousefi seyed mehdi habibiThe main question of the present study is why the normalization of China's policy towards the US in the 1970s. In response, the authors validate the hypothesis that "the emergence of new leaders with differing perceptions of previous generations has been a major factor MoreThe main question of the present study is why the normalization of China's policy towards the US in the 1970s. In response, the authors validate the hypothesis that "the emergence of new leaders with differing perceptions of previous generations has been a major factor in normalizing China's policies toward the United States." China led by Mao Zedong during the two decades (1960-50), despite adopting numerous economic and cultural programs, including the "Great Leap Forward" ,"the Walking on Two Legs ", "Cultural Revolution", and also foreign policy strategies Such as "relying on one hand", "Fighting with Two Fists" and "the idea of a world revolution" Not only did it not save China's densely populated country from poverty and isolation, but it increasingly led to poorer people and endangering the country's existence. The coincidence of these conditions with the resignation and subsequent death of Mao led the pragmatic faction led by Deng Xiao-Ping seize power. The new leadership and its associates found the continuation of previous policies for the Party's legitimacy and survival of China very risky, so the program of economic reform and the need to learn and exploit international opportunities were placed on the government's agenda that one of the it's important aspects were normalizing relations with the United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - A Comparative Study of Political Leadership Styles in North Korea and the United States (Case Study: Trump and Kim Jong UN)
mohammadbagher khorramshad soheil rajabi ali mohammadzadeh Ebrahim MotaghiOne of the important components in shaping the foreign policy of countries is the view and attitude of the agents of that country to the world. The macro-strategy of countries begins with their leaders' understanding of the international environment, their national goal MoreOne of the important components in shaping the foreign policy of countries is the view and attitude of the agents of that country to the world. The macro-strategy of countries begins with their leaders' understanding of the international environment, their national goals and interests, and the threats posed to the country. On January 20, 2017, Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States. His approach to resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis has had its ups and downs. In the first year, Trump adopted a tough strategy against Pyongyang. The purpose of this article is to use a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the political leadership style of the two countries, the United States and North Korea, and to make a comparative comparison between the political leaders of the two countries (Trump and Kim Jong Un). The results of an analysis of Trump's leadership style and actions show that he had the least adherence to American political structures and principles. Some argue that Trump lacked a clear and predictable foreign policy. The fact is that although Trump did not have a clear and precise approach to foreign policy, and even his foreign policy team was not completely homogeneous, he himself, based on his leadership style, has a broad and consistent view of the world, politics. The United States’ foreign policy and its cost-benefit interests in this area were also the basis of its major decisions and policies toward North Korea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Russia's Smart Power Policy in Syria, with an emphasis on dealing with America 2011-2023
Habib Allah Abul Hasan Shirazi Ehsan Jafari Far Arsalan Ghorbani SheikhneshinTheSyrian crisis is one of the most complex international crises in terms of the multiplicity of regional and extra-regional actors and the presence of conflicting interests in it. Russia and the United States are trans-regional players in this crisis who, with conflict MoreTheSyrian crisis is one of the most complex international crises in terms of the multiplicity of regional and extra-regional actors and the presence of conflicting interests in it. Russia and the United States are trans-regional players in this crisis who, with conflicting approaches and conflicting interests,seek greater influence in the West Asian region through intervention in the Syrian crisis. In this regard, thetwo countries are seeking to take advantageof this crisis with hard and soft policies and strategies.he conflicting interestsof the two actors have made them try to make the most profit by considering the resources and costs and benefits. In this paper, an attempt will be made to deal with the strategic and intelligent combinationof Russia's soft and hard power against the United States, focusing on the Syrian crisis. The main questionishowRussia asused smart power against American intervention in the Syrian crisis (2011-2023)? In order to examine the issue in the framework of the intelligent power point of view, from Joseph Nye's point of view, the soft power of Russia in the dimensionsofculture,valueandforeignpolicyand thehard powerinthemilitaryand economic dimensions have been discussedThe outcomesof thisresearchshows that in the Syrian field,Russiassoft power has been discussedindimensionsofculture,valueand foreignpolicyand hard powerinthemilitary and economic dimensions.Russia's smart power ha beenusedwithmoreemphasis on soft power to restrain America, and the most important achievement of Russia fromtheuse of smart power, without serious military involvement withAmerica, isto preserve Basharal-Assad'sregime and prevent extensive military action. America against Syriahasbeen taking the initiativeofpeacenegotiations and gaining strategic advantage by signing militaryand conomic contracts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - American military invasion of Iraq and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammad SohrabiAbstract: America's invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003 that led to the fall of the Baathist regime was the beginning of a new era in relations between Iran and Iraq. The collapse of Saddam's regime, created a unique opportunity for the Islamic Republic to exp MoreAbstract: America's invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003 that led to the fall of the Baathist regime was the beginning of a new era in relations between Iran and Iraq. The collapse of Saddam's regime, created a unique opportunity for the Islamic Republic to expand political and cultural power in Iraq. Although this occupation weaken Iraq and the elimination of direct threats of serious national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, but the continued presence of trans-regional powers, internal instability in Iraq, the uncertain future of northern Iraq and increasing regional role of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and other countries. region and more important than all this continued bumpy device foreign policy we compared to other regional competitors, threats to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran increased so as to increase the role of regional, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel the recent military alliance between the two countries, Israel has allowed itself in terms of geography Close to Iran and the presence in northern Iraq to counter Iran closer to your goals. In this paper, factors and elements affecting national security after the occupation of Iraq has been analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - U.S. Interventions in the Middle East Uprisings or Revolutions of 2011 and U.S. Intervention Scenarios in Syria
Mohammad Ali Khosravi رقیه مهاجریAbstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bah MoreAbstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. which except for Bahrain, all were overthrown. Although U.S. type of intervention varied in the above mentioned countries, the essential goal behind was to misdirect the national revolutions and maintain U.S. political benefits of the Middle East strategic region. Efforts to survive Bahraini government via repressing of revolutionists, penetrating in Yemen’s revolution and retaining its current political structure by only replacing Abdullah Salih with a pre-selected politician, military intervention in Libya, preventing active participation of Islamists in Tunisian politics, taking advantage of the Egypt overthrown regime’s political survivors in the current structure, etc. has been the major US actions in response to recent revolutions in Middle East. Syria-which has been confronting unrests and crisis in the last two years- has been the only Arab country playing a center-oriented role against Israel. Since Russia and China have been strongly supporting Syria in the UN security council, it may seem the unites states cannot militarily penetrate in Syria. Hence, U.S. options for intervening in Syria are: feed the oppositions with monetary and military aids, Applying harder economic sanctions on Syria and its allies, Stimulating and expanding religious and political differences and finally Penetrating in opposition groups and identifying individuals who will later help US future plans in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Russia and the United States, Competition and Conflict
Davood Aghaee Alireza Samoodi Mehdi MosaviAbstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars thought that the Russian-American confrontation had ended and it would be replaced with cooperation. However, after a short period this optimism gradually faded out and a new period of conflict emerge MoreAbstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars thought that the Russian-American confrontation had ended and it would be replaced with cooperation. However, after a short period this optimism gradually faded out and a new period of conflict emerged. Although the new confrontation was not as sever as the previous one, but it implied a new competition in Russian-American bilateral ties. The new conflict and competition could be seen in several areas such as Russian Neighbors (Central Asian Countries & Caucausus), Missile Defense System and Arms Control and Iran as well. In this article, we are going to explain the new competition based on the above mentioned issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Checking of the Legitimacy of Unilateral US Sanctions after Withdrawal of JCPOA to the United Nations Charter
Seyed Hamid Seyed Taghizadeh Leila Raisi Dezaki Bashir Esmaeili Abstract: On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it More Abstract: On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it will take action Relative to Restore Iran's nuclear sanctions. Now the question is here that how much does this unilateral action by the United States as a member of the United Nations is proportionate to the United Nations Charter and whether is it legitimate According to the Charter or no. On the other hand, in the framework of the hypothesis, it also seems that “Given that unilateral US sanctions violate several clauses of United Nations Charter, these sanctions are not legitimate in accordance with the Charter.” Therefore, in this article, we will attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method to study the dimensions of this subject and test the hypothesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - An Assessment of Obama's Foreign Policy in the East Asian Region
Mohammad Sadegh BabakanAbstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from Sout MoreAbstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from South Asia and the Middle East to the Asia-Pacific region. This article examines US foreign policy in East Asia with an emphasis on recent history and challenges. It also examines US relations with four key political entities: Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), China and Taiwan. The main purpose of the present paper is to answer the key question of how US foreign policy under Barack Obama's presidency towards East Asia can be assessed. In response to the question the underlying assumption is that Asia is once again the focus of US foreign policy attention and the Obama administration's pivot to East Asia can be seen as the most prominent sign of US pre-occupation announcing the full role of Asia in its foreign policy over the next decade. The results of the research indicate that the American strategic and economic goal is to curb the growth and dynamism of Asia and from the point of view of the realism and deterrence logic the United States will certainly endeavor to prevent China from rising as a strategic competitor in East Asia. It should be noted that the research method used in this paper is of analytical-explanatory nature and using available data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Comparison and Conflict of US- Heshad al-Sha'bi Security Approach in Iraq; Procedure and Perspective
toraj afshon Abdolhossein AllahkaramAbstract: The people security is, in fact, a new concept that, with the formation of a "popular mobilization" in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and in Iraq, after ISIL's crackdown, formed part of its territory with the authority, in such a way that the prese MoreAbstract: The people security is, in fact, a new concept that, with the formation of a "popular mobilization" in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and in Iraq, after ISIL's crackdown, formed part of its territory with the authority, in such a way that the presence of the ideological elements and the people are prominent in its structure. It can now be argued that the closure of a branch as a public ideological structure actually filled the gap caused by "the ineffectiveness of the structure constructed by the occupiers in the post-fallen period of Saddam" and turned into an intrinsic, efficient and capable force, in the field of security for the community and government in Iraq. The present paper seeks to explain that it is important to rely on people in military- security areas to be more efficient than dependence, and Heshad al-Sha'bi, in spite of some challenges, has had great achievements in the military security scene. To the point that the ineffectiveness of Washington's military security agenda was further enhanced, and pushed the prospect of "building security based on ideological and popular beliefs." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - New World Order and Its Impact on the Middle East Region between 1991 and 2000
Reza Jalali Mehdi MajdAbstract The changes which occurred in late 1990s had considerable impacts on the world geopolitics and international system as well. After the end of the cold war, the world order has undergone some changes and a new world order has emerged. This paper examines the wh MoreAbstract The changes which occurred in late 1990s had considerable impacts on the world geopolitics and international system as well. After the end of the cold war, the world order has undergone some changes and a new world order has emerged. This paper examines the whiteness of these developments and their impacts on the Middle East in 1990s. American victory in the Persian Gulf paved the way for the United States to unilaterally expand its influence in the Middle East and to promote the idea of new world order. In the American perception, coordination and military power are equal and a world obedient to the U.S is considered as a world having both coordination and order. This is the case in the Middle East. America’s influence in the region lets the Americans manage the conflicts and forge order and coordination as well. The main question is that what was the impact of adopting the new world order policy by the U.S.A in the Middle East from 1991 to 2000 and the hypotheses will be as following: adopting the policy of the new world order after the cold war caused the expansion of America’s influence in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Russia and America's Foreign Policy toward the Syrian Crisis
Akbar Ashrafi Amirsaeid Babazadeh JudiWith the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. MoreWith the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. Each of these powers has taken different approaches toward Syria that America and Russia approach as the global superpower is very important. In the views of most analysts, America's foreign policy against the Syrian civil war has been very passive and obscure. The root of the confusion has created an ambiguous foreign policy for the American Strategy dealing with the Islamic awakening in relation to the overall result of confusion on foreign policy, regional and international levels. Russia has supported the Assad government in Syria and almost with a little swing trajectory has followed its position. Russia's position regarding the political developments in the Arabic region has been kind of doubt and the replacement of governments in the region in the current situation is not in favor of his Middle Eastern policy and considers it destabilizing the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Barack Obama's image of Iran based on image theory in international relations
Jalil Bayat seyed Mohammad Kazem Sajjadpour Mohammed Hossain Jamshidi Mohsen IslamiThe main purpose of this study is to design a new method for image recognition in international relations. According to image theory, images are said to play an important role in decision-making and policy-making; It is believed that leaders make decisions not on the ba MoreThe main purpose of this study is to design a new method for image recognition in international relations. According to image theory, images are said to play an important role in decision-making and policy-making; It is believed that leaders make decisions not on the basis of "reality" but on the basis of their "image of reality". In this regard, the discovery of the subject-identifier image of the known object can be used to explain and even predict the decisions made by the subject-identifier. In this regard, this study has tried in an innovative way to count the image of Barack Obama as President of the United States of Iran from Iran. So the main question is what is President Barack Obama's image of Iran and what are its characteristics? The results of this study show that Barack Obama's image of Iran is similar to the stereotypical image of "relative enemy". This result was obtained by examining the three dimensions of Iran's position, capability, and political values from Obama's point of view, which include threatening, relative power, and different political values, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Foreign Policy of the U.S. and Iraqi Kurds
Manochar Jofreh Auob Mennati Mohammad RahguiAbstract This survey will analyze the U. S. foreign policy toward Iraqi Kurds in political changes in the Middle East region. Military attendance of the U.S. military forces in the north of Iraq, whether in father Bosh time or in Iraq occupation’s time by the son MoreAbstract This survey will analyze the U. S. foreign policy toward Iraqi Kurds in political changes in the Middle East region. Military attendance of the U.S. military forces in the north of Iraq, whether in father Bosh time or in Iraq occupation’s time by the son of Bosh simultaneously lead in increase the role of kurds in power changes in this country. The Kurdish people have influenced in this region to the extent that they play the mediator and determiner’s roles between Iraqi Shiites and Sunnites who are two power elements in the government and the foreign policy of the U. S. could not reach to this condition without their cooperation. For understanding to realize the American foreign policy in Iraq it seems that we should know about ethnical changes and Iraq itself is essential Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - J-Street, A New Emerged Lobby in the U.S.A
Ahmad Bakhshayeshi Ardestani Mohammad Shahedi Abstract: The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decisio More Abstract: The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decision making. Jewish community has taken advantage from this opportunity and has expanded its influence and power in the political structure. Jewish lobbies monitor and filter domestic and foreign politics of the Congress, White House, think tanks and other political institutes. After 2008 election, a new Jewish lobby, J-Street which had similar viewswith president Obama separated from AIPAC. Obama, who took office with the “Change” slogan, believes that solving the Israeli-Palestinian issue is the key to establish peace in the Middle East. And if it was accomplished successfully, America would be able to overcome some of its problems such as financial crisis, public support, and its heavy costing presence in Iraq and Afghanistan. J-Street lobby shares Mr. Obama’s opinion in this regard and promotes the negotiations for a two-state solution in the Palestinian territories. This article studies foundation of J-Street, its views and actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - America's Strategy in Afghanistan and Its Impact on National Security of Iran
Mohammad Tohidfam Farhad PaydarAbstract Iran is an important country in the Middle East.The strategic importance of the Hormuz Strait, the Persian Gulf South littoral states, neighboring Pakistan, and Iraq, and most importantly, having a long border with Afghanistan, including the factors that will MoreAbstract Iran is an important country in the Middle East.The strategic importance of the Hormuz Strait, the Persian Gulf South littoral states, neighboring Pakistan, and Iraq, and most importantly, having a long border with Afghanistan, including the factors that will affect America's strategy.On the other hand, the issue of terrorism, narcotics, and other factors, make the relationship between the two countries more important and any of action of America in the neighboring countries of Iran, notably in Afghanistan, has impact on Iran's national security. After 9/11, the war on the terror has led to a convergence of many countries with America.There are important issues in the region that influence on the United States long-term policy.Demographics of Iran and Afghanistan, in addition to a major share of these countries in the global economy and alsonuclearization of the region (which Iran has recently joined it) are all the reasons that has led to handling the strategic depth in Afghanistan and Iran by the United States and thereby influence on the political, economic and military equations of the world. Interaction or conflict with the rival powers could significantly impact on America foreign policy.This is the best opportunity for the United States to pursue its long-term interests by its presence in this strategic regionand by combating the roots of terrorism and drug trafficking in order to implementation of the Greater Middle East Plan and democratization of the region realize the dream of world government of liberal democracy. This paper reviews and analyzes the America's strategy in Afghanistan and its impact on national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - The Islamic Republic of Iran's Defensive Action against US Neoconservative Hegemony: From Post JCPOA to 2019
Younes Forouzan Abdolreza Alishahi Majid RafieiAs neo-conservatives entered the White House, many of Barack Obama's policies of democracy, dialogue, and de-escalation replaced policies that actually exacerbated challenges with American rivals. For example, the intensification of economic competition with the People' MoreAs neo-conservatives entered the White House, many of Barack Obama's policies of democracy, dialogue, and de-escalation replaced policies that actually exacerbated challenges with American rivals. For example, the intensification of economic competition with the People's Republic of China, the failure of a strong alliance with the European Union, and ultimately the intensification of challenges with the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this article, the authors seek to answer the question of what is the policy of the Islamic Republic's approaches to US neoconservative threats, especially after Trump's entry into the White House. This article by using analytical-descriptive theory and written and virtual sources try to answer this question. The authors hypothesize that US threats to the Islamic Republic of Iran will never take place in the military dimension, and the findings of the article also show that the Islamic Republic of Iran's defense action against US military threats is based on three major principles. First, The Increasing Power of the Missile and Deterrent System of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Second; the broad coalition of Shiite resistance in the region; Third, the fragile nature of the United States in the region; and Fourth, the bitter experience of US presence in the region, especially Iraq and Afghanistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Obama’s Foreign Policy in the West of Asia and North Africa Until 2015
Mohammadjafar Javadi Arjmand Amin Parhizkar Ehsan KhezriAbstract Although Most of Critics of Barack Obama‘s Regional strategy believe that Obama lacking a strategy point of view. This reasoning looks completely wrong. When Obama sat on presidential seat he believed that high volume reduction of military commitments and MoreAbstract Although Most of Critics of Barack Obama‘s Regional strategy believe that Obama lacking a strategy point of view. This reasoning looks completely wrong. When Obama sat on presidential seat he believed that high volume reduction of military commitments and political investment in Middle East is one of the vital and important profits of United States. Engrossing of Iraq and also widespread war against terrorism has faced United States lots of problems, particularly in time of recession. Adjusting presence of United States in this region was not only limited to reduction of its physical appearance in Middle East, but also it includes restraint policy, as Syria, Libya and Yemen has proved that. It means United States take steps back in conflicts of region and give more safety to its allies for more responsibility they take. This study show that Obamas has followed this policy, continuously and he resists strongly against efforts is made to stop this policy. Although it is not in favour of everyone in Washington, but it is a clear and comprehensive strategy which has made Obama to take serious proceedings for issues he thought they are important just as national security; the issues such as Iran nuclear program, Palestine-Israel conflicts, Iraq war and specially recent changes in Region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - The Future Study of the Special US-British Relationship in the Post-BREXIT
ali mohammmadian Ahmad Naghibzadeh Abstract: The June 23, 2016 referendum and the 51% vote on Britain's separation from the European Union have caused numerous ambiguities and many uncertainties for foreign policy researchers on the future of British politics at the national and international leve More Abstract: The June 23, 2016 referendum and the 51% vote on Britain's separation from the European Union have caused numerous ambiguities and many uncertainties for foreign policy researchers on the future of British politics at the national and international levels. One of those uncertainties is the future of special relations between Britain and the United States, which has so far had a unique and unique status in its foreign policy. The United Kingdom and the United States are the countries that have enjoyed joint interests over the past decades in their unique international and regional affairs. Therefore, the present paper aims to answer the question by analyzing the descriptive-analytical method with the emphasis on the futuristic approach and collecting and analyzing the question of how the US's relations with the United Kingdom in the post-Treasury period will go. Thus, after examining the relations between the two countries over the past years, using the three scenarios (desirable, probable, and possible), the future of the two countries with the impact of the international environment, and in particular the European Union, will be understandable with the political, economic, cultural and security implications. What the researcher says is that Britain's withdrawal from the European Union will not only impede relations between the two countries, but will also make Britain take more serious action. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - The Paradox of America's Foreign Policy in Syrian Crises
Mohammad sadegh Kooshki Mahjobeh KarimiIn the view of most analysts, the US foreign policy in the Syrian civil war has been very passive and ambiguous. Over the four years of civil war in Syria passed and the US has failed to adopt a firm stance against the crisis and arming the opposition, or full-scale mil MoreIn the view of most analysts, the US foreign policy in the Syrian civil war has been very passive and ambiguous. Over the four years of civil war in Syria passed and the US has failed to adopt a firm stance against the crisis and arming the opposition, or full-scale military attack on Syria remains uncertain. The resulting discontent among some American allies like Saudi Arabia and passive policies of Washington was considered. The root of this confusion was the ambiguous foreign policy strategy in relation to the confrontation with the Islamic awakening and overall outcome of US confusion in foreign policy at regional and international levels was evident. America’s credibility and global power relations on the one hand and undermine Washington's allies like Saudi Arabia and Israel in this regard can be summarized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - The Role of Think Tanks in America''s Nuclear Sanctions against Iran
Seyed Javad Emam Jomezadeh Mojtaba BabaeiAn in depth review of US policies on Iran reveals that Congress, the Israeli lobbies, the White House, think tanks and the media are the key players in the country''s foreign policy and a kind of intellectual alignment - there are procedural and interaction. So that the MoreAn in depth review of US policies on Iran reveals that Congress, the Israeli lobbies, the White House, think tanks and the media are the key players in the country''s foreign policy and a kind of intellectual alignment - there are procedural and interaction. So that the concept of think tanks and processing scenarios justify public functions and role of architects’ sanctions are responsible for the implementation and operation of the sanctions and give them feedback or expert advice about draft bills. In this article we''re going to role of think tanks in America to impose nuclear sanctions against Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - The Impact of the New Left in Latin America on Political Security Relations between these Countries and the U. S. A
Malektaj Khosravi Ahmad SanadgolAbstract The Political developments which have transpired in the last decade in Latin America specially with the emergence of leaders like Hugo Rafael Chávez in Venezuela, Lula da Silva in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador and other leftis MoreAbstract The Political developments which have transpired in the last decade in Latin America specially with the emergence of leaders like Hugo Rafael Chávez in Venezuela, Lula da Silva in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador and other leftist leaders in that region as well as an independent approach that theses countries have adopted toward the U.S. policies in order to challenge this country's political security domination in Latin America caused the issue entitled the "The Impact of the New Left in Latin America on Political Security Relations between these Countries and the United States of America" to be the focus of the present study. This study attempts to expound policies and plans such as the Monroe Doctrine, Operation Condor, and the FTAA plan which the U.S. was pursuing in the region in line with its neo-liberalist policies. It is also tried in this study to delve into why and how leftist Latin American governments opposing the U.S. have come to exist. This study also aims to look into the impacts that the new and different approach has on the political security relations of these countries with the U.S. which on one hand is considered as the main reason behind the regional integration and the formation of unions such as ALBA and UNASUR, and on the other hand, have brought about the presence of the US competitors in the field of security such as Russia, China, the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran which in turn has resulted in the decline of the U.S's security influence in a region which the U.S., in a not-so-distant past, referred to as its backyard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Study on Applicability of Amity Treaty of 1955 for Propounding the Case in the ICJ in Regard to the Western Sanctions against Iran
Seyed Hassan Mirfakhraei Sadegh PiriAbstract The Amity treaty between Iran and the United States of America was signed in 1955. Since the Treaty creates rights and obligations for both parties and referring the cancellation or termination of the treaty by any of the parties has not been executed or submi MoreAbstract The Amity treaty between Iran and the United States of America was signed in 1955. Since the Treaty creates rights and obligations for both parties and referring the cancellation or termination of the treaty by any of the parties has not been executed or submitted, as well as the claims of the two sides also referred to the International Court of Justice(ICJ), therefore, this treaty could be applicable for different legal cases at present and in the future inevitably. In this article we will try to investigate the provisions of the Treaty and the Vienna Convention as well as the International Court of Justice in the cases of Iran and America accordingly, mentioning the fact that this treaty has the ability to come into force in the cases involved between the two parties. Subsequently we shall try to state the American typology of sanctions against Iran, Showing that these sanctions are in violation of the provisions stated in the Treaty of Amity according to the treaty rights, and therefore can be discussed at the International Court of Justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Power Vacuum and it's Impacts on the Middle East Security
Mokhtar Salehi Rahman ZareSituation of Middle East's Security is being Complex, Uncertain and Ambiguous. Notwithstanding, there are many Reasons that have Created this Situation, the Great Power Vacuum in Middle East has an Important Role in the Region's Instability. the Main Subject of this Ess MoreSituation of Middle East's Security is being Complex, Uncertain and Ambiguous. Notwithstanding, there are many Reasons that have Created this Situation, the Great Power Vacuum in Middle East has an Important Role in the Region's Instability. the Main Subject of this Essay is what Does the Power Vacuum Has Impacted on the Middle East Security? Hypothetically, the Influence of United States in the Middle East Specially in the Era of Obama's Presidency has been Reduced and Simultaneously the Main Actors in the Region Such as Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia tries to increase their Powers and Influences in the Region. With According to this Situation, there isn't Great Power as a Regulator in the Region and its leads to the Divergent Situation in the Middle East. Reduction of Insecurity and Promote of Stability in the Region Are Depend on Cooperation Among Middle East Countries for Achieving Regional Sustainable Security. Theoretically, this Paper is Based on the Offensive Realism. Methodologically, in this Essay We Use Descriptive, Analytical and Explanatory Methods. Manuscript profile -
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207 - The Importance and Position of Superior Technology (High-tech) in China's Foreign Policy Strategy towards Israel
mohammadhasan sheykholeslami mahdi salami zavare Mehrdad Fallahi BarzokiChina and Israel differ in many respects. China has ten cities that alone are more than the total population of Israel. However, the relationship between these two actors has been growing in various fields In recent years, much has been established in terms of trade, in MoreChina and Israel differ in many respects. China has ten cities that alone are more than the total population of Israel. However, the relationship between these two actors has been growing in various fields In recent years, much has been established in terms of trade, investment, education and tourist exchanges between China and Israel, and we have witnessed many collaborations in the scientific and technological sector. Considering the above, this paper seeks to investigate the causes of China's growing rapprochement with Israel, which is the significance and position of superior technology in China's foreign policy strategy towards Israel. For this purpose, in this article, he examined Israel's position in China's foreign policy, then, looking at China's bilateral political-security, economic-cultural, and Israeli relations, and the US approach to China, has concluded that, given the US restrictions on China's access to advanced technology, the most important factor affecting China's foreign policy towards Israel, the acquisition of technology in various fields, including top technology in the field Commercial, economic, agricultural, water, medicine, biotechnology in order to maintain and enhance national power and the country's position The system has been international. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Comparing Study of Strategies of the EU and U.S. in relation to Combat with Terrorism
Ardeshir SanaieUp sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the MoreUp sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the issue of terrorism was changed into factor in the way of formation to foreign policy of some countries and in the field of international policy: each country based on its values and norms fight against asymmetric threats and terrorism and selected specific strategy. In his way following up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks in U.S.A the doctrine of war against terrorism and combat with mass destruction weapons was compiled by neoconservative party. E.U. approved strategy of combat with mass destruction weapons: which resulted in coalition of great worlds powers against terrorism. In the way of combat with terrorism, Sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks prepared suitable grounds for attacks of U.S.A to Afghanistan in year 2001 and following up attack to Iraq in year 2003 without accompany of EU countries such as: France and Germany and regardless to U.N. which resulted in great gap between relations of EU beyond Atlantic region and U.S.A in the field of combat with terrorism. In the present research it is dealt with this question that: What is similarity and difference among strategies of EU and U.S.A in relation to combat with terrorism? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - America's Foreign Policy in the Fight against Terrorism: Kabul-Washington Security Pact Aims and Consequences
Esmaeil Bibourdi کابک خبیزی محمد حسن شاه رضاییThe terrorism event of 11th September 2001 and invasion of U.S to Afghanistan during less than one month after this event (in 7th of October of the same year) makes Afghanistan as a focal point in U.S foreign policy. In this direction political and security changes in A MoreThe terrorism event of 11th September 2001 and invasion of U.S to Afghanistan during less than one month after this event (in 7th of October of the same year) makes Afghanistan as a focal point in U.S foreign policy. In this direction political and security changes in Afghanistan after raid to this country and capture it by allied forces, has been one of the most important and complicated regional and international challenges during past decay. This problem has been under the influence of some factors like bases, interests, objects and different policies, and in some various cases regional and international actors, in face of Afghanistan and uncertainty of common regional policy with respect to it. This changes has caused continuous political, social and security quarrels in this country. In a present century, whatever threatened the American interests in a view of U.S leaders is terrorism phenomenon. On the other side the focal point of U.S foreign policy in new thousandth is struggle with terrorism. American existence threat in recent years isn't from the side of international famous actors; the main disturbance of U.S leaders isn't arising from the interests struggle with continental powers or provisional powers but their pioneer challenge coming a different kind of actor in a scene. It is for the first time that the U.S during its history encounter with N.G.O actor as a main threat, so the U.S encounter with a threat that can call emergence of emerge terrorism. U.S hegemony power and vital role of this country in the world is a factor that create a universal new order and from the other side powerful presence of U.S in Afghanistan territory during past 13 years finally lead to drawn up Kabul-Washington security contract during Ashraf Ghany government caused that I reimburse to the role of U.S foreign policy in drawing up this contract and effect of it in the security of region and Islamic republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - The evolution of military-economic relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia, 1943- 2019
morteza karimi mohammadjavad aghajeri mohammad mojaver sheykhanWashington-Riyadh Defense Cooperation has a long history. Relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have two different goals. The most important goal of the Saudi government to strengthen its relationship with the United States is "security," calling for Wash MoreWashington-Riyadh Defense Cooperation has a long history. Relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have two different goals. The most important goal of the Saudi government to strengthen its relationship with the United States is "security," calling for Washington to support Al Saud in Saudi Arabia and at the level of the West Asian region, but the United States continues to have a relationship with Saudi Arabia, in addition to its defense From the Zionist regime, he pursues most of the "economic" goals. This article looks at the causes of the evolution of this collaboration. The authors are trying to show that the defense cooperation between the two countries was essentially due to the formation of a patron-to-follow relationship between them in the 1940s and then to the development of this relationship in the decades to come. In fact, what we are seeing is that, with the deepening and expansion of the patronage relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States during the period under review, military cooperation between them has seen considerable quantitative and qualitative growth so that at this time of Saudi Arabia after Israel and Pahlavi Iran became the third US military partner in the Middle East. The important question is, how does the United States play a major role for Saudi Arabia in the Middle East? The hypothesis is that the United States is not only providing weapons, military training, and building military infrastructure for Saudi Arabia, but also defining its defense strategy. As a result, the United States has played a major role in the formation and modernization of Saudi military forces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - The Role of Think Tanks in Decision-Making of US Foreign Policy on Iran’s Nuclear Energy Program
سید جواد امام جمعه زاده مجتبی بابایی Abstract The US foreign policy is in fact formulated through constant discussions between the elite in the country’s think tanks. Iran’s nuclear energy program, as one of the most important issues related to international security, More Abstract The US foreign policy is in fact formulated through constant discussions between the elite in the country’s think tanks. Iran’s nuclear energy program, as one of the most important issues related to international security, has been studied by various US think tanks. The study of various research projects, annual reports, official reports and interviews by analysts working for these think tanks suggests there are four approaches at these US think tanks to Iran’s nuclear energy program which include adopting a diplomatic attitude toward Iran, mounting pressure on Iran from inside the country, imposing long time sanctions as an effective tool to roll back the country’s nuclear drive and taking limited military action against Iran in order to destroy its nuclear facilities. In order to confront threats posed by these think tanks, one should understand strategies they offer to the US administration. This can help diverse strategies to counter them gaining a better and deeper understanding of the role and position of these think tanks. In the process of decision making in the US foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear energy program, the present paper is an attempt to help the Iranian elite in confronting Washington’s threats against Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - The U. S. Foreign Policy and Failure of Obama’s Promises and Slogans in the Election
Mohammadali Khosravi Asghar Imani Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United States of America Barack Obama on foreign policy with the slogan of change strategies in the American presidential election and the views of conservative and neoconservative parties are analyzed in terms of More Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United States of America Barack Obama on foreign policy with the slogan of change strategies in the American presidential election and the views of conservative and neoconservative parties are analyzed in terms of Western liberal’s thoughts which affected by extreme Zionists capitalist in the politics of America's hegemony outside its boundaries. America's new government is also looking at changes in the electoral failure Obama administration's foreign policy is inevitably, some of the priorities of United States foreign policy objective of a comprehensive approach to a multilateral approach objective, the smart change to. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - A Survey on Iran-U.S Relationship in the light of the Strategic Culture
Soheil Godarzi Ahmad Soltaninejad Mostafa Zahrani Mohsen EslamiAbstract: Describing the dominant patterns of Iran-U.S relations after triumph of the Islamic revolution and even explanation of current situation between the two states through conventional foreign policy and international politics will lead to inefficient and inadequa MoreAbstract: Describing the dominant patterns of Iran-U.S relations after triumph of the Islamic revolution and even explanation of current situation between the two states through conventional foreign policy and international politics will lead to inefficient and inadequate researches. Although describing the historical facts and using realistic analyses to explain current non war- non peace situation are beneficent, but could not elucidate continuity of hostility situation between Iran and the United States. Analysis of this Iran-U.S extensive conflict and hostility requires focusing on material structures of power and geopolitical contrast in one hand and regarding the cognitive and nonmaterial fundamentals of action on the other hand. Without a doubt, current pattern of Iran-U.S relationship Influenced by both mentioned factors; this reciprocal process of impact with material and non-material elements of power and security have described this issue as a unsolved multi-faceted and multi-layered conflict. It seems that strategic culture framework as a pattern that mutually respect to state's objective, measurable and visible act alongside non material and invisible structures of practice can be useful to explain dimensions and causes of Iran-U.S conflict. According to this, the main agenda of this article is to illustrate a more detailed image about Iran-U.S conflict through a comparative Survey on elements and components of two state's strategic culture, with respect to significant security aspects of this conflict. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - The Geopolitics of Emotion and Iran-US Relations (with Emphasis on Iran Hostage Crisis)
Mahdi Mohammad Nia Naser Pourhassan Abstract: Iran's relations to the US has got a shorter life than other great powers. CIA coup in Iran in 1953 and seizing the US embassy on 1978, has formed the beginning and the end of real political relations of the two countries. This article has analyzed the More Abstract: Iran's relations to the US has got a shorter life than other great powers. CIA coup in Iran in 1953 and seizing the US embassy on 1978, has formed the beginning and the end of real political relations of the two countries. This article has analyzed the conquest of this place from a particular aspect. The main question of the article is that, what is the relation of the seizure of American embassy in Tehran, to Americans exeptionalism? The assumption of the article is that: “the most important component of the American strategic culture is the idea that this country is exceptional. With the seizure of US embassy, this country got humiliated, and it challenged the US. Perception of exceptionalism, therefore after the event, the country has always been looking for a way to compensate this feeling of shame.” The mentioned assumption has been extracted from the conceptual framework of “The Geopolitics of Emotion”. The article is based on a descriptive-analytic study and reading numerous memories of political officials and American hostages. With assuming the loss of America's strategic interests due to the fall of the Pahlavi regime, this article has considered the American exeptionalism as one of the major reasons of its strategic behaviors towards the Islamic Republic over the past 40 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Comparative Study on America and Policies Relating to Energy Security in Southern Caucasia
Seyednurollah Mirashrafi Davoud Kiyani Ali ShirkhaniAbstractNew geopolitics competition between the United States and Russia in order to control and reach energy resources and transfer lines are controversial in southern Caucasia. In recent years, in the field of the competition, the United States and Russia have been ma MoreAbstractNew geopolitics competition between the United States and Russia in order to control and reach energy resources and transfer lines are controversial in southern Caucasia. In recent years, in the field of the competition, the United States and Russia have been main actors of geopolitics play, oil play, and pipe line play or great play. Russia, as the earliest power to access the region oil transfer to the world market, has emphasized on its role and importance, placing traditional and monopolistic energy transfer to Europe in the center of its plans. The US, on the other hand, with the idea of predominating energy reserves and maintaining the security of pipe lines, follows the strategy of multiple pipe lines, while pivoting on the elimination of Russia from Southern Caucasia. With all this in mind, in this article, we are trying to research the two countries’ different policies in Southern Caucasia.Key words: Southern Caucasia, interaction of America and Russia policies, security of energy, transfer of energy, competition of the America and Russia Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Developments of Iran-Russia Relations, 1992-2016
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Afifeh AbediIran-Russia's seems very integrated and warm now, but during last 25 years there were many up and dawn in the course of their relations. Historical realities indicate these relations permanently have experienced very different stages. Many diverse factors have affected MoreIran-Russia's seems very integrated and warm now, but during last 25 years there were many up and dawn in the course of their relations. Historical realities indicate these relations permanently have experienced very different stages. Many diverse factors have affected their relation in domestic, regional and international levels. The two countries relations in 19 century have shaped their perceptions about others goals and aims. The events of the final stage of the world war II have a very deep impact on Iranian people and government. The Soviet supportive policy in the case of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan separative movement are very important factors in this regards. Policies and activities of Communist Tudeh party has a constant influence on this relation, both before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. These historical legacies in Iran- Russia's relations after the collapse of the Soviet Union continue its influence on the two countries relation, that shapes the main question of this paper. the authors use descriptive- analytical methodology for their research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - The opposition between Russia and the United States in Ukraine and its impact on the national interests of Iran
Mohammad Nonejad Morteza KarimiRelations between Russia and the United States have been accompanied by ups and downs in recent years, and issues such as maintaining and expanding influence in the periphery of Russia, geopolitical energy transmission lines, the deployment of the US missile defense sys MoreRelations between Russia and the United States have been accompanied by ups and downs in recent years, and issues such as maintaining and expanding influence in the periphery of Russia, geopolitical energy transmission lines, the deployment of the US missile defense system and NATO in Eastern Europe, the nuclear issue of Iran, and North Korea has had a great deal of influence on these relationships. In the meantime, the crisis in Ukraine can be regarded as a turning point in the development of relations between Russia and the United States, indicating a peak of disagreements and geopolitical rivalries on both sides. Given that the international nature of the crisis in Ukraine will have profound consequences on international relations. In the era of globalization, regional and global conditions have been interwoven. Therefore, the crisis in one region affects the interests of actors in other areas. Ukraine has faced several crises since its independence, with its peak in 2014 and the US-Russian opposition to it. Accordingly, the previous article seeks to answer these questions, which is the origins of the 2014 crisis in Ukraine. What has the Russian-American opposition to the crisis in Ukraine affected the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of this study is that the crisis in Ukraine was rooted in the Russian-American rivalry that appeared in the Orange, Blue and the Crisis of 2014, so that the crisis would strengthen the Moscow-Tehran relationship in line with Realization of national interests of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Micro Strategy of the U.S. in the Middle East: A Sense for Interaction of Soft Power and Hard Power
Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Yousef SayfiAbstract Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behavior MoreAbstract Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behaviors and the manner of governments in the domain of international affairs. This is to say that the contrast exists in this theory on power concept, could be considered as a scale for the governments facing with interests and aspirations that they have defined it before for themselves. Now, if we consider the United States main strategy in the Middle East with this view and the U.S. soft and hard power, we can find three special periods since new century up to now. During these three periods, gradually the importance of soft power has been increased against the hard power. The reason for the hard power declines is because of the limitations that U.S. has had in the Middle East from the beginning of his presence in this region. Therefore, the U.S. is left with no choice but to use soft power as a tool to overcome the hard power limitations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Investigating the US government's strategy of presence in Eurasia during the Trump era
Mousa Shaeri Karimi Hossein karimifard Hamed Ameri Golestani Hamed MohagheghniaEurasia includes the two continents of Europe&Asia.After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it seems that the current world order, which was previously unilaterally determined by the United States for years, has faced serious challenges with the rise of China.America MoreEurasia includes the two continents of Europe&Asia.After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it seems that the current world order, which was previously unilaterally determined by the United States for years, has faced serious challenges with the rise of China.America has always been a powerful geopolitical actor in the region, which has been able to shape its relations with its partners considering its national interests.The policy of the Donald Trump administration towards Eurasia has been accompanied by an approach based on pure pragmatism.The interests of the US government in this region mainly include the problem of fighting terrorism, strengthening regional security and regional integration, energy and economicaspects,as well as the alternating restraint of two influential players inEurasia,China&Russia.In addition,the results of the research show that Trump failed to advance American policies in Eurasia because he could not find a strong arm for the United States.The reason for this failure can also be seen from the relative independence of Eurasian countries from world powers and from the other hand the geographical distance between America&Eurasia, because although Eurasian countries have maintained their independence from America and China, they paid more attention to China and Trump Giving them to America was not very successful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Analysis of the content of the national security strategy of the United States of America towards the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001-2021)
Hossein Mozneb Mohammad Reza Ghaedi Reza SimberAfter World War II, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America has always claimed supremacy in the international system and has explained its foreign policies based on the national security strategy in every presidential term. On the MoreAfter World War II, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America has always claimed supremacy in the international system and has explained its foreign policies based on the national security strategy in every presidential term. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a regional superpower, has been able to create a new form of regional order with its material and spiritual influence in West Asian countries. The conflict between the interests of the United States and Iran raises the question that the national security strategies of the United States of America during the years 2001-2021 have become in practice what strategies have they turned into in relation to Iran? In response to the proposed hypothesis, "The United States of America, by adopting its aggressive national security strategies towards Iran, is seeking to limit Iran's interests in the international system so that it can increase its interests and finally become the supreme hegemon in The international system should be transformed." After examining the sources of the first category indicators (economic and security strategies) with the method of integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative), the results showed: America initially follows the policy of changing Iran's behavior and containment, and then the policy of engagement and pressure And finally, it turned into containment and behavior change, and in order to implement these strategies during this period, it has imposed more and more diverse sanctions against Iran every year Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Al Qaeda and America, Threat or Pretext for the War
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Abstract Currently, there are different assumptions about scenarios or interaction contrast between America and Al Qaeda there. Some analysts believe that bin Laden's death will eventually lead to the destruction of al-Qaeda network. This group of people who b More Abstract Currently, there are different assumptions about scenarios or interaction contrast between America and Al Qaeda there. Some analysts believe that bin Laden's death will eventually lead to the destruction of al-Qaeda network. This group of people who believe that al-Qaeda, is an organization that rooted in different parts of the world, since the network is expected to avenge the blood of bin Laden to America. For years the pretext for the war and bloodshed will continue. But some other analysts have considered the opposite of their view of America has made al-Qaeda and bin Laden directly or indirectly, whatever they say Americans can provide. Hence the creation of new threats to America, will move to eliminate bin Laden. The current critical situation in the Middle East that America is setting aside the issue of so-called war on terrorism, to confidently deal with the issue of the popular uprising in the Arab world to pay. They believe that the U. S. is not interested to fight against terrorism anymore. In this regard, popular uprisings in the Middle East is more dangerous than terrorism for Americans and Washington have become shabby affair with close combat terrorism directed their energy to make a new threat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - The Role of Human Rights as a Soft power in America's Foreign Policy
Leila Reisi Maryam DerakhshandehChanges in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the d MoreChanges in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the deepening of human rights in foreign policy of countries in a vertical position and consequently, the absolute sovereignty of States is crystallized in the meaning of States responsibility. In the meantime, according to the liberalist themes and doctrines rooted in the traditions and values of the USA, human rights are institutionalized as critical component in the foreign policy of this country. With this approach in the analysis of foreign policy of the USA based on soft power, the Middle East is in the top of human rights policy of this country. In other words, given the history of the Middle East and its paradoxes, the cradle of civilization and the centre of cultural and religious discourse as intellectual, theoretical and philosophical capitals of human rights, and on the other hand, political sovereignty and foreign colonialism put an old wound on the body of human society of the region due to lack of respect for human rights and this is a good pretext to put pressure on the region by the major powers. In this context, the Middle East as the main audience of human rights policy of the USA is addressed in the form of Wilsonism tradition with liberal approach and the use of soft power in the context of public diplomacy as a governing principle of US foreign policy is emphasized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Nuclear Weapons and the U. S. Strategy from the Washington Post Press during Khatami Era
Mohammadrahim Evazi Farzaneh SaifuriAbstract While have been talked about trying of European union to economic relations with Iran for expansion of political relations, many of analyst believed that it can be indication of independency of Europe from America and taking approach in principle from this un MoreAbstract While have been talked about trying of European union to economic relations with Iran for expansion of political relations, many of analyst believed that it can be indication of independency of Europe from America and taking approach in principle from this union. While in this competition and challenge, America with Europe in many items, didn't have any doubt. But with accuracy in revenue of this global actors in front of Iran are as a spirit in body. Emphasis of the European Union for the importance of Human rights and insisted of this subject, during planning economic or political problems show this reality. America follows the matter like expansion of the whole sale slaughter, struggle of Booshehr atomic power plant, accusation of hidden nuclear activities in Iran; continue codified form and programmable way to receive in weapons equipment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Discourse of capturing the espionage den and the reactions of the United States of America to it.(1979-1980)
Ahmadreza Shahaliran under the leadership of Imam Khomeini (RA) and the seizure of America's espionage den, 9 months after revolution, caused the White House officials to struggle and prompted the U.S Embassy to preserve the influence and power of the country in many ways, and on the ot Moreran under the leadership of Imam Khomeini (RA) and the seizure of America's espionage den, 9 months after revolution, caused the White House officials to struggle and prompted the U.S Embassy to preserve the influence and power of the country in many ways, and on the other hand, to weaken the Islamic system and finally, release their hostages. Considering the formation of the discourse of capturing the espionage den, which strengthened the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, this research aims to answer the following question: What were the reactions of the United States of America government to the discourse of capturing the espionage den? And what effect did this reaction have on the process of the Islamic revolution during the years 1979-1980?In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the questions by using the interpretation method and referring to library sources and other related documents. The findings show that after the preventive legitimate defense of the students who follow the line of the Imam, the American government has tried to solve the problem first by using diplomatic levers, and then different reactions such as economic sanctions on Iran, political isolation, military attack in the Tabas incident and has designed and implemented the Neqab coup. Overall, these reactions did not create any disturbance in the determination and will of the people and revolutionary leaders of Iran that was against imperialistic system of U.S and could not have a negative impact on the growing movement of the Islamic revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - بررسی میزان کیفیت خدمات خودروهای دوگانه سوز بر اساس مدل رضایت ـ وفاداری
بهرام خیری محمد فضلی -
Open Access Article
226 - A Numerical method for solving the problem of Pricing American Options under the CIR stochastic interest rate model
Abodolsadeh neisy maryam safaei Nader NematollahiThe main purpose of this study is to derive the price of American put option, when the interest rate follows a stochastic process. For this purpose, first underlying asset model is expanded to CIR stochastic interest rate model. Then, the problem of American option pric MoreThe main purpose of this study is to derive the price of American put option, when the interest rate follows a stochastic process. For this purpose, first underlying asset model is expanded to CIR stochastic interest rate model. Then, the problem of American option pricing under CIR stochastic interest rate model is formulated as a two-dimensional linear complementarity problem (LCP). We propose a two-cycle componentwise splitting method for solving this two-dimensional LCP. In this method, the two-dimensional LCP, obtained for the valuation of an American option, is decomposed into six one-dimensional LCPs in several fractional time steps, and then each LCP is solved numerically in two steps. So that in the first step, the tridiagonal systems of equations are solved, and then in the second step (update step), the obtained values of option prices are modified and updated according to the conditions of the American option pricing problem. Finally, the numerical results obtained by splitting introduced method are compared with the Monte Carlo simulation results Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - The Cinema and Soft Power, comparative politics of America and China
sadegh zibakalam jalil bayat The China's stunning economic growth in the past few decades has increased the likelihood of emerging a global superpower. However, in most researches, the importance of non-material dimensions of power has been neglected. Undoubtedly Concentration on the More The China's stunning economic growth in the past few decades has increased the likelihood of emerging a global superpower. However, in most researches, the importance of non-material dimensions of power has been neglected. Undoubtedly Concentration on the material dimensions of power has flaws and certainly it does not yield a comprehensive account of analysis. Thus the idea of "soft power" that was suggested by Joseph Nye would be required to fill gaps in this realm of research. Accordingly, one of the cultural resources of soft power is definitely cinema. Undoubtedly, cinema as strong tool of soft power plays a great role in propagating and shaping of norms and values. In this sense, film can be aligned with the values of others and play a major role in a country's international objectives. So, In this paper, we try to survey the cinema (as a tool of soft power) in America and China. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Identity and Hegemony; A Case Study: US Role in Japan's Annexation to Iran's Embargo.
arsalan ghorbani hosain safari After Islamic revolution in Iran, Japan has been assisted completely with US in Tehran’s embargo. On the contrary, Iran unsuccessfully attempted to develop its relations with Japan by ignoring US hegemony and relying to its comparative advantages. In More After Islamic revolution in Iran, Japan has been assisted completely with US in Tehran’s embargo. On the contrary, Iran unsuccessfully attempted to develop its relations with Japan by ignoring US hegemony and relying to its comparative advantages. In this paper we study the relation among Japan annexation to embargo with hegemonic structure of international relations and role of Identities in this relations. To describe the relation, we draw an identical pattern for relations among US, Japan and Iran. According to this pattern Japan would be a part of unique “We” besides US and has acted as an ally to it. On its role, Iran would be the target of US and Japan embargo as the “Others”. In our theoretical pattern, we can divide states in three categories: hegemon (U.S.), pro-hegemon (Japan) and anti-hegemon (Iran). The survey’s question is “How Japan’s identical approach has affected its relations to Iran in US hegemonic context? Our hypothesis is: Japan pro-hegemonic approach which is resulted from its political and international identity, is the main element for its companionship in Iran embargo. Our research method is analytical-descriptive and is performed by note taking of library and online resources regarding US, Japan and Iran foreign policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Change and continuity in America's Middle East policy in 2001-2017
Zahra Bagheri Hosein Daheshyar Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Mohammad Yousefi JooybariAbstract The focus of this article is on the change and continuity in US policy in the Middle East during the Bush, Obama and Period of Trump presidency until 2017. His approach is too far from realism and is nationalist from foreign policy dimension. Trump’s view MoreAbstract The focus of this article is on the change and continuity in US policy in the Middle East during the Bush, Obama and Period of Trump presidency until 2017. His approach is too far from realism and is nationalist from foreign policy dimension. Trump’s views show that he has a different approach in international arena compared with two former presidents, Georg W. Bosh and Barak Obama. While Georg W. Bush focused on US superpower aspect with emphasis on some elements such as Unilateralism, Pre-emptive attack and even changing the government in Middle East, Obama considered Multilateralism, enjoying smart power and usage of diplomacy as an important tool to maintain American leadership in the Middle East; but Trump practically has focused on disregarding of US responsibility by negation of main past approaches and among them says:” I am just the American president and no the leader of the world. There is a dominant and primary idea from the “first US” slogan that is return to its own borders and a kind of isolationism possibly. Therefore, the idea of the superiority of America can reflect in political and strategic pattern space of Donald Tramp. In this regard, it is considered the change and continuity of US policy in the Middle East based on Realistic approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Russia's ethics for the Syrian civil war and the US response
fatemeh sadat maloomi afshin zargarThe Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, th MoreThe Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, the occurrence of extreme violence and the direct and indirect presence The numerous international actors on the scene of operational battles have made the crisis one of the most unique examples of the past decade. The nature of international phenomena has shown that great powers in a multilateral structure, along with co-operation and competition, seek to stabilize the power equivalence in the international environment. Russia has been the main actor in Syria in recent years and has been the strongest player among foreign actors in Syria, but on the other side of the United States, with multiple instruments under the pretext of confronting ISIL's threat and preventing Iran from penetrating Syria in this crisis-affected country. Has played a role that has not been in line with the interests of Russia. In this way, there is a clear and secret opposition between Russia and the United States in Syria. In this article, we examine this contradiction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Establishment of a missile defense shield in the Persian Gulf region and its impact on the security of the region 2001-2017
Hassan Khodaverdi Aliasghar GhaffariThe gradual deployment of the United States missile defense shield plan from Europe to the Persian Gulf region over the past decade and the establishment of radar and defensive components of this plan, in the whole Persian Gulf region both in its land and floating zone, MoreThe gradual deployment of the United States missile defense shield plan from Europe to the Persian Gulf region over the past decade and the establishment of radar and defensive components of this plan, in the whole Persian Gulf region both in its land and floating zone, has implications and also plenty consequences for regional and international systems and has aggravated the fragile security of the Persian Gulf Region. Topics such as the beginning of the arms race, the collapse of the balance of power, the blurred relations, regional instability, and the most important one the trilateral Arab, Israeli, and American alliances can be seen as the security implications of establishing the plan in the Persian Gulf region. Accordingly, the purpose of this research, by using descriptive-analytical method and collecting data with library tools, is to examine the reasons for the formation of the missile defense shield, to analyze accurately its expanding to the Persian Gulf region and its impact on the security of the region. The implementation of this project in the Persian Gulf region will have tremendous impacts on the international system at the head of the Middle East and Persian Gulf and will affect the security of this region and will be sensitive to many countries in the region, including Iran It brings about the nature and final fate of this plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - The unilateral performance of the United States and the European Union in the international arena
Mehdi Ashtari Ali Pourghasab Amiri Fakhrodin AbooyeGovernments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and MoreGovernments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and enactment of laws and norms. Unilateralism occurs, unilateralism occurs. After the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States, along with European countries, especially Western Europe, has become a new international arena, which after a while with various events in various places, intervened politically, legally, militarily and economically, violating international law. No country, not even the United States, which has a hegemonic role, or the European Union, can intervene in the affairs of other countries, except in one case, according to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of countries, to which the United Nations is committed. The exception is the issue of humanitarian law, which should not be unilateral and arbitrary with the permission of the Security Council, while the United States openly violates international trade laws, arbitrarily intervenes militarily in various parts of the world, and political institutions. - Domestic law condemns countries Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - The results of non-recognition of the Taliban government by international assemblies
Ahmad khaled RabaniAbstractWith the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan, the Taliban regained power. Withdrawal of American forces and at the same time headMeeting the Taliban could not be done without coordination and negotiation with America and the countries of the region, however MoreAbstractWith the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan, the Taliban regained power. Withdrawal of American forces and at the same time headMeeting the Taliban could not be done without coordination and negotiation with America and the countries of the region, however, what happenedThe fall of the new Taliban government is with a radical interpretation of Islam. The West and especially America, although in coming to powerThe Taliban played a role, but they have not recognized this government until now. Failure to recognize the Taliban as a governmentbased in Afghanistan will have consequences for the region and Afghanistan. As a result of this research with the aim of examining the resultsOther countries have not recognized the Taliban government in Afghanistan. The results of the findingsThe research shows that not recognizing the Taliban will cause four major crises for Afghanistan, which include stagnationeconomic, human rights crisis, reduction of political relations and disrespect of the government at the national and transnational level. so it canHe said that the countries of the region and the West are at a crossroads against the Taliban. On the other hand, it is possible to identify the Talibancause the spread of terrorism and violence in the region, on the other hand, not identifying the Taliban can lead to a crisis oreven a human disaster in Afghanistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Strategies to counter the effects of US sanctions against the Iranian banking system
Rozbeh Pezeshki abu mohammad asagarkhani Masour AtashenehFor years, sanctions have been used in the international arena as coercive measures by one state or group of states against another to change its behavior or policies. Among these, economic sanctions, especially financial and banking sanctions, are the most common type MoreFor years, sanctions have been used in the international arena as coercive measures by one state or group of states against another to change its behavior or policies. Among these, economic sanctions, especially financial and banking sanctions, are the most common type of sanctions. Iran's banking system has been subject to unilateral sanctions, especially by the United States, for various reasons over the past years. Accordingly, given the importance of the banking system in the government, which is an important part of the success of the economic program is affected by the ability of the banking system, which has been targeted by banking sanctions, we discuss the effects of US banking sanctions against the Iranian banking system. And does it have dimensions? Based on this, it can be said that economic sanctions by cutting off banking communications, in addition to disrupting money transfers, export operations, imports, financing and foreign investment, increase the risk of foreign investors and disrupt. It has become a monetary and economic policy and has faced the country with a lack of foreign exchange resources and reduced economic growth. Among the digital currencies, he considered the role of private banks in the economy, improving the quality of banking services, interest rate reduction policy, managing foreign exchange reserves, creating and strengthening exchange offices, reducing commission rates and prepayments to be effective in countering banking sanctions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Prospects for Iran-US political, economic and security relations in the Middle East by 2026
asghar rajabi dehborzoei Mohammad BidgoliUndoubtedly, the Middle East is one of the most important regions that has attracted the attention of many international actors. The United States has been one of the most important trans-regional actors involved in the political, security and economic equations of the MoreUndoubtedly, the Middle East is one of the most important regions that has attracted the attention of many international actors. The United States has been one of the most important trans-regional actors involved in the political, security and economic equations of the region. The purpose of this study is to answer the fundamental question of what is the direction of the political, economic and security relations between Iran and the United States by 2026? In this article, we study this issue with a descriptive-analytical method, relying on written library resources and online articles. The results of the present study, taking into account the view of Alexander Went, confirm the dominance of the Hobbesian view or hostility over the Kantian view or friendship. Among the issues that have affected Iran-US relations and made the Hobbesian view of hostility or hostility prevail are the existence of fundamental ideological conflicts between the ideals of the Islamic Revolution and the American liberal system, the position of Israel and the Zionist lobby against Iran, the influence of the Gulf countries. Fars and led by Saudi Arabia, economic sanctions, threats of regime change, support for opposition groups, the martyrdom of Sardar Soleimani, Iran's isolation in the international arena and the US unilateral withdrawal from the Borjam agreement, which could improve relations between Iran and America is inconceivable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - The role of Route 2 Diplomacy in Reducing International Conflicts (Case Study: Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America)
Hassan Khodaverdi Eisa KameliMultiplicity and diversity of challenges, crises, and conflicts among non-state and state actors have given rise to different shapes of diplomacy due to the nature of relationships among the parties. While the efficiency of formal diplomacy is under question particularl MoreMultiplicity and diversity of challenges, crises, and conflicts among non-state and state actors have given rise to different shapes of diplomacy due to the nature of relationships among the parties. While the efficiency of formal diplomacy is under question particularly for those parties who face a lack of communications and formal relations, a two-track diplomacy will be a suitable alternative. Such technique requires the approval and sufficient support of all parties involved in order to overcome its challenges and unavoidable limitations and achieve the desirable results. The current research intends to answer the following question: what is the correlation between the use of two-track diplomacy and decrease in conflicts? The reason for selecting this issue is to analyze the role of two-track diplomacy in the context of the U.S.-Iran conflict seeing as there has been a scarcity of focus on this issue in past scholarships.The current research intends to articulate the hypothesis that two-track diplomacy has played a key role in decreasing conflicts within its capacity. This form of diplomacy has proven successful, on occasions, namely in bringing about the Iran nuclear deal and contributed to the change in atmosphere of bilateral conflicts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - The Role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Deterring the US Military Presence in the Persian Gulf after September 11, 2001
Aliasghar Ghaffari Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan SirakiOne of the issues that has always affected Iran's national security is the US military intervention in the Persian Gulf region. Today, this country is the biggest extra-regional threat in the Persian Gulf against Iran's national security. Iran has always strived to main MoreOne of the issues that has always affected Iran's national security is the US military intervention in the Persian Gulf region. Today, this country is the biggest extra-regional threat in the Persian Gulf against Iran's national security. Iran has always strived to maintain and enhance its deterrent capability against the US military presence in the Persian Gulf region. This study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in deterring the US military presence in the Persian Gulf region? Using descriptive-analytical method to test the hypothesis and library method and taking notes to collect data and use the statements of the theory of threat balance, This result was obtained that the Islamic Republic of Iran while making optimal use of its geopolitical and geostrategic position in The Persian Gulf region, with the development of its naval, air, land and missile power, along with the use of asymmetric warfare strategy and the use of proxy forces, as well as pursuing friendship diplomacy with the countries of the Persian Gulf region, has sought to implement a no-access strategy in the Persian Gulf region to create an effective balance of threat against the threat of US military presence, to increase its deterrent power against this country, especially in the military field. The actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran strengthened the national security of this country and, in turn, posed a serious challenge to the effective US military presence in the Persian Gulf region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Examining Iran-Europe relations before and after the US withdrawal from JCPOA
yaser kahrazeh Abolfazl ArasetehToday, in the field of international relations, countries of the world, in order to reduce conflicts and disputes, as well as to strengthen exchanges between them, try to establish international agreements in various political, economic, cultural and social fields. The MoreToday, in the field of international relations, countries of the world, in order to reduce conflicts and disputes, as well as to strengthen exchanges between them, try to establish international agreements in various political, economic, cultural and social fields. The Comprehensive Joint Action Plan (CJAP) between Iran and the G5 countries (US, Russia, China, France, Britain and Germany) in Vienna is an example of this agreement. The present study, which is conducted by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of what were the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Europe before and after the withdrawal of the United States from Barjam? The present study has tested the hypothesis that after the approval of Barjam. The political and economic relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran with European countries have enjoyed a relative improvement but because of US sabotage, European relations with Iran have been based on conservatism and fear from the beginning and after the withdrawal of the United States from the Barjam agreement, European countries, with the withdrawal of their capital and economic companies from Iran, as well as the imposition of harsh sanctions, have preferred to follow US policies to adhere to the Barjam agreement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Arctic geopolitical position and future game scene preparation (Emphasizing the role of Russia)
soleiman asadiThe purpose of this research is to study the geopolitics of the Arctic as a new scene of geopolitical confrontation in the future and the beginning of a new alignment of powers to dominate new energy sources with emphasis on Russia's role in the region. This research ha MoreThe purpose of this research is to study the geopolitics of the Arctic as a new scene of geopolitical confrontation in the future and the beginning of a new alignment of powers to dominate new energy sources with emphasis on Russia's role in the region. This research has been done using descriptive and analytical methods and collection tools such as library and documents. The Arctic is increasingly at the center of disputes between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark over its vast underground resources due to its vast oil and gas reserves. Increasing the temperature and decreasing the diameter of the ice becomes more accessible. The five countries, especially Russia, intend to expand their sphere of ownership in this region.But in the meantime, Russia, in addition to having the largest border with the pole and the largest volume of estimated resources in this region and the largest ice-cold fleet in the world due to the unique geographical position of the North Pole in terms of aristocracy over different regions of the country for each The type of possible military attack also has a strategic and strategic position, and based on this, it is possible that considering the geo-economic and geo-strategic position of this region, the North Pole can be a lever for the rise of this power (Russia). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - An analysis of the possibility of US military action against Iran Until before the election 2024
LOHAMAD PORGORBAN hamidreza tabshiriThe unilateral withdrawal of the US Joint Action Plan (Brajam) was imposed on the Iranian government and nation away from unilateral pressure and sanctions. Former US President Trump, by complaining about the nuclear deal, applied a maximum pressure strategy to achieve MoreThe unilateral withdrawal of the US Joint Action Plan (Brajam) was imposed on the Iranian government and nation away from unilateral pressure and sanctions. Former US President Trump, by complaining about the nuclear deal, applied a maximum pressure strategy to achieve his goals towards Iran. Credit sanctions on economic oppression and the provision of internal chaos and threatening to use coercive and military warfare as two major approaches to surrender and concession from Iran were on the agenda. The purpose of this analysis is to accommodate US military entry and attack on Iran before the 2024 presidential election. The main question is: Is there a possibility of a US military attack on Iran before the presidential election? The hypotheses that are answered by planning two scenarios, warfare factors and war deterrent factors, and on the other hand, referring to the opinions and opinions of international relations experts, on the priority, preference and power of influencing agents. The deterrent of the war as a barrier and an obstacle to the possibility of a military war against Iran. In this study, we use the analytical and qualitative method using statistics and direct interviews with international relations experts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - The Evolution of Foreign Policy of United State toward Afghanistan on the base Geopolitics Theories
محمدجعفر جوادیارجمند مائده کریمی قهرودی محسن اخباری -
Open Access Article
242 - امنیت، ایران،سیاست خارجی ترامپ،رئالیسم تهاجمی،آمریکا
nosratollah heidari سید عبدالله میرغیاثی -
Open Access Article
243 - America's Triple Approach, Support, Mediation and Intervention: Compare the New Egypt and Iran
Mahdi Habib Allahi Hosein MasoudniaAmerica relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cair MoreAmerica relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cairo have close and continuous cooperation to meet common strategic interests in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring developments and overthrow of Mubarak, America's policy toward Egypt was faced with challenges. However, the United States of America has tried to manage these developments. Historical example of such an approach can be viewed in the direction of America to Iran during Prime Minister Mosaddegh. Accordingly, considering the fact that America's foreign policy developments in Egypt and the fall of Mubarak to General al-Sisi presidency consists of three phases; support, mediation and intervention in affairs of this country, this research by using descriptive and analytical method and with the use of library and internet resources intends to study America's approach toward developments in Egypt and toward Iran under Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - The Uneited State Role in Nation- State Building in New Afganistan and Iraq
سید مصطفی ابطحی سید علیاصغر ترابی -
Open Access Article
245 - The Role of Higher Educatio in US Cultural Diplomacy: Emphasis on Performance in Iran
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mahdi TaheriDue to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and MoreDue to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and this issue needs more attention to it. According to international experience in the capacity of higher education to cultural diplomacy and policy in this regard could contribute to faster along the road. Different countries according to their economic and cultural power, the cultural and educational exchange programs have invested. America's most prominent and most successful countries in this regard the United States. Through cultural diplomacy programs such as student exchanges and scholarships, Education International projects for foreign visitors, lecture programs, arranged for journalists, English language development, etc., the United States is in transition values and ethical principles. In this context, the United States of America has two major functions, one English and the other quality higher education system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - The Role of Interactions and Contrast Foreign Policies of U.S. and Russia in Development of South Caucasus; A Case Study: Energy
Abol Ghasem Taheri Behrad FarahmandCaucasus in south west of Russia, is an important region of the world that on the base of Mackinder hart land theory, mastering it is one of the factors that dominate the world. In the south of region, South Caucasus is which the source of energy and four routes connect MoreCaucasus in south west of Russia, is an important region of the world that on the base of Mackinder hart land theory, mastering it is one of the factors that dominate the world. In the south of region, South Caucasus is which the source of energy and four routes connecting Asia, Europe and Africa to another. In this intermediate, after the end of the bipolar international system, that the new geopolitics of South Caucasus has been and the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia gained independence, US used to disturb the balance of power in their favor and Its foreign policy in a way that will influence in the area. The purpose of this article examine the influence that Russia against the US in the region, to maintain a balance in favor for US. Result showed that US foreign policy geopolitics of the South Caucasus against Russia, five rounds of interaction and confrontation has com. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Shale Gas and Enrgy Security in Persian Gulf
Abolghasem Taheri Alireza RostamaghaeThe country like United States presence in gas production world by shale gas production which was considered as a largest importer of LNG in the world would be one of the biggest challenge for other gas exporter countries. At the time being internal gas production in Un MoreThe country like United States presence in gas production world by shale gas production which was considered as a largest importer of LNG in the world would be one of the biggest challenge for other gas exporter countries. At the time being internal gas production in United States minimize gas price levels in Europe and Asia, so market analyzers believe that United States shift from being the world’s largest importer of gas to being a major global exporter till end of current decade. In coming years energy independence in United States will change global geopolitics that Persian Gulf would be the most sensitive area to this change. Huge oil and gas reserves in this area always were one of the major reasons of United States interest in this region. Now a third of global oil demand is supplied by this area and it put in the international focus.In this review shale gas revolution in United States and its impacts on global energy market and other countries is investigated. Specifically on one of the gravity center of world energy, Persian Gulf which rely on its oil and gas revenues highly. The theory would be that by reducing United States energy dependence energy producer especially in Middle East will face hydrocarbon resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Investigating the effect of growth regulators on callusing and Somatic Embryogenesis of of Pekan variety walnut under in vitro conditions
mohammad dali mohammad motamedi Shahab SadaWalnut (Juglans regia L.) is a plant with a high economic value, and the use of micro propagation techniques will be very effective in the vegetative propagation of uniform superior cultivars and genotypes of walnut. In order to optimize walnut tissue culture, in this r MoreWalnut (Juglans regia L.) is a plant with a high economic value, and the use of micro propagation techniques will be very effective in the vegetative propagation of uniform superior cultivars and genotypes of walnut. In order to optimize walnut tissue culture, in this research, fresh branches of Pekan variety walnut trees were separated and transferred to the laboratory. For sterilization, callus formation and somatic embryogenesis, three experiments were performed with different treatments. Six sterilization treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 replications were considered for this research. In order to obtain callus, DKW culture medium was considered as the basic culture medium. 8 treatments of callus formation were investigated in a completely randomized design in 3 replications. In order to achieve indirect somatic embryogenesis, different combinations of TDZ and NAA were investigated in a completely randomized design in 4 replications. The results of analysis of variance of sterilization data indicated the existence of a significant difference between the mentioned treatments. The results of sterilization treatments showed 20% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes along with 70% alcohol for 15 seconds as the best result for sterilization of explants. DKW medium supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L NAA gave the best result in callus formation. TDZ in the amount of 6 μM along with NAA in the amount of 0.2 μM had the best results in the embryogenesis of the resulting callus Manuscript profile
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