Effects of Heavy Duty versus traditional resistance training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area
Subject Areas : Journal of Physical Activity and HormonesJavad Mokaram Bakhtajerdi 1 , Mehrzad Moghadasi 2
1 - Department of Exercise physiology, Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.
2 - Head of research committee of Fars Sport Medicine Association
Keywords: Growth hormone, Heavy Duty resistance training, Traditional resistance training, Muscle hypertrophy,
Abstract :
Introduction: Heavy Duty resistance training (HD) is a new method that might improve muscle strength and hypertrophy. The effect of this method on thigh muscle hypertrophy is not well-known. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of HD versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Material & Methods: Twenty untrained healthy men (age: 25.6 ± 2.0 mean ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into HD group (n=10) or TRT group (n=10) randomly. The subjects in HD and TRT executed five resistance exercises selected to stress the thigh muscle groups in the following order: leg press, squat, leg extension, prone leg curl, and dead lift. HD and TRT consisted of 50-60 min of station weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks. TRT training was performed in 5 stations and included 4 sets with 6-12 maximal repetitions at 70-80% of 1-RM in each station with 2-3 minute of rest. HD training was performed in 5 stations and included 4 sets with 6-10 maximal repetitions at 70% of 1-RM in each station with 10 second of rest. Thigh muscle CSA and grow hormone (GH) were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that maximum strength in each station was increased after HD and TRT (P<0.05). Thigh muscle CSA also was increased after HD and TRT; however the increase in thigh muscle CSA was higher in HD than TRT. For GH no significant differences were observed after the HD and TRT methods. Conclusions: In summary, HD method is better than TRT method for thigh muscle CSA however no significant differences were found for GH level after these resistance training methods.
References
1. DeFronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini E. Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 318-368.
2. Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Barlow CE, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1849-1855.
3. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 475-482.
4. Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Saltin B. Muscle, genes and athletic performance. Sci Am 2000; 283: 48-55.
5. Helms E, Fitschen PJ, Aragon A, Cronin J, Schoenfeld BJ. Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55:164-178.
6. Ratamess N A, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, Kraemer WJ, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 687.
7. Toigo M, Boutellier U. New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 643-663.
8. Henneman E, Somjen G, Carpenter DO. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 1965; 28: 560-580.
9. Ratamess N A, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, Kraemer WJ, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 687.
10. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med 2005; 35: 339-361.
11. Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 512-520.
12. Baechle T, Earle R, Wathen M. Resistance training: Essentials of strength training and conditioning. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. 2008; pp:381-411.
13. Bompa T, Buzzichelli C. Periodization training for sports. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. 2015.
14. Crewther B, Cronin J, Keogh J, Cook C. The salivary testosterone and cortisol response to three loading schemes. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22: 250-255.
15. McCaulley GO, McBride JM, Cormie P, Hudson M B, Nuzzo JL, Quindry JC, et al. Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses to hypertrophy, strength and power type resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105: 695-704.
16. McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Fleck SJ, Dickinson A, Kraemer WJ. Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy. Can J Appl Physiol 1999; 24: 96-107.
17. West DW, Phillips SM. Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 2693-2702.
18. Mentzer M. Heavy Duty. 1st ed. 1993; Available at: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6354981-heavy-duty.
19. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, McCormick M, et al. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger versus older men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87:982-992.
20. Ahmadizad S, El-Sayed MS. The effects of graded resistance exercise on platelet aggregation and activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1026-1033.
21. Housh DJ, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Weir LL, Johnson GO, Stout JR. Anthropometric estimation of thigh muscle cross-sectional area. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 784-791.
22. Knapik JJ1, Staab JS, Harman EA. Validity of an anthropometric estimate of thigh muscle cross-sectional area. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 1523-1530.
23. ACSM. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005; pp 57-90.
24. Mulligan SE, Fleck SJ, Gordon SE, Koziris LP. Influence of resistance exercise volume on serum growth hormone and cortisol concentrations in women. J Strength Cond Res 1996; 10: 256-262.
25. Tesch PA. Skeletal muscle adaptations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc 1988; 20: S132-S134.
26. Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, et al. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 982-992.
27. Bickel CS, Slade J, Mahoney E, Haddad F, Dudley GA, Adams GR. Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 482-488.
28. Vierck J, O’Reilly B, Hossner K, Antonio J, Byrne K, Bucci L, et al. Satellite cell regulation following myotrauma caused by resistance exercise. Cell Biol Int 2000; 24: 263-272.
29. Paul AC, Rosenthal N. Different modes of hypertrophy in skeletal muscle fibers. J Cell Biol 2002; 156: 751-760.
30. Tesch PA, Larsson L. Muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982; 49: 301-306.
31. Toigo M, Boutellier U. New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 643-663.
32. Crewther B, Keogh J, Cronin J, Cook C. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation: Acute hormonal responses. Sport Med 2006; 36: 215-238.
33. Spangenburg, EE. Changes in muscle mass with mechanical load: Possible cellular mechanisms. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34: 328-3359.
34. Michels G, Hoppe UC. Rapid actions of androgens. Fron Neuroendocrin 2008; 29: 182-198.
35. West DW, Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Staples AW, Holwerda AM, et al. Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 60-67.
36. Hameed M, Lange KH, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Harridge SD, et al. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men. J Physiol 2004; 555: 231-240.
37. Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Marx JO, Tuckow AP, Hymer,WC. Growth hormone molecular heterogeneity and exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2003; 31: 161-166.
38. Waters MJ, Shang CA, Behncken SN, Tam SP, Li H, Shen B, et al. Growth hormone as a cytokine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999; 26: 760-764.
39. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sport Med 2005; 35: 339-361.
40. Ojasto T, Hakkinen K. Effects of different accentuated eccentric loads on acute neuromuscular, growth hormone, and blood lactate responses during a hypertrophic protocol. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 946-953.
41. Iida K, Itoh E, Kim DS, del Rincon JP, Coschigano KT, Kopchick, JJ, et al. Muscle mechano growth factor is preferentially induced by growth hormone in growth hormone deficient lit/lit mice. J Physiol 2004; 560: 341-349.
42. Hameed M, Lange KH, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Harridge SD, et al. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men. J Physiol 2004; 555: 231-240.
43. Rennie MJ. Claims for the anabolic effects of growth hormone: A case of the emperor’s new clothes? Br J Sport Med 2003; 37: 100-105.
44. Lange KH, Andersen JL, Beyer N, Isaksson F, Larsson B, Rasmussen MH, et al. GH administration changes myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle but does not augment muscle strength or hypertrophy, either alone or combined with resistance exercise training in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 513-523.
45. Yarasheski KE, Campbell JA, Smith K, Rennie MJ, Holloszy JO, Bier DM. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth in young men. Am J Appl Physiol 1992; 262: 261-267.
46. Buresh R, Berg K, French J. The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 62-71.