The effect of concurrent aerobic resistance exercise on thyroid hormones, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption of sedentary overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism
Subject Areas : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormonesfatemeh loghmani Khartomi 1 , mohadeseh dadmanesh 2 , Anahita Shabani 3
1 - Master's degree, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Guilan, Iran.
2 - Master degree, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Guilan, Iran.
3 - پزشک عمومی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گیلان، رشت، ایران.
Keywords: Simultaneous aerobic-resistance training, hypothyroidism, maximal oxygen consumption, thyroid hormones,
Abstract :
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous resistance aerobic training on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption and thyroid hormones in sedentary overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism. Material & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 24 women with hypothyroidism were randomly divided into two control groups (number = 12 people; body mass index: 31.33±3.62 kg/m2) and experimental (number= 12 people; body mass index: 32.33 ± 4.05 kg/m2) were divided. The experimental group did 8 weeks of simultaneous aerobic-resistance training. Each session consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic training (80-55% of maximum heart rate) and 30 minutes of resistance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, body composition measurements (weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat percentage), maximum oxygen consumption (Rockport 1609-meter walking test) and blood hormone measurements (TSH and T4) to It was done. Statistical information was measured by SPSS software version 26 and the statistical level α<0.05 was considered. Results: Compared to the pre-test in the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in the variable of weight (p=0.01), body mass index (p=0.008), body fat percentage (p=0.002), TSH (p=0.005) and a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.002), T4 (p=0.01) was seen, but no significant difference was observed in the variable of waist circumference to hip circumference. In the inter-group comparison, there was no significant difference in all the variables in the pre-test, and in the post-test comparison, there was a significant decrease in the experimental group compared to the control group, but there was no change in the waist-to-hip ratio variable. Conclusions: These findings show that resistance aerobic exercise has an effect on selected indicators of body composition, maximal oxygen consumption, and thyroid hormones in sedentary, overweight and obese women with hypothyroidism.
1. Wiersinga WM. Clinical relevance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;31(2):213.
2. Biondi B. Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023;16(1):87.
3. Jung C-H, Son JW, Kang S, Kim WJ, Kim H-S, Kim HS, et al. Diabetes fact sheets in Korea, 2020: an appraisal of current status. Diabetes & metabolism journal. 2021;45(1):1.
4. Zare S, Alipoor A. Comparison the Resiliency and Health promoting lifestyle between Thyroid dysfunction disease Patients and healthy people. 2019.
5. Hassan B, Ansari B, Farooqui S. Effects of Physical Activity on Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Levels in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients: A Meta-Analysis. RCT. 2021:15.
6. Gitlin LN, Reever K, Dennis MP, Mathieu E, Hauck WW. Enhancing quality of life of families who use adult day services: Short-and long-term effects of the adult day services plus program. The Gerontologist. 2006;46(5):630-9.
7. Masoumi-Ardakani Y, Najafipour H, Nasri HR, Aminizadeh S, Jafari SJ, Safi Z. Moderate endurance training and MitoQ improve cardiovascular function, oxidative stress, and inflammation in hypertensive individuals: the role of miR-21 and miR-222: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Cell Journal (Yakhteh). 2022;24(10):577.
8. Seara FA, Maciel L, Barbosa RA, Rodrigues NC, Silveira AL, Marassi MP, et al. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is inversely affected by thyroid hormones excess or deficiency in male Wistar rats. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190355.
9. Shirvani H, Sobhani V. The effect of a period of selected aerobic training on the response of thyroid and cortisol hormones to exhaustive exercise in women. Journal of Military Medicine. 2016;18(3):253-61.
10. Dashti N, Rezaeian N, Karimi M, Kooroshfard N. The Effect of high intensity interval training on serum levels of Osteopontin and insulin resistance index in sedentary overweight and obese women. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2021;14(2):115-26.
11. Moravejolahkami AR, Hojjati Kermani MA, Balouch Zehi Z, Mirenayat SMS, Mansourian M. The effect of probiotics on lipid profile & anthropometric indices in diabetic nephropathy; a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2021;20:893-904.
12. Santos RC, Materko W, Fernandes DF, Da Pureza DY. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in women with hypothyroidism. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020;20(4):1809-13.
13. rostami, shabani. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the serum level of irisin, glucose homeostasis and blood lipids in untrained young women. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2019;26(2):185-93.
14. Woźniak J, Woźniak K, Wojciechowska O, Wrzosek M, Włodarek D. Effect of age and gender on the efficacy of a 12-month body weight reduction program conducted online—a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(19):12009.
15. Hu G, Jousilahti P, Antikainen R, Katzmarzyk PT, Tuomilehto J. Joint effects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio on the risk of heart failure. Circulation. 2010;121(2):237-44.
16. Marandi SM, Abadi NGB, Esfarjani F, Mojtahedi H, Ghasemi G. Effects of intensity of aerobics on body composition and blood lipid profile in obese/overweight females. International journal of preventive medicine. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S118.
17. Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC public health. 2012;12:1-10.
18. El Gayar SL. Effect of aerobic training on depression and thyroid function in treated hypothyroid women. Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia. 2023;13:e5254-e.
19. Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist: hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk—a review of the literature. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;64(1):16-22.
20. Wang YH, Hua Y, Zhang HZ, Liang S, Cao ZZ, Chen LL, et al. Ratio of waist circumference to body mass index: A novel predictor of clinical outcome in hypertension patients. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2024;26(1):24-35.
21. Sanyal D, Raychaudhuri M. Hypothyroidism and obesity: An intriguing link. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2016;20(4):554-7.
22. Peake JM, Tan SJ, Markworth JF, Broadbent JA, Skinner TL, Cameron-Smith D. Metabolic and hormonal responses to isoenergetic high-intensity interval exercise and continuous moderate-intensity exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;307(7):E539-E52.
23. Cao J, Lei S, Zhao T, Xie Y, Zhou Z, Cheng S, et al. Changes in fat oxidation and body composition after combined exercise intervention in sedentary obese Chinese adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022;11(4):1086.
24. Exercise I. supervised sessions per week for 8 weeks (total of 24 sessions). 5 to 10 minutes of warming up and cooling down. The subjects cycled for.8.
25. Bouaziz W, Kanagaratnam L, Vogel T, Schmitt E, Dramé M, Kaltenbach G, et al. Effect of aerobic training on peak oxygen uptake among seniors aged 70 or older: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rejuvenation research. 2018;21(4):341-9.
26. Akbarpour Beni M, Asheghi Z. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Angiogenesis Factors in Middle-aged Women. Journal of Vessels and Circulation. 2022;3(4):173-8.
27. Amati F, Dubé JJ, Shay C, Goodpaster BH. Separate and combined effects of exercise training and weight loss on exercise efficiency and substrate oxidation. Journal of applied physiology. 2008;105(3):825-31.
28. Postnikova G, Shekhovtsova E. Myoglobin: oxygen depot or oxygen transporter to mitochondria? A novel mechanism of myoglobin deoxygenation in cells. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2018;83:168-83.
29. Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Neural adaptation to resistance training: changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;92(6):2309-18.