List of Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones subject articles

Open Access Article

1 - The effect of aerobic training with two different intensities on body composition, aerobic capacity, and salivary hormones of overweight men
Ebrahim Safari Alireza Elmieh Maryam Safari mina safari

Introduction:The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with two different intensities on body composition, aerobic capacity, and salivary hormones of overweight men.Materials and Methods: 35 overweight male volunteers (mean age 31.3 &p More

Introduction:The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with two different intensities on body composition, aerobic capacity, and salivary hormones of overweight men.Materials and Methods: 35 overweight male volunteers (mean age 31.3 ± 3.3 years, height 170.5 ± 4, weight 77.42 ± 6.2) were randomly divided into three groups of high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIAT, 12 people) and low-intensity exercise. (LIAT, n=12) and control group (CG, n=11). Body composition (WHR, BMI, fat percentage, lean body mass), VO2 max, salivary cortisol, testosterone, and lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated before and after the 8-week training program. Paired t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05).Results: The results of this study showed that high-intensity aerobic training significantly decreased weight, BMI, and fat percentage and increased cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase hormones in this training group. Low-intensity aerobic exercise led to an increase in testosterone (P<0.05).Conclusion: The results of our research revealed that high-intensity aerobic exercise induces weight loss, enhances body composition, and elevates cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase hormones in overweight men. while low-intensity aerobic exercise increases testosterone levels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The effects of glutamine on serum LDH and CK in rats following a session of resistance activity
Shima Ebadi Ardeshir Zafari

Muscle pain after resistance activities, which occurs due to the destruction of sarcolema, increases the serum levels of LDH and CK enzymes as indicators of muscle damage. The results have shown that the use of food supplements such as glutamine can be useful in reducin More

Muscle pain after resistance activities, which occurs due to the destruction of sarcolema, increases the serum levels of LDH and CK enzymes as indicators of muscle damage. The results have shown that the use of food supplements such as glutamine can be useful in reducing the serum indicators of muscle damage. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of glutamine supplementation on serum indicators of muscle damage, including the serum levels of LDH and CK enzymes following a session of resistance activity. The present experimental study was carried out using an animal model in the form of a 3 group’s research design with a control group. To this end, 30 six-week-old adult male Wistar rats were kept under controlled conditions for 2 weeks and were then divided into three equal groups, including control, and resistance activity with/ without glutamine supplementation. The glutamine supplementation group received the prepared emulsion by gavage of 200 mg/kg of body weight. After five days, both experimental groups participated in a session of resistance activity (namely, climbing a smooth ramp with one and a half meters height and a 85° decline) with 4 sets, 5 repetitions, 30 seconds of rest between repetitions and 2 minutes of rest between sets. The initial load was considered equal to 50% of the rats' body weight. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used at a significance level of p ≥ 0.05. The levels of CK and LDH enzymes were different in groups. A five-day glutamine supplementation before performing a session of resistance activity can cause a lower increase in the serum levels of CK and LDH enzymes as serum indicators of muscle damage, which indicates the protective effect of glutamine in maintaining the integrity and structure of cell membrane. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The effect of aerobic exercise and diet on selected physical fitness indices and blood glucose hemostasis in patients with diabetes type I
Farkhondeh sadat Abdolrahimi Raziyeh Shoyoie

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the impact of aerobic exercise and diet on physical fitness and blood glucose regulation in type I diabetes patients.Material & Methods: The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on th More

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the impact of aerobic exercise and diet on physical fitness and blood glucose regulation in type I diabetes patients.Material & Methods: The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on the blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and aerobic and anaerobic capacity of 40 eligible volunteer children aged 11-15 years. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental. The exercise program included pilates, weight-bearing, and aerobic exercises and was conducted three times a week for one hour. The participant's blood sugar, HbA1c, and aerobic and anaerobic capacity were measured before and after training. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 26 at a significance level 0.05.Results:After conducting a paired t-test, it was found that the control group showed a significant increase in body mass index and waist circumference. In contrast, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin levels and an increase in aerobic and anaerobic capacity (P<0.05). When comparing the two groups, it was observed that the experimental group had a significant decrease in waist size, FBS, and HbA1c and a significant increase in aerobic and anaerobic power (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in other research variables.Conclusions: Based on the available evidence, it is likely that engaging in a combination of exercises would lead to improvements in anthropometric indices and glucose homeostasis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The effect of combined exercise training on Body composition, Upper limb Range of motion, Shoulder pain, and Glucose homeostasis in type II diabetic patients after breast cancer surgery
maryam koulaei Nasibeh Ezeddin Anahita Shabani mona Mehdizadeh Haghighi Mohammad Hedayati

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period of combined training on the Body composition, Range of motion Upper limb, Shoulder pain rate, Glucose homeostasis in type II diabetic patients after breast cancer surgery. The sample of the study in More

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period of combined training on the Body composition, Range of motion Upper limb, Shoulder pain rate, Glucose homeostasis in type II diabetic patients after breast cancer surgery. The sample of the study included 30 individuals who underwent breast surgery.the Experimental group had resistance exercises using band Pilates and aerobic exercises with 50-70% maximum heart rate(n=15), and the control group had the same exercise(n=15). the training sessions were planned as x 3 per week for a period of 8 weeks. the Body composition, Range of motion, pain, Glucose homeostasis of all individuals was evaluated before and after training. according to the measurements It was concluded that that there is a significant difference in the BMI between the two groups (P <0.05). The results also demonstrated that there is a significant difference in the Glucose homeostasis among the two research groups (P <0.05), however, this difference was not significant in Insulin resistance. After 8 weeks, the combined exercise showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P <0.05) and the flexion and extension limbs of the shoulder, the internal and external shoulder rotation, flexion and elbow exertion of the subjects. But the pain did not have a significant difference. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The effect of aerobic and resistance exercise with olive extract on VO2 max, PTEN, and AKT in rats with Parkinson's disease
Seyedeh Soheila Bolhagh Ramin Shabani Donya Sajedi

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training with the consumption of olive extract on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome More

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training with the consumption of olive extract on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and protein kinase B (AKT) in rats with Parkinson.Material & Methods:The samples of this experimental study included male Wistar rats (n = 30, 8 weeks old, 200 ± 50 g). Animals were randomly divided into six groups: control (C), Parkinson's (P), Parkinson's with olive extract (P+OE), Parkinson's with exercise (P+E), Parkinson's with olive extract and exercise (P+OE+E), and olive extract with exercise (OE+E) group (n = 5 per group). The training groups performed aerobic and resistance exercises for eight weeks (5 sessions per week) and were given olive extract by gavage. VO2 max was assessed at the end of the fourth and eighth weeks of exercise. One day after the intervention, rats were sacrificed, and tissues were removed and examined for real-time PCR. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.Results:The results showed that a period of exercise training combined with the consumption of olive extract significantly increased the VO2 max in rats with Parkinson's disease (P < 0.05). The expression of the PTEN gene decreased in OE+E, P+OE+E, and P+E groups compared to P+OE and Parkinson's groups (P<0.05). AKT gene expression in all intervention groups significantly increased compared to the Parkinson's group (P<0.05).Conclusions:The results suggest that a period of exercise with the consumption of olive extract probably can increase the VO2 max and AKT and decrease PTEN in rats with Parkinson's disease. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The effect of high-intensity strength and endurance training on cortisol, testosterone, and physical fitness of 15-20-year-old male taekwondo athletes in Rash
Seyed Razi Moravej Marzieh Nazari Ramin Shabani

Objectives. High intensity training change anthropometric and Biochemical parameters in athletes, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high intensity training course on BMI, cortisol and testosterone in taekwondo boys 15 to 20 years in Rasht. Mat More

Objectives. High intensity training change anthropometric and Biochemical parameters in athletes, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high intensity training course on BMI, cortisol and testosterone in taekwondo boys 15 to 20 years in Rasht. Material and Methods. This quasi-experimental research, which was conducted with study population of 15 to 20-year-old boy’s taekwondo in Rasht. The subjects of this study were randomly divided into two groups. The first group of training age was M±SD 17.70±2.26 year, and other group exercise age was M±SD 16.90±1.72 year. The first training group with traditional Taekwondo training, strength - endurance training with moderate intensity for 95 minutes and the second group this exercises with high intensity for 80 minutes were performed. before and after 8 weeks of training, BMI, anaerobic capacity, hormones cortisol and testosterone were assessed. The dependent t-test and independent t- test were used to analyze the data of study at p> 0.05. Results. The results of this study showed that six-weeks of high intensity training reduced the significantly the hormones cortisol (P = 0.001). Testosterone and anaerobic capacity significantly increased after exercise in both groups(P = 0.001). Comparisons between groups showed significant difference in anaerobic Capacity (P = 0.001). Conclusions. High-intensity training in Taekwondo athlete probably have a positive effect on physical fitness factors, cortisol and testosterone hormones and improve the performance of this athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and Anethum herbal supplementation on lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease in inactive obese men
Ardeshir Zafari Taher Jalili

Introduction:Studies show that the effects of different types of physical activity vary in various intensities and periods on body composition, lipid profile, and liver enzymes in men and women with varying levels of age, fitness, and health. Anethum herbal supplement c More

Introduction:Studies show that the effects of different types of physical activity vary in various intensities and periods on body composition, lipid profile, and liver enzymes in men and women with varying levels of age, fitness, and health. Anethum herbal supplement can reduce cholesterol and triglycerides and help prevent and treat atherosclerosis. The effects of Anethum in interaction with exercise on blood lipids, body composition, and liver enzymes are unclear.Material & Methods:28 healthy and inactive male obese volunteers (age 20-30 years old) were randomly divided into four groups: Training, Anethum, Training+Anethum, and Control group. Independent variables included performing eight weeks of aerobic training and taking 650 mg of Anethum tablets for eight weeks, three times a day after meals. Dependent variables included lipid profile factors, body composition, and serum levels of liver enzymes. The intensity of aerobic training was set at 50 - 75% Vo2max using the HRR method to observe the principle of increasing overload. The main stage of training consisted of 45 minutes of aerobic activities. Paired samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the within-groups and between-groups differences, respectively, at a significance level of 5%.Results: Performing eight weeks of aerobic training combined with Anethum herbal supplementation reduces LDL_c, TC, TG, BMI, WHR, ALT, ALP, and AST in the fasting state of inactive obese men(P<0.05). These variables' reduction rate was more significant in all intervention groups than in the control group. However, the groups did not observe significant differences (P>0.05).Conclusions: Therefore, to lose weight, blood lipids, and liver enzymes, intend to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, probably, performing aerobic exercises along with taking Antom tablets has a greater effect in reducing lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Effects of Resistance Training With the Consumption of Saffron Extract on Spatial Memory and Tau Accumulation in the Hippocampal Tissue of Male Alzheimer's Induced Rats
Fazel Bazyar Alireza Elmieh Tahereh Paravane Aval

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative brain disease that causes severe thinking and memory impairment, and there is no definitive treatment for this disease. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training along with t More

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative brain disease that causes severe thinking and memory impairment, and there is no definitive treatment for this disease. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training along with the consumption of saffron extract on spatial memory and tau accumulation in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's male rats.Material & Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 Alzheimer's groups, including control, resistance exercise, resistance exercise, and supplement. Alzheimer's was induced by injecting amyloid beta 42-1 into the hippocampus. Resistance exercises were performed for 12 weeks, including three sessions per week. Y Maze test was used to measure spatial memory, and Tau protein was measured by the ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance tests was used to analyze the data.Results:The results showed that after 12 weeks of resistance training with saffron supplement, there was a significant increase in spatial memory performance in the intervention groups compared to the control group (P < 0.5). Also, regarding the amount of tau protein accumulation in the aerobic exercise group, aerobic exercise, and extract showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P < 0.5).Conclusion: It seems that resistance exercise and consumption of saffron extract improve spatial memory performance and reduce the accumulation of tau protein in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's male rats. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Aquatic Exercise Combination as A Safe- Efficient Therapeutic Strategy to ameliorate Interleukin-6 and 10, and social interaction in Children with Autism
Fahimeh AdibSaber Soleyman Ansari Kolachahi Alireza Elmieh Akbar Allahyari Karnagh Babak Barkadehi

AbstractIntroduction: Increasing evidence demonstrated that there are altered levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and pointed out that immune dysfunction may also relate to social deficits. This study inves More

AbstractIntroduction: Increasing evidence demonstrated that there are altered levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and pointed out that immune dysfunction may also relate to social deficits. This study investigated the effect of aquatic exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation on social interaction and two related cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10) in children with ASD.Material & Methods: Forty boys with ASD (mean age: 10.90; age range: 6–14 years) were randomly assigned to the three interventions (groups 1, 2, and 3) and one control group (each 10 participants). Participants in the group 1 and 3 received a 10-week aquatic exercise program. Subjects in groups 2 and 3 took orally 50,000 IU of vitamin D3/ week. We evaluated the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 and the participants' social interaction at baseline and post-intervention. Results:Compared to the control group, all three interventions improved social skills scores (p< 0.001). surprisingly, the combination strategy could significantly reduce IL-6 and increase IL-10 serum levels in children with ASD (p< 0.001).Conclusion: It is recommended that aqua-based exercise programs combined with vitamin D supplementation maximize the improvement of social and communication dysfunction in children with ASD. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Effect of two types of resistance and functional training programs on myostatin and follistatin of young active men
sajad khosroshahi bahram abedi abass mehranpour Mojtaba Khansooz

Abstract Objective: The present study aimed at the effect of two types of resistance and functional training programs on myostatin and follistatin of young active men. Materials and Methods: In the study, 45 active young men with an age range of 18 to 28 years were sele More

Abstract Objective: The present study aimed at the effect of two types of resistance and functional training programs on myostatin and follistatin of young active men. Materials and Methods: In the study, 45 active young men with an age range of 18 to 28 years were selected as available and placed in three groups of intense functional exercises, traditional resistance exercises and control. Bleeding was done in two stages: pre-Test (24 hours before the start of the intervention period) and post-test (48 hours after the end of the intervention period). The training phase took place in eight weeks and three sessions each week. The data collected was analyzed by T-dependent method, covariance and benfronian tracking test. Findings: The results of the present study showed that intense functional training and traditional resistance training had a significant effect on the reduction of myostatin in young active men. Participants in the intense performance training group were statistically lower in myostatin compared to participants in the traditional resistance training group. Intense functional training and traditional resistance training had a significant effect on the increase in follistatin in young active men. Participants in the intense performance training group were statistically higher than participants in the traditional follistatin resistance training group. Intense functional training and traditional resistance training had a significant impact on increasing the strength of the lower and upper limbs of active young men. Participants in the intense performance training group had statistically higher lower and upper limb strength compared to participants in the traditional resistance training group. Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present study showed that 8 weeks of traditional HIFT and resistance training improved protein synthesis factors and improved the performance of young athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The effects of 8 weeks of high and moderate intensities of interval exercise on irisin and adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male rats
Roya Besharati

The effects of 8 weeks of high and moderate intensities of interval exercise on irisin and adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male ratsIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high and moderate intensities of interval exercise on irisin and More

The effects of 8 weeks of high and moderate intensities of interval exercise on irisin and adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male ratsIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high and moderate intensities of interval exercise on irisin and adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male rats. Material & Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: healthy and diabetic, and then diabetic rats were randomly divided into three subgroups of diabetic control and two groups HIIT and MIIT so that the present study was performed on four groups (8 groups each). The training was performed in the MIIT with 65-70% and in the HIIT group with 85-90% of the maximum oxygen consumption during eight weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, the mice were removed by intraperitoneal injection of a combination of anesthetic ketamine and xylazine. The levels of irisin and adipolin were measured by the ELISA method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The results of the post hoc test indicated a significant increase in irisin and adipolin in the high and moderate-intensity interval training groups compared to the control group (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between high-intensity and moderate-intensity training groups (p = 0.274). Conclusions: moderate and high-intensity interval training lead to a significant increase in irisin and adipolin in diabetic rats.Keywords: Diabetes, Irisin, Adipolin, interval training Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The effect of green tea supplementation and climbing to altitude on the serum level of Malondialdehyde and Glutathione Peroxidase In non-professional healthy mountaineer females
Azar Momtaz Mokhtar Nasiri

Introduction:Climbing and exercising at high altitudes increase the number of free radicals and reduce the level of antioxidant enzymes in the human body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three weeks of green tea supplementation before climbing More

Introduction:Climbing and exercising at high altitudes increase the number of free radicals and reduce the level of antioxidant enzymes in the human body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three weeks of green tea supplementation before climbing on serum levels of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde in young non-professional female climbers.Material & Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study. Twenty-four females (mean age 26.42 ± 7.10 years, weight 58.46 ± 7.96 kg, height 162.50 ± 5.87 cm, and body mass index 22.23 ± 2.67) were recruited voluntarily from a club in Rasht who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG consumed green tea daily (20g per day). At the end of the third week, both groups climbed to the Peak of Shah Moallem (3085 meters). In both groups, diet control was performed over three weeks. To measure plasma levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), blood samples were taken in three stages: before green tea supplement consumption, pre and post-climb.Results: The results showed that compared to CG, the increase of MDA after climbing to the altitude was significantly lower (p= 0/02(. Compared to the CG, the amount of plasma GPx increased significantly in the EG after climbing to the height (P=0/001). The results of the research showed the improvement of redox state in mountain climbers after consuming green tea.Conclusion:The results of this research showed that consuming green tea before climbing to high altitudes can improve the performance of the antioxidant system in climbers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Effect of circuit resistance and jogging exercise training on the markers of metabolic syndrome in women with type 2 diabetes
Marzieh Nazari Ramin Shabani Shahram Gholamrezaei darsara

Introduction:Although the effectiveness of exercise in improving the markers of metabolic syndrome in diabetes is well documented, there is less certainty about the relative effectiveness of different types of exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the eff More

Introduction:Although the effectiveness of exercise in improving the markers of metabolic syndrome in diabetes is well documented, there is less certainty about the relative effectiveness of different types of exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of circuit resistance training (CRT) and jogging exercise training on lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure, and waist circumference (WC) in female subjects with type 2 diabetes.Material and methods: Thirty obese and overweight women with type 2 diabetes with a (mean ± SD: age, 51.37±5.56 years and body mass index (BMI), 31.34±3.09 kg/m2 were randomized to CRT (n=10) (8 stations with 40- 65% 1RM), jogging training (n=10) (25-50 min with 45-75% of target heart rate) or control group (n=10). Exercise training was performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures, blood samples, and blood pressure were recorded before and after the exercise intervention and for the control group. A covariance analysis test was used to compare the groups to analyze the influences of exercise training on MS markers.Results: HbA1c in the circuit resistance training group was significantly improved compared to the control group (P = 0.01), but no significant difference was observed in the jogging group. Additionally, a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) was observed in both CRT (P = 0.01) and jogging groups (P = 0.01). Both training groups differed significantly from the control group (P <0.05). No significant improvement was observed in FBS, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), waist circumference, and blood pressure (P >0.05).Conclusions: It can be concluded that twelve-week circuit resistance training with moderate intensity significantly improved HbA1c and total cholesterol and that jogging exercise training was practical for total cholesterol. It is recommended that patients with type 2 diabetes are encouraged to perform both jogging and circuit resistance training with moderate frequency, duration, and intensity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The effect of aerobic-resistance exercise on body composition, physical fitness, resting metabolism rate, serum cortisol and leptin of female with hypothyroidism
masoumeh amani mohadeseh dadmanesh

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the thyroid doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into your bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow down. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic-resistance traini More

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the thyroid doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into your bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow down. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic-resistance training on body composition, physical fitness, resting metabolism rate, cortisol and leptin of female with hypothyroidism. Material & Methods: This research was a clinical trial with a statistical sample of 20 volunteers with hypothyroidism who were referred to a 17th shahrivar hospital clinical in Rasht city, and were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (EG) and control (CG). Before and after 8 weeks of resistance aerobic exercise (3Session, 75Min). Serum cortisol, leptin and body composition indices and physical fitness components were measured. Analysis of the obtained data was done through SPSS version 26. Results: The results of the present study showed that 8 weeks of aerobic-resistance training caused a significant decrease in waist-to-hip ratio, increased anaerobic power, agility, balance, and muscle strength (P<0.05), but no significant were seen on resting metabolism rate, serum cortisol and leptin of female with hypothyroidism (P<0.05). Conclusions: It seems that aerobic-resistance training may improve some of physical fitness and body composition of females with hypothyroidism, but it has no effect on resting metabolism rate, serum cortisol and leptin of these patient. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The Effect of Concurrent Aerobic and Pilates Training on Body Composition and Glucose Hemostasis on Obese Non-Menopausal Women
Kimia Poornoruz Sara Jafari

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity and overweight is very high in the north of Iran, it is a signal of serious health problems and should be the focus of special attention. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of concurrent aerobic and Pilat More

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity and overweight is very high in the north of Iran, it is a signal of serious health problems and should be the focus of special attention. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of concurrent aerobic and Pilates exercises on body composition and glucose homeostasis in obese non-menopausal women. Material & Methods: 28 eligible women were randomly divided into experimental (EG), and control groups (CG). The training protocol consisted of two sessions per week, and each session was 90 minutes of aerobic and Pilates exercises. body mass index (BMI), The Waist-to-hip Ratio (WHR), body fat percent (BF%), fasting blood sugar(FBS), body obesity index, muscle mass, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance(HOMA-IR) were measured before and after 12 weeks exercise training. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in subcutaneous fat (%), WHR, and Insulin in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test (p0.05). Conclusion: Concurrent aerobic and Pilates training programs probably improve body composition indices, and decrease serum insulin in obese women with normal blood glucose. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The Effects Of 8 Weeks of High and Moderate Intensity Interval Training on Irisin and Adipolin Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Male Rats
Roya Besharati

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high and moderate intensity interval training on Irisin and Adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: healthy and diabetic, diabetic rats More

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high and moderate intensity interval training on Irisin and Adipolin levels in type 2 diabetic male rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: healthy and diabetic, diabetic rats were randomly divided into three subgroups of diabetic control and two HIIT and MIIT groups; so that the present study was performed on four groups (8 per each group). The training was performed with 65-70% and 85-90% of the maximum oxygen consumption in MIIT and HIIT groups, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the mice were removed by intraperitoneal injection of a combination of anaesthetic ketamine and xylazine. The levels of Irisin and adipolin were measured by ELISA method. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The results of the post hoc test indicated a significant increase in irisin and adipolin in the HIIT and MIIT groups compared to the control group (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between HIIT and MIIT groups (p = 0.274). Conclusion: HIIT and MIIT could lead to a significant increase in irisin and adipolin in diabetic rats. Keywords: Diabetes, Irisin, Adipolin and interval training. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Effect of an exhaustion session exercise on hepatic enzymes levels in nonathletic males and females
Mohsen Rezaei Fatemeh Khodaei

Introduction: There are many indications that hepatic enzymes levels in the blood and exercise have some kind of association although it is not well known; therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an exhaustion session exercise on hepatic enzyme More

Introduction: There are many indications that hepatic enzymes levels in the blood and exercise have some kind of association although it is not well known; therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an exhaustion session exercise on hepatic enzymes levels in nonathletic males and females. Material & Methods: Sixteen healthy nonathletic males (aged 30±5.4 years, weight 74.8±13 kg; mean ± SD) and females (aged 25.8±2.2 years, weight 57±9 kg; mean ± SD) participated as subjects in this study. Blood samples were collected at before and 2 hours after an exhaustion exercise. Results: The results showed that the baseline level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was higher in males than females (t = 2.1; P = 0.04). On the other hand, the results showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased (t = 2.4; P = 0.02) in the male group compare to the female group; while for ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels no significant different were observed between groups and no significant changes were observed after the exercise. Conclusion: Although, there was the significant differences in ALT level between males and females, but hepatic enzymes were not affected by an exhaustion session exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Effect of a bout of heavy resistance training on galectin-3 in healthy young men
Hamid Reza Nayeri khoob

Introduction: Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with an affinity for beta-galactosides. Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family and numerous previous studies have indicated that galectin-3 may be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker f More

Introduction: Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with an affinity for beta-galactosides. Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family and numerous previous studies have indicated that galectin-3 may be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease and cancer. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of a bout of heavy resistance training on galectin-3 in healthy young men. Material & Methods: Elevenhealthy young men (aged: 26.6 ± 1.5 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. One reparation maximum (1-RM) was measured and the subjects were performed a heavy resistance exercise trial consisted of eight exercises (chest press, triceps extension, latissimus pull down, shoulder press, arm curls, leg extension, leg curls, and curl-up) of 8 repetitions with 3 sets at 80% of 1RM. Blood samples were taken at baseline and immediately after the heavy resistance exercise trial. Results: The results showed that galectin-3 level was increased significantly in response to heavy resistance exercise trial (365.9±110.3 mg/dl vs. 390.6±117.7 mg/dl; P=0.012). No significant relationships were observed between galectin-3 levels after the intervention with cholesterol (P=0.16), triglycerides (P=0.29), LDL (P=0.34) or HDL (P=0.92). Conclusions: The results suggest a bout of heavy resistance training increases galectin-3 healthy young men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - The effect of single bout of circuit resistance training on NT-proBNP levels in sedentary men
Saeid Naraghi Mohammad Ghassami

Introduction: Cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) play an important role in the regulation of energy expenditure in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. A systematic review on the effects of exercise on NPs in patients with heart failure reported that aerobic and resistan More

Introduction: Cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) play an important role in the regulation of energy expenditure in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. A systematic review on the effects of exercise on NPs in patients with heart failure reported that aerobic and resistance training reduced NPs; however, the effects of exercise on NPs and the underlying mechanism of exercise-induced NP secretion in sedentary subjects remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a single bout of circuit resistance training on aminoterminal propeptide (NT-proBNP) levels in sedentary men. Material & Methods: In this study, Fifteen healthy male (aged: 24.5 ± 1.2 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were performed circuit resistance training consisted of 8 stations in the following order: chest press, barbell shoulder press, seated cable rows, barbell curl, overhead triceps extension, curl up, squat and hamstring with machine. This training was circularly performed in 8 stations and included 4 sets with 6 maximal repetitions at 70% of 1-RM in each station. Each circuit and set was separated by 5 min and 30 s rest respectively. NT-proBNP plasma concentrations were measured before and immediately after the resistance training. Paired-sample t- test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results demonstrated that NT-proBNP levels were increased significantly after the circuit resistance training (27.76% and P=0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, a single bout of circuit resistance training in sedentary men led to a fast rise of plasma NT-proBNP concentrations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - The relationships between Galectin-3 levels with cardiac structure and function in well- trained endurance athletes
Ibrahim Radmehr

Introduction: Clinical studies support a potential role of galectin-3 in the pathogenesis of remodelling in heart failure in humans; but these relationships in athletes are not well known. The present study was conducted to examine the relationships between galectin-3 l More

Introduction: Clinical studies support a potential role of galectin-3 in the pathogenesis of remodelling in heart failure in humans; but these relationships in athletes are not well known. The present study was conducted to examine the relationships between galectin-3 levels with cardiac structure and function in well-trained endurance athletes. Material & Methods: Fifteen well-trained endurance male athletes (aged: 21.4 ± 3.0 years; mean ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. Galectin-3 concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and cardiac morphology and function were assessed by echocardiography. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Results: The results demonstrated that galectin-3 concentrations positively related to aorta diameter (r = 0.61, P = 0.01) and negatively related to left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (r = ‒ 0.6, P = 0.01). No significant relationships were observed between galectin-3 concentrations with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (r= ‒ 0.08, P = 0.7), pulmonary artery diameter (r = 0.25, P = 0.3), posterior wall thickness of left ventricle at end diastole (PWTLV) (r = 0.37, P = 0.1), interventricular septal (r = 0.15, P = 0.5), and left ventricle end-systolic volume (LVESV) (r = 0.48, P = 0.07). Conclusions: In conclusion, galectin-3 concentrations are associated with echocardiographic markers of ventricular function in endurance athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Effect of the TestPUMP supplementation on serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and high sensitive C reactive protein levels in male fighters
Siamak Rezaei Khoshkzary Reza Nuri

Introduction: Previous studies indicated that trauma indexes were higher after contact sports than non-contact sports. Kickboxing is a modern contact fighting sport created on the basis of many traditional combat sports and martial arts. The effects of antioxidant suppl More

Introduction: Previous studies indicated that trauma indexes were higher after contact sports than non-contact sports. Kickboxing is a modern contact fighting sport created on the basis of many traditional combat sports and martial arts. The effects of antioxidant supplements on immune responses to this sport are unclear; thus the aim of present study was to investigate the effects of TestPUMP supplementation on immune responses to a competition bout of kickboxing. Material & Methods: Twenty elite kickboxing athletes participated in a placebo (n=10)/experimental (n=10), double-blind study conducted over 5 days period. The experimental group received 5 g TestPUMP supplements per day before the training and placebo group received the same dosage of a glucose polymer. Thereafter, athletes in each weight categories competed together according with the rules of World Association of Kickboxing Organizations (WAKO). Blood samples were taken at baseline (before the supplementation period), before and immediately after the competition. Results: The results showed that using TestPUMP supplements prevents the increase of reduces serum creatine kinase (CK) in the experimental group in compare to the placebo group (F=5.05, P=0.01); however, it does not have any significant effect on serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; F=1.1, P=0.3) and hs-CRP (F=2.6, P=0.09) levels in the male fighters. Conclusions: In conclusion, further researches are needed to clarify the effects of TestPUMP supplements in kickboxing athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Comparison the effects of aqua aerobic and resistance training on blood sugar and insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Nasibeh Kazemi Seyed Ali Hosseini

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to comparison the effects of aqua and resistance training on insulin resistance and homeostasis model assessment of β-Cell function in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Material & Methods: For this purpose, 34 More

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to comparison the effects of aqua and resistance training on insulin resistance and homeostasis model assessment of β-Cell function in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Material & Methods: For this purpose, 34 women with gestational diabetes voluntarily participated which were selected from the available sampling pool. The subjects were simple random assigned in three groups. 12 subjects participated in an aqua aerobic training group (3 days/week, 30-45 min/day, 50-70% maximum heart rate) and 11 subjects participated in an aqua resistance training group (3 days/week, 2-3 set of 15 repetition, 50-70%maximum heart rate), and 11 subjects were in control group who did not participate in any exercise program during the study period. Results: The results indicated that HOMA-β increased and fasting glucose decreased in the aqua resistance training (P<0.05), however no significant differences were observed between three groups. For fasting insulin and insulin resistance no significant differences observed after the intervention. Conclusions: It seems likely that aqua resistance training is more effective in comparison to aqua aerobic training in improving diabetes risk factors in women with gestational diabetes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Effect of regular exercise with different intensities on oxidized LDL levels in obese men
Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh mahani

Introduction: Macrophages and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) have been verified playing vital roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The role of exercise intensity in circulating ox-LDL is not clearly understood in obesity and it is not well known whic More

Introduction: Macrophages and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) have been verified playing vital roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The role of exercise intensity in circulating ox-LDL is not clearly understood in obesity and it is not well known which exercise intensity is needed to ox-LDL reductions in response to endurance training. Thus the purpose of this study was to comparison the effect of regular high-intensity vs. moderate-intensity exercise on ox-LDL in obese men. Material & Methods: Twenty four sedentary obese men (aged: 41.0 ± 5.9 years and BMI: 31.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) group (n=8), high-intensity exercise (HIE) group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in MIE group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine; however, the subjects in the HIE group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 45 min. Results: The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL were decreased and HDL increased after MIE and HIE (P<0.05). ox-LDL concentration was decreased only after HIE. For TC and HDL significant differences were observed between MIE group and HIE group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that although lipid profile of obese men improves after regular moderate and high-intensity exercise, ox-LDL levels decreases only after regular high-intensity exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Changes of necdin concentration after a bout of intensive aerobic exercise in obese and lean men
Ahmad Ahmadlu Afsaneh Khazari Zahra Momen Nasab

Introduction: Necdin is an important negative regulator of white adipogenesis. The acute effect of aerobic exercise on necdin concentration is unclear; therefore the present study was conducted to determine the effects of a bout of intensive aerobic exercise on necdin c More

Introduction: Necdin is an important negative regulator of white adipogenesis. The acute effect of aerobic exercise on necdin concentration is unclear; therefore the present study was conducted to determine the effects of a bout of intensive aerobic exercise on necdin concentration in obese and lean men. Material & Methods: Eighteen sedentary obese (Age: 21.7 ± 2.1 and BMI: 33.7 ± 2.1 kg/m2; ± SD, n = 9) and lean (Age: 20.5 ± 0.7 and BMI: 17.6 ± 1.6 kg/m2; ± SD, n = 9) men volunteered to participate in this study. All the subjects were performed the Bruce test as the intensive aerobic exercise. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the intensive aerobic exercise. Results: No significant differences were observed at baseline in necdin concentration between obese and lean subjects (35.8 ± 24.2 vs. 21.9 ± 16.2 pg/ml; P = 0.2 respectively). After an intensive aerobic exercise necdin concentration increased significantly in the lean subjects (21.9 ± 16.2 to 65.9 ± 86.1 pg/ml; P = 0.01) however no significant changes were observed in the obese subjects (35.8 ± 24.2 to 36.9 ± 19.3 pg/ml; P = 0.5). The results revealed that necdin concentration was higher in the lean subjects in compare to the obese subjects (P = 0.03) in response to a bout of intensive aerobic exercise. Conclusion: The results of present study suggest that necdin concentration increases in response to acute aerobic exercise in lean subjects. Future studies are needed to examine the effect of exercise training on necdin levels in the obese subjects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Association among lifestyle status and dyslipidemia in Yasuj
Masoud Yari Mehrzad Moghadasi Seyed Ali Hosseini Rahim Shirazi-nezhad

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is caused by genetic and environmental factors that lead to problems with enzyme deficiencies, apolipoproteins, or lipoprotein particles. There are a number of factors that contribute to dyslipidemia; however these factors are not well known. More

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is caused by genetic and environmental factors that lead to problems with enzyme deficiencies, apolipoproteins, or lipoprotein particles. There are a number of factors that contribute to dyslipidemia; however these factors are not well known. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the association among lifestyle status and dyslipidemia. Material & Methods: One hundred eighty three male (n=102; mean ± SD: 34.9 ± 11.8 years old) and female (n=81; mean ± SD: 32.4 ± 11.2 years old) participated in this study. Each subject’s lifestyle status was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire based on Breslow’s lifestyle index and a composite dietary behavior score obtained from self-reported responses to a 24-item food-frequency. Results: The results demonstrated a positive relationship between age and BMI with dyslipidemia (P<0.05). On the other hand, the results showed that there is a positive relationship between less healthy foods with total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c and a positive relationship between healthy foods and HDL-c levels. General linear regression demonstrated that fast food consumption was independently associated with blood lipid profile in male and female. Conclusions: In conclusion, unhealthy lifestyle, especially having bad food consumption pattern may cause dyslipidemia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Regular concurrent training had not significant effect on CRP Level in obese middle-aged men
Zahra Momen nasab Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The effect of concurrent training on this protein is not well known. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of More

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The effect of concurrent training on this protein is not well known. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of 8 weeks concurrent training on CRP level in obese middle-aged men. Material & Methods: Twenty three sedentary obese middle-aged men participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were randomly assigned to concurrent training group (n=12) or control group (n=11). The subjects in concurrent training group performed endurance and resistance training on the same days, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: Body mass, body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were decreased (P<0.05) after 8 weeks concurrent training compared to the control group. For CRP level no significant changes were observed after the intervention. Conclusion: Although concurrent training is the useful strategy for reduce obesity; CRP level was not affected by 8-week concurrent training in obese middle-aged men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Effect of a strenuous aerobic exercise on sdLDL concentration in healthy men
Nooshin Khajeian

Introduction: Clinical studies indicated that small dense LDL (sdLDL) levels are more powerful than LDL levels for the determination of severe stable coronary heart disease (CHD). The effects of intensive aerobic exercise on sdLDL levels are not well known; thus the aim More

Introduction: Clinical studies indicated that small dense LDL (sdLDL) levels are more powerful than LDL levels for the determination of severe stable coronary heart disease (CHD). The effects of intensive aerobic exercise on sdLDL levels are not well known; thus the aim of present study was to investigate effect of a strenuous aerobic exercise on sdLDL concentration in healthy men. Material & Methods: Elevenhealthy young men (aged: 20.8 ± 1.8 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. All the subjects were performed Repeated High-Intensity Endurance Test (RHIET) as a strenuous aerobic exercise. Blood samples were taken at baseline and immediately after the RHIET. Wilcoxon and paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that sdLDL (38.8 ± 11.3 mg/dl vs. 39.9 ± 11.3 mg/dl), TC (188.6 ± 36.2 mg/dl vs. 194.1 ± 42.2 mg/dl), TG (139.6 mg/dl ± 55.0 vs. 157.7 ± 79.7 mg/dl), LDL (109.1 ± 33.4 mg/dl vs. 121.5 ± 53.0 mg/dl) and HDL (44.0 ± 13.6 mg/dl vs. 44.6 ± 14.0 mg/dl) remained unchanged in response to strenuous aerobic exercise. Significant correlation was observed between changes of sdLDL with TC (r = 0.74, P = 0.008), TG (r = 0.65, P = 0.02) and LDL (r = 0.64, P = 0.03) levels. Conclusions: The results suggest strenuous aerobic exercise had not significant effect on blood lipids and lipoprotein subfractions. Manuscript profile

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28 - Combined effects of aerobic exercises and l-arginine ingestion on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in diabetic male rats
Alireza Rahimi Mahdi Kasbparast Mehdi Noura Maryam Kheirdeh

Introduction: The aim of present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic exercises and l-arginine ingestion on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in diabetic male rats.Material & Methods: Analysis method: 24 male rats (age More

Introduction: The aim of present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic exercises and l-arginine ingestion on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in diabetic male rats.Material & Methods: Analysis method: 24 male rats (age :12 weeks, weight range of 260-360 g) were put randomly into 4 groups of healthy control (n=6), L-arginine supplement consumption group (n=6), aerobic exercise group (n=6) and L-arginine supplement consumption group with aerobic exercise group (n=6).All of these groups which became diabetic by injection of STZ except the healthy control group were under the study. The aerobic exercise group and L-arginine consumption group and aerobic exercise started walking or running on the treadmill with 10 m/min and slope of 0° for 5 sessions of 15 minutes in a week. After each day, 1 m/min and 5 minutes were added to their exercise and at the end of the seventh day the speed reached to 16 m/min and the time became 45 minutes.Results: The present results showed that L-arginine supplement consumption made a significant difference between TAC-CRP indicators in supplement and placebo groups. L-arginine supplement consumption made a significant reduction in TAC antioxidant indicator and resulted in CRP increase. TAC antioxidant indicator has an increasing effect on the improvement of total antioxidant capacity of diabetic rats by doing sport exercises but the sport exercises reduce CRP level. Aerobic exercises along with L-arginine supplement consumption didn’t change TAC antioxidant indicator of mature rats a lot and are the same in both exercise and without exercise levels but had a significant difference in CRP levels between aerobic exercise-supplement and placebo groups. Exercise reduced significantly on CRP indicator of mature diabetic rats in supplement consumption situation than placebo situation. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the mean of CRP antioxidant indicator between supplement consumption without exercise and placebo without exercise.Conclusions: L-arginine supplement resulted in the significant increase of CRP in diabetic mature rats than placebo. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Effects of instability versus high-volume resistance training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area and hormonal adaptations
Nooshin Mehrpuya Mehrzad Moghadasi

Introduction: Instability resistance training (IRT) is a combination of unique training movements aimed at improving strength, endurance, coordination, flexibility, power, and core stability within a single workout. The aim of present study was to comparison the effect More

Introduction: Instability resistance training (IRT) is a combination of unique training movements aimed at improving strength, endurance, coordination, flexibility, power, and core stability within a single workout. The aim of present study was to comparison the effect of instability vs. high-volume resistance training (HVRT) on thigh muscles hypertrophy and hormonal adaptations. Material & Methods: Based on physical health screening, twenty middle-aged men (aged: 26.5 ± 3.6 years; ± SD) selected as the subject. The subjects divided into two groups randomly: HVRT group (n=10) or IRT group (n=10). The subjects in the HVRT group were performed biceps brachii, triceps, chest press, lat pull down, side lateral raise, leg press, dead lift, squat, hamstring and calf sitting with 6 to 10 RMs in 4 sets and 1 min rest between sets for 8 weeks. The subjects in the IRT group were performed total resistance exercise (TRX) suspension training with 10 rep in 2 sets and 20 second rest between the sets for 8 weeks. Paired-sample t-test, independent- sample t-test, wilcoxon and Mann-witney U teases were use for data analyzing. Results: The results indicated that quadriceps and total thigh muscles cross-sectional area (CSA) were increased after two types of resistance training (P<0.05) and hamstrings CSA was increased only after HVRT method. The data indicated that growth hormone (GH) and testosterone concentration and testosterone/cortisol ratio were increased after HVRT and IRT methods (P<0.05), however for cortisol levels no significant changes were observed. Conclusions: In conclusion, it seems that instability and high volume resistance training-induced changes in anabolic hormones contribute in thigh muscles hypertrophy in untrained men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Aerobic exercise is a feasible intervention for delaying disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease
Fatemeh Akbari Mehrzad Moghadasi Sirus Farsi Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by a gradual loss of memory and cognitive function. Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation is major proximal causes of neuron loss in AD pathogenesis. Physical ex More

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by a gradual loss of memory and cognitive function. Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation is major proximal causes of neuron loss in AD pathogenesis. Physical exercise may be an important adjunct to pharmacological treatment of AD, but the effects of aerobic exercise on tau gene expression are not well known. Thus, the purpose of present study was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on tau gene expression in rats with trimethyltin (TMT) model of AD. Material & Methods: In this experiment, Thirty tow mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg TMT and then were divided into (1) control, (2) Alzheimer-infected control group, (3) endurance training, and (4) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. The rats in the endurance training group ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were run using SPSS. Results: The results indicated that TMT injection increases the tau gene expression in the Alzheimer-infected control group. No significant differences were observed between sham and control groups. TMT rats had increased levels of tau gene expression that were significantly ameliorated by exercise (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that aerobic exercise is a feasible intervention for delaying disease progression in AD. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Changes of insulin-like growth factor-1 and cortisol levels following the Wingate anaerobic test among female athletes and non-athletes
Sara Momeni Eskandar Rahimi Sarah Hojjati

Introduction: The aim of present study was to evaluate the changes of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cortisol levels following the Wingate anaerobic test among female athletes and non-athletes. Material & Methods: Twenty four female consist of twelve femal More

Introduction: The aim of present study was to evaluate the changes of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cortisol levels following the Wingate anaerobic test among female athletes and non-athletes. Material & Methods: Twenty four female consist of twelve female athletes (mean age: 45 years of old) and twelve sedentary female (mean age: 44 years of old) voluntary to participate in this study as the subject. All the subjects performed the 30-second Wingate test as the anaerobic exercise. Blood samples collected at rest, end of the Wingate test, and 24 h after intervention for IGF-1 and cortisol determination. Repeated measure ANOVA test was used to evaluate hormonal responses to the anaerobic test. Results: The results indicated that cortisol levels decreases after the Wingate test in the female athletes compare to the non-athletes (p <0.05). Our results revealed that cortisol levels were lower in the female athletes than the non-athletes (p <0.05). For IGF-1 no significant changes were observed in the female athletes or non-athletes in response to Wingate test. Conclusion: Our results suggested that regular exercise caused hormonal adaptation among female athletes in response to acute anaerobic training. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Effects of short term lifestyle activity modification on lipid profiles in obese and overweight middle aged men with type 2 diabetes
Jalil Ghasemianpoor Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh Mahani

Introduction: Diabetes care involves more than glycemic control and it is important to manage other cardiovascular risk factors. Along with dietary and pharmacological interventions, exercise is a key element of diabetes management. The aim of this study was to determ More

Introduction: Diabetes care involves more than glycemic control and it is important to manage other cardiovascular risk factors. Along with dietary and pharmacological interventions, exercise is a key element of diabetes management. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short term lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on lipid profiles obese and overweight middle aged men with type 2 diabetes. Material & Methods: Sixteen obese and overweight middle aged men (age, 35-50 years) with type 2 diabetes participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to LAM group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in LAM group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine. Results: The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL-c were decreased and Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and HDL-c increased in the LAM group compared to the control group (P<0.05). For Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) no significant change was observed after the intervention. Conclusions: In conclusion, lipid profiles were improved after 12 weeks LAM in obese and overweight middle aged men with type 2 diabetes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Effects of exercise intervention to improve body composition and chemerin in middle-aged overweight women
Mohsen Salesi Shakiba Gani

Introduction: There is well documented evidence that obesity are serious worldwide public health problems which result an increased risk of developing diseases such as, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus and regular exercises can be effective in preventing an More

Introduction: There is well documented evidence that obesity are serious worldwide public health problems which result an increased risk of developing diseases such as, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus and regular exercises can be effective in preventing and treating such diseases. Chemerin, is a recently identified adipose tissue secreted hormone that has been shown to be elevated in obese individuals and associated with some components of the metabolic syndrome, including: the waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), fat percent, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein. Thus, the aim of current study was to analyze the effect of rhythmic aerobic exercise training on serum chemerin and body composition components in overweight women. Material & methods: Twenty-four overweight women (BMI between 25 to 30 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in the study (12 subjects in each groups). Training groups participated in a rhythmic exercise training program for eight weeks, three times a week with 50-70 heart rpm for 60-90 minutes. The chemerin levels and body composition components were measured in the both groups pre and post training duration. Results: The serum chemerin levels were significantly decreased from 218.7 ± 7.6 to 190.3 ± 9.2 ng/mL (P<0.01) after training program. Weight and BMI, also, in exercise group was significantly decreased in compare with control after 8 weeks of exercise. Conclusions: Rhythmically exercise training were found to improve the serum chemerin levels and some components of body composition; thus, it could be effective in preventing obesity-related diseases and enhancing body composition of middle aged overweight women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Comparison the effect of 8 weeks endurance versus resistance exercise on sdLDL concentration in military men
Nooshin Khajeian Hamid Reza Nayeri khoob

Introduction: Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL) is an emerging biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease and several comorbidities. The effects of aerobic versus resistance exercise on sdLDL levels are not well known; thus the aim of present More

Introduction: Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL) is an emerging biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease and several comorbidities. The effects of aerobic versus resistance exercise on sdLDL levels are not well known; thus the aim of present study was to investigate effect of 8 weeks aerobic vs. resistance exercise on sdLDL concentration in military men. Material & Methods: Twenty two military men volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into endurance (n=11) or resistance (n=11) exercise group randomly. The subjects in the endurance exercise group were performed 8 weeks aerobic exercise with 60 to 75% of their hear rate reserve 3 days a week, while the subjects in resistance exercise group were performed resistance training consisted of eight exercises (chest press, triceps extension, latissimus pull down, shoulder press, arm curls, leg extension, leg curls, and curl-up) of 6-12 maximal repetitions with 3 sets at 65-80% of 1RM for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 48h after the last session of exercise. Results: The results showed that sdLDL, TC, TG and LDL decreased and HDL increased only after endurance training. Data also revealed that there were significant differences in changes of sdLDL, TC, LDL and HDL concentration between endurance and resistance exercise. Conclusions: The results suggest endurance exercise is better than resistance exercise to reduce sdLDL, TC, LDL and increase HDL concentration in the military men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Comparison of L-FABP concentration in obese and lean men after one bout intensive aerobic exercise
Afsaneh Khazari Ahmad Ahmadlu

Introduction: Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-AFBP) is a novel biomarker of liver disease. Liver enzymes levels are higher in the obese than the lean people; however the effect of intensive aerobic exercise (IAE) on liver enzymes in the obese and the lean people not More

Introduction: Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-AFBP) is a novel biomarker of liver disease. Liver enzymes levels are higher in the obese than the lean people; however the effect of intensive aerobic exercise (IAE) on liver enzymes in the obese and the lean people not well known. Thus the aim of the present study was to comparison of L-FABP concentration in the obese and lean men after one bout IAE. Material & Methods: Nine sedentary obese men (BMI: 33.7 ± 2.1 kg/m2; ± SD) and nine sedentary lean men (BMI: 17.6 ± 1.6 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. All the subjects were performed the Bruce test as the intensive aerobic exercise. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the IAE. Results: The results showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was higher in obese group than the lean group at the baseline (P<0.05). L-AFBP decreased and ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased after the IAE in the both groups (P<0.05). By comparison, the results indicated that the increase of ALT was higher in the obese group than the lean group (P<0.05); however, for L-AFBP and AST no significant differences were observed between two groups. Conclusions: One bout IAE increases AST and ALT and decreases L-AFBP in the obese men same as lean men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Effect of endurance, resistance and combined trainings on glycemic control and lipid profile of type2 diabetic patients
Farzad Khosravi Zahra Rahimi

Introduction:Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The aim of study was to determine the effect of endur More

Introduction:Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The aim of study was to determine the effect of endurance, resistance and combined trainings on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Material & Methods: Subjects selected between diabetic clinic patients of Valliasr hospital of Fasa and members of Fasa diabetic association. 40 patients with necessary conditions (medical history) are selected by physician and randomly divided to equal 4 groups: endurance, resistance, combined and control. Patients both received own medications (consuming pills & diet) and did trainings program in 8 weeks (3 sections per week) under trainer consideration. Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL, HDL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),insulin, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin resistance were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results indicated that insulin concentration and HbA1c decreases and HDL increases after resistance training (p <0.05). Combined trainings reduced insulin and TC concentration and increased HDL level in compare to the control group (p <0.05). Any changes in lipid profile and glycemic control were observed after the endurance training. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that resistance and combined training improve insulin concentration and lipid profiles rather than endurance training in type 2 diabetic patients. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Effects of 8 weeks combined resistance and endurance training on A-FABP in obese middle age men
Ehsan Bahrami Abdehgah Najmeh Abdollahpur Fariba Hosseini

Introduction: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is a plasma biomarker recently associated with obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Exercise training may effective to improved type 2 diabetes by decreases A-FABP concentrations; therefore the aim More

Introduction: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is a plasma biomarker recently associated with obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Exercise training may effective to improved type 2 diabetes by decreases A-FABP concentrations; therefore the aim of this study was to investigate A-FABP concentrations in middle-aged men after 8 weeks combined resistance and endurance training. Material & Methods: Twenty two sedentary obese middle-aged men (aged: 46.7 ± 2.4 years and body mass index (BMI): 32.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=11) or control group (n=11). The training group was performed combined resistance and endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that the body weight, body mass index and body fat percent were decreased in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). After 8 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the A-FABP and fasting glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance in compared with the control group. Conclusions: The results suggest combined resistance and endurance training decreases A-FABP concentrations and enhanced insulin resistance in obese middle-aged men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Effects of Heavy Duty versus traditional resistance training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area
Javad Mokaram Bakhtajerdi Mehrzad Moghadasi

Introduction: Heavy Duty resistance training (HD) is a new method that might improve muscle strength and hypertrophy. The effect of this method on thigh muscle hypertrophy is not well-known. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of HD versus tradit More

Introduction: Heavy Duty resistance training (HD) is a new method that might improve muscle strength and hypertrophy. The effect of this method on thigh muscle hypertrophy is not well-known. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of HD versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Material & Methods: Twenty untrained healthy men (age: 25.6 ± 2.0 mean ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into HD group (n=10) or TRT group (n=10) randomly. The subjects in HD and TRT executed five resistance exercises selected to stress the thigh muscle groups in the following order: leg press, squat, leg extension, prone leg curl, and dead lift. HD and TRT consisted of 50-60 min of station weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks. TRT training was performed in 5 stations and included 4 sets with 6-12 maximal repetitions at 70-80% of 1-RM in each station with 2-3 minute of rest. HD training was performed in 5 stations and included 4 sets with 6-10 maximal repetitions at 70% of 1-RM in each station with 10 second of rest. Thigh muscle CSA and grow hormone (GH) were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that maximum strength in each station was increased after HD and TRT (P<0.05). Thigh muscle CSA also was increased after HD and TRT; however the increase in thigh muscle CSA was higher in HD than TRT. For GH no significant differences were observed after the HD and TRT methods. Conclusions: In summary, HD method is better than TRT method for thigh muscle CSA however no significant differences were found for GH level after these resistance training methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Effect of 8 weeks selected Spark Motor Program on brain derived neurotrophic factor in intellectually disabled educable boys
Hamid Arvin Latifeh Tavakol

Introduction: Intellectually disabled is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a key neurotrophin regulating synaptic plasticity, n More

Introduction: Intellectually disabled is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a key neurotrophin regulating synaptic plasticity, neuronal differentiation and survival. The effect of exercise training on BDNF in intellectually disabled educable children is not well known. Thus the present study was conducted to examine the effect of 8 weeks selected Spark Motor Program on BDNF in intellectually disabled educable boys. Material & Methods: Twenty intellectually disabled educable boys participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were divided into experimental group (n=10) or control group (n=10) randomly. The experimental group was performed selected Spark Motor Program 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that BDNF had not significant change after 8 weeks selected Spark Motor Program. Conclusions: In summary, Spark Motor Program that selected in this study had not significant effect on BDNF in intellectually disabled educable boys. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Effect of aerobic exercise on dehydroepianderestrone and cortisol in in female patients with multiple sclerosis
Fatemeh Zare

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks aerobic training on dehydroepianderestrone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol in female patients with multiple sclerosis disease. Material & Methods: Twenty seven women with MS disease in a range o More

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks aerobic training on dehydroepianderestrone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol in female patients with multiple sclerosis disease. Material & Methods: Twenty seven women with MS disease in a range of 20-47 year of old and EDSS lower than 5.5 participated in this study as the subject. Subjects were divided into control group (n=14) or training group (n=13) randomly. The training group performed aerobic training program, 3 days a week for 8 weeks according to 55-60 percentage of VO2max. The control group was in absolute rest at the same time. Serum level of DHEA-S and cortisol were measured by ELISA kits before and after training. Results: The results showed that cortisol and DHEA-S concentrations did not change significantly after the intervention. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggest aerobic training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study had not effects on cortisol and DHEA-S levels in female patients with MS. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Comparison the effect of short vs. long rest period between the sets in resistance training on testosterone to cortisol ratio
Tanaz Abbasi Mehrzad Moghadasi

Introduction: There is a little information about the effect of rest period length on hormonal adaptation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short vs. long rest period between the sets in resistance training on testosterone to cortisol ratio (Ts More

Introduction: There is a little information about the effect of rest period length on hormonal adaptation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short vs. long rest period between the sets in resistance training on testosterone to cortisol ratio (Ts /‪ Co ratio). Material & Methods: Sixteen experienced, weight trained men volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a short (30 second; P30) or long (120 second; P120) rest period group. During the first 2 weeks of training, 3 sets of 10-12 repetition maximum (RM) with 120 second rest intervals between sets and exercises (hamstring with machine, squat, dead lift and leg press) were performed by both groups. During the next 6 weeks of training, the P120 group trained using 120 second between sets and exercises (4 sets of 8-10RM), and the P30 group trained using 30 second between sets and exercises as the 6 weeks of training progressed (4 sets of 8-10RM). Blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 30 min after the last session of training for measurement serum Ts and Co concentrations. Results: The results indicated that Ts /‪ Co ratio had tendency to increase immediately after last session of resistance training in P30 and P120 group however no significant differences were observed between these groups. The Ts /‪ Co ratio at post exercise was higher but not significance in the P120 in compare to the P30. Conclusion: Our results suggested that there is no significant difference in Ts /‪ Co ratio after short or long rest period between the sets in resistance training. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Effects of different modes of training on ghrelin concentration in normal-weight middle-age women
Mohsen Salesi Faegheh Dehganipour

Introduction:Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide that stimulates appetite and playing a key role in short-term energy homeostasis. There is a strong correlation between increases in circulating ghrelin with weight loss and changes in ghrelin are related to changes in energ More

Introduction:Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide that stimulates appetite and playing a key role in short-term energy homeostasis. There is a strong correlation between increases in circulating ghrelin with weight loss and changes in ghrelin are related to changes in energy availability, include food intake and exercise expenditure. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of continuous and discontinuous training on ghrelin concentration of non-athlete, middle-age woman. Material & methods:Forty five middle-aged, non-athlete women voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were divided randomly to three groups including: continuous, discontinuous and control group (each group 15). One day before the beginning of training program, the blood sample were taken in fasting state .The two training groups participated in sport activities for eight weeks, three times a week with 50-70 heart rate/min for duration 60-90 minutes .The training program of continuous group were performed in one session and the program of discontinuous group were performed in two sessions with same time and intensity. 24 hours following the end of the 8th week, all the measurements were performed similar to the pretest phase. The data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance. Results:The fasting ghrelin concentration significantly increased in both exercise groups in compare with control group (P<0.001). Weight, also, in discontinuous group was significantly decreased in compare with control following 8 weeks of exercise training (P<0.05). Conclusions:Regular exercise training was found to improve the serum ghrelin concentration and some components of body composition in non-athlete, middle-age women; thus, it seems that this type of training can be efficient, safe and inexpensive way in order to health care of middle aged women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Effect of vitamin E supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness in young men
Mostafa Kashef

Introduction: It has been hypothesized that markers of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by eccentric training could be decreased by supplementing subjects with vitamin E. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplementatio More

Introduction: It has been hypothesized that markers of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by eccentric training could be decreased by supplementing subjects with vitamin E. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on DOMS indexes. Material & Methods: Twenty healthy male age 19 to 27 years participated as subjects in this study. The subjects were assigned to either a supplemental (400 IU of vitamin E per day for one month; n=10 and 22.4 ± 2.5 years of age) or a placebo group (n=10 and 22.7 ± 2.7 years of age) using a double-blind research design. peak power (PP) of Lower body, perceived pain, serum activity of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and C reactive protein (CRP) were taken before, immediately and 48 hours after the eccentric exercise. Results: The results indicated that perceived pain and serum levels of CK and CRP increased and PP of Lower body decreased significantly immediately after eccentric exercise in the both groups and these changes to be continued until 48 h after the intervention. No significant differences were observed between supplemental and placebo group during the study. Conclusion: In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation had no effect in ameliorating markers of DOMS induced by eccentric exercise. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on DOMS induced by eccentric exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Effect of eight weeks high intensity aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein levels in obese middle-aged men
Fariba Hosseini Najmeh Abdollahpur Ehsan Bahrami Abdehgah

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate CRP concentrations in middle-aged men after 8 weeks high intensity aerobic exercise. M More

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate CRP concentrations in middle-aged men after 8 weeks high intensity aerobic exercise. Material & Methods: Twenty two sedentary obese middle-aged men (aged: 46.4 ± 2.3 years and body mass index (BMI): 32.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=11) or control group (n=11). The training group performed high intensity aerobic training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. Results: The results showed that the body weight, BMI, body fat percent and WHR were decreased and VO2max was increased in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). After 8 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant decrease (58.7 %) in the CRP in compared with the control group. Conclusions: The results suggest high intensity aerobic exercise improves body composition and decreases CRP concentrations in obese middle-aged men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - CrossFit training improves blood lipid profile in overweight men: A randomized controlled trial
Amin Moghimi Sarani

Introduction: CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing modes of high-intensity functional training. Exercise training is a useful strategy for controlling blood lipid profile. The effect of CrossFit training on blood lipid profile is not well known. Thus, th More

Introduction: CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing modes of high-intensity functional training. Exercise training is a useful strategy for controlling blood lipid profile. The effect of CrossFit training on blood lipid profile is not well known. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks CrossFit training on blood lipid parameters in overweight men. Material & Methods: Twenty sedentary overweight men (BMI: 28.4 ± 1.4 kg.m-2) participated in this study as the subject. The participants were divided into control (n=10) or CrossFit (n=10) group based on their maximum oxygen uptake randomly. The participants in CrossFit group were performed selected CrossFit training 5 days a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and 48h after the intervention. Results: Date indicated that plasma glucose (96.2±7.1 to 78.5±4.3), total cholesterol (TC) (162.6±11.0 to 139.2±6.3), TG (98.2±33.4 to 58.4±13.4) and LDL (95.2±5.4 to 69.7±.7) were decreased and plasma HDL was increased (40.7±3.4 to 62.8±3.3) after CrossFit training in compare to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Data suggested that CrossFit training is a novel and useful strategy for controlling blood lipid levels and blood glycemia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Mini-Review: Effect of exercise on cortisol synthesis, release, metabolism, and clearance
Majid Mufaqam Syed-Abdul

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, synthesized in response to the action of adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (ACTH) on adrenal glands (AG) and released from zona fasciculata. Increased cortisol is associated with psychological and physical stress. Several strategies hav More

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, synthesized in response to the action of adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (ACTH) on adrenal glands (AG) and released from zona fasciculata. Increased cortisol is associated with psychological and physical stress. Several strategies have been used in the past to overcome stress in an athletic and healthy population. Among these strategies, exercise has been shown to beneficial for the management of stress. However, it is unknown if these benefits are due to the direct effect of exercise on cortisol levels. In this brief review, we have outlined the benefits of exercise and how exercise in previous literature has shown to affect cortisol levels in two ways. First, by directly activating the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA) and second, by releasing ACTH which acts on AG and stimulates the release of cortisol. This mini-review will discuss the effects of type of exercise (aerobic and resistance) on cortisol synthesis and release, metabolism, and clearance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Comparison of contrast water immersion, active recovery and passive recovery on blood lactate and CRP levels in table tennis players
Miad Mokayef Parisa Shahini

Introduction: The benefits of rapid recovery after intense exercise are widely recognized, and lactate elimination and inflammation reducing are the main indicators of recovery rate. The effects of water immersion on lactate elimination and C-reactive protein (CRP) not More

Introduction: The benefits of rapid recovery after intense exercise are widely recognized, and lactate elimination and inflammation reducing are the main indicators of recovery rate. The effects of water immersion on lactate elimination and C-reactive protein (CRP) not well known, thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of contrast water immersion, active recovery and passive recovery on blood lactate and CRP levels in table tennis players. Material & Methods: This semi-experimental study was assigned to 30 male table tennis athletes who were divided into three groups of 10 as follows: the passive recovery, active recovery and contrast water immersion (alternating hot (38ᴼC) and cold (12ᴼC)) groups. All of the subjects undertook the Bruce test protocol and blood lactate and CRP levels were measured before and immediately after the intense exercise and after 15 min of recovery. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA test showed that the blood lactate and CRP levels increased immediately after the intense exercise in all three groups (P<0.05). Blood lactate and CRP levels decreased after 15 min passive recovery, active recovery and contrast water immersion compare to after the intense exercise (P<0.05). Bonferroni Post hoc test indicates that blood lactate levels were lower after the contrast water immersion than the passive recovery and active recovery (P<0.05); however for CRP, no significant differences were observed between three types of recovery. Conclusions: It can be concluded that contrast water immersion is better than passive and active recovery for blood lactate elimination in table tennis players after intensive exercise; however all of these strategies are well for CRP reducing after intensive exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - Brain derived neurotrophic factor of adolescents not improved after 8 weeks resistance training
Fatemeh Dalaeli Rahim Shirazi-nezhad

Introduction: Although the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health are well known, recent evidence demonstrated that exercise may promote brain health by increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); however it is still unclear. The purpose of this More

Introduction: Although the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health are well known, recent evidence demonstrated that exercise may promote brain health by increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); however it is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks resistance training on serum BDNF levels in adolescents. Material & Methods: Twenty four adolescents (age, 16 to 18 years) were randomly assigned to one of the training group (n=12) or control group (n=12). The training group was performed resistance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks in 2-3 sets with 12-15 maximal repetitions at 60-75% of 1-RM in each station. Biochemical parameters were measured before and 48h after the last session of training. Results: The results indicated that body fat percent decreased after 8 weeks resistance training (P<0.05); however, serum BDNF had no significant changes after the intervention. Conclusions: Serum BDNF level was not affected by 8 weeks resistance training in the adolescents. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - Effects of resistance training on insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in male patients with type 2 diabetes
Latifeh Tavakol Mohadeseh Nematolahzadeh Mahani

Introduction: Physical activity improves the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy individuals, but the effect on pancreatic β cell function is unknown. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks res More

Introduction: Physical activity improves the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy individuals, but the effect on pancreatic β cell function is unknown. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in male patients with T2D. Material & Methods: Seventeen obese/overweight men (age: 53.1 ± 11.0 years and BMI: 27.0 ± 2.8 Kg/m2 mean± SD) with T2D participated as the subject. The subjects were randomly assign to control group (n=8) or the resistance training group (n=9). Subjects executed six resistance exercises selected to stress the major muscle groups in the following order: chest press, shoulder press, latissimus pull down, leg extension, leg curls and leg press. Resistance training consisted of 40-50 min of station weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks. This training was performed in 6 stations and included 3 sets with 8-10 maximal repetitions at 70-80% of 1-RM in each station. Results: The data indicated that fasting glucose (from 162.5 ± 27.8 to 116.7 ± 34.9 mg/dl; P=0.04), fasting insulin (from 6.6 ± 1.2 to 4.8 ± 1.6 IU/ml; P=0.03) and insulin resistance index (from 2.6 ± 0.7 to 1.4 ± 0.4; P=0.03) were decrease and pancreatic β-cells function (from 25.4 ± 7.8 to 42.6 ± 20.6; P=0.04) was increased significantly in the training group compare to the control group. Conclusion: In summary, it seems that resistance training utilized in this study improves pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in male patients with T2D. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - Effect of cold water immersion on exercise induced-inflammation
Reza Behbodfard Gholam Ali Nasiri

Introduction: Immersion in cold water has been used as a therapeutic treatment for restoring physical activity and mental health. The effect of this method on reduction of exercise induced-inflammation is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effe More

Introduction: Immersion in cold water has been used as a therapeutic treatment for restoring physical activity and mental health. The effect of this method on reduction of exercise induced-inflammation is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion on CRP levels after an exhaustive aerobic training. Material & Methods: 20 male table tennis athletes were participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects were divided into the passive recovery (n=10) or cold water immersion (n=10) groups. All the subjects were performed the Bruce test protocol as the exhaustive aerobic training. Blood CRP was measured at three times: before and immediately after the exhaustive aerobic training and after the recovery strategies. Results: The results showed that the CRP levels increased immediately after the exhaustive aerobic training in the two groups (P<0.05). Blood CRP levels decreased after 15 min passive recovery and cold water immersion compare to after the exhaustive aerobic training (P<0.05). Bonferroni Post hoc test indicates that no significant differences were observed between two types of recovery. Conclusions: The results suggested that no significant differences are exist between the passive recovery and cold water immersion on reduction of exercise-induce inflammation; thus these two strategies are well for CRP reduction after intensive exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Effects of eight weeks of aerobic activity with omega-3s on the ghrelin and insulin hormones and body weight in men
Eskandar Rahimi Younes Khademi

Introduction: The normal amount of the hormones ghrelin and insulin play an important role in energy balance, regulation of weight, and prevention of type 2diabetes.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic activity on hormones ghrelin an More

Introduction: The normal amount of the hormones ghrelin and insulin play an important role in energy balance, regulation of weight, and prevention of type 2diabetes.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic activity on hormones ghrelin and insulin and weight in men. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 80 young men with an average age of 24.25±1.73 years, weight 74.23 were divided into four groups, Exercise – supplementation (ES), exercise (E), supplementation (S) and control groups (C). The subjects of the ES and E groups participated in an aerobic exercise program with an intensity of 65-75% of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) for 3 sessions per week and for 8 weeks. Subjects in the ES and S group was given 21 omega-3 capsules (one gram each capsule) each week to take 3 times a day after each main meal for 8 weeks. At baseline and at the end of 8 weeks, the levels of the hormones ghrelin and insulin were measured by blood samples by ELISA method and also weight was measure. Results: The results of the analysis of variance test showed that after 8 weeks, the total amount of ghrelin and insulin respectively, in the ES groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.001), E (p = 0.001, p = 0.001) and S (p = 0.045, p = 0.016) increased and decreased significantly. There was no change in the levels of ghrelin and insulin in the control group (p = 0.621). Also weight in the ES group (p =0.005), E (p = 032) and S (p = 0.034) decreased significantly. No change was observed in C group. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was found that physical exercise alone and physical exercise along with omega-3 supplementation cause significant changes in the levels of ghrelin and insulin hormones and weight in young men. These changes may help control and prevent diabetes and its complications. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids profile and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes
Rasul Azizi Amin Mohammadi Domieh

Aim: Lipid abnormalities significantly contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other morbidity in diabetics. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on lipid profile and insulin resistance in patients with ty More

Aim: Lipid abnormalities significantly contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other morbidity in diabetics. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on lipid profile and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material & Methods: Twenty four middle-aged men (age, 40 -50 years, 44.0 ± 2.3 mean ± SD) with type 2 diabetes participated as the subject. The subjects were randomly assign to control group (n=12) or the training group (n=12). The subjects in the training group performed 35 to 50 min aerobic training on bicycle ergometer with 40-55% of their heart rate reserve (HRR), 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the control group were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity throughout the study. Results: The results indicated blood lipid profile improved in the training group. The results also revealed that fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decrease in the training group compare to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: In summary, it seems that aerobic training utilized in this study improves blood lipid profile and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

53 - Effect of a session training on serum concentration of immunoglobulin A, cortisol and lipoprotein in the morning and the afternoon in elite male Taekwondo
Mohammad Hassan Boostani Mohammad Ali Boostani Fateme Khodaie Khodaie

Introduction: Studies show that our body follows a daily cycle so-called circadian rhythm which affects a large number of physiological and psychological actions such as body temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone secretion and athletic performance. The purpos More

Introduction: Studies show that our body follows a daily cycle so-called circadian rhythm which affects a large number of physiological and psychological actions such as body temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone secretion and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a training session on serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, cortisol and lipoprotein at different hours of the day in elite male Taekwondo athletes. Material & Methods: Twenty eight elite male sport of Taekwondo athletes with 23.7±2.7 years old and 10.2±5.4 years experience in sports were divided into two groups as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=14) randomly. The experimental group did a steady training program for 60 min corresponded with 70-90 percentage of their heart rate reserve at 08:00 A.M and 08:00 P.M in two different days. The control group rested at the same time and place. Blood samples were collected before and after training. Results: Serum cortisol concentrations before and after training was higher in the morning significantly (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference between serum immunoglobulin A concentrations before training in the morning and at the afternoon. Serum cholesterol concentrations after the training in the afternoon were lower than after exercise in the morning significantly (P<0.05), serum HDL concentrations in the morning were higher than in the afternoon (P<0.05), serum vLDL and TG concentrations were higher in the afternoon than the morning (P<0.05). Conclusions: Results show that a training session is effective on concentrations of serum lipids and lipoproteins and is associated with circadian changes in some of factors, so that a training session in the morning was leading to increased in serum cortisol concentrations of the elite Taekwondo athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

54 - Effect of aerobic training intensity on irisin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Sahar Heidari Mehrzad Moghadasi

Aim: Irisin is a recently identified exercise-induced hormone that increases energy expenditure. The effect of chronic aerobic training intensity on irisin concentration is not well known. Thus, we examine the effect of aerobic training intensity on irisin in streptozot More

Aim: Irisin is a recently identified exercise-induced hormone that increases energy expenditure. The effect of chronic aerobic training intensity on irisin concentration is not well known. Thus, we examine the effect of aerobic training intensity on irisin in streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic Wistar rats. Material & Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=8 in each group): control group (CON), diabetes group (D), diabetes and moderate-intensity exercise group (D + ME; running speed was set at 10-17 m.min-1), and diabetes and high-intensity exercise group (D + HE; running speed was set at 17-28 m.min-1). The rats in the exercise groups were made to run on the treadmill for 30 min per one day, 3 times a week, during 8 weeks. Results: The results indicated that serum irisin concentration was higher in the D + HE group than CON, D and D + ME groups (P<0.05) and no significant differences were observed between CON group and D + ME group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that that exercise intensity has an effect on exercise-induced irisin responses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - Exercise induced-changes in growth hormone in hypo and hyperglycemia conditions
Mehdi Freshteh Hekmat Mohadeseh Nematolahzadeh Mahani

Introduction: Fasting stimulates, whereas glucose suppresses growth hormone (GH) secretion, but the effect of doing exercise in hypo or hyper condition on GH concentration is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine exercise induced-changes in GH in hy More

Introduction: Fasting stimulates, whereas glucose suppresses growth hormone (GH) secretion, but the effect of doing exercise in hypo or hyper condition on GH concentration is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine exercise induced-changes in GH in hypo and hyperglycemia conditions. Material & Methods: Eleven non-athletes healthy men (aged: 21.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass index (BMI): 22.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were participated in this study as the subject. At the first week, the subjects were consumed 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water 30 min prior to exercise (hyperglycemia condition) and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 60 min. Glucose and GH levels were measured at baseline, immediately and 30 min after the exercise. After a week, the subjects were performed the same exercise after at least 14 h of fasting (hypoglycemia condition) and glucose and GH levels were measured at the same times of the first week. Results: The results showed that glucose level had not significant changes in response to exercise at the hypoglycemia condition but it was decreased significantly immediately after the exercise at the hyperglycemia condition and it was lower than the baseline until 30 min after the exercise. Repeated measures of ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences in the GH concentration in the hypo and hyperglycemia conditions at the baseline. The results revealed that GH concentration was increased significantly immediately after the exercise at the hypo and hyperglycemia conditions and the increases of the GH was higher in the hypoglycemia condition in compare to the hyperglycemia condition (P<0.05). GH concentration was returned to the baseline levels 30 min after the exercise at the hypo and hyperglycemia conditions. Conclusions: In conclusion, it seems that exercise induced-GH is higher in hypoglycemia condition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Eight weeks resistance training reduces interlukin-17 in women with multiple sclerosis
Amir Rahimi

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks resistance training on interlukin-17 (IL-17) in women with MS. Material & Methods: More

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks resistance training on interlukin-17 (IL-17) in women with MS. Material & Methods: Twenty seven women with MS disease in a range of 18-48 year of old and EDSS lower than 4.5 participated in this study as the subject. Subjects were divided into control group (n=13) or training group (n=14) randomly. The training group performed progressive resistance training program, 3 days a week for 8 weeks, whereas control group continued their usual routine activities. Serum level of IL-17 was measured by ELISA kits before and after training. Results: The disability score and IL-17 were significantly decreased from 1.8 to 1.3 and from 716.3 to 601.3 pg/ml respectively in test MS subjects after 8 weeks resistance training. Conclusions: In summary, the results suggest that resistance training has useful anti-inflammatory effects by decrease in serum IL-17 production in women with MS. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - Effect of 8 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercise on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in female athletes
Roya Zare Mehrjardi

Introduction: The effects of exercise training on serum BDNF is still unclear, thus the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum BDNF levels in female athletes. Material & Methods: Twenty female karate More

Introduction: The effects of exercise training on serum BDNF is still unclear, thus the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum BDNF levels in female athletes. Material & Methods: Twenty female karate athletics were randomly assigned to one of the exercise group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The training group performed endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 50-60% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. Results: Body mass and BMI increased (P<0.05) after 8 weeks aerobic exercise compared to the control group. For WHR, body fat percentage and maximal oxygen consumption there were no significant differences between the exercise group and the control group. There were virtually no changes in body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and BDNF levels after 8 weeks training. Conclusions: Serum BDNF level was not affected by 8-week moderate intensity aerobic exercise in female athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - The effect of eight-week Pilates exercise on the thyroid function in sedentary women
Mohammad Reza Mehravar

Introduction: Physical activity and exercise influences energy metabolism in human subjects by increasing activity-induced energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate for several hours after exercise. The effect of Pilates exercise on thyroid function is not well know More

Introduction: Physical activity and exercise influences energy metabolism in human subjects by increasing activity-induced energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate for several hours after exercise. The effect of Pilates exercise on thyroid function is not well known. Thus the purpose of present study was to examine the effect of eight-week Pilates exercise on triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in sedentary women. Material & Methods: Twenty two sedentary women aged between 25 to 40 years old participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were divided into Pilates group (n=11) or control group (n=11) randomly. The subjects in the Pilates group performed 60 min Pilates exercise, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Body composition parameters, T3, T4 and TSH concentrations were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed body fat percent was reduced after Pilates exercise (P<0.05), however for T3, T4, TSH concentrations no significant changes were observed. Conclusions: In summary, the results suggest Pilates exercise utilized in this study had not significant effect on thyroid function in sedentary women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - Effect of 8 weeks regular endurance training on galectin-3 changes after a strenuous aerobic exercise
Nooshin Khajeian Mehrzad Moghadasi

Introduction: Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a member of the lectin family that is associate with heart failure, including myofibroblast proliferation, fibrogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. Although gal-3 increases after high intensity exercise, More

Introduction: Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a member of the lectin family that is associate with heart failure, including myofibroblast proliferation, fibrogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. Although gal-3 increases after high intensity exercise, regular training may attenuate these conditions. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks regular endurance training on galectin-3 changes after a strenuous aerobic exercise. Material & Methods: Elevenhealthy young men (aged: 20.8 ± 1.8 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. All the subjects were performed Repeated High-Intensity Endurance Test (RHIET) as a strenuous aerobic exercise. Thereafter, the subjects were performed endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 60-75% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 30-45 min. After the 8 weeks intervention, the RHIET was performed a gain. Blood samples were taken at baseline (1st step), immediately after the RHIET (2nd step), 48h after 8 weeks intervention (3rd step) and immediately after the second RHIET (4th step). Results: The results showed that gal-3 level was increased after the first strenuous aerobic exercise (P<0.05). After 8 weeks exercise training, gal-3 was decreased compared to 2nd step of blood sampling (P<0.05) and no significant change was observed in gal-3 in this step compare to the baseline. The results indicated that gal-3 level was lower after the second strenuous aerobic exercise than compare to the after the first strenuous aerobic exercise (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest regular endurance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study, attenuate gal-3 changes after single session of strenuous aerobic exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - Effects of lifestyle activity modification on insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in obese men with insulin resistance
Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh mahani Jalil Ghasemian poor

Introduction: Pancreatic β-cells function and insulin sensitivity resistance were impaired in type 2 diabetes. The effect of lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on these parameters is unclear. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks LAM on p More

Introduction: Pancreatic β-cells function and insulin sensitivity resistance were impaired in type 2 diabetes. The effect of lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on these parameters is unclear. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks LAM on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in middle aged men with insulin resistance. Material & Methods: Sixteen obese and overweight middle aged men (age, 35-50 years) with insulin resistance participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to LAM group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in LAM group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine. Results: The results indicated that fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decreased and pancreatic β-cells function increased significantly after the intervention. Conclusion: In summary, it seems that LAM improves insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in obese men with insulin resistance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - Effect of 8 weeks resistance training on renal function in type2 diabetic men
Azita Eslami

Introduction: Exercise is recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes, but its effects on diabetic nephropathy are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on renal function in type2 diabetic men. Material & More

Introduction: Exercise is recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes, but its effects on diabetic nephropathy are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on renal function in type2 diabetic men. Material & Methods: Twenty two type 2 diabetic men (Age: 51.1 ± 10.1 years) participated in this study as the subject. The subject based on their fasting blood glucose were divided into control (n=12) or resistance training (RT) (n=10) group randomly. Subjects in RT group executed six resistance exercises selected to stress the major muscle groups in the following order: chest press, leg extension, shoulder press, leg curls, latissimus pull down and leg press. Resistance training consisted of 50-60 min of weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks. Results: The results indicated that fasting blood glucose was decreased in response to RT compare to the control group (p < 0.05). There was no meaningful difference in fasting insulin, insulin resistance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between control or RT group. Conclusions: RT improves blood glycemia however further studies are needed to determine the effect of these training on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - The Effect of 8-week Resistance Training on Preptin, Irisin and Insulin Resistance in Obese Women
Elham Zaeimifard Sajad Arshadi Abdol Ali Banaeifar Shahram Soheili

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8-week resistance training on irisin, preptin and insulin resistance in obese women.Material & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 obese women aged 30-45 years were selected and rand More

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8-week resistance training on irisin, preptin and insulin resistance in obese women.Material & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 obese women aged 30-45 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of resistance training (n = 10) and control (n = 10). The method of the study was that 24 hours before the beginning of the exercises, the individual characteristics of the subjects and the research variables (insulin resistance, Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)) were measured in the pre-test. Subsequently, the subjects in the resistance training group performed their training program, which was initially 1RM using the Berziki formula. Subjects then began their workouts for 8 weeks, three sessions per week at 40% intensity and 5 repetitions in the first week, and gradually increased intensity to reach 90% at week 8 with 5 repetitions. Paired-sample t-test, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc analysis were used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that resistance training had an effect on the levels of peptin, irisin and insulin resistance in obese women. Resistance training, time, and the interactive effect of exercises and time have an impact on the levels of preptin, irisin, and insulin resistance in obese women( p=0.01). There was also a significant difference between pre-test and post-test on one hand and exercises and no practice on the other(p=0.01)Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it can be suggested that resistance training can be a suitable solution to weight control and obesity and prevent their complications. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - Effects of exercise intensity on RBP4 levels in female athletes
Narges Ahmadi

Introduction: Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been described as an adipokine that contributes to insulin resistance, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on RBP4 levels in female athletes. Mat More

Introduction: Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been described as an adipokine that contributes to insulin resistance, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on RBP4 levels in female athletes. Material & Methods: 30 female karate athletics were randomly assigned to one of the High intensity training group (HIT, n=10), moderate intensity training group (MIT, n=10), or control group (n=10). The HIT training group performed endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. The MIT group performed endurance training at the same days, times and duration at an intensity corresponding to 50-60% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. Results: Body mass and BMI increased (P<0.05) after 8 weeks HIT and MIT compared to the control group. For body fat percentage and maximal oxygen consumption there were no significant differences between the exercise groups and the control group. There were virtually no changes in body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and RBP4 levels after 8 weeks HIT and MIT. Conclusions: Serum RBP4 levels were not affected by 8 weeks HIT and MIT in female athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - Resistance training improves primary dysmenorrhea symptoms in young girls: A randomized controlled trial
Roghayeh Moradpour

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as difficulty in menstrual flow in the absence of any pelvic pathology. It is the most common gynaecological problem among adolescent females. The effects of resistance training (RT) on primary dysmenorrhea are not well know More

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as difficulty in menstrual flow in the absence of any pelvic pathology. It is the most common gynaecological problem among adolescent females. The effects of resistance training (RT) on primary dysmenorrhea are not well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of RT on primary dysmenorrhea in young girls. Material & Methods: The present quasi experimental study included 20 girls of age 20-23 years with primary dysmenorrheal were selected from Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University. The subjects were randomly divided into experimental group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The RT program was composed of exercises for different body segments (trunk, upper and lower limbs) that were performed with 10-12 maximal repetitions at 30-65% of 1-RM. The RT consisted of 50-60 min of circuit weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks. Moo’s Menstrual Distress Questionnaire was used to evaluate psychological and physical symptoms of dysmenorrheal. Estrogen and progesterone levels and psychological and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea were measured before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used to compute changes in the variables before and after the intervention. Results: Physical premenstrual symptoms were significantly reduced (11.0 ± 5.1 vs. 6.6 ± 3.9; P = 0.001) while estrogen (6.0 ± 4.6 vs. 8.2 ± 5.7 ng/ml; P = 0.012) and progesterone levels (6.6 ± 2.8 vs. 8.0 ± 5.2 ng/ml; P = 0.017) were significantly increased after the intervention compare to the control group. For psychological premenstrual symptoms (10.4 ± 6.4 vs. 10.4 ± 5.1; P = 0.13) no significant changes were observed in response to 8 weeks of RT. Conclusions: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common complaint among young women. RT seems to be a practical method for reducing primary dysmenorrhea. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - Effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on immune responses to a competition bout of sanda
Hamid Sadeghi

Introduction: Sanda is a modern unarmed combat sport that developed from traditional wushu techniques, and primarily makes use of punching, kicking, throwing, wrestling and defensive techniques. The effects of antioxidant supplements on immune responses to this sport ar More

Introduction: Sanda is a modern unarmed combat sport that developed from traditional wushu techniques, and primarily makes use of punching, kicking, throwing, wrestling and defensive techniques. The effects of antioxidant supplements on immune responses to this sport are unclear; thus the aim of present study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on immune responses to a competition bout of sanda. Material & Methods: Eighteen elite sanda athletes were assigned either an experimental (200 mg of vitamin C and 400 IU of vitamin E; n=9) or a placebo group (Same dosage of juice powder; n=9) using a double-blind research design. Experimental group received the antioxidant supplements for a week before the competition. Thereafter, athletes in each weight categories competed together according with the rules of International Wushu Federation (IWUF) 2016. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the competition. Results: The data revealed that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were lower significantly in the experimental group than the placebo group (1.1 ± 0.6 vs. 1.6 ± 0.9 pg/dl; P = 0.001). For white blood cells (WBC, 8777.7 ± 100.5 vs. 9466.6 ± 972.1 n/mm3; P = 0.4), neutrophils (50.7 ± 6.4% vs. 49.0 ± 7.8%; P = 0.4), monocytes (3.2 ± 1.6% vs. 3.6 ± 1.6%; P = 0.7), lymphocytes (43.6 ± 7.3% vs. 44.6 ± 7.5%; P = 0.6) and eosinophils (1.4 ± 0.5% vs. 1.6 ± 0.7%; P = 0.6) no significant differences were observed between the experimental and the placebo group. Conclusions: According to the study results, vitamin C and E supplementation may have potential to enhance immune functions in sanda athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - The comparison of glucose and insulin concentration in elite sprint and endurance runners after an exhaustive aerobic exercise
Afshar Abolhassan tash Asghar Nikseresht

Introduction: The aim of present study was to comparison of glucose and insulin concentration in elite sprint and endurance runners after an exhaustive aerobic exercise. Material & Methods: Sixteen elite sprint (n=8; 3.8 ± 1.8 years experience of tournament p More

Introduction: The aim of present study was to comparison of glucose and insulin concentration in elite sprint and endurance runners after an exhaustive aerobic exercise. Material & Methods: Sixteen elite sprint (n=8; 3.8 ± 1.8 years experience of tournament playing, mean ± SD) and endurance (n-8; 6.2 ± 2.3 years experience of tournament playing, mean ± SD) runners volunteered to participate in this study. Blood samples were taken before, immediately, 30 and 120 min after the Bruce test. Glucose solution containing 75 g oral glucose dissolved in 250 ml of water to drink was consumed by subjects after the exercise. Results: The results showed that glucose and insulin level increased 30 and 120 min after the exercise in compare to basal level in both groups (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between the groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, sprint and endurance running have similar effects on glucose and insulin concentration after an exhaustive exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - Plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations in postmenopausal women with breast cancer following aerobic exercise
Mehrzad Moghadasi Reza Nouri Laleh Karami Bonari Shima Gholamalishahi Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh Mahani

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in postmenopausal women. Exercise affects breast cancer risk and outcomes, but little is known about the mechanisms through which this effect may be mediated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect o More

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in postmenopausal women. Exercise affects breast cancer risk and outcomes, but little is known about the mechanisms through which this effect may be mediated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on plasma leptin and adiponectin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Material & Methods: Nineteen postmenopausal women with breast cancer (aged: 55 ± 2.7 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=11) or control group (n=8). Subjects in the experimental group performed 12 weeks of an exercise program which consisted of 25 to 45 minutes of walking with an intensity of 45-65% of target heart rate, three times a week. Results: Body mass and BMI decreased (P<0.05) after 12 weeks exercise training compared to the control group, while no significant change in body fat percent and WHR were found. Plasma leptin decreased (P<0.05) and plasma adiponectin increased (P<0.05) in response to 12 weeks aerobic exercise training compared to the control group, while insulin resistance determined by HOMA-IR did not change in the training group. Conclusions: In summary, 12 weeks aerobic exercise increase plasma adiponectin and decrease plasma leptin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - The effect of an eight-week Pilates exercise regimen on stress management and cortisol levels in sedentary women
Hamideh Ahmadi Mohammad Reza Mehravar

Introduction: The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of eight weeks of Pilates exercise on stress management and cortisol levels in sedentary women. Material & Methods: Twenty-two sedentary women aged between 25 and 40 years old participated in this s More

Introduction: The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of eight weeks of Pilates exercise on stress management and cortisol levels in sedentary women. Material & Methods: Twenty-two sedentary women aged between 25 and 40 years old participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into the Pilates group (n=11) or the control group (n=11). The subjects in the Pilates group performed 60 minutes of Pilates exercise 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Body composition parameters, resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), cortisol levels and perceived stress were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that body fat percentage, cortisol levels, and perceived stress score were reduced after Pilates exercise (p <0.05); however for resting HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) no significant changes were observed. Conclusions: In summary, the results suggest that the Pilates exercise utilized in this study is a useful strategy for stress management in sedentary women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Evaluating the effect of low-intensity eccentric resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on the systematic and genetic indices affecting the activation and proliferation of satellite cells in young non-athlete men
Azam Mousavian Abbas Ali Gaeni Reza Nuri Mohammad Reza Kordi

Introduction: The current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of low-intensity eccentric resistance training combined with and without blood flow restriction (ECCRT with BFR vs. ECCRT without BFR) on some of the systematic and genetic indices affecting the activa More

Introduction: The current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of low-intensity eccentric resistance training combined with and without blood flow restriction (ECCRT with BFR vs. ECCRT without BFR) on some of the systematic and genetic indices affecting the activation and proliferation of satellite cells in young non-athlete men. Materials and Methods: Twenty men with an age range of 25 ± 5 years were randomly divided into two groups of ECCRT with BFR and ECCRT without BFR (each group containing 10 subjects). ECCRT was performed using isokinetic device. It involves about 70 rpt in knee extensor muscles. Restriction was created using an air pressure meter. After local anesthesia through injecting lidocaine 1% and norepinephrine, sampling was performed from lateral broad muscle 48 hours before and 24 hours after the training, and the systematic and genetic indices affecting the activation and proliferation of satellite cells (HGF and Myf5) were examined and compared in two stages of pre-test and post-test in two situations of ECCRT with BFR vs. ECCRT without BFR. Results: The results of this study showed that HGF and Myf5 increased after ECCRT with BFR and ECCRT without BFR (P<0.05) and the increase of HGF and Myf5 was higher after ECCRT with BFR than after ECCRT without BFR (P<0.05). Conclusions: It is recommended for authorities and officials in the sports field to use low-intensity ECCRT with BFR to increase HGF and Myof5. Manuscript profile

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70 - Resistance training improves depression in female patients with multiple sclerosis
Aida Moeini Fariba Alipour Amir Rahimi Marzieh Noruzpour Somayeh Rashidfard

Introduction: Depression may affect up to 50% of the multiple sclerosis (MS) population and can significantly impact other symptoms such as fatigue and pain, as well as negatively affecting cognition and quality of life. Exercise may be a potential treatment to prevent More

Introduction: Depression may affect up to 50% of the multiple sclerosis (MS) population and can significantly impact other symptoms such as fatigue and pain, as well as negatively affecting cognition and quality of life. Exercise may be a potential treatment to prevent or reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with MS, but existing studies do not allow solid conclusions. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of 8 weeks resistance exercise on depression, adrenocotrotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentration in female patients with MS. Material & Methods: 27 women with MS (mean of age of 32.3 ± 6.9 years) with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores lower than 4.5 were randomly assigned to training or control group. The training group performed progressive resistance training program, 3 days a week for 8 weeks, whereas control group continued their usual routine activities. Depression was measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and plasma level of ACTH and cortisol were measured by ELISA kits before and after training. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA. Results: Results of ANCOVA test indicated that BDI score improves after 8 weeks resistance training (F=12.3, P=0.001). ACTH concentrations were increased (F=26.6, P=0.001) and cortisol levels were decreased (F=26.0, P=0.001) significantly after the intervention. Conclusions: These results suggest that resistance training improves depression symptoms and its related hormones in female patients with MS. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - Galectin-3 concentrations in response to an exhaustive aerobic exercise
Mohammad Ghassami Saeid Naraghi

Introduction: Elevated levels of galectin-3 have been found to be significantly associated with higher risk of death in both acute decompensate heart failure and chronic heart failure populations. Although endurance exercise is a crucial element in cardiovascular diseas More

Introduction: Elevated levels of galectin-3 have been found to be significantly associated with higher risk of death in both acute decompensate heart failure and chronic heart failure populations. Although endurance exercise is a crucial element in cardiovascular disease prevention, the relationship between exercise and plasma levels of galectin-3 is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an exhaustive aerobic exercise on galectin-3 levels in healthy males. Material & Methods: Fifteen healthy male (aged: 22.2 ± 2.3 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were performed Bruce protocol as the exhaustive aerobic exercise. The blood sample was taken before and immediately after the completion of the exhaustive aerobic exercise. Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results demonstrated that galectin-3 had no significant changes in response to the exhaustive aerobic exercise (297.6 ± 180.5 vs. 294.9 ± 190.3 pg/ml). No significant correlation was observed between the post-exercise levels of galectin-3 with body mass (r = 0.1, P = 0.7), BMI (r = ‒ 0.1, P = 0.7), body fat percentage (r = 0.06, P = 0.8), WHR (r = 0.02, P = 0.9), or VO2max (r = 0.2, P = 0.4). Conclusions: In conclusion, the exhaustive aerobic exercise had not significant effects on galectin-3 concentrations in healthy individuals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Effect of 8 weeks regular resistance training on attenuation of sdLDL changes after single session of heavy resistance exercise
Hamid Reza Nayeri khoob Mehrzad Moghadasi

Introduction: Although heavy exercise can independently increase free radical production that may enhance the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and create more atherogenic LDL particles such as sdLDL, regular training may attenuate these atherogenic conditions. The aim More

Introduction: Although heavy exercise can independently increase free radical production that may enhance the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and create more atherogenic LDL particles such as sdLDL, regular training may attenuate these atherogenic conditions. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks regular resistance training on attenuation of sdLDL changes after single session of heavy resistance exercise. Material & Methods: Elevenhealthy young men (aged: 26.6 ± 1.5 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. One reparation maximum (1-RM) was measured and the subjects were performed a heavy resistance exercise trial consisted of eight exercises (chest press, triceps extension, latissimus pull down, shoulder press, arm curls, leg extension, leg curls, and curl-up) of 8 repetitions with 3 sets at 80% of 1RM. Thereafter, the subjects were performed the same 8 stations resistance training in 3 sets with 6-12 maximal repetitions. This training was performed 3 days a week with 65-80% of 1-RM, for 8 weeks. After the 8 weeks intervention, the heavy resistance exercise trial was performed a gain. Blood samples were taken at baseline (1st step), immediately after the first heavy resistance exercise trial (2nd step), 48h after 8 weeks intervention (3rd step) and immediately after the second heavy resistance exercise trial (4th step). Results: The results showed that sdLDL level was increased after the first heavy resistance exercise trial (P<0.05). After 8 weeks exercise training, sdLDL was decreased compared to 2nd step of blood sampling (P<0.05) and no significant change was observed in sdLDL in this step compare to the baseline. The results indicated that sdLDL level had not significant change after the second heavy resistance exercise trial compare to the 2nd step of blood sampling. Conclusions: The results suggest regular resistance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study, attenuate sdLDL changes after single session of heavy resistance exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - Effect of home physical exercise on obesity in social isolation period of Corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic, Ethiopia
Tilahun Bereded Shiferaw

Introduction: The purpose of present study was to examine effect of home physical exercise on obesity in social isolation period of corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Material & Methods: In this study, participants were a random sample of 150 actively online More

Introduction: The purpose of present study was to examine effect of home physical exercise on obesity in social isolation period of corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Material & Methods: In this study, participants were a random sample of 150 actively online friends from the entire social medias friends of totaling 200 friends of the researcher. Data were collected in Ethiopia, between April 1 and July 1, 2020. A descriptive statistics was employed. Moreover, a paired sample t-test was used at level of significance set at 0.05 alpha to compare participant obesity before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The results indicated that, before pandemic 78.8 % of participants and during pandemic period 87.9% of participants had normal body weight. But there was variation of BMI. For instance before pandemic there were underweight subjects but during pandemic there was no a single individual in underweight category. The reason was majority participants gained 1-5 kg and some individuals gained 6-10kg of body weight during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the result of paired sample t-test analysis, BMI significantly increased after COVID-19 (P=0.003). Conclusion: Based on the results, 72.8 % participants gained weight during pandemic because people minimized their time to exercise and eating too much without burring calories. Therefore, during COVID-19 pandemic period, people should perform physical exercises regularly at home to avoid excessive body weight. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - Spark Motor Program reduced oxidative stress in boys with Down syndrome
Atefeh Jan Mohammadi Mehrzad Moghadasi

Introduction: Oxidative stress (OS) level is higher in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker for lipid peroxidation and the effect of exercise training on MDA in DS patients is not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the eff More

Introduction: Oxidative stress (OS) level is higher in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker for lipid peroxidation and the effect of exercise training on MDA in DS patients is not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of selected Spark Motor Program on MDA in boys with DS. Material & Methods: Twenty Down syndrome boys aged between 10~14 participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into experimental group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The experimental group was performed selected Spark Motor Program 3 days a week for 8 weeks. MDA concentration was measured before and 48h after the intervention. Results: The results showed that MDA decreased after 8 weeks selected experimental in compare to the control group. Conclusions: In summary, Spark Motor Program that selected in this study decreases MDA of boys with DS. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - Effects physical activity on creatinine, and metabolic syndrome in females with transplanted kidney
Eskandar Rahimi Khatoun Tahmouresi Seyed Ali Hosseini Saman Eskandary

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a significant general disease, which affects a large number of people around the world. Chronic kidney disease is identified by blood test for creatinine, the blood levels of creatinine rises. The one main causes of chronic kidney More

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a significant general disease, which affects a large number of people around the world. Chronic kidney disease is identified by blood test for creatinine, the blood levels of creatinine rises. The one main causes of chronic kidney disease is diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of physical activity on creatinine and metabolic syndrome (Mets) in females with transplanted kidney. Material & Methods: 20 females with transplanted kidney 24.3 ± 2.5 years participated. Subjects were divided into two equal groups. Prior and after study both groups underwent a blood test to check creatinine, Insulin Resistance and metabolic syndrome. The experimental group conducted 8 weeks of submaximal activities and 3 sessions each week. To analyze the data independent and dependent t-test were used. To validate if the data distribution is normal, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized. Results: The results show experimental group had decreased their total cholesterol (TC) (0.026), triglyceride (TG) (0.002), fasting blood Sugar (FBS) (0.026), creatinine (C) (0.043), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (0.02), insulin resistance (IR) (0.044) and increase of high density lipoprotein (HDL) (0.003), Also there were no changes of waist circumference (WC) (0.896) SBP (0.602) and DBP (0.0781) in both groups. Conclusions: According to the results we can express eight weeks of Physical activity has a Decreasing significant effect on C and Mets. So it can be concluded that physical activity is useful for female with KT. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - Exercise induced-changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 following fasting compared to glucose administration
Mehdi Freshteh Hekmat

Introduction: Carbohydrate supplement intake might change exercise induced-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); however it is not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine exercise induced-changes in IGF-1 following fasting compared to glucose admin More

Introduction: Carbohydrate supplement intake might change exercise induced-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); however it is not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine exercise induced-changes in IGF-1 following fasting compared to glucose administration. Material & Methods: Eleven non-athletes healthy men (aged: 21.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass index (BMI): 22.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were participated in this study as the subject. At the first week, the subjects were consumed 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water 30 min prior to exercise (hyperglycemia condition) and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 60 min. Glucose and IGF-1 levels were measured at baseline, immediately and 30 min after the exercise. After a week, the subjects were performed the same exercise after at least 14 h of fasting (hypoglycemia condition) and glucose and IGF-1 levels were measured at the same times of the first week. Results: The results showed that glucose levels were higher in hyperglycemia condition than hypoglycemia condition (P<0.05). Glucose level was decreased by 54.8% after the exercise but it was higher than the baseline until 30 min after the exercise (P<0.05). The results, also indicated that IGF-1 level had no significant changes after the exercise at both of hypo and hyperglycemia conditions and no significant differences were observed during blood sampling between hypo and hyperglycemia conditions. Conclusions: In conclusion, it seems that exercise in hypo or hyperglycemia conditions had no significant effect on IGF-1 levels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - The effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise on troponin T and metallothionein levels of cardiac tissue in healthy male rats
Saeedeh Shadmehri Maryam Shabani Farhad Daryanoosh Mohammad Sherafati Moghadam

Introduction: Cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) is currently considered as an ideal biomarker for the diagnosis of cardiac injury and Metallothionein has a protective effect against oxidative species damage. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of 8 weeks o More

Introduction: Cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) is currently considered as an ideal biomarker for the diagnosis of cardiac injury and Metallothionein has a protective effect against oxidative species damage. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic activity on Troponin T levels and Metallothionein of cardiac tissue in healthy male rats. Material & Methods: In this study, 20 Wistar male rats, aged 2 months with the weighted average of 180 ± 20 g, were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: aerobic exercise (10) and control (10). The exercise group performed physical exercise 5 days a week according to the training program for 8 weeks. During this period, the control group did not exercise at all. After 8 weeks of training, independent t- test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results demonstrated there was no significant difference between the average Troponin T (P=0.77) in the exercise and control groups. No significant difference was also observed between Metallothionein in the training and control groups (P=0.15). Conclusions: It was revealed that the aerobic program used in the present study did not lead to increased cTnT which is indicative of cardiac injury. However, it increased Metallothionein levels (though insignificant) that can be helpful in preventing cardiac injury. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - The Effect of 12-weeks Selected Physical Exercise Alone or Combined with Omega-3 Supplement on Ghrelin and Leptin Levels in Young Non-Athlete Women
Eskandar Rahimi Somayeh Saffari Sarah Hojjati Salman Vojdani Mehdi Noura

Introduction: Ghrelin and leptin hormones are engaged in energy regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical exercise alone or combined with an omega-3 supplement on leptin and ghrelin secretion in healthy young women.Material & Me More

Introduction: Ghrelin and leptin hormones are engaged in energy regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical exercise alone or combined with an omega-3 supplement on leptin and ghrelin secretion in healthy young women.Material & Methods: In this experimental study, sixty non-athlete women (23.38±2.45) were randomly divided into control, exercise, supplement, and exercise-supplement groups. The exercise program consisted of 90-minutes basketball training (with 50-55% maximum heart rate (HRmax) increased gradually to 65-75% HRmax in two last weeks) for 12 weeks (3 days/week). The supplement was a daily intake of an omega 3 soft gel containing 1000 mg Omega 3. A blood sample obtained before and after the interventions assess serum levels of Ghrelin and Leptin hormones by ELISA. The one-way ANOVA and dependent T-test were used to analyze the data. P≤0.05 is considered statically significant.Results: The serum level of leptin and ghrelin hormones significantly reduced and increased, respectively, in post- compared to the pre-experimental period in supplement, exercise, and exercise + supplement groups (p<0.05). Leptin hormone was reduced while ghrelin hormone increased significantly in supplement, exercise, and exercise + supplement groups (p<0.05) compared to the control group in the post-experimental period. There was also a remarkable difference between the supplement group and the exercise +supplement group (p=0.05).Conclusion: Our results suggested that physical activity or omega 3 consumption alone leads to an increase in serum ghrelin hormone and a decrease in serum leptin hormone in young non-athlete women. It seems that a combination of both has synergic effects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - Blood flow restricted resistance exercise induced thigh muscle cross-sectional area rather than traditional resistance exercise
Javad Mokaram Bakhtajerdi Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh mahani

Introduction: Traditionally, resistance exercise stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion and leads to muscle hypertrophy in a load-dependent manner; however, new research demonstrates that blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFR) produces potent GH responses tha More

Introduction: Traditionally, resistance exercise stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion and leads to muscle hypertrophy in a load-dependent manner; however, new research demonstrates that blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFR) produces potent GH responses that are similar to or exceed those produced following high-load resistance exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of BFR resistance exercise versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on GH levels and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Material & Methods: Twenty untrained healthy men volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into BFR resistance exercise group (4 sets with 20-50 % of 1-RM in each station with 30-60 second of rest) or TRT group (4 sets with 6-12 maximal repetitions at 70-80% of 1-RM in each station with 2-3 minute of rest) randomly. All the subjects executed five resistance exercises selected to stress the thigh muscle groups in the following order: leg press, squat, leg extension, prone leg curl, and dead lift. BFR resistance exercise and TRT consisted of 50-60 min of station weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks. Thigh muscle CSA and GH concentration were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that maximum strength in each station was increased after BFR resistance exercise and TRT (P<0.05). Thigh muscle CSA also was increased after BFR resistance exercise and TRT; however the increase in thigh muscle CSA was higher in resistance exercise with BFR than TRT. For GH no significant differences were observed after the BFR resistance exercise and TRT methods. Conclusions: The data suggest that BFR resistance exercise method is a superior method for thigh muscle CSA in compare to the TRT method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

80 - Effect of vitamin C on delayed onset muscle soreness indexes
Shahram Foroohi

Introduction: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of vitamin C on DOMS after an eccentric exercise. Material & Methods: Twent More

Introduction: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of vitamin C on DOMS after an eccentric exercise. Material & Methods: Twenty healthy male age 21 to 24 years participated as subjects in this study. The subjects were assigned to either an experimental (3500 mg of vitamin C; n=10) or a placebo group (Same dosage of juice powder; n=10) using a double-blind research design. Knee range of motion (ROM), perceived pain and serum activity of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C reactive protein (CRP) were taken before, immediately and 48 hours after the eccentric exercise. Results: Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, CRP and pain increased (P<0.05) and knee ROM decreased (P<0.05) in the both groups immediately after the eccentric exercise. The vitamin C supplementation decreased the pain and CRP levels compare to the placebo group at 48 hours after the eccentric exercise (P<0.05) but it has not effective to improve LDH, CK and knee ROM. Conclusion: In conclusion, further studies are needed to examine the effects of vitamin C supplementation on DOMS induced by eccentric exercise. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

81 - Effects of eight weeks aerobic training, resistance training and concurrent training on the metabolic syndrome and HbA1c in men with type 2 diabetes
Saman Eskandary Eskandar Rahimi

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is brought about by either insufficient production of insulin or the inability of the body to respond to the insulin formed within the system. The aim of this study was to exam the influence of 8 weeks of aerob More

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is brought about by either insufficient production of insulin or the inability of the body to respond to the insulin formed within the system. The aim of this study was to exam the influence of 8 weeks of aerobic training, resistance training and concurrent training (combined of aerobic and resistance raining) on the metabolic syndrome, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)) in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Material & Methods:In this semi experimental survey, 40 men diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes at Clinic oil company Sirri Island who had the required qualifications were chosen for the survey and were divided into four groups including aerobic training group (Ag)(n=10), resistance training group (Rg) (n=10) concurrent group (CCg) (n=10) and control group (Cg) (n=10). Aerobic, resistance and concurrent groups performed the exercises for 8 weeks under the supervision of skillful trainers. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the subjects prior to breakfast at the beginning and the end of the study to measure blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1 c (Hb A1C), triglyceride (TG), High density lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL), Low density lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) and insulin resistance (IR). To display central inclination index and distribution indices, descriptive statistics and Wilcoxson non parametric tests were used to examine the data distribution type and to compare the averages of the data prior to/and after the test in each group. Two-way ANOVA test (P<0/05) was used for statistical analyses. Results: There was significant decrease in the level of HbA1c at the end of the study relatively in the CCg, Ag and Rg (p<0.05). IR also was decrease in CCg (P<0.05). FBS were decrease in CCg (P<0.05), however showed an increase in Rg (P<0.05). In all of the training groups TG and LDL levels did not significant changes. HDL in all training groups increased significantly (P˂0.05). The Ag and CCg showed a decrease in WHR relatively (P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, CCg decreased blood Hb A1c level, and resistance training diminished serum LDL levels and elevated the HDL level. Therefore, it appears that different types of exercise may be effective in controlling type 2diabetes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - Immune responses to exercising in a hot environment in soccer players
Koorosh Mardani Mehrzad Moghadasi Eskandar Rahimi

Introduction: Hot temperature and exercise independently lead to metabolic changes in the human body and depress the immune system. Changes on immunoglobulin A (IgA) and cortisol in response to an intensive exercise in hot environment especially in the soccer players ar More

Introduction: Hot temperature and exercise independently lead to metabolic changes in the human body and depress the immune system. Changes on immunoglobulin A (IgA) and cortisol in response to an intensive exercise in hot environment especially in the soccer players are not well known. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an intensive exercise in thermoneutral and hot conditions on salivary IgA (s-IgA) and cortisol concentrations in soccer players. Material & Methods: Twelve elite male soccer players (age, 21 to 34 years) participated in this study as the subject. Total unstimulated saliva samples were collected before, immediately and 30 min after the exercise training in thermoneutral (HT: 20 ○C and 20% RH) and hot environments (HT: 30 ○C and 20% RH). Water was available ad-libitum. Results: s-IgA and cortisol levels were increased after an intensive exercise at both environments and their levels were significantly higher than baseline until 30 min after the exercise (P<0.05). Total protein concentration was increased 30 min after the exercise in the heat (P<0.05), however no significant differences were observed between two occasions. Salivary flow rate was not affected by 2 conditions or differed at any time-point post-exercise. No significant differences were observed in s-IgA and cortisol levels between two environments. Conclusions: In conclusion, enduring hot temperature intensified stressful responses elicited by intensive exercise. This study advocates that hot temperature deteriorates exercise performance under exhaustive stress and effort conditions in soccer players. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

83 - High intensity endurance training improves metabolic syndrome in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh Rahim Shirazi-nezhad

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a defined cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities that increases an individual’s risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks high intensity exercise training on More

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a defined cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities that increases an individual’s risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks high intensity exercise training on MS in men with T2DM. Material & Methods: Sixteen sedentary overweight and obese middle-aged men (aged: 41.18 ± 6.1 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The training group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 45 min. Results: The results showed that waist circumference (WC) as well as triglycerides (TG), blood pressure (BP) and glucose were decreased in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). After 12 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, high intensity endurance training improves metabolic syndrome in men with T2DM. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

84 - Physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A narrative review
Eskandar Rahimi

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease that is brought about by either insufficient production of insulin or the inability of the body to respond to the insulin formed within the system. The prevalence of T2D is increasing worldwide in the 21st century. The main r More

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease that is brought about by either insufficient production of insulin or the inability of the body to respond to the insulin formed within the system. The prevalence of T2D is increasing worldwide in the 21st century. The main reason for the increase is the changes in lifestyle, specifically doing less exercise and consuming excessive calories. Physical activity is an important component of T2D treatment plan, because it improves glycemic control and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Just as the main reason for the increased prevalence of T2D is lifestyle changes, the cornerstones of treatment must also incorporate lifestyle changes to control and reduce the complications of T2D. Physical activity has been recommended as one of the alternatives. This review focuses on the association between physical activity [Aerobic training (AT), Resistance training (RT) and Concurrent training (CT)] and metabolic syndrome. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

85 - The effects of intensive exercise after one night's sleep deprivation on muscle damage indexes in the male runners
Sajad Arshadi Mehdi Noora

Introduction: Sleep is generally considered to be a restorative process, having beneficial effects on physiological functions. Evidence suggests athletes worry about the effects of inadequate sleep on performance. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of i More

Introduction: Sleep is generally considered to be a restorative process, having beneficial effects on physiological functions. Evidence suggests athletes worry about the effects of inadequate sleep on performance. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of intensive exercise after one night's sleep deprivation on muscle damage indexes in the male runners. Material & Methods: Twenty four collegiate male runners in Tehran volunteered to participate in this study as the subject. All the subjects, 72h days before sleep deprivation and after about 8 hours of complete sleep were performed intensive exercise. Three days later, after a 30 hours' sleep deprivation, intensive exercise were performed again. Blood samples were taken before the complete sleep or sleep deprivation and before and after the intensive exercise to measure serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Aspartate transaminase (AST). Results: The results indicated that serum CK, LDH and AST were higher in response to intensive exercise after the sleep deprivation in compare to the intensive exercise after the complete sleep. Conclusions: In summary, our results suggest that the sleep deprivation may lead to high levels of muscle damage enzymes and is may be impairs athletic performances. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

86 - The effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous training on apelin levels of cardiac tissue in healthy male rats
Saeedeh Shadmehri Maryam Shabani Farhad Daryanoosh Mohammad Sherafati Moghadam Neda Aghaei

Introduction:Pathway apelin/APJ is one of the positive powerful inotropic substances which is an important regulator of cardiovascular operation and a significant factor in cardiovascular tissue. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks h More

Introduction:Pathway apelin/APJ is one of the positive powerful inotropic substances which is an important regulator of cardiovascular operation and a significant factor in cardiovascular tissue. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous Training on apelin levels of cardiac tissue in healthy male rats. Material & Methods: In this research, 30 Wistar 2-month male rats were chosen with average weight 180 ± 20 gr and randomly divided into 3 groups: continuous training (n=10), HIIT (n=10) or control group (n=10). Continuous training and HIIT groups have been engaged in exercising according training program in five days a week for 8 weeks. For the comparison among the groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Results: No significant differences were observed in apelin levels between continuous training, HIIT and control group (P=0.29). Conclusion: According the results of this study, both exercises increased the apelin levels in heart; however this increase was not significant. It seems that the response of this hormone is different in organs so that it has more limitation in heart tissue than other organs. Therefore, it has been assumed that making noticeable changes in apelin levels of heart required much more time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

87 - The effect of an exhaustive aerobic exercise on NT-proBNP levels in healthy males
Mohammad Ghassami Saeid Naraghi

Introduction: Many studies documented the relationship between elevated plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its aminoterminal propeptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure (HF). However, it is still uncertain wheth More

Introduction: Many studies documented the relationship between elevated plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its aminoterminal propeptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure (HF). However, it is still uncertain whether physical exercise leads to a significant release of NT-proBNP in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an exhaustive aerobic exercise on NT-proBNP levels in healthy males. Material & Methods: In this study, Fifteen healthy male (aged: 22.2 ± 2.3 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were performed Bruce protocol as the exhaustive aerobic exercise. NT-proBNP plasma concentrations were measured before and immediately after the exhaustive aerobic exercise. Paired-sample t- test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results demonstrated that NT-proBNP levels were increased significantly after the exhaustive aerobic exercise (P<0.05). We did not find any correlation between the post-exercise increase of NT-proBNP levels and body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF) or VO2max. Conclusions: In conclusion, the exhaustive aerobic exercise in healthy individuals led to a fast rise of plasma NT-proBNP concentrations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

88 - The effects of a single bout of circuit resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome risk factors: A randomized controlled trial
Javad Mehrabani Arash Tammanadar Mona Mehdizadeh Haghighi

Introduction: The concept of metabolic syndrome includes a number of metabolic disturbances linked by insulin resistance, which increase cardiovascular and diabetes risk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a single bout of circuit resistance t More

Introduction: The concept of metabolic syndrome includes a number of metabolic disturbances linked by insulin resistance, which increase cardiovascular and diabetes risk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a single bout of circuit resistance training on metabolic syndrome risk factors in men with type 2 diabetes. Material & Methods: 30 men (age: 36.3 ± 4.7 yr; BMI: 27.7 ± 0.9 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 15) that performed a single bout of circuit resistance training or a control group (n = 15) that did not perform any type of physical exercise over the same period. Body composition, blood pressure, and blood sample measurements were performed before and after intervention. Results: No significant differences were observed in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance index determined by HOMA-IR, total cholesterol [TC], triglyceride [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBP] in the exercise group compare to the control group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a single bout of circuit resistance training had no significant effect on metabolic syndrome risk factors in the healthy young men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

89 - Effects of concurrent training on insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in obese men
Ahmad Ahmadlu Afsaneh Khazari Zahra Momen nasab

Introduction: The insulin resistance and subsequent pancreatic β cell failure that precedes the development of hyperglycemia is thus usually associated with obesity. Exercise training may improves these impairs, however, this is not well known. The aim of present s More

Introduction: The insulin resistance and subsequent pancreatic β cell failure that precedes the development of hyperglycemia is thus usually associated with obesity. Exercise training may improves these impairs, however, this is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks concurrent training on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in obese men. Material & Methods: Twenty three middle aged obese men (aged: 34.6 ± 8.8 years; ± SD) were randomly assigned to one of the concurrent training group (n=12) or control group (n=11). The concurrent group performed endurance and resistance training on the same days, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the control group were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity throughout the study. Results: The results indicated that fasting insulin (P=0.006), insulin resistance index (P=0.02), pancreatic β-cells function (P=0.04) decrease in the training group compare to the control group; however, fasting blood sugar has no significant change after the intervention (P=0.3). Conclusion: In summary, it seems that concurrent training utilized in this study improves insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in obese men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

90 - Regular aerobic training improves insulin resistance but not pancreatic β-cells function in female patients with type 2 diabetes
Mohsen Omidi Mehrzad Moghadasi

Aim: Pancreatic β-cells function and insulin sensitivity resistance were impaired in type 2 diabetes. Exercise training may improves these impairs, however, this is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on pa More

Aim: Pancreatic β-cells function and insulin sensitivity resistance were impaired in type 2 diabetes. Exercise training may improves these impairs, however, this is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Material & Methods: Twenty middle-aged women (age, 40 -50 years) with type 2 diabetes participated as the subject. The subjects were randomly assign to control group (n=10) or the training group (n=10). The subjects in the training group performed 30 to 45 min aerobic training on the treadmill with 60-75% of their maximum heart rate, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the control group were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity throughout the study. Results: The results indicated that fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decrease in the training group compare to the control group (P<0.05); however, pancreatic β-cells function has no significant change after the intervention. Conclusion: In summary, it seems that aerobic training utilized in this study improves glucose entry into cells but it had not effective on pancreatic β-cells function. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

91 - The effect of swimming exercise and hesperidin on hippocampal cell damage after pentylenetetrazol induced prenatal seizures in rats
Samaneh Rafiei Shaghayegh Keshavarzi Mehdi Noura Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh

Introduction: Prenatal seizures cause the production of free radicals in fetal nervous system and selective neuronal death of hippocampus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of swimming exercise (EX) and hesperidin administration (HES) as a potent antio More

Introduction: Prenatal seizures cause the production of free radicals in fetal nervous system and selective neuronal death of hippocampus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of swimming exercise (EX) and hesperidin administration (HES) as a potent antioxidant on hippocampal cell damage in rats following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced prenatal seizures.Materials & method: In this experimental study, infants from 20 females pregnant Wistar rats were randomly put in 5 groups of control, PTZ+NS, PTZ+HES, PTZ+EX, PTZ+HES+EX. From the 14th day of pregnancy, animals were exposed to repeated PTZ injection (50mg/kg, intraperitoneal) for 5 consecutive days. From the first day of pregnancy to the term delivery, swimming exercise training with moderate intensity and 3 times a week and daily hesperidin gavage for 3 weeks was done. Finally, the hippocampal cell density was evaluated in different hippocampus areas of male infants at postnatal day 30.Results: The increase of cell damage and decrease of cellular density in different regions of hippocampus was seen in PTZ+NS group than the control group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the increase of hippocampal cellular density and decrease of mortality of pyramidal neurons was also observed in PTZ+HES+EX group compared to PTZ+NS group (p<0.05).Conclusions: The interaction of swimming exercise training and hesperidin have neuroprotective effects in rats’ prenatal seizure models. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

92 - Eight weeks of high intensity interval training improve the expression of interleukin-17 and interleukin-18 genes in the heart tissue of cadmium-poisoned rats
Ahmad Ahmadloo Sirous Farsi Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani

Introduction: lL-17 and IL-18 are pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of endurance training on IL-17 and IL-18 in heart tissue of rats which have been poisoned by cadmium. Material & Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were randoml More

Introduction: lL-17 and IL-18 are pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of endurance training on IL-17 and IL-18 in heart tissue of rats which have been poisoned by cadmium. Material & Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control, 2) sham, 3) cadmium and 4) high intensity interval training (HIIT training) with cadmium. HIIT training was performed 8 weeks and 3 days a week (80 to 110% of their VO2max). Cadmium groups received 2mg/kg cadmium intraperitoneally everyday. At the end of protocol, the rats were sacrificed and their heart tissues were prepared to measure gene expression of IL-17 and IL-18. The data was analyzed by independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA (P≥ 0.05). Results: The HIIT training led to significantly reducing IL-17 and IL-18 gene expression in heart issue of rats (P= 0.001). Conclusion: The 8 weeks of HIIT training will improve the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats which have been poisoned by cadmium. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

93 - The effect of eight weeks yoga program on the thyroid function in middle-aged women
Azam Salehi

Introduction: Yoga may have a role in revitalizing thyroid function there are few studies on the effects of yoga on thyroid function. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks yoga program on triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid More

Introduction: Yoga may have a role in revitalizing thyroid function there are few studies on the effects of yoga on thyroid function. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks yoga program on triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in young sedentary women. Material & Methods: Twenty sedentary women aged between 20 to 40 years old participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were divided into yoga group (n=10) or control group (n=10) randomly. The subjects in the yoga group underwent 90 min hatha yoga practices daily, 3 times a week for 8 weeks, whereas control group continued their usual routine activities. Basal level of serum T3, T4 and TSH were measured before commencement and after 8 weeks of yogic training. Results: The results indicated that T3 decreases significantly in the control group (t = ‒ 2.02, P = 0.05); however, there was no significant change in T4 (t = ‒ 0.3, P = 0.7) or TSH (t = 0.15, P = 0.8) in any of the two groups over the 8 weeks period. Conclusions: In summary, the results suggest yoga training utilized in this study had not significant effect on thyroid function in sedentary women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

94 - The effects of concurrent training with and without branch chain amino acids on lipid profiles and testosterone level of male body-builders
Payam Rafiee Eskandar Rahimi

Introduction: This study compared the effects of 8 – week of concurrent exercises (aerobic and resistance training) with and without Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) supplement on testosterone level and lipid profiles of male body builders. Material & Methods: More

Introduction: This study compared the effects of 8 – week of concurrent exercises (aerobic and resistance training) with and without Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) supplement on testosterone level and lipid profiles of male body builders. Material & Methods: Forty male body builders that had 3-4 years training background were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups as control group who only did concurrent exercises (aerobic –resistance) and experimental group who perform concurrent exercise and taking BCAA supplement after training and before going to bed. The average age and body mass index of control group and experimental group were 24.8±5.1and 27.3 ± 2.15, 25 ± 2.1 and 27.4 ± 2.13 respectively. To show the central tendency and variability, descriptive statistics was applied. Independent t-test analyses were carried out to discover the difference of the two groups. Statistical significance was set at (P<0.05). All data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18. Results: The results show significant decrease of Triglyceride (TG) (P= 0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (P=0.034), total cholesterol (TC) (P=0.003) and increase high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (P=0.001) in control group and decrease of TG (P=0.001) LDL (P=0.037), TC (P=0.025) and increases of HDL-c (P=0.002) in experimental group. Furthermore, the testosterone level of subjects didn’t change significantly in control and experimental groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, concurrent training may be more effective than endurance and strength training alone for simultaneously improving the serum lipid profile. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

95 - The effect of an exhausting aerobic exercise session on plasma NT-proBNP and galectine-3 levels in male runners
Saeed Ilbeigi Hossein Saeedi Mohammad Esmaeil Afzalpour Asghar Haghighi Maryam Heidarian Mostafa Haghighi Masoud Nadrian Jahromi

Introduction: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is an indicator released by the effect of increased intra-ventricular pressure and increased volume of ventricular myocarditis. Galectin-3 is a protein produced by the production of myocardial macrophages. The purpose of thi More

Introduction: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is an indicator released by the effect of increased intra-ventricular pressure and increased volume of ventricular myocarditis. Galectin-3 is a protein produced by the production of myocardial macrophages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an exhaustive aerobic exercise session on plasma NT-proBNP and galectine-3 levels in male runners. Material & Methods: A total of 12 semi-professional male runners were selected as the subject. The Bruce test protocol was used to achieve the exhaustion. The blood sample was taken before and immediately after the completion of the exhaustive endurance exercise. Results: The results indicated that galectin-3 was increased after the exhaustive endurance exercise (P<0.05); however for NT-pro BNP no significant change was observed. Conclusions: Generally, the acute effect of exhaustive aerobic exercise on cardiac muscle function and the secretion of NT-pro BNP and galectin-3 seem to be different. It seems that galectin-3 has a higher sensitivity. However, more research is needed in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

96 - The effects of chronic and acute physical and psychological Stress on Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Rats
Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchi Maryam Koushkie Jahromi

Introduction: Different kinds of chronic stress can induce various effects on body systems including the brain. One of the factors related to brain function is brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). So, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of More

Introduction: Different kinds of chronic stress can induce various effects on body systems including the brain. One of the factors related to brain function is brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). So, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of physical stress as aerobic exercise/training and psychological stress on brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in Wistar rats. Material & Methods: The study was semi experimental. 90 healthy male Wistar rats (weight 200±40 gr) were randomly divided in to 6 groups of Exercise (EX), Emotional stress (ES), Physical stress (PS), exercise combined with emotional (EXES), exercise combined with physical stress (EXPS) and control. Wistar rats were exposed to programs included one session (acute) and two weeks (chronic) aerobic training on treadmill with or without emotional and physical stress. Blood samples, for BDNF measurement, were taken 12 hours following the last session of treatment. Statistical tests of analysis of variance and follow up Bonferroni test were used for data analysis. Results: After one session of the experiment, BDNF increased significantly in the EX group compared to other groups (p<0.05). After two weeks of training, BDNF significantly decreased in the ES groups compared to other groups, while BDNF increased in EXES compared to ES (P<0.05) group. One session of EX increased BDNF compared to non-EX groups, but following two weeks, chronic ES per se reduced BDNF compared to non-ES groups. But when ES combined with EX caused increasing of BDNF. Conclusions: Present findings suggest that EX can probably prevent decreasing effect of ES on BDNF. However, future research should clarify the source of BDNF changes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

97 - The relationships between BNP levels with cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes
Roya Karim Zadeh

Introduction: Echocardiography and the B-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs) provide powerful incremental assessment of cardiac function, clinical status, and outcome across the spectrum of cardiac disease. Although the previous studies demonstrated the relationships betwe More

Introduction: Echocardiography and the B-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs) provide powerful incremental assessment of cardiac function, clinical status, and outcome across the spectrum of cardiac disease. Although the previous studies demonstrated the relationships between BNP levels and cardiac structure and function in heart failure patients, but these relationships in athletes are not well known. The present study was conducted to examine the relationships between BNP levels with cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes. Material & Methods: Fifteen resistance-trained male athletes (aged: 23.0 ± 1.4 years and BMI: 24.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. BNP concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and cardiac morphology and function were assessed by echocardiography. Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Results: The results demonstrated that there were no significant relationships between BNP concentrations with posterior wall thickness of left ventricle at end diastole (PWTLV) (r = ‒ 0.35 , P = 0.1), interventricular septal (r = ‒ 0.25 , P = 0.3), aorta (r = 0.07 , P = 0.8) and pulmonary artery (r = ‒ 0.06 , P = 0.8) diameter, diastolic left ventricle internal dimension (DLVID) (r = ‒ 0.33 , P = 0.2), systolic left ventricle internal dimension (SLVID) (r = 0.2 , P = 0.4), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (r = 0.21 , P = 0.4), left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (r = ‒ 0.23 , P = 0.4) and left ventricle end-systolic volume (LVESV) (r = ‒ 0.23 , P = 0.4). Conclusions: In conclusion, BNP concentration is not a powerful predictor for cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

98 - The interactive effect of swimming training and vitamin D supplements on Bcl-2 gene expression in heart tissue of cadmium-poisoned rats
Amir Atefat Izadi Javid Ouji

Introduction: Apoptosis mechanism is one of the most important ways to remove unwanted cells, which is done in the body of porcelain organisms and even single cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of swimming training and vitamin D suppl More

Introduction: Apoptosis mechanism is one of the most important ways to remove unwanted cells, which is done in the body of porcelain organisms and even single cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of swimming training and vitamin D supplements on Bcl-2 gene expression in heart tissue of cadmium-poisoned rats Material & Methods: Forty two male Sprague Dawley rats randomly divided into seven groups including, (1) control, (2) sham, (3) swimming, (4) vitamin D, (5) interval swimming + weight, (6) swimming + vitamin D, and (7) interval swimming + Vitamin D + weight. The Rats in groups 3,5,6,7 swam for 4 weeks and 5 sessions per week. 5 μg vitamin D3 was dissolved in 150 μl sesame oil and injected intraperitoneally to groups 4,6,7 every two days. After the 4 weeks of intervention, rats in all groups were peritoneally exposed to 2mg/kg of cadmium. At the end of protocol, the rats were sacrificed and their heart tissues were removed to measure gene expression of Bcl-2. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in Bcl-2 gene expression between swimming groups, vitamin D and interval training swimming + weight with control group. Interactive effect of swimming and vitamin D on the increase of Bcl-2 gene expression in the cadmium-exposed rats is significant. Conclusions: Based on the results, it was inferred that the combination of swimming training (especially swimming with weight) with vitamin D supplementation could increase the Bcl-2 gene expression as an anti-apoptotic protein in the heart. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

99 - Resistance training improves hormonal related fatigue and physical fitness in female patients with multiple sclerosis
Somayeh Rashidfar Amir Rahimi Marzieh Noruzpour Fariba Alipour Aida Moeini

Introduction: Fatigue occurs in the majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and MS – related fatigue is strongly linked to impaired physical activity. Exercise may have beneficial effects on both fatigue and physical performance in MS patients however it More

Introduction: Fatigue occurs in the majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and MS – related fatigue is strongly linked to impaired physical activity. Exercise may have beneficial effects on both fatigue and physical performance in MS patients however it is not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks resistance training (RT) on fatigue levels, hormonal related fatigue and physical fitness in female patients with MS. Material & Methods: Twenty seven female with MS disease in a range of 18-48 year of old and EDSS lower than 4.5 participated in this study as the subject. Subjects were divided into control group (n=13) or training group (n=14) randomly.The training group performed progressive RT program, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that fatigue levels decreased and right leg balance (RLB), left leg balance (LLB) and muscular endurance improved after 8 weeks RT compare to the control group (P<0.05). For serum levels of dehydroepiandrestrone sulfate (DHEA-S) no significant differences were observed after the intervention. Conclusions: The results suggest RT with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study improves decrease fatigue levels and improved physical fitness in female patients with MS. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

100 - The effects of regular aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea in young girls
Roghayeh Moradpour

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a painful syndrome that accompanies the menstrual cycles. The effects of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea are not well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhe More

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a painful syndrome that accompanies the menstrual cycles. The effects of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea are not well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea in young girls. Material & Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial of 20 colleagues girl students in Marvdasht city that suffering from severe dysmenorrhea. The subjects were randomly divided into exercise group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The subjects in the exercise group run 10 to 15 × 2 to 5 minute with 75 to 90% of maximum heart rate 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Estrogen and progesterone levels and psychological and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea were measured before and after the intervention. Moo’s Menstrual Distress Questionnaire was used to evaluate psychological and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Results: Physical premenstrual symptoms were significantly reduced (12.6 ± 3.2 vs. 7.1 ± 4.6) and estrogen levels were significantly increased (7.4 ± 4.4 vs. 9.4 ± 3.1 ng/ml) after the intervention compare to the control group. For psychological premenstrual symptoms (11.4 ± 7.6 vs. 11.9 ± 6.1) and progesterone levels (7.4 ± 6.4 vs. 7.5 ± 5.1 ng/ml) no significant changes were observed in response to 8 weeks aerobic exercise. Conclusions: The results suggested that selected aerobic exercises positively influenced physical menstrual symptoms and its related hormones. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

101 - The effect of aerobic training and its combination with acceptance and commitment therapy on insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein and depressive symptoms in women with type 2 diabetes
Nader Moghaddam Dizaj Herik Naimeh Moheb Abdol Ali Banaeifar Nasser Agha Mohammadzadeh

Introduction: The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of aerobic training and its combination with acceptance and commitment therapy interventions (ACT) on insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein and depressive symptoms in women with type 2 diabetes. More

Introduction: The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of aerobic training and its combination with acceptance and commitment therapy interventions (ACT) on insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein and depressive symptoms in women with type 2 diabetes. Material & methods: In the present quasi-experimental study, 60 women with type 2 diabetes with the age range of 50.4±1.8 are selected among patients referred to the specialized clinic for health and treatment of the oil industry in the northwest of the country in a purposeful sampling and then divided into 4 groups of 15 for aerobic training (AT), psychological therapy interventions based on acceptance and commitment (ACT), AT + ACT and control group. AT group was performed endurance training corresponding to 50-75% of HR max, 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Psychological intervention plan was done in a form of 90 min therapy workshop based on acceptance and commitment for 13 weeks. Biochemical and depression indicators are collected before and after intervention by using blood sample and Beck test. Data analysis was done through analysis of covariance (P-value≤ 0.05) and by SPSS-27 software. Results: The results showed that, AT, ACT and AT + ACT resulted in the significant decrease of depressive symptoms (P-value=0.001). However, insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein in intervention groups didn’t show any significant difference than control group. Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that psychology and aerobics training can influence important glycemic indicator such as insulin sensitivity besides changes in depression indicators and also results in C-reactive protein clinical recovery in women with type2 diabetes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

102 - The influence of variable range of motion training on hormonal responses and muscle strength
Reihaneh Esmaeeldokht

Introduction: Traditional resistance training increases strength and power; however, exercises that use the entire range of motion (ROM) may not provide the optimal stimulus for enhancing sports performance. The purpose of this investigation was to compare partial ROM v More

Introduction: Traditional resistance training increases strength and power; however, exercises that use the entire range of motion (ROM) may not provide the optimal stimulus for enhancing sports performance. The purpose of this investigation was to compare partial ROM vs. full ROM lower-body resistance training on hormonal responses and muscle strength in young women. Material & Methods: Fourteen young women (age 26.9 ± 5.1 years, height 166.7 ± 5.1 cm, and body mass 62.5 ± 11.8 kg) voluntary to participate in this study. Volunteers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: (a) full ROM (FROM; n = 7) or (b) partial ROM (PROM; n = 7). The subjects in FROM group were introduced to perform hamstring with machine, squat, dead lift and leg press with 60 to 80 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM), 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in PROM group were introduced to perform that same training with first half ROM and second half ROM with 50 to 80 percent of 1RM, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Maximal strength was measured by 1RM before and after the intervention and growth hormone (GH), testosterone (Ts), cortisol (Cor) and testosterone to cortisol ratio (Ts/Cor ratio) were measured at baseline and immediately and 30 min after the last season of training. Results: The results indicated that muscle strength in each station were increased significantly after both of training methods (P<0.05) and no significant differences were observed between FROM and PROM methods. Repeated-measure analyses of variance revealed that GH and Ts levels had not significant changes after the FROM or PROM resistance training; however, Ts/Cor ratio was increased and Cor levels were decreased after both of training methods (P<0.05). For hormonal responses, no significant differences were observed between FROM or PROM resistance training. Conclusions: The results suggest that muscle strength and hormonal responses can be improved with both FROM and PROM resistance training and there is no significant difference between these methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

103 - The relationships between galectin-3 levels with cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes
Ebrahim Radmehr

Introduction: Galectin-3 is a new and promising biomarker for heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. Although clinical studies indicated that galectin-3 levels are strongly associated with changes of left ventricular structure and function in patients with chronic heart More

Introduction: Galectin-3 is a new and promising biomarker for heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. Although clinical studies indicated that galectin-3 levels are strongly associated with changes of left ventricular structure and function in patients with chronic heart failure, but these relationships in athletes are not well known. The present study was conducted to examine the relationships between galectin-3 levels with cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes. Material & Methods: Fifteen resistance-trained male athletes (aged: 23.0 ± 1.4 years and BMI: 24.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. Galectin-3 concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and cardiac morphology and function were assessed by echocardiography. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Results: The results demonstrated that there were no significant relationships between galectin-3 concentrations with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (r= ‒ 0.12 , P = 0.6), aorta (r = 0.12 , P = 0.6) and pulmonary artery diameter (r = 0.25 , P = 0.3), posterior wall thickness of left ventricle at end diastole (PWTLV) (r = ‒ 0.27 , P = 0.3), interventricular septal (r = ‒ 0.15 , P = 0.9), left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (r = 0.009 , P = 0.9), and left ventricle end-systolic volume (LVESV) (r = 0.24 , P = 0.3). Conclusions: In conclusion, galectin-3 concentration is not a powerful predictor for cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

104 - Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined aerobic-resistance Training on Sleep Quality, Prolactin Hormone, and Growth Hormone, of Overweight and obese adolescent girls
Zohreh Nikjoo mona Mehdizadeh Haghighi Anahita Shabani Nasibeh Ezeddin Mahtab Dehghanzadeh

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training (aerobic-resistance) on sleep quality, prolactin hormone and growth hormone, of overweight and obese adolescent girls. Research method: The current research was of a semi More

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training (aerobic-resistance) on sleep quality, prolactin hormone and growth hormone, of overweight and obese adolescent girls. Research method: The current research was of a semi-experimental type. In this study, 30 overweight and obese adolescent girls were randomly divided into two experimental groups of 15 people (average age: 16.33 ± 0.97 years; body mass index: 26 30.48±3 kg/m2) and the control group (mean age: 16.53±1.18 years; body mass index: 30.48±3.26 kg/m2) were divided. Eight weeks experimental group they performed progressive aerobic-resistance exercises three sessions a week. Each session consists of 10 minutes of warming up, 5 minutes of cooling down, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise with an intensity of 60-80% of the maximum heart rate and 45 minutes of resistance exercise with an intensity of 50-70%. Repetition was the maximum. Before and after eight weeks of training, sleep quality, anxiety level and prolactin and growth hormones were measured. Statistical information was obtained by one-way ANCOVA and Yeoman-Whitney tests through spss software. 22 cases were analyzed. A significance level of p0.05). Conclusion: A combined training course (aerobic-resistance) probably improves the quality of sleep of overweight and obese students and has no effect on prolactin and growth hormone levels Keyword: sleep quality, prolactin hormone, growth hormone, combined training (aerobic-resistance). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

105 - Comparison of small-sided games and sprint training program on the testosterone, cortisol, blood cell count, and physical fitness indices in teenage soccer players
Mona Sebghati Shiraz Ramin Shabani Mojtaba Mohammadi

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to comparison of SSG and sprint on testosterone, cortisol, blood cell count, and physical fitness indices in teenage soccer players. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-six teenage athletes (13.55±0.53) wer More

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to comparison of SSG and sprint on testosterone, cortisol, blood cell count, and physical fitness indices in teenage soccer players. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-six teenage athletes (13.55±0.53) were randomly divided into control, SSG, and sprint groups. The subjects in the sprint group underwent 45-minutes short bursts of sprinting. The SSG group exercise program 45-minutes consisted of 8×3 minutes with 3 minutes of active recovery between sets was performed on a small Football pitch without a goalkeeper. In contrast, the control group continued their usual routine activities for 4 weeks (3days/week). Basal levels of K-TEST, RSA, and YO-Y0 tests, as well as blood indices of testosterone and cortisol and blood cells, were measured before commencement and after 4 weeks of training. Results: The results indicate that sprint training led to a significant increase in testosterone, T/C ratio, RBC, and WBC compared to the control group and significantly decrease in cortisol and agility performance. SSG also caused a significant increase in testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, RBC, WBC, SII, and aerobic performance, with a significant decrease in cortisol and agility performance. Additionally, in the control group, cortisol showed a significant increase, and the testosterone to cortisol ratio was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study revealed that both sprint and SSG training individually can have desirable effects on testosterone, cortisol, T/C ratio, WBC, and RBC and agility test. Sprint and SSG were found to be effective for these factors. The SSG training program increases WBC, SII and aerobic performance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

106 - The effect of concurrent aerobic resistance exercise on thyroid hormones, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption of sedentary overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism
fatemeh loghmani Khartomi mohadeseh dadmanesh Anahita Shabani

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous resistance aerobic training on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption and thyroid hormones in sedentary overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism. Materi More

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous resistance aerobic training on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption and thyroid hormones in sedentary overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism. Material & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 24 women with hypothyroidism were randomly divided into two control groups (number = 12 people; body mass index: 31.33±3.62 kg/m2) and experimental (number= 12 people; body mass index: 32.33 ± 4.05 kg/m2) were divided. The experimental group did 8 weeks of simultaneous aerobic-resistance training. Each session consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic training (80-55% of maximum heart rate) and 30 minutes of resistance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, body composition measurements (weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat percentage), maximum oxygen consumption (Rockport 1609-meter walking test) and blood hormone measurements (TSH and T4) to It was done. Statistical information was measured by SPSS software version 26 and the statistical level α<0.05 was considered. Results: Compared to the pre-test in the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in the variable of weight (p=0.01), body mass index (p=0.008), body fat percentage (p=0.002), TSH (p=0.005) and a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.002), T4 (p=0.01) was seen, but no significant difference was observed in the variable of waist circumference to hip circumference. In the inter-group comparison, there was no significant difference in all the variables in the pre-test, and in the post-test comparison, there was a significant decrease in the experimental group compared to the control group, but there was no change in the waist-to-hip ratio variable. Conclusions: These findings show that resistance aerobic exercise has an effect on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption, and thyroid hormones in sedentary, overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

107 - Comparison of two methods of high-intensity aerobic and strength training on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, insulin-like growth hormone (IGF1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) in professional taekwondo athletes
kaveh babaei mohadeseh dadmanesh Mahtab Dehghanzadeh

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between two methods of high-intensity aerobic and strength training on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, (IGF1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) in professional taekwondo athletes. Material & Methods: More

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between two methods of high-intensity aerobic and strength training on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, (IGF1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) in professional taekwondo athletes. Material & Methods: The present research method was semi-experimental and had a pre- and post-test approach. The statistical population of this research was the professional taekwondo athletes of Rasht city with an average age of 22 ± 1.5 years. To collect information on testosterone and cortisol levels by immunoassay method (GMB kit; (IGF1) by ELISA method and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) values by nephlometry method (blood sampling) in three stages and three consecutive weeks (24 One hour after specialized Taekwondo training (pre-test), 24 hours after high-intensity strength training and 24 hours after high-intensity aerobic training (post-tests) in the fasting state from the subjects' brachial vein by a laboratory science specialist. was received and then two aerobic exercise protocols (80% Vo2Max) and high intensity strength (80% 1RM) were implemented on the sample people during two different sessions and for 45 minutes. Results: The findings showed that there is a difference between the effect of two methods of high-intensity aerobic training and high-intensity strength training on the levels of testosterone, cortisol, insulin-like growth hormone ( IGF1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) of professional Taekwondo athletes, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the findings, serum testosterone levels may increase slightly after high-intensity strength training and then high-intensity aerobic training. find Serum cortisol levels decrease after high-intensity aerobic training but increase after high-intensity strength training, and it is possible that insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) serum levels decrease after high-intensity strength training. But after the high-intensity aerobic training test, there should not be many changes. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G have little changes and decrease after high-intensity aerobic and strength training. Manuscript profile

List of articles (by subject) Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones