The effect of green tea supplementation and climbing to altitude on the serum level of Malondialdehyde and Glutathione Peroxidase In non-professional healthy mountaineer females

Subject Areas : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones

Azar  Momtaz ¹ (Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran)
Mokhtar  Nasiri ² (Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran)

Received: 2023-09-09 Accepted : 2023-10-25 Published : 2023-09-01

Keywords: Antioxidant, High altitude, Free radical, MDA, Green tea,

Abstract :

Introduction:Climbing and exercising at high altitudes increase the number of free radicals and reduce the level of antioxidant enzymes in the human body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three weeks of green tea supplementation before climbing on serum levels of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde in young non-professional female climbers.Material & Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study. Twenty-four females (mean age 26.42 ± 7.10 years, weight 58.46 ± 7.96 kg, height 162.50 ± 5.87 cm, and body mass index 22.23 ± 2.67) were recruited voluntarily from a club in Rasht who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG consumed green tea daily (20g per day). At the end of the third week, both groups climbed to the Peak of Shah Moallem (3085 meters). In both groups, diet control was performed over three weeks. To measure plasma levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), blood samples were taken in three stages: before green tea supplement consumption, pre and post-climb.Results: The results showed that compared to CG, the increase of MDA after climbing to the altitude was significantly lower (p= 0/02(. Compared to the CG, the amount of plasma GPx increased significantly in the EG after climbing to the height (P=0/001). The results of the research showed the improvement of redox state in mountain climbers after consuming green tea.Conclusion:The results of this research showed that consuming green tea before climbing to high altitudes can improve the performance of the antioxidant system in climbers.

References:

References

1. Bakonyi T, Radak Z. High altitude and free radicals. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2004;3(2):64.


2. Wishart K. Increased micronutrient requirements during physiologically demanding situations: Review of the current evidence. Vitam Miner. 2017;6(166):2376-1318.1000166.


3. Halliwell B. The wanderings of a free radical. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2009;46(5):531-42.


4. Vellosa JCR, Regasini LO, Belló C, Schemberger JA, Khalil NM, de Araújo Morandim-Giannetti A, et al. Preliminary in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of afzelin, kaempferitrin and pterogynoside action over free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 2015;38:1168-77.


5. Esatbeyoglu T, Wagner AE, Motafakkerazad R, Nakajima Y, Matsugo S, Rimbach G. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of betanin: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies and studies in cultured cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2014;73:119-26.


6. Wadley AJ, Svendsen IS, Gleeson M. Heightened exercise-induced oxidative stress at simulated moderate level altitude vs. sea level in trained cyclists. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2017;27(2):97-104.


7. Metukuri MR, Beer-Stolz D, Namas RA, Dhupar R, Torres A, Loughran PA, et al. Expression and subcellular localization of BNIP3 in hypoxic hepatocytes and liver stress. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2009;296(3):G499-G509.


8. Botao Y, Ma J, Xiao W, Xiang Q, Fan K, Hou J, et al. Protective effect of ginkgolide B on high altitude cerebral edema of rats. High altitude medicine & biology. 2013;14(1):61-4.


9. Almbro M, Dowling DK, Simmons LW. Effects of vitamin E and beta‐carotene on sperm competitiveness. Ecology letters. 2011;14(9):891-5.


10. Brigelius-Flohé R, Maiorino M. Glutathione peroxidases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects. 2013;1830(5):3289-303.


11. Lü JM, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2010;14(4):840-60.


12. Amozadeh H, Shabani R, Nazari M. The effect of aerobic training and green tea supplementation on cardio metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese females: a randomized trial. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2018;16(4).


13. Musial C, Kuban-Jankowska A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Beneficial properties of green tea catechins. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(5):1744.


14. Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants and skin photoprotection. International journal of oncology. 2001;18(6):1307-13.


15. Lagouge M, Larsson NG. The role of mitochondrial DNA mutations and free radicals in disease and ageing. Journal of internal medicine. 2013;273(6):529-43.


16. Basu A, Betts NM, Mulugeta A, Tong C, Newman E, Lyons TJ. Green tea supplementation increases glutathione and plasma antioxidant capacity in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition Research. 2013;33(3):180-7.


17. Williams JL, Everett JM, D’Cunha NM, Sergi D, Georgousopoulou EN, Keegan RJ, et al. The effects of green tea amino acid L-theanine consumption on the ability to manage stress and anxiety levels: A systematic review. Plant foods for human nutrition. 2020;75:12-23.


18. Kaur A, Kaur M, Kaur P, Kaur H, Kaur S, Kaur K. Estimation and comparison of total phenolic and total antioxidants in green tea and black tea. Global Journal of Bio-Science and Biotechnology. 2015;4(1):116-20.


19. Tucker R. The anticipatory regulation of performance: the physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. British journal of sports medicine. 2009;43(6):392-400.


20. West JB. High-altitude medicine. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2012;186(12):1229-37.


21. Borman CJ, Sullivan BP, Eggleston CM, Colberg PJ. Is iron redox cycling in a high altitude watershed photochemically or thermally driven? Chemical Geology. 2010;269(1-2):33-9.


22. Aghajani V, Nazari M, Shabani R. Impact of aerobic and resistance training supplemented with the consumption of saffron on glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde in men with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2019;21(3):24-33.


23. Yuhai G, Zhen Z. Significance of the changes occurring in the levels of interleukins, SOD and MDA in rat pulmonary tissue following exposure to different altitudes and exposure times. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2015;10(3):915-20.


24. Pisoschi AM, Pop A. The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2015;97:55-74.


25. Wu JQ, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Free radicals, antioxidant defense systems, and schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2013;46:200-6.


26. Bitanihirwe BK, Woo T-UW. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia: an integrated approach. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2011;35(3):878-93.


27. Flohé L, Toppo S, Orian L. The glutathione peroxidase family: Discoveries and mechanism. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2022;187:113-22.


28. Godeas C, Tramer F, Micali F, Roveri A, Maiorino M, Nisii C, et al. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in rat testis nuclei is bound to chromatin. Biochemical and molecular medicine. 1996;59(2):118-24.


29. Senanayake SN. Green tea extract: Chemistry, antioxidant properties and food applications–A review. Journal of functional foods. 2013;5(4):1529-41.


30. Olszowy M. What is responsible for antioxidant properties of polyphenolic compounds from plants? Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2019;144:135-43.


31. Heinicke I, Boehler A, Rechsteiner T, Bogdanova A, Jelkmann W, Hofer M, et al. Moderate altitude but not additional endurance training increases markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate. European journal of applied physiology. 2009;106:599-604.


32. Vani R, Shiva Shankar Reddy C, Asha Devi S. Oxidative stress in erythrocytes: a study on the effect of antioxidant mixtures during intermittent exposures to high altitude. International journal of biometeorology. 2010;54:553-62.


33. Schröder L, Marahrens P, Koch JG, Heidegger H, Vilsmeier T, Phan-Brehm T, et al. Effects of green tea, matcha tea and their components epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on MCF‑7 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells Corrigendum in/10.3892/or. 2019.7430. Oncology reports. 2019;41(1):387-96.


34. Yang CS, Wang X. Green tea and cancer prevention. Nutrition and cancer. 2010;62(7):931-7.


35. Serrano JC, Gonzalo‐Benito H, Jové M, Fourcade S, Cassanyé A, Boada J, et al. Dietary intake of green tea polyphenols regulates insulin sensitivity with an increase in AMP‐activated protein kinase α content and changes in mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2013;57(3):459-70.


36. Sinha S, Singh SN, Ray US. Total antioxidant status at high altitude in lowlanders and native highlanders: role of uric acid. High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2009;10(3):269-74.


37. Davies SE, Marnewick JL, West S. Rooibos Aspalathus linearis–Can it reduce the incidence and severity of acute mountain sickness? A case study of Aconcagua (6962 m) climbing expedition, Argentina. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences (AJPHES). 2019;25(2):232-51.


38. Hsu Y-W, Chen W-K, Tsai C-F. Senescence-mediated redox imbalance in liver and kidney: antioxidant rejuvenating potential of green tea extract. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;19(1):260.