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Open Access Article
1 - Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Arab horse
عبداله عراقی سوره مجید ابراهیمی حامد دیاکو محمدپور محمدحسین صادقی زالیThis study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinicallynormal Persian Arab horse living in Tabriz, Northwestern Iran and to determine the effect of sexand age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty-three horses (21 females and MoreThis study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinicallynormal Persian Arab horse living in Tabriz, Northwestern Iran and to determine the effect of sexand age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty-three horses (21 females and 22 males),aged 1-15 years, without clinical evidence of external ocular inflammation were selected anddivided into three age groups. Samples were taken from both conjunctival sacs of horses andseeded on the sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25 °C for10 days. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests using SAS 9.1. Thirtyeighthorses out of 43(88.37 %) were positive for fungi, 22/43 (51.16 %) had positive culturefrom both eyes. The isolated fungal species were Candida spp (23.15 %), Penicillium spp (16.84%), Aspergillus sp (15.78 %), Mucor spp (13.48 %), Alternaria spp (8.42 %), Pseudallescheriaspp (6.31%), Chladosporium spp (5.26%), Rhodotorula spp (4.21 %), Curvularia spp (3.15 %),Fusarium spp (2.10 %) and Trichoderma sp (1.05 %). There was significant effect of horse sexand age on frequency of fungal isolation. The fungal species isolated are comparable withstudies performed in other countries, although the frequency of Candida isolation was so higherwhich may reflect a geographic difference Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Evaluation of the Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Pethidine (meperidine)with Xylazine in the Horse
Pouyan, M., Ozmaie, S., Sakha, M., Asghari, A. .A variety of analgesic and sedative agents are available, and which one can be used in horses is a highly controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effects and effect on vitalsigns and probable side effects of ad MoreA variety of analgesic and sedative agents are available, and which one can be used in horses is a highly controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effects and effect on vitalsigns and probable side effects of administered pethidine with xylazine in the horse. Ten healthy mix breed horses 2-8 years of age, weighing 250-350 kg were randomly divided into two groups. A treatment group received combination of pethidine (2 mg/kg, IM) and xylazine (0/2 mg/kg, IV). The second control group received a saline placebo (1ml/45 kg bwt, IV). Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were recorded. The records were averaged for the fifteen minutes’ intervals to 6 hours after injection. Analgesia was assessed with pin prick in the tail and perineal region. Data were analyzed statistically by two way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) using repeated measurements and Duncan’s multiple range tests to determine significant differences using P0.05) above baseline in the treatment group at 30 and 60 minutes after injection. Rectal temperature decreased from baseline values in treatment group at 15minutes after injection. The lowest recorded rectal temperature in the treatment group was 35.92 ± 0.3at 15 minutes and returned toward baseline in treatment groups 30 minutes after injection. Respiratory rate in the treatment group significantly decreased following administration at 15 and 30 min compared with the control group. Results of this study showed that parenteral administration of pethidine with xylazine is fast-acting and effective sedation in animals are created while pethidine it is not effective for analgesia and side effects from this combination is acceptable and does not cause any danger to the animal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Evaluation of the clinical, analgesic and Sedative Effects of tramadol with acepromazine in the Horse
Fadaeifar, R., Asghari, A., Ozmaie, S., Sakha, M. .A variety of analgesic and sedative agents are available, and which one can be used in horses is a highly controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effects and effect on vital signs and probable side effects of a MoreA variety of analgesic and sedative agents are available, and which one can be used in horses is a highly controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effects and effect on vital signs and probable side effects of administered tramadol with acepromazine in the horse. Ten healthy mix breed horses 2-10 years of age, weighing 250-350 kg were randomly divided into two groups. One group received combination of tramadol (1 mg/kg, IV) and acepromazine (0/05 mg/kg, IV). The second control group received a saline placebo (1ml/45 kg bwt, IV). Heart rate, respiratory rate rectal temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and GI movement were recorded. The records were averaged for the fifteen minutes’ intervals to 6 hours after injection. Analgesia was assessed with pin prick in the tail and perineal region. Data were analyzed statistically by two way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) using repeated measurements and Duncan’s multiple range tests to determine significant differences using P<0.05. In this study tramadol with acepromazine show good sedation but have no analgesic effects. The mean of temperature degree, respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and GI movement in the treatment group at the time of 0, 15, 30, 60 and 360 minute did not show significant difference with the control group. Results of this study showed that parenteral administration of tramadol with acepromazine is fast and effective sedation in animals are created and no significant changes in vital signs and does not cause any danger to the animal although it does not reduce pain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Hematological Factors in Antidote Production Horses
, F Razavi حسین Zolfagharian عبدالعلی Banaeifar, , R EslamiIran is one of the most exclusive antidote producers within the Middle East. Blood serum production of high quality treatment and fewer side effects have a significant impact on public health. This ma MoreIran is one of the most exclusive antidote producers within the Middle East. Blood serum production of high quality treatment and fewer side effects have a significant impact on public health. This may only be attainable if eutherian and animal health are to be provided. The employment of sports activities as a nonpharmacological method will play a crucial role in maintaining and improving the health of the livestock. The purpose of this study was to investigate the result of aerobic exercises on hematological factors in antidote production horses. Sixteen horses were arbitrarily divided into two groups of venom and venom + training group for 22 weeks within the antidote production cycle. The exercise protocol consisted of three sessions of aerobic exercise per week, with moderate intensity. Blood samples at three different times: Before the beginning of the protocol, end of the 11-week period and therefore the end of the 22-week period were collected through the jugular vein and evaluated by repeated measures of variance analysis. The results showed that almost all of the measured factors reduced the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count and white blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and MCV n each groups, whereas the number of lymphocytes, MCH and MCHC increased (P <0.05). In sum, the results of this study showed that physical activity and venom are each factors influencing hematological factors, Although most of the results were influenced by the effect of the venom, the impact level within the venom + training group was less than that of the venom group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Prevalence of allergic dermatitis (IBH) in the horses in Tehran’s riding clubs
S. Ozmaie, E. Torki,Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a chronic, recurrent, seasonal dermatitis of the horse caused by bites of insects of the genus Culicoides. Worldwide, it is the most common allergic skin disease in horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence o MoreInsect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a chronic, recurrent, seasonal dermatitis of the horse caused by bites of insects of the genus Culicoides. Worldwide, it is the most common allergic skin disease in horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IBH in the suburbian riding clubs of Tehran. 900 horses, aged between 2 to 20 years, (male or female) during a 1-year period were used in this study. The most common symptoms were papular dermatits and alopecia. IBH symptoms were mainly located at the neck, ventral trunk and the legs. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the allergic reactions is important to improve the quality-of-life of such individuals and reduce the risk for future sting reactions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Horse and Horse Rider in Mutanabbi’s Divan
Maryam Saed VaghefiMutannabi the well-known Arab poet has dedicated many lines of his poetry to describing animals directly or indirectly. Among the animals to whichMutanabbi has paid attention the horse has a very special status. Most of the lines in which he has in some w MoreMutannabi the well-known Arab poet has dedicated many lines of his poetry to describing animals directly or indirectly. Among the animals to whichMutanabbi has paid attention the horse has a very special status. Most of the lines in which he has in some way described horses or horse riders are the lines about fights and battles in which the poet depicts the victories and bravery of the courageous fighters. He has rarely illustrated horses’ other uses such as hunting, pleasure or transportation. The present article tries to review and evaluate the descriptions of the terms horse and horse rider provided frequently by Mutanabbi in his works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - risk factors and treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female and male athletes
Narges jahantigh akbari Sanam Barforoshan elham damaniIntroduction: Studies your target reviews of risk factors and also treatment for harm reduction anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) assigned to help sports society. Materials and Methods:systematic search databases Scopus, Pubmed, Cochran, Elsevier and google scholar for A MoreIntroduction: Studies your target reviews of risk factors and also treatment for harm reduction anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) assigned to help sports society. Materials and Methods:systematic search databases Scopus, Pubmed, Cochran, Elsevier and google scholar for Assigning Articles performed on the injury anterior cruciate ligament particularly studies conducted on prevalence of the pathology in women that has case studies of ACL injury, especially women, as well as of risk factors and treatment of ligament injury was detected in athletes.Results: A total of 18articles in field of check the network particularly ACL injuries in sports studies were conducted on the prevalence of The case studies acl injury and ligament injury risk factors and treatments available at the athletes were identified. Conclusion:The results showed that ACL injuries in athletes are more likely due to differences in neuromuscular. According to this study nonsurgical treatments surgical treatment including strength training, plyometric, weight bearing and proprioception whose activities the patient to return to the damage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - This bulletin survey the animals role in the sadi s production
AHMAD ZAKERI faeze jamaran -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation and analysis of the themes and effects of the horse in Bafghi's Bafghi Diwan
neda yansAllegory is one of the important literary types, which has always been the focus of poets and orators, because it expresses the thoughts, identity and culture of nations. Poets and writers have used the allegorical approach of animals to express their goals. The aim of MoreAllegory is one of the important literary types, which has always been the focus of poets and orators, because it expresses the thoughts, identity and culture of nations. Poets and writers have used the allegorical approach of animals to express their goals. The aim of the research is to carefully examine the examples and allegorical effects of the horse in Bafaghi's Wild Court. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to answer the question that in what cases did Bakhti Bafqi use the allegory of the horse in his court? The results show that the poet made an allegory of the love story of Farhad and Shirin and Khosrow and Shirin with the help of the word horse. In addition, it has an allegory to the story of the ascension of the great Prophet to the throne.In addition, it has an allegory to the story of the ascension of the great Prophet to the throne. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Analysis of Symbolic Allegories of Horse in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
hasan tajikmohamdiyeh ata mohammad radmanesh Mehrdad ChatrayiThe horse in Persian literature and culture has a special position. In Avesta text and ancient Persian literature the horse has been praised. The Iranian poets, sufists, wits, intelligent, kings, leaders, warriors, farmers, battalion, and religious messengers   MoreThe horse in Persian literature and culture has a special position. In Avesta text and ancient Persian literature the horse has been praised. The Iranian poets, sufists, wits, intelligent, kings, leaders, warriors, farmers, battalion, and religious messengers considered it as the symbol of fortune, luck, wisdom, and sharpness. The presence of horse in culture and ancient history of Iran Has been presented in the different images that inscriptions, silver and golden tablets, engraved stones of Achaemenian era This is the importance and special attention to this beautiful and mythological animal and on the earthen tablets of Dariush’s era also have been presented names of great horses of the country of Iran The horse also has special position in the Islamic culture. In the epical, ancient and mythological narratology-which guarantee hero’s adventure and the future events- the horse has the most important symbolic animal usages Which like all none human elements of mythological world, has got a human identification and its symbol only can Be studied in the ancient texts. For analyzing of the rule of this animal in developing the hero’s position, symbolic and mythological horses’ position In the narratology of heroes’ mythological lives which are in the different cultures and tribes we have some more similar samples that are always being considered. Personnifying horses and dedicating allegorical roles to them, Hakim Abulqasem Ferdowsi contributed to attraction and value of most of his Shahnameh stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Customer Behavior Analysis using Wild Horse Optimization Algorithm
Raheleh Sharifi Mohammadreza Ramezanpour -
Open Access Article
12 - Preliminary investigation of the genus Tabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Shiraz region
Abofazel Dousti Mehdi Gheibi Zeinab BaziarFamily Tabanidae comprises 4290 species of flies worldwide, including the commonly known horseflies and deerflies. They are important vectors of human and animal diseases. In Iran so far more than 80 species and subspecies of this family have been identified. In the cur MoreFamily Tabanidae comprises 4290 species of flies worldwide, including the commonly known horseflies and deerflies. They are important vectors of human and animal diseases. In Iran so far more than 80 species and subspecies of this family have been identified. In the current study, flies were collected using insect net, Malaise trap and Nzi trap from the Shiraz area and suburbs. A total of seven species belonging to the family Tabanidae, Subfamily Tabaninae and Genus Tabanus were identified. The species T. spodopteroides is recorded for the first time from Iran. All species are new records for Fars province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Abrash Kayani (Study of Horse place in Ferdowsi epopee)
Naeimeh MotevaseliHorse is one of famous animals which has a special place in human's life, especially in ancient and old era and has been very respectful . In culture of ancient Iran, Horse and tool related to it have grown along with human and we can always see and wa MoreHorse is one of famous animals which has a special place in human's life, especially in ancient and old era and has been very respectful . In culture of ancient Iran, Horse and tool related to it have grown along with human and we can always see and watch trace of this beautiful animal. In Ferdowsi epopee, face of horse has a special and effective aspect because of its epic jussive and Ferdowsi has inserted this jubilant animal in his thought and imaginings. In this inquiring, horse has been compromised as an effective and very important animals in Iranian's life ,calure and visage of this animal has studied and showed in Ferdowsi epopee, which its result is Toos sage's attention and notice a lot to role and credit of this very important and beautiful animal to Iranian people and its perception and understanding of auspiciousness in consideration and thought of Iranian life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Origin and historical background of Iranian or Arabian Horse
Mohammad Zaman KhodaiThe horse has been Known as an Arian animals and its name has been mentioned in Avesta and religious books of Hindus, Vedas and Pooranas. Arians believed that the most acceptable sacrifice to the god was horse sacrifice which was known to ancient Iranians and Indi MoreThe horse has been Known as an Arian animals and its name has been mentioned in Avesta and religious books of Hindus, Vedas and Pooranas. Arians believed that the most acceptable sacrifice to the god was horse sacrifice which was known to ancient Iranians and Indians as "Ashwameda". The Iranian historical sources indicate that every month a horse was sacrificed on the grave of Cyrus the Greut the founder of Aehaemenid dynasty. Horse along with the Kassits who conquered Mesopotamia entered that region in the eighteenth century B.C and it was the beginning of an era when the Iranian horse became Famous in that region specially It was considered as an Arabian territory after the fall of the Sasanians. The collapse of the Sasanians and strict orders of Omavid and Abbasid's khalifs that the Iranians were not allowed to ride the horse in the presence of Arabs caused the Iranians not pay attention to horse riding or to breed the horse and it gradually resulted that the Iranian horse was known as Arabian horse. The factor which accelerated this fact was that most of the territories wherein the horses were bred had come under the sokernity of the Arabs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The effect of exercise on concentration of some serum biochemical parameters in Arabian horses
Ali Reza Ghadrdan Mashhadi Mohammad Razi Jalali Seyed Reza Fatemi Tabatbaei Marzieh Arjmand-NezhadEvaluation of parameters like serum biochemical changes following intense physical activity can provide data which may help in predicting the athletic capacity of horses in racing conditions. In the present study, serum concentration of some biochemical factors was dete MoreEvaluation of parameters like serum biochemical changes following intense physical activity can provide data which may help in predicting the athletic capacity of horses in racing conditions. In the present study, serum concentration of some biochemical factors was determined before and after intense physical activity in nine, 4-10 years old Arabian horses. The blood samples were collected at 1 h before (T0), just after (T1(, 3 hours (T2) and 24 hours (T3) after running with maximum speed in a 1250-meter course. Measurement of serum values of total protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine and glucose and also serum activity of creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes were done by routine laboratory methods. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test. The results showed that all of the measured parameters, except BUN were significantly increased after running. It seems that hemoconcentration caused by severe sweating and stress induced by racing conditions, are the reasons for these changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of serumic concentration of Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A in horses affected with strangles
A. Hassanpour H.R. Alipour Kheirkhah S. MoghaddamThis study was conducted on 29 horses with strangles and 27 healthy horses (negative culture) in order to investigate the serumic concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in stables of Tabriz area in Iran. Sick horses were detected by clinical and laboratory (cu MoreThis study was conducted on 29 horses with strangles and 27 healthy horses (negative culture) in order to investigate the serumic concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in stables of Tabriz area in Iran. Sick horses were detected by clinical and laboratory (culture of nasal discharge) findings. Blood samples were subsequently collected from the jugular vein in all horses and serum was separated. The concentration of acute phase proteins (Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A) were measured in all samples. Mean Serum Amyloid A in affected and healthy horses was 2749.13±569.95 mg/dl and 1602.97±357.76 mg/dl respectively. Mean serumic levels of Haptoglobin in affected and healthy horses was 1258.20±244.01 mg/dl and 721.97±187.18 mg/dl respectively. Average of both parameters in affected horses was significantly higher than the healthy group (in both p=0.000). There was no significant correlation between the measured parameters in diseased horses (p=0.158 & r=0.269). In conclusion, strangles induces increase in the serumic concentration of acute phase proteins which must be considered in the treatment of affected horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Survey on gastrointestinal parasitic helminthes in club and rural horses of Ardabil city, Iran
Parisa Shabazi Mohammad Tooloei Elnaz Zamanzad Ghavidel Armin HassanzadehParasitic diseases are considered as a major obstacle in the growth and development of animal health all over the world. Horses, in comparison to other domestic animals are reported to be more susceptible to a large number of parasites and may harbor different species a MoreParasitic diseases are considered as a major obstacle in the growth and development of animal health all over the world. Horses, in comparison to other domestic animals are reported to be more susceptible to a large number of parasites and may harbor different species at any time. The present study was carried out to establish the Gastrointestinal Parasites (GIP) profile of club and rural horses in Ardabil city. A total of 50 horses made up of 34 males and 16 females were examined in spring and summer, 2015. Fecal samples were processed by flotation techniques. GIP encountered were Strongyles (34%), Parascaris equorum (20%), Strongyloides westrii (12%), Anoplocephalidae (6%), Trichostrongylus spp. (4%), Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum (4%) and Dicrocoelium dendriticum­ (2%). According to the results, no significant differences in infection rate were found between male and female horses. But infection rates were significantly higher in horses without a history of anti-parasitic treatment in comparison with those with a history of anti-parasitic treatment (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between infected and uninfected horses regarding age despite more infection being observed in horses aged 6–10 yrs. Also, significant difference in infection rate between club and rural horses was not observed. Meanwhile in 4% of samples (2 rural horses), infection with Ornithobilharzia was found which is the first report of this parasite in horses in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Seroprevalence and risk factors of equine influenza virus infection in horses of Khuzestan province
hamid Hashemi Mehrjardi MAHDI Pourmahdi Borujeni alireza Ghadrdan Mashhadi masoudreza Siefi abad shaporiEquine influenza is an acute, infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease with worldwide distribution, high morbidity and low mortality. The disease is caused by H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of genus A of influenza virus in the horse. The most significant clinical si MoreEquine influenza is an acute, infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease with worldwide distribution, high morbidity and low mortality. The disease is caused by H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of genus A of influenza virus in the horse. The most significant clinical signs of equine influenza are fever, coughing and nasal discharge. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Equine influenza in horses of Khuzestan province by ELISA assay. Blood samples were randomly collected from 184 horses from Ahvaz, Ramhormoz, Shush, Shushtar, Mahshahr and Abadan cities. Seroprevalence of influenza virus was 7.07% (95% CI: 3.97-10.77). Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, sex, history of respiratory disease, history of leaving the province, body condition score, type of use, herd size and geographical location justify 45 percent of fluctuations in infection. History of leaving the province was the only factor with a significant effect on infection (p<0.05). Relative frequency of positive cases with and without history of leaving the province was 16% and 92% respectively and odds of infection in horses with history of leaving the province was 20.57 (95% CI: 2.61-161.97) in comparison with horses without history of leaving the province and this factor justifies 21.6% of fluctuations in infection. This survey confirms that influenza virus exists in Khuzestan province and preventive and control measures should be considered by health authorities and horse owners. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effects of organic and inorganic selenium supplements on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in mixed breed horses
G.H. Soltani saeed ozmaie مهدی Sakha S.H. SafiSelenium has an important role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones because it is necessary in the conversion ofthyroxine (T4) to its active form triiodothyronine (T3). For this conversion, selenoenzymes which are mainly located in the liver and kidneys are necessary. MoreSelenium has an important role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones because it is necessary in the conversion ofthyroxine (T4) to its active form triiodothyronine (T3). For this conversion, selenoenzymes which are mainly located in the liver and kidneys are necessary. This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic and inorganic selenium (Se) supplementation on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in mixed breed horses. For this purpose, 10 healthy mixed breed horses 4-5 years of age were randomly divided into two equal groups. The first treatment group received routine diet plus premix (1 mg sodium selenite/day) for 12 days and the second group was supplemented similarly with 1 mg commercially available yeast enriched organic selenium (O-Sel). Blood samples were taken by venoject tubes from the jugular vein on days 0, 3, 6 and 12. Serumic selenium concentrations were measured using atomic absorption and serum thyroid hormones were measured by spectrophotometer. After selenium supplementation, mean serum T3 levels increased significantly in both treatment groups (p<0.05) while T4 concentrations decreased. According to the results, administration of limited amounts of selenium can increase the active form of thyroid hormones with a positive impact on the performance of the horse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Evaluation of serumic indices of renal function in horses with piroplasmosis
peyman jafarian Ali Hassan PourThis study aims to examine serumic indices of renal function in horses suffering from piroplasmosis and to compare them with healthy animals. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, 17 horses (14 males and 3 females) were diagnosed with piroplasmosis in horse r MoreThis study aims to examine serumic indices of renal function in horses suffering from piroplasmosis and to compare them with healthy animals. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, 17 horses (14 males and 3 females) were diagnosed with piroplasmosis in horse ranches of the suburb of Tabriz city. After taking the history of these animals, blood sample was taken from the jugular vein and serum was separated. Also, 16 healthy horses (13 males and 3 females) were sampled as a healthy group with the same age, feeding and managerial conditions. Renal function was evaluated based on serumic level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), total protein (Pr), albumin (Alb), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Mean serumic level of total protein and albumin had an insignificant increase in horses suffering from piroplasmosis, but increment of mean serumic level of creatinine and BUN was significant in the diseased group (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively). Serum variations of sodium and potassium were not significant between the two groups. The difference between mean serum parameters in diseased group was significant between the two sexes only in respect to total protein and albumin (p=0.001 and p=0.012, respectively). In healthy group, age did not have any effect on serum variations of measured parameters, but in the diseased group, mean serum total protein increased with increase in age (p=0.033). The results of this study indicated that renal function is affected in horses suffering from piroplasmosis and improvement of renal function using fluid therapy should be considered in the treatment of this disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Determination of arterial blood pressure in Iranian Arab horses
Ali Reza Ghadrdan Mashhadi Bahare Soleimani Seyed Reza Fatemi Tabatbaei Mahdi PourmahdiborujeniAlthough a significant change in the blood pressure may be observed in certain diseases such as equine colic the measuring of blood pressure is not common in clinical examination of animals.This study aimed to determine the normal value of the systolic and diastolic blo MoreAlthough a significant change in the blood pressure may be observed in certain diseases such as equine colic the measuring of blood pressure is not common in clinical examination of animals.This study aimed to determine the normal value of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of Iranian Arab Horses.The present study was done in fifty apparently health Iranian Arab horses which were older than 6 months in Ahvaz. After restraining of horses and history taking, recording of vital signs measuring of the height of withers and the circumference of the tail, and recording the blood pressure were conducted by child sphygmomanometer.For the recording of the blood pressure the cuff was placed around the base of horsetail. The measuring of blood pressure was repeated with at least two minutes interval and the average of these values were recorded as the systolic and diastolic pressure.The collected data were analyzed by SPSS16 software. One way analysis of variance the independent sample t-test, and the Pearson correlation index were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the Mean±SEM of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 123±1.8and 69.6±1.7 mmHg respectively.also the relationship between withers height and the diastolic blood pressure was direct and significant.The results of the present study showed that the blood pressure measurement through auscultatory method in the field can be conducted easily. Moreover it was found that the obtained recorded measurements through this method can be compared with values presented by other methods which required more facilities and tools Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The role of genetic indices in determining the race of the Arabian horses
Sarvin Jabbari Mohammadreza Mashayekhi Ali HassanpourConsidering that the horse breeding industry is the fourth largest source of income generation in the world, and due to the diversity of species of horses in the world and the necessity of purity determination amongst breeders and horse owners, the importance of laborat MoreConsidering that the horse breeding industry is the fourth largest source of income generation in the world, and due to the diversity of species of horses in the world and the necessity of purity determination amongst breeders and horse owners, the importance of laboratory research in this regard is justified. According to past research, carried out sporadically in the country and abroad, there is a vacuum in the study of Iranian horses in terms of the diversity of genetic markers such as STR. The present study investigated short tandem repeat (STR) and allele frequency of 50 Arab horses using four loci (VHL20, AHT4, HTG4 and HMS7) recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). For this purpose, genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the Miller procedure and amplified by Multiplex PCR with fluorescent primers. The results indicated the presence of high genetic variability among the population of Arab horses. The number of alleles observed for each locus ranged from 6 to 9 with tAHT4 and VHL20 markers having the highest number of alleles with 9 alleles, and HTG4, with the highest heterozygosity. The HMS7 site had the lowest number of alleles among the sites examined with 7 alleles, and the VHL20 site had the lowest heterozygosity. The results of this study indicate a high frequency of genetic variation among the population of Arab horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Alterations in acute phase proteins, hemogram and electrophoretic pattern of equine serum proteins following change of diet from forage to forage mixed with concentrate
Rouhoullah Karampour Mohammad Razi Jalali mohammad rahim haji hajikalaei Alireza Ghadrdan mashhadiDespite extensive studies on the relationship between diet type and its effect on equine biochemical factors, little is known about horse serum and plasma proteins following changes in diet from forage to forage mixed with concentrate. Acute phase proteins are a group o MoreDespite extensive studies on the relationship between diet type and its effect on equine biochemical factors, little is known about horse serum and plasma proteins following changes in diet from forage to forage mixed with concentrate. Acute phase proteins are a group of serum proteins whose concentrations increase in response to infections, inflammation, trauma, and neoplasia. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the serum levels of serum biomarkers, fibrinogen and total protein concentration along with the nutritional behavior of horses during diet change. For this purpose, two types of diets, including forage (first treatment) and mixture of forage with concentrate (second treatment) were used for each horse for fifteen consecutive days. Complete blood cell counts as well as serum levels of fibrinogen, haptoglobin and amyloid type A were measured before and after dietary changes. Serum fibrinogen, haptoglobin and amyloid A levels were significantly increased in horses of the second treatment group compared to horses in the first treatment group (p<0.05). There was also a statistically significant difference in the complete blood cell count due to the change of diet from forage to forage mixed with concentrate (p<0.05). It seems that changes in the natural flora of the horse's digestive tract following a change in diet can protect the animal's body against acute inflammatory and traumatic injuries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Comparison of serum oxidative status in healthy Arabian and Dareshoor horses
maryam karimi dehkordi Naser Salehi Pardis BaniMehdiOxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the production of oxygen free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense, is strongly associated with physical activity during a horse's sporting life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of Malo MoreOxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the production of oxygen free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense, is strongly associated with physical activity during a horse's sporting life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxatase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) as indicators of oxidative stress and to compare them between two horse races of Arab and Dareshoor. For this purpose, 26 non-pregnant and non-lactating female horses from Yazd province (13 Arab and 13 Dareshoor) were randomly selected. Blood samples were taken from all horses at rest. MDA, TAC and antioxidant enzymes were tested in the serum of the studied horses. The results showed that the rate of MDA in the serum of Arabian horses was significantly lower than Dareshoor horses (0.98±0.55 vs 1.59±0.56 µmol/L, respectively). Also, serum TAC concentrations in Arabian and Dareshoor horses did not show any statistically significant difference, although the rate of this parameter in Arabian horses was slightly higher than in Dareshoor (113.54±70.75 vs 112.56±53.93 µmol/L, respectively). In Arab race, level of SOD, GPX and CAT were also higher than Dareshoor. These differences between SOD and GPX enzymes were statistically significant (p<0.05). High levels of antioxidant enzymes and low levels of MDA indicate better health status for Arabian horses, and breed and genetics appear to play a role in enhancing the strength of the antioxidant defense system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Determination of the reference value for intra ocular pressure (IOP) in the Caspian miniature horse
Roushanak Sarkhoosh saeed ozmaie Ahmad Asghari Alireza JahandidehAssessing the intraocular pressure is a key parameter for eye examinations used to diagnose diseases of this organ of the body. Determining the IOP requires a tool that is fast, accurate, portable, and functional. Currently, there are accepted methods for determining IO MoreAssessing the intraocular pressure is a key parameter for eye examinations used to diagnose diseases of this organ of the body. Determining the IOP requires a tool that is fast, accurate, portable, and functional. Currently, there are accepted methods for determining IOP, which include rebound tonometry and the Applentation method. This study aimed to determine the reference value for intraocular pressure by using rebound tonometry in the Caspian horse. In this regard, 20 apparently healthy Caspian miniature horses, both male and female aged between 2 and 14 years old and weighing between 150 and 200 kg were selected. The total mean and standard deviation of the results obtained from the study of intraocular pressure in 20 Caspian miniature horses were calculated as 32.9±6.7 mm/Hg. Gender had no significant effect on IOP (p < /em>>0.05). No significant differences were seen between the mean IOP values of the left eye compared to the right eye. Given the importance of early diagnosis of glaucoma and the prevention of subsequent disorders, it seems that the obtained results could be used as reference to measure the intraocular pressure of Caspian miniature horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Evaluation of plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in horses with pulmonic valve regurgitation
Mohamad Hasan Najizadeh Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfouli ُSirus Sadeghian Chleshtori Gholamreza Nikhbakht Borujeni Alireza Vajhi Masoumeh Jabbari Fakhr Mohammadreza Mehrara hossein shadAtrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by cardiac myocytes and its plasma concentration often increases in patients with cardiovascular disease in response to blood volume expansion and stretching of cardiac chambers. Increase in plasma concentration of ANP (Cp AN MoreAtrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by cardiac myocytes and its plasma concentration often increases in patients with cardiovascular disease in response to blood volume expansion and stretching of cardiac chambers. Increase in plasma concentration of ANP (Cp ANp ) has been observed in humans with cardiac diseases and horses with left-sided valvular disease. This study aimed to investigate plasma ANP level in horses with pulmonic valve regurgitationand its association with echocardiographic parameters. Clinical and echocardiographic examinations were performed on several jumping horses in the equestrian clubs of Tehran, Iran. Eleven horses with pulmonic valve regurgitation were identified by echocardiographic examination and were included in the case group (Group A), and 14 healthy horses were taken as the control group (Group B). Then, B-Mode, M-Mode and doppler echocardiographic parameters were measured and compared between the two groups. Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected in tubes and were transferred to laboratory. Cp ANp was measured by Sandwich ELISA method using an equine specific kit.MeanCp ANp of horses in group­1 and group2 were 6.39±2.87 pg/ml and 4.78±2.45 pg/ml respectively, but no significant differences were observed. Except for right ventricular internal diameter, other echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. Cp ANp was significantly correlated to systolic right ventricle length and left ventricular width. In conclusionno significant differences were observed between Cp ANp of healthy horses and horses with pulmonic regurgitation. Based on the Correlation between CpANP and right ventricle length, an elevation in Cp ANp might be expected in severe pulmonic regurgitation with change in ventricle`s dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Assessment of Streptococcus equi infection in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region by indirect ELISA method
Esmail Minai Arash Araghi-SoorehStrangles is one of the most important infectious diseases of equids caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. The disease is characterized by fever, anorexia, lethargy, purulent nasal discharge, and lymphadenopathy, particularly of the lymph nodes of the head and n MoreStrangles is one of the most important infectious diseases of equids caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. The disease is characterized by fever, anorexia, lethargy, purulent nasal discharge, and lymphadenopathy, particularly of the lymph nodes of the head and neck. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence rate of S. equi infection in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region in northwestern Iran. Sera from 46 apparently healthy horses were tested by enzyme linked immunosrobent assay (ELISA) kit (ID Screen S. equi Indirect) to detect IgG to S. equi M protein (SeM) antigen. Data were analyzed for effect of sex and age on seropositivity by chi-squared, fisher’s exact and logistic regression tests. A total of 73.9% (95% CI: 61.2-86.6%) of samples were positive for S. equi antibodies. Seropositivity was not affected by age (p >0.05) and sex (p >0.05). In regression analysis only age was significant between predictor variables. Odds of infection between the age based on year and disease was 1.403 (95% CI: 1.006-1.958), and age explained 0.339% of infection’s fluctuations. The final summary of results indicates that exposure to S. equi is very high in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Comparative evaluation of immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in two strains of BALB/c and DBA/2 mice : Preclinical study
ramin farhoudi delaram doroud GOLSHID javdani mohammad hosin hedayatiStreptococcus pneumoniae is easily transmitted from humans to animals and causes pneumonia, especially in horses. Extensive human vaccination prevents the transmission of the disease to the horse host. The immunogenicity of a vaccine is evaluated by various methods. The MoreStreptococcus pneumoniae is easily transmitted from humans to animals and causes pneumonia, especially in horses. Extensive human vaccination prevents the transmission of the disease to the horse host. The immunogenicity of a vaccine is evaluated by various methods. The aim of this study was to design a test to evaluate the immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine as part of pre-clinical studies of vaccine production. After culturing Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F in blood agar medium, the obtained colonies were labeled using fluorescence dye. On the other hand, the serum of BALB/c and DBA/2 mice immunized with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine was collected to determine antibodies with phagocytosis properties against Streptococcus pneumoniae. After proximity of serum dilutions with labeled bacteria, the ability of bacteria to phagocytosis by serum opsonins (opsonophagocytosis) was read by adding mouse macrophage cells by flow cytometry. In both strains, the percentage of cells in the serum that phagocytosed the bacterium decreased with decreasing serum dilution. Opsonophagocytic titers were reported 128 in BALB/c mice and 64 in DBA/2 mice. On the other hand, flow cytometry results were significantly different from the results of manual colony count test (r = 0.89, p≤0.001). According to the results of the present study, the BALB/c strain of mice was a better host to determine the efficacy of the vaccine. Also, using flow cytometry method has more advantages than manual assay method. As a result, the data of this study bring us one step closer to producing an effective vaccine. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Effect of tafluprost eye drop on intra ocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in the healthy horses
Mahdiyeh Rafiei Ahmad asghari Seiyed Saeid Ozmaie Ehsan TorkiIntroduction: Tafluprost is an analogue of PGF2α that reduce the IOP by prostoglandian receptors and increase ocular fluid outflow. The aim of this study was evaluatation of tafluprost effect on IOP in normal horse eye.Material & Methods: fourteen healthy adul MoreIntroduction: Tafluprost is an analogue of PGF2α that reduce the IOP by prostoglandian receptors and increase ocular fluid outflow. The aim of this study was evaluatation of tafluprost effect on IOP in normal horse eye.Material & Methods: fourteen healthy adult female cross-breed (Turkmen-Thoroughbred) horses were used in this study( 3.5 - 10 years old). The horses were randomly devided into two groups. In group A, seven horses received one drop of 0.0015% preservative-free tafluprost (Zioptan®, Akron, Oak pharmaceutical Inc, France) in right eye. In group B, seven horses received one drop of sterile eye drop as placebo(Tearlose®, Sina Darou Laboratories Company, Tehran, Iran) in right eye. IOP and PD was measured by respectively rebound tonometer ( TonoVet®, Finland) and Caliper device ( China) at the baseline , 30 , 60 , 120 ,240 min, 24 and 48 h post instillation.Results: Tafluprost has significant IOP reduction at 30, 60, 120, 240 min, 24 and 48 h after drug administration in treated group. Descriptive statistics revealed that mean IOP decrease in treated eyes from 22±5.4 mmHg to 16.6±1.6 mmHg during 48 hours. Also, the mean PD in treated group at 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes was significantly lower than the baseline time. there is a significant relationship between drug administration and time (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Descriptive statistics revealed that mean PD decrease in treated eyes during 48 hours post instillation from 17.9±2.3 mm to 18.2±3.3 mm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The study of clinical and hematological features of Insect bite hypersensitivity in horses of Khuzestan province
Bahare Soleimani Ali Reza Ghadrdan Mashhadi mohammad rahim hajikolayei Mohammad Razi Jalali Masoud Ghorbanpoor Rahim ChinipardazThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical and hematological features of Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) among horses in Khuzestan. The study was performed on 257 Arabian horses kept in 6 cities of this province (including Shushtar, Bavi, Ahvaz, Susangard, Abadan, and MoreThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical and hematological features of Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) among horses in Khuzestan. The study was performed on 257 Arabian horses kept in 6 cities of this province (including Shushtar, Bavi, Ahvaz, Susangard, Abadan, and Ramhormoz). The horses were examined for the presence or absence and location of skin lesions, along with the individual animal information, which was recorded. Blood sampling was done in some animals (32 healthy horses and 61 affected horses), the blood samples were evaluated for hematologic appearance. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results showed that the main lesions visible in infected animals were hair loss (with a frequency of 93.1%) and the lowest was scarring (1.4%). The location of skin lesions was reported to be mainly in the head and neck area (85.6%). Also, in the majority of the infected horses (37.5%), there were skin lesions in all parts of the body (including head and neck, trunk, and limbs). The distribution of the skin lesions observed in different areas of the body of the studied animals was almost similar, and so all three sites of alopecia demonstrated the highest frequency and the lowest frequency of scars. The analysis of hematological findings indicated that only the difference between the number of basophils and MCV and MCH values of healthy and IBH affected animals was found to be significant(P <0.05). The results of this study showed that the affected animals were marked by skin lesions diversity, frequency and distribution Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Incidence of atrial fibrillation with mitral regurgitation in a Mix-breed athletic horse
Hossein Khalesi mehdi sakha abbas veshkini Ali rezakhaniAtrial fibrillation is one of the most important cardiac arrhythmias in athletic horses, which can be caused by cardiac valve insufficiency. This study reports the incidence of atrial fibrillation with mitral regurgitation in a Mix-breed athletic horse that showed cardi MoreAtrial fibrillation is one of the most important cardiac arrhythmias in athletic horses, which can be caused by cardiac valve insufficiency. This study reports the incidence of atrial fibrillation with mitral regurgitation in a Mix-breed athletic horse that showed cardiac murmur, poor performance and exercise intolerance. In a 5-year-old Mix-breed mare clinical examination, electrocardiography, hematological and biochemical serum tests, and echocardiography were performed to identify the causes of cardiac murmur and poor performance. In auscultation, an irregular-irregularity heart rhythm and the 4/6-degree holosystolic murmur with a maximum intensity point in the mitral valve region with trill, were heard. Then, the atrial fibrillation was recorded in base-apex lead electrocardiography. Increased levels of fibrinogen and white blood cells were detected in the hematological tests. Echocardiography showed flail leaflet of mitral valve, left ventricular dilatation, and moderate mitral regurgitation. The fractional shortening (FS) values were decreased that indicating a decrease in myocardial function. In mitral regurgitation, left atrium enlargement is part of the pathophysiological changes to compensate for the cardiac overload, but it will also be a sign of future heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation and even sudden death. Eventually, atrial enlargement with mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation and decreased fraction shortening can lead to poor performance and even a negative effect on horse's life expectancy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Serological survey of Influenza A virus infection in horses of some districts of Mahabad city by ELISA method
Armin Attari Arash Araghi-SoorehAbstract Equine influenza is an acute, infectious, and highly contagious respiratory disease that is worldwide. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of influenza A virus infection in horses of Mahabad city by competitive ELISA methods. In this study, 200 MoreAbstract Equine influenza is an acute, infectious, and highly contagious respiratory disease that is worldwide. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of influenza A virus infection in horses of Mahabad city by competitive ELISA methods. In this study, 200 serum samples were collected from horses in Beytas, Hamzeh abad, Lekben, Kovtar and Dehboker villages located in Mahabad city and then examined by competitive ELISA method. The prevalence of antibodies against the influenza A virus in the study population was 6% )with 95% confidence interval: 2.16-8.7%(. Chi-square test showed no statistically significant relationship between the frequency of positive serum cases of influenza A and the sex of horses )P = 0.354> 0.05(. Horse breeds in the study population included Kurdish, Pony, Working and Arabian horses with 7.6%, 0%, 7.7% and 3.2% positive serum frequency, respectively. Data analysis showed There is no significant difference between the frequency of positive serum cases of influenza A virus and the studied breeds )P = 0.402> 0.05(. This study showed that the serum prevalence of influenza A in the study population is very low. This study is also the first report on the exposure of horses in Mahabad city to the Influenza A virus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The relationship between the serological prevalence of strangles disease with the parameters of age, gender, breed, respiratory disease, and geographical region in Tabriz area
Sina Moghaddam Ali Hassanpour Jalal ShayeghStrangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. This study was conducted on 184 horses that were studied in terms of carrying S. equi and its frequency among the horse population kept in eque MoreStrangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. This study was conducted on 184 horses that were studied in terms of carrying S. equi and its frequency among the horse population kept in equestrian clubs around Tabriz. The serum samples were collected from different equestrian clubs and were assayed using an iELISA (Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test for anti-SeM antibody in Streptococcus equi. The relative frequency of carriers was 53.3% in stallions and 24.5% in mares (p<0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 95% in horses with a record of respiratory disease and 39.6% in horses without respiratory disease (p<0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 68.2% in Kurd breed horses, 37.1% in the Arabian breed, 64% in crossbreed, and 80% in the Thoroughbred breed (p<0.05). Any significant relationship was not found between carriers and age (p>0.05). The results of Chi-squared test showed that the most positive results were observed in Arpadresi area of Tabriz city (p<0.001). The present investigation is the first study in the city of Tabriz, and the results show the lack of proper hygiene and the existence of stable carriers at the level of equestrian clubs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Study of causes of Pityriasis in horses in provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Golestan
sina Abdizadeh kari bozorg Afshin Raoofi Hesameddin Akbarein Arash Tazikeh hamid TavanaiemaneshPityriasis or dandruff is the presence of too many bran-like scales on the skin. According to the available information and based on previous studies, this complication exists in horse care and breeding centers in Tehran, Alborz and Golestan provinces with different fre MorePityriasis or dandruff is the presence of too many bran-like scales on the skin. According to the available information and based on previous studies, this complication exists in horse care and breeding centers in Tehran, Alborz and Golestan provinces with different frequencies. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of Pityriasis and its effective factors in horses of the mentioned provinces. The present study was performed on the population of horses in equestrian complexes of Tehran, Alborz and Golestan provinces. Based on history and clinical findings, horses with Pityriasis were identified and then the necessary samples were taken and sent to the relevant laboratories. In this study, 74 horses with Pityriasis were identified that mange (56.76%), insect bites hypersensitivity (24.32%) and ringworm (18.92%) were the most important causes of Pityriasis. Among possible affecting factors, breed, sex, age, insect control and density had no significant association but significant relationship (p<0.05) was recorded among season, sanitary conditions, type of accompanying lesion and animal bedding with Pityriasis. According to this study, mange is the most common cause of Pityriasis in horses in Tehran, Alborz and Golestan provinces. Pityriasis predominantly occurs in summer and the most common type of accompanying lesion is alopecia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Study of prevalence of equine herpes virus types 1 and 4 infections in horse sera from riding clubs of Urmia
Amir Shafaroodi Arash Araghi-SoorehHerpesviruses can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) cause respiratory signs, abortion, neonatal death and in some cases distal limb edema and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horse MoreHerpesviruses can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) cause respiratory signs, abortion, neonatal death and in some cases distal limb edema and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in club horses of Urmia in relation to age, gender, breed and clinical signs. Sera from 51 horses were tested by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for detection of specific antibodies against EHV-1 and EHV-4 and data were analyzed by chi-squared, fisher’s exact and logistic regression tests. A total of 9 samples (17.65%) (95% CI: 7.2-28.0) were found to be positive for specific antibodies of EHV-1 and EHV-4. Seropositivity was not affected by age (p=0.593), sex (p=0.651), breed (p=0.874) and clinical signs (p=0.824). Although in regression analysis it was found that odds of infection based on age was increased by 1.51% for every 4 year decrease in age and odds of infection was 1.549% more in females compared with males. Also age, gender and breed of horses explains 0.449, 0.437 and 0.217% of infection rate fluctuations, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate relatively high exposure of equine herpes virus types 1 and 4 in club horses of Urmia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The first report of equine testicular infestation by Setaria equina in Tabriz
یعقوب Gharedagi حسین Jodeiri s.r Rohani A four year old mixed breed native stallion was referred to the large animal clinic of the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz in spring of 1386. Tachycardia, Tachypnea and severe colic pains were observed in preliminary physical examination. Eosinophi More A four year old mixed breed native stallion was referred to the large animal clinic of the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz in spring of 1386. Tachycardia, Tachypnea and severe colic pains were observed in preliminary physical examination. Eosinophilia and lymphocytopenia was observed following total red and white blood cell counts and differentiated white blood cell counts. Ultimately, orchitis and hydrocel was diagnosed and following castration and dissection of scrotum and testes, 10 adult nematodes were removed from the testicles. The adult worms diagnosed under stereomicroscope following translucidation by lactophenol in the parasitology laboratory and setaria equine infestation was confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - A study on some phenotypic characteristics of the Karabakh horse in comparison with the Kurdish and Arabian horses
payam mosapour A.M Aghazade Ali Hassanpour H.A Mahpeikar مجید Ebrahimi HamedIn order to preserve genetic resources and revive local breeds within the country, some breed specifications of the Karabakh horse, an important local breed in Azarbaijan and Iran was studied. In the present study after obtaining information from horse owners and club m MoreIn order to preserve genetic resources and revive local breeds within the country, some breed specifications of the Karabakh horse, an important local breed in Azarbaijan and Iran was studied. In the present study after obtaining information from horse owners and club managers of Karabakh horse, the phenotypic characteristics were completed through relevant measurements. 23 phenotype specifications were measured in 42 Karabakh horses, 32 Kurdish horses and 25 Arabian horses which included: face length, face width, ear length, ear width, height at withers, height at knee, height at arm, diameter of the cannon bone, chest heart girth width, back girth, height at croup, height at hock, neck length, back and loin length, croup length, tail length, body length, dorsal hoof height, lateral hoof height, pastern length, ratio of height to body length and weigh of the body. Overall significant differences were observed for most of the studied characteristics between the Karabakh, Kurdish and Arabian horses. In conclusion it could be mentioned that Karabakh horse is distinguished by specific phenotypic features such as low body weight, short height, broad- face, wide chest, long pastern, wide hoof and medium body length which makes it possible for it to be used in sports such as racing and polo and farming activities. Thus preservation of this heritage and valuable genetic resource in its natural farmlands together whit promotion of cultural aspects by relevant authorities is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Kurd horse
saber Mamaghani abdollah Araghi Sooreh majid Ebrahimi Hamed mehdi fattahi hamid Akbari This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females More This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females and 23 males), aged 2-30 years, without clinical evidence of external ocular inflammation were selected and divided into two age groups (less than 10 years and over 10 years). Samples were taken from both conjunctival sacs of horses and seeded on the sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Kendall Tau tests using SAS 9.1. Filamentous fungi and yeasts comprised 82.35% and 17.65% of total isolates, respectively. The most frequent isolate was Aspergillus species (38.82 %) followed by Penicillium spp (14.12%), Fusarium spp (8.24%), Chladosporium, Mucor and Scopulariopsis spp (5.88%), Pseudallescheria, Rhodotorula and Trichoderma spp (1.18 %). Gender had a significant effect on frequency of fungal isolation (p<0.05). Isolation of fungi decreased with increasing age but there was no significant correlation between them (p= 0.064, r= - 0.225). In conclusion, the frequency of fungal species isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Kurd horses was influenced by gender. Generally, the fungal species isolated in our study are comparable with similar studies performed on horses in other regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The effect of phenylbutazone injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the horse
Ali Hassanpour Vahid Farshchi Andisi مجید Ebrahimi Hamed فرهاد FarhangpajohThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phenylbutazone injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the Arabian horse. Twelve Arabian horses were allocated to two groups of control and treatment each consisting of six animals. In the treatment group, MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phenylbutazone injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the Arabian horse. Twelve Arabian horses were allocated to two groups of control and treatment each consisting of six animals. In the treatment group, 3 mg/kg phenylbutazone was injected intravenously for 6 days while in the control group equal values of 0.9% NaCl solution was used for the injection. Blood samples of all animals were collected from the jugular vein at days 0(before injection), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, their sera separated by centrifuging and the levels of T3 and T4 were measured using the ELISA technique. There was a significant difference (P Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Effects of orally administered ascorbic acid on the athletic performance in Arab horses
محمد Mashayekhi M.H Khayat-Nouri علی Hassanpour بهرام Amoghli-Tabrizi The aim of this study was to evaluate the athletic performance of Arab horses fallowing oral administration of ascorbic acid. The study was conducted on two groups each consisting of 20 Arab horses with the age range of 4-9 years and body weight of 4 More The aim of this study was to evaluate the athletic performance of Arab horses fallowing oral administration of ascorbic acid. The study was conducted on two groups each consisting of 20 Arab horses with the age range of 4-9 years and body weight of 450-550 kg. After general examination of all horses, those in the treatment group received 20 grams of oral ascorbic acid daily for 30 days. At the end of 30 days period, general examination was performed once again and two jugular blood samples along with the electrocardiography after exercise at the 2160 meter track. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the mean serumic levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate and uric acid had significantly increased (p<0.05) fallowing exercise in both control and treatment groups but the mean serumic levels of ascorbic acid had decreased (p<0.05) fallowing exercise in both groups. Average heart rate had also significantly increased (p<0.05) after exercise. Abnormal electrocardiographic changes were not seen in any of the cases. Considering the significance difference (p<0.05) in mean creatine phosphokinase and lactate levels fallowing exercise between the control and treatment groups, it can be concluded that the administration of ascorbic acid improves the athletic performance of Arab horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The effect of vitamin E and selenium on serum injection on serumic levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the Arabian horse
بهرام Amouoghli-Tabrizi A. Hassanpour M. Khakpour Y. Mohamadpour-Tanha This study was conducted evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the Arabian horse. Twelve Arabian stallions of approximately equal age were selected and based on their age (4 and 5 years old), More This study was conducted evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the Arabian horse. Twelve Arabian stallions of approximately equal age were selected and based on their age (4 and 5 years old), allocated to tow groups each consisting of six animals. In each group, three of the six horses were injected by vitamins E and selenium at a dose rate of 1cc/30 kg intramuscularly every tow days and the other three animals which were chosen as the controls were similarly injected by normal saline solution. Two days alter each injection; blood samples of the horses in each group were collected using venoject from the jugular vein. After separating the blood serum by centrifuging, the levels of T3 and T4 were measured using the ELISA technique. Following the first injection, the serumic levels of thyroid hormones demonstrated a significant increase in comparison with the controls (p<0.05) while after the second injection, the serumic levels of T3 and T4 had decreased to normal values similar to the control groups. However, following the third injection the decreased in T3 and T4 levels was clearly evident and statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the results of the present study, the injection of vitamin E and selenium for more than twice leads to decrease in the seumic levels of T3 and T4 hormones of the horse and this is coupled with reduction of the basic body metabolism which is not beneficial for the animal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - A study on the apparent dental disorders in the horses of Tabriz area
علی Hasanpour s.m Deljo مجید Ebrahimi-Hamed This study was done to evaluate apparent dental disorders of horses in Tabriz area. Among the 120 horses evaluated, 65.83% had dental disorders. The most prevalent dental disorder observed was dental tartar (65.22%) while dental caries w More This study was done to evaluate apparent dental disorders of horses in Tabriz area. Among the 120 horses evaluated, 65.83% had dental disorders. The most prevalent dental disorder observed was dental tartar (65.22%) while dental caries was the least prevalent (5.43%). The occurrence of dental tartar was significantly higher than the other disorders (p<0.01). Arab horses had the greatest number of dental disorders but they had no significant difference in comparison with the other breeds. The relationship between age and prevalence of dental disorders was considered significant with a regression coefficient of r=0. 873 (p<0.05). Dental wear was the most prevalent type of dental disorder observed in horses that had the abnormal behavior of crib- biting and there was a significant relationship between the presence of dental wear and crib- biting (p<0.01) (r=0.736). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in horses from some horse clubs in Tehran by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)
mohammadrahim Haji Hajikolaei alireza Nafisi Mozaffar samad Lotfollazadeh masoud Ghorbanpour gholamreza Abdollapour In order to evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in horses, blood samples were taken from 152 horses from 7 horse clubs in Tehran. Serum samples were examined using a microscopic agglutination test to detect the presence of antibo More In order to evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in horses, blood samples were taken from 152 horses from 7 horse clubs in Tehran. Serum samples were examined using a microscopic agglutination test to detect the presence of antibodies against five live serotypes of Leptospira interrogans (grippotyphosa, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicula and hardjo). Of the tested samples, 23 horses (15/13%) were positive to one or more serotypes. Titer levels ranged from 1:100 to 1:200. Icterohaemorrhagiae (44/44%) was the most frequently detected serovar followed in descending order by gripotyphosa (29/62%), canicula (22/22%), pomona (3/7%) and serotype hardjo was negative. Statistical analysis using the chi-squared test showed there was no significant correlation differences between Leptospira interrogans infection and factors such as sex and age. The serum titers of infected horses ranged from 1:100 (n=19) to 1:200 (n=78). These results suggest that the icterohaemorrhagiae serovar may be the most prevalent serovar in the horse population Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The effect of dietary copper supplementation in on the concentration of copper in equine serum, hoof and hair
GH.A Moghadam علی Hassanpour جعفر Rahmani یوسف DavoodiThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary copper supplementation on the concentration of this element in equine serum, hair and hoof. Forty stallions were divided in two groups of control and treatment each consisting of 20 horses. Copper sulfate was su MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary copper supplementation on the concentration of this element in equine serum, hair and hoof. Forty stallions were divided in two groups of control and treatment each consisting of 20 horses. Copper sulfate was supplied in the diet of the treatment group for 2 months. Blood samples were taken from jugular vein of all horses on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 and the sera were separated. Samples from hair and hoof were also collected. The concentration of copper in these samples was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. In the control group, mean serumic concentration of copper diet not show any significant changes from day 0 to 60 but in the treatment group there were significant differences between different sampling days (p= 0.000). Mean copper concentration on the hair of the control group did not show a significant difference between different sampling days but in the treatment group a non significant increase was observed (p= 0.056). There was no significant difference in mean copper concentration of hoof in both treatment groups (p= 0.055, p= 0.481). There was a significant correlation between mean concentration of copper in the serum and hair and hoof at most sampling times. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of copper for 2 months leads to its significant serumic increase and non significant increase in hair and hoof of horses and considering the protective effects of copper on skin and also hoof, its dietary supplementation is recommended in sports horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Serumic concentration of cardiac troponin and some enzymes in horses with strangles
علی Hassanpour مجید FartashvandThis study was conducted on horses to investigate the effect of strangles on cardiac troponin fluctuations and activity of some serum enzymes. The research was done on 30 horses with strangles and 29 normal horses. Sick horses were confirmed on the basis of clinical and MoreThis study was conducted on horses to investigate the effect of strangles on cardiac troponin fluctuations and activity of some serum enzymes. The research was done on 30 horses with strangles and 29 normal horses. Sick horses were confirmed on the basis of clinical and laboratory signs (culture of nasal and lymph nodes discharges for Streptococcus equi). Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. The serum activity of cardiac troponin was measured by ELISA kit and gama gluthamil transferase (GGT), alanine amino tramsferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured by biochemical kits. The mean heart rate increased significantly (p<0.05) in horses with strangles. The mean cardiac troponin also increased significantly (p=0.001). Serum activity of GGT, CK, ALP and ALT enzymes were increased significantly (p= 0.41, p= 0.006 and p=0.001, respectively) in horses with strangles. In conclusion, serumic concentration of cardiac troponin and GGT, CK, ALP and ALT enzymes increase after strangles in the horse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The effect of vitamin E- selenium injection on serumic levels of Albumin, Protein, Calcium, Phosphorous, Alkaline phosphates, Alaninamonitransferas and Aspartataminotransferas in the Arabian horse
بهرام Amouoghli Tabrizi منصور KhakpoorThis study was performed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of albumin, protein, calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphates, alaninamonitransferas and aspartataminotransferas in the Arabian stallions. In this study 12 Arabian hor MoreThis study was performed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of albumin, protein, calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphates, alaninamonitransferas and aspartataminotransferas in the Arabian stallions. In this study 12 Arabian horses were selected in 2 groups of 4 and 5 years old. In each group, horses were allocated to two sub groups of controls and treatment, each of them containing three animals. In the treatment group, 1cc/30 kg vitamin E and selenium was injected intramuscularly in 2 day intervals for 6 days, while in the control group the same amounts of normal saline (0.9%) was injected. Blood samples of all animals were collected from the jugular vein at days 2, 4 and 6 and their sera were harvested by centrifuging and the levels of the parameters were measured using commercial kits and the spectrophotometric method. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant difference on mean serumic albumin, phosphorous, alkaline phosphates, alaninamonitransferas, and spartataminotransferas in the studied animals while mean serumic protein values of 4 year old horses indicated a significant difference following the third vit E – Selenium injection (p<0.05). The levels of calcium showed a significant difference following the second injection in 4 and 5 years old horses (p<0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that vit E – Selenium injection could be beneficial for horses without having any side effects on the liver and kidney but alterations of other biochemical and hematologic parameters should also be investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - A Survey on frequency of equine Cryptosporidiosis in Ahvaz
A.R Ghadrdan-Mashhadi حسین Hamidienjat پریسا AlizadehniaCryptosporidia are protozoan parasites that have worldwide distribution and can cause diarrhea and mal-absorption in young horses. Sometimes, it can cause illness in neonatal foals, too. In present study, the frequency of equine Cryptosporidiosis in Ahvaz was investigat MoreCryptosporidia are protozoan parasites that have worldwide distribution and can cause diarrhea and mal-absorption in young horses. Sometimes, it can cause illness in neonatal foals, too. In present study, the frequency of equine Cryptosporidiosis in Ahvaz was investigated. The samples were taken from 100 horses during spring and summer 2009. The ages of horses were from 1 month to 27 years old. Fecal samples were stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Results were analyzed with Chi-square Test and Fisher’s exact test. The results showed that the rate of infection to Cryptosporidium was 18%. There was no significant correlation between infection to Cryptosporidium and sex, age and fecal thickness. The rate of infection to Cryptosporidium in studied horses is very similar to studies done in other countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Identification of conjunctival fornix mycoflora of Equidae (horse and mule) in Urmia district
abdollah araghisourehAbstract Fungi present on normal ocular surface become pathogen in certain conditions such as corneal damage. Therefore, Knowledge of normal conjunctival mycoflora is important for prompt and proper treatment of equine keratomycosis. The objective of this MoreAbstract Fungi present on normal ocular surface become pathogen in certain conditions such as corneal damage. Therefore, Knowledge of normal conjunctival mycoflora is important for prompt and proper treatment of equine keratomycosis. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the mycoflora of conjunctiva in clinically normal equine species in Urmia, Iran. Swabs were taken from the conjunctival fornix of both eyes of horses (n=35) and mules (n=50), without external ocular inflammation. The culture samples were seeded in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and incubated for 10 days at 25° C. Collectively, 191 isolates belonging to 13 fungal species were identified. Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated fungal genus in horses (48.63%) and mules (38.88%). The fungal species isolated are comparable with similar studies performed on horses in other countries. This is the first report of conjunctival mycoflora in mules. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The effect of physical exercise on serum concentrations of some metallic elements in the Arabian horse
alireza ghadrdanmashhadi mohammad razijalali seyyedreza fatemi marziyeh arjmandnejadAbstract The sport efficiency of horse depends on its ability to overcome excess metabolic requirements during severe physical activity. One of the methods to evaluate these metabolic requirements is determination of the kind and rate of changes preduced i MoreAbstract The sport efficiency of horse depends on its ability to overcome excess metabolic requirements during severe physical activity. One of the methods to evaluate these metabolic requirements is determination of the kind and rate of changes preduced in biochemical parameters. In the present study that was done in nine Arab horses from 4 to 10 years old, serum concentration of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride and potassium were measured in different times before and after intensive physical activity. The blood samples were collected at 1 h before (T0) just after )T1(, 3 hours (T2) and 24 hours (T3) after running with maximum speed in a 1250-meter course.The results showed that except for calcium and chloride, the other minerals were significantly increased just after running or in other times compared to (p<0.05). It seems that factors like stress induced by racing conditions and sweating increase the measured parameters Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Evaluation of cardiac markers and some serumic biochemical parameters in seropositive horses with equine influenza
ali hassanpour bahram amouoghlitabrizi mansour khakpourAbstract This study was performed to evaluate the effect of influenza in horses on the electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrhythmias and concentration of cardiac troponin in serum and serumic activity of some enzymes. MoreAbstract This study was performed to evaluate the effect of influenza in horses on the electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrhythmias and concentration of cardiac troponin in serum and serumic activity of some enzymes. After electrocardiography and count heart rate, blood samples were taken from jugular vein in 202 stallions (1-3 years). After centrifugation, the serum was removed and then seroprevalence of equine influenza was investigated by ELISA method. From 202 horses, 19 samples (9.5%) were positive and 183 samples (90.5%) were negative and these horses were put in deseased and healthy groups, respectively. In all samples cardiac troponin I, liver enzymes, total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, creatinin, cholesterol and triglyceride in the serum were measured. The electrocardiograms of all the horses were taken and the kind of cardiac arrhythmias were recorded. Average heart rate increased significantly in diseased group (p< 0.05). Occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias was significantly greater in diseased group (p< 0.05). Changes in QRS complex were significant in diseased group. The serumic concentration of cardiac troponin I increased significantly (p= 0.023). The difference mean of liver enzymes was not significant between two groups exept for alkaline phosphatase. In diseased group the mean of total protein and albumin increased significantly (p= 0.046 and p= 0.021, respectively) but, glucose and cholesterol decreased nonsignificantly. The mean difference of urea, creatinin and triglyceride was nonsignificant between the two groups. The end result was that following equine influenza some electrocardiographic changes were created in horses most of which are physiologic changes and the concentration of cardiac troponin I, total protein, albumin and liver enzymes in are increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Survey of risk factors for the prevalence of leptospiral infection in horses of Gonbad area
omid jaheddashliboroun ali hassanpourLeptospirosis is a world-wide zoonotic infection occurring in animals and humans. Rodents and wild animals are a major source of infection. Clinical signs in animals include fever, heamoglubinuria, jaundice, abortion, mastitis, reduced milk production, reproductive fail MoreLeptospirosis is a world-wide zoonotic infection occurring in animals and humans. Rodents and wild animals are a major source of infection. Clinical signs in animals include fever, heamoglubinuria, jaundice, abortion, mastitis, reduced milk production, reproductive failure and death with periodic ophthalmia, abortion and stillbirths being among its important signs in horses. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for the prevalence of leptospiral infection in horses of Gonbad area. This study was conducted on 200 horses in Gonbad area in Iran in order to determine seroprevalence of leptospiral infection. Sera were initially screened at dilution of 1:100 against 7 live serovars of Leptospira interrogans: Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo, Ballom, Icterohaemorrhagiae, AutomenalisandGrippotyphosausing themicroscopic agglutination test. The prevalence of leptospiral infection was 12% in horses. The majority of these infections were seen in horses that live in marsh and semi-marsh conditions and they accounted for 89% of positive samples. The highest number of reactors in horses (58.34%) wasdue toserovarCanicola and 33.34% of positive samples were seen in horses with many rodents living in their environment.66.67% of positive samples were seen in horses that were kept In moist and semi moist stables. The highest number of positive samples were seen in 3 to 6 years old animals, in other words prevalence of this disease is raised with increase of age. So according to the results, increasing age, living in marsh environment, moist stable presence of infected dogs and rodents, in environment are some of risks factors for prevalence of leptospiral infection Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Seasonal changes of vitamin A levels of serum in Khozestan Arab horses
alireza ghadrdanmashhadi gholamhossein khajeh parisa mokhtari Vitamin A is one of the fat-soluble vitamins. Because of its particular role in different tissues and organs, various clinical signs are seen in deficiency conditions. In addition, sometimes marginal deficiency is present without obvious clinical signs but More Vitamin A is one of the fat-soluble vitamins. Because of its particular role in different tissues and organs, various clinical signs are seen in deficiency conditions. In addition, sometimes marginal deficiency is present without obvious clinical signs but performance defects, such as infertility is seen. In present study seasonal changes of serum vitamin A in 22 Arab horses was investigated in Ahvaz. A simple and cheap method (spectrophotometrye) was used for measuring vitamin A. The results were analyzed statistically by one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that mean vitamin A values (20.37±1/21mg/dl) were within normal range. The values of vitamin A in different seasons and two sexes were normal, too. Serum vitamin A value in spring was significantly higher than other seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Frequency of Limb Injuries Between Thoroughbred and Arabian Horses
M. Pieszka J. Luszcynski A. Baranowska -
Open Access Article
54 - Polymorphisms of Candidate Genes for Muscle Perform and Male Fertility in Brazilian Mangalarga Horses
L.C.M. Armeiro R.A. Curi L.A.L. Chardulo J.N.P. Puoli Filho M.D. Silveira da Mota -
Open Access Article
55 - اثرات استفاده از کیک آفتابگردان روی قابلیت هضم جیرهای و پروفایل متابولیکی اسبهای توریسم
M.F. Trombetta A. Peresson A. Falaschiniدر این آزمایش اثرات استفاده از کیک آفتابگردان در فرموله کردن جیره در 6 رأس اسب توریسم بررسی شد. سه جیره آزمایشی با سطوح انرژی و پروتئین یکسان با جیره شاهد با استفاده از سطوح افزایشی کیک آفتابگردان (3/0، 6/0 و 1 کیلوگرم) تنظیم شدند. اندازه­گیری قابلیت هضم با استفاده Moreدر این آزمایش اثرات استفاده از کیک آفتابگردان در فرموله کردن جیره در 6 رأس اسب توریسم بررسی شد. سه جیره آزمایشی با سطوح انرژی و پروتئین یکسان با جیره شاهد با استفاده از سطوح افزایشی کیک آفتابگردان (3/0، 6/0 و 1 کیلوگرم) تنظیم شدند. اندازه­گیری قابلیت هضم با استفاده از معرف­های داخلی نشان داد که افزایش مقادیر کیک آفتابگردان قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی را کاهش داد. تجزیه آماری با استفاده از اثر جیره کاهش معنیداری را در قابلیت­های هضم ماده خشک (0006/0p=)، عصاره اتری (0001/0p=)، الیاف خام (0269/0p=)، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (0247/0p=) والیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی (0269/0p=) نشان داد. مقایسه دو معرف داخلی (خاکستر نامحلول در اسید و لیگنین) مقادیر قابلیت هضم بهتری را برای تمامی قابلیت­های هضم با استفاده از معرف داخلی لیگنین نشان داد. همچنین، مقادیر گلوگز و اوره تفاوت­های معنی­داری را به دلیل اثر جیره نشان داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - ویژگیهای سم اسب Anglo Arabian، Haflinger، Monterufoli و Maremmano
ر. توسی ک. سارجنتینیدر این پژوهش کیفیت سم اسبهای Anglo Arabian نه رأس، Haflinger 10 رأس، Maremmano هفت رأس و Monterufoli 15 رأس ارزیابی شد. Anglo Arabian یک نژاد بین­المللی است، دیگر نژادها اسبهای ایتالیایی هستند: Haflinger مشتق شده از Trentino Alto Adige، Maremmano و Monterufoli از Moreدر این پژوهش کیفیت سم اسبهای Anglo Arabian نه رأس، Haflinger 10 رأس، Maremmano هفت رأس و Monterufoli 15 رأس ارزیابی شد. Anglo Arabian یک نژاد بین­المللی است، دیگر نژادها اسبهای ایتالیایی هستند: Haflinger مشتق شده از Trentino Alto Adige، Maremmano و Monterufoli از Tuscany. نمونههای سم، از پای چپ جلو، به ­منظور ارزیابی خصوصیات فیزیکی-شیمیایی و مواد معدنی موجود در ناخن، در حین پیرایش جمعآوری شدند. دادههای جمعآوری شده به ANOVA، مولفههای اصلی و تجزیه و تحلیل جداکننده معرفی شدند و یک نقشه داغ از فاصله مربع میان محتوای مواد معدنی در سم نژادهای متفاوت انجام شد. نرمترین سم در Monterufoli Pony یافت شد، همچنین دارای بیش­ترین محتوای ماده خشک. بیشترین محتوای Fe، Ni، Pb، Se، مشخصه سم Anglo Arabian بود، اگرچه سم Monterufoli Pony بیشترین محتوای Na را نشان داد. آنالیز چندمتغییره نشان داده است که K، Li، Mn، Na و بیشترین مواد معدنی قابل شناسایی در ناخن سم هستند. در سم Anglo Araian، Haflinger، Maremmano تجمع زیستی بالایی از مواد معدنی وجود داشت، در حالیکه سم Monterufoli Pony به سرعت از طریق مصرف ناخن و فعالیت تنظیم مواد معدنی (Osmoregulation) از بین میرود. تمامی آنالیزهای آماری نشان دادند که سم Monterufoli Pony متفاوت از سم دیگر نژادهای مورد ملاحظه بود. تمامی حیوانات سم با کیفیت خوب مناسب برای تمرین barefoot نشان دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - کاهش دو شکلی جنسی جمجمه در یک نژاد گوسفند بومی
پی.ام. پارس-کاسانوادر این مطالعه با استفاده از روش­های اندازه­گیری ابعاد هندسی ظاهری، میزان دو شکلی جنسی در نژاد گوسفند فارداسکا بومی کاتالانیا (واقع در شمال شرق اسپانیا) برآورد شده است. برای این آنالیز، مجموعاً 18 نمونه جمجمه (2 نر بالغ و 16 ماده بالغ) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتای Moreدر این مطالعه با استفاده از روش­های اندازه­گیری ابعاد هندسی ظاهری، میزان دو شکلی جنسی در نژاد گوسفند فارداسکا بومی کاتالانیا (واقع در شمال شرق اسپانیا) برآورد شده است. برای این آنالیز، مجموعاً 18 نمونه جمجمه (2 نر بالغ و 16 ماده بالغ) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که این نژاد از نظر جمجمه دو شکلی نداشته و بنابراین تعیین جنسیت آن با استفاده از علایم و نشانه­های اشاره شده در این مقاله، نتایج ضعیفی را در برخواهد داشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - مقایسه قابلیت هضم ظاهری مواد مغذی خوراک با استفاده از روشهای جمعآوری کل مدفوع، خاکستر نامحلول در اسید و لیگنین در اسبچه خزر
س. اربابی ت. قورچی ر. پرورهدف از این پژوهش مقایسه مارکرهای داخلی غیر قابل هضم خاکستر نامحلول در اسید (AIA)، لیگنین (ADL) و روش جمعآوری کل مدفوع (TCF) جهت تخمین قابلیت هضم ظاهری مواد مغذی در اسبچه خزر بود. مواد خوراکی مورد استفاده شامل کاه گندم، یونجه، جو و ذرت به منظور تعیین ماده خشک، ماده آلی، Moreهدف از این پژوهش مقایسه مارکرهای داخلی غیر قابل هضم خاکستر نامحلول در اسید (AIA)، لیگنین (ADL) و روش جمعآوری کل مدفوع (TCF) جهت تخمین قابلیت هضم ظاهری مواد مغذی در اسبچه خزر بود. مواد خوراکی مورد استفاده شامل کاه گندم، یونجه، جو و ذرت به منظور تعیین ماده خشک، ماده آلی، پروتئین خام، عصاره اتری، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF) و فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی (ADF) تجزیه شدند. این آزمایش در قالب طرح چرخشی با 4 جیره خوراکی در طی 4 دوره زمانی 12 روزه با 4 اسب 3 تا 5 ساله در قفس­های انفرادی اجرا گردید. نتایج قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی بین سه روش لیگنین نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی، خاکستر نامحلول در اسید و جمع­آوری کل مدفوع، تفاوت معنی­داری مشاهده نشد، اما قابلیت هضم پروتئین خام و چربی با روش­هایADL وAIA به طور معنی­داری بالاتر بود. همبستگی ضعیفی بین دو روشTCF و AIA جهت قابلیت هضم ظاهری چربی خام وADF وجود داشت. در حالی که همبستگی بالایی (89/0R2=) بین دو روش AIA و TCF جهت قابلیت هضم پروتئین خام مشاهده شد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تفاوت معنی­داری بین مارکرهای داخلی (AIA و ADL) و روش جمع­آوری کل مدفوع جهت تخمین قابلیت هضم ظاهری مواد مغذی در اسبچه خزر وجود ندارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - آنالیز مقایسهای مجموعه آللی اسبهای تروبرد در کشورهای مختلف
A.V. Shelyov O.V. Melnyk I.O. Suprun V.G. Spyrydonov S.D. Melnychuk V.V. Dzitsiuk B.M. Gopkaهدف از مطالعه حاضر، اجرای یک آنالیز مقایسهای از مجموعه آللی موجود در جمعیت اسبهای تروبرد اوکراین با جمعیتهای موجود در انگلستان، آمریکا، روسیه و کره جنوبی بر مبنای جایگاههای ریزماهواره موجود در DNA آنها با توجه به نتایج حاصل از پژوهشهای شخصی و مقالات موجود است. آن Moreهدف از مطالعه حاضر، اجرای یک آنالیز مقایسهای از مجموعه آللی موجود در جمعیت اسبهای تروبرد اوکراین با جمعیتهای موجود در انگلستان، آمریکا، روسیه و کره جنوبی بر مبنای جایگاههای ریزماهواره موجود در DNA آنها با توجه به نتایج حاصل از پژوهشهای شخصی و مقالات موجود است. آنالیز مقایسهای مجموعه آللی جمعیتهای تروبرد در کشورهای مختلف با کمک شش جایگاه ریزماهواره (AHT04، AHT05، HMS03، HMS06، HMS07 و HTG04) که توسط انجمن بینالمللی ژنتیک حیوانی (ISAG) برای آزمونهای انساب و تعیین هویت اسبها توصیه شدهاند، صورت گرفت. تعداد آللهای مشاهده شده در جمعیت اوکراین بیشتر از سایر کشورها است. جمعیتهای اسب تروبرد انگلستان و آمریکا بیشترین شباهت را بر مبنای فراوانیهای آللی دارند. Manuscript profile -
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60 - Effects of Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), Vitamin C and Organic Zinc Supplements on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Serum Biochemical Values and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chickens
S. Azimi-Youvalari M. Daneshyar S.M. Abtahi-Froushani S. Payvastegan -
Open Access Article
61 - Population Viability Analysis on Kurd Horse Breed
H.R. Bahmani S. Badbarin H. Amin Rasouli -
Open Access Article
62 - احتمال وقوع جهش برای رنگ پوششی نقرهای در اسبهای سیاه جنگلی باکتی سالمونلای روده جوجههای گوشتی در معرض چالش سالمونلایی
اس. ممکه آر. اسچریمپف سی. دایرکس او. دیستلاسبهای سیاه جنگلی به صورت تیپیک دارای رنگ بدن خرمایی با یال و دم به رنگ کتان هستند. به هر حال و با وجود رنگ بدن خیلی تیره، این اسبها در بعضی از اوقات به رنگ نقرهای دیده میشوند. به منظور بررسی این که آیا رنگ نقرهای در جمعیت اسبهای جنگلی وجود دارد یا نه، 250 رأس اسب Moreاسبهای سیاه جنگلی به صورت تیپیک دارای رنگ بدن خرمایی با یال و دم به رنگ کتان هستند. به هر حال و با وجود رنگ بدن خیلی تیره، این اسبها در بعضی از اوقات به رنگ نقرهای دیده میشوند. به منظور بررسی این که آیا رنگ نقرهای در جمعیت اسبهای جنگلی وجود دارد یا نه، 250 رأس اسب این نژاد برای جهشهای رنگ پوشش که از قبل در MCIP وSILV گزارش شده بودند تعیین ژنوتیپ شدند. نتیجه اینکه، تمامی اسبهای جنگلی سیاه این مطالعه از نظر ژنوتیپ MCIP خرمایی رنگ بودند. جالب اینکه، در اسبهای سیاه جنگلی جهش رنگ نقرهای SILV-1852C با یک احتمال وقوع 8/0 درصد اتفاق افتاد. از آنجاییکه رنگ غالب در این نژاد رنگ پوششی خرمایی است، انتظار بر این است تا جهش رنگ نقرهای در اسبهای سیاه جنگلی خیلی کم (و یا هیچ) ظهور فنوتیپی داشته باشد و بروز این رنگ احتمالا به دلیل تلاقی با سایر نژادها باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Traditional remedy of local application of raw garlic on the metacarpal region of horse for reduction of tissue inflammation: extensive skin injury creation
Abolfazl Barzegar Bafrouei Moosa Javdani Zahra Nikousefat Jahangir Modaresi Jamshid KabiriA Kurdish 6 year-stallion referred to the Veterinary Clinic of ShahreKord University with complaint of enormous skin and subcutaneous tissue injuries and ulcer in dorsal and palmar side of both metacarpal regions. Based on the patient's history, walking of the stallion MoreA Kurdish 6 year-stallion referred to the Veterinary Clinic of ShahreKord University with complaint of enormous skin and subcutaneous tissue injuries and ulcer in dorsal and palmar side of both metacarpal regions. Based on the patient's history, walking of the stallion on the tarmac path immediately after shoeing caused severe swelling of metacarpal region and traditional remedy were performed by dressing crashed fresh garlic on the affected area for 3 days. Clinical examination and radiographic evaluation showed vast skin and subcutaneous wound and injury, tissue necrosis, massive granulation tissue formation and metacarpal bone involvement. In laboratory investigation of hemogram, severe leukocytosis along with mild left shift, toxic neutrophil and fibrinogen increase were observed. Wound management consisting of second intension of wound healing like as debridement of granulated and necrotic tissue and lastly, dressing the ulcers with local silver sulfadiazine, NSAID prescription and stall resting were ordered. Spite of many advantageous of fresh garlic as an herbal treatment, there were rarely documents of skin burn due to local application of raw garlic in human and the present study would be counted as the first report in horse after traditional remedy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Musculoskeletal morphology of the horse in the ancient veterinary
babak abbas biegiThe skeletal region and muscle part in every living body of the hemorrhage act as a scaffold and framework,the ability to shape and move the organs is a feature of this area.Any deficiency,sickness and a condition that causes changes in the function of the area can affe MoreThe skeletal region and muscle part in every living body of the hemorrhage act as a scaffold and framework,the ability to shape and move the organs is a feature of this area.Any deficiency,sickness and a condition that causes changes in the function of the area can affect the functioning of other organs. In ancient veterinary medicine and its related books,there are various candition and ways to examine the musculoskeletal system.Which has been used for many years in veterinary medicine. in this research ,it is attempted to identify veterinary knoweledge in the history in this regard and to determine the degree of mastery over this topic during veterinary history.In this research,We have tried to determine the level of mastery and knowledge on the morphology of musculoskeletal members(with proper understanding of organs). Dominance,Which unfortunately and generally remains in the pags of historical veterinary books, has not entered a test of modern science. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Investigation of the prevalence of ectoparasites and blood parasites of horses and related risk factors in Gonbad Kavus city
Liela Derkhshan Behnam Pedram Frorogh Kajbaf Beniamin Marmaie Mohammad Mehdiannasab Breeding of horses and equines for different purposes has always been done in Iran and other parts of the world. Golestan province, especially Gonbad Kavos city, is one of the hubs of horse breeding in Iran. One of the biggest problems of keeping animals is infec More Breeding of horses and equines for different purposes has always been done in Iran and other parts of the world. Golestan province, especially Gonbad Kavos city, is one of the hubs of horse breeding in Iran. One of the biggest problems of keeping animals is infection with all kinds of parasitic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of external and blood parasites of horses and its risk factors in Gonbad Kavus city. This study was carried out cross-sectionally for 6 months on 128 horses with symptoms of external and blood parasites in different areas of Gonbad Cavus was done. First, the entire body of the animal was examined macroscopically, and after all of them, a blood sample was prepared. The results of the study showed that 100 samples (78.12%) were infected with pirplasmosis blood parasite and there was no other type of blood parasite infection. generally, the results of the present study showed that the contamination with blood parasites in Kavus Dome is high and worrying and has no relation to age and gender. The level of external parasites shows the high health of horses in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Antibiotic resistance and frequency of fimH, papC and sfa-foc virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolated from Caspian horse feces in Guilan province
Elham Nouri Leila AsadpourBackground & Objectives: Due to the widespread use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and the increase in livestock production, it seems that the risk of spreading antibiotic resistance in human societies is more related to animals and the ve MoreBackground & Objectives: Due to the widespread use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and the increase in livestock production, it seems that the risk of spreading antibiotic resistance in human societies is more related to animals and the veterinary field. In this study, antibiotic resistance and frequency of fimH, papC and sfa-foc virulence genes among Escherichia coli isolated from Caspian horse feces in Guilan were studied. Materials & Methods: In this cross- sectional study, E. coli isolates were isolated from the feces of 157 apparently healthy Caspian horses by culture method and biochemical tests. Resistance patterns against 17 different antibiotics were determined by disk diffusion method and frequency of virulence genes were assessed by PCR in isolates. Results: In phenotypic assay of antibiotic resistance, the isolates showed the most resistance to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimetoprim antibiotics. Imipenem and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics and 51.59 percent of isolates showed multi drug resistance pattern. The frequency of fimH, papC and sfa-foc virulence genes in isolates were 91%, 56.6% and 33.3%, respectively. Frequency of all of three investigated genes were significantly higher in MDR isolates (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of horses in Guilan has the potential to transmit antibiotic resistance and threaten public health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - وقوع ضایعات خورنده و پیشرونده ناحیه پرینه یک راس اسب نر نژاد کرد با انگل اکسیوریس اکوئی(oxyuris equi) در اطراف شهرستان تبریز
سید عبدالحمید حسینی سعید مستوفی محمد طلوعیآلودگی های انگلی یکی از متداولترین مشکلات پرورش اسب در جهان از جمله ایران می باشند. اکسیوریس اکوئی از انگل های گروه نماتودها بوده که دستگاه گوارش و نواحی اطراف مقعد در تک سمی ها درگیر می کند. در این مطالعه وقوع یک فرم غیر معمول اکسیوریازیس در یک اسب بالغ در تبریز گزارش Moreآلودگی های انگلی یکی از متداولترین مشکلات پرورش اسب در جهان از جمله ایران می باشند. اکسیوریس اکوئی از انگل های گروه نماتودها بوده که دستگاه گوارش و نواحی اطراف مقعد در تک سمی ها درگیر می کند. در این مطالعه وقوع یک فرم غیر معمول اکسیوریازیس در یک اسب بالغ در تبریز گزارش می شود. در پائیز سال 1397 یک راس اسب نر با نشانه های خارش و تظاهر برخی ضایعات در نواحی اطراف مقعد در یکی از اسبداریهای شهر تبریز مورد معاینه قرار گرفت. نشانه های حیاتی دام طبیعی بودند. زخم های مذکور در ناحیه پرینه و حتی زیر دم منتشر شده و یک زخم بزرگ پیشرونده و خورنده تشکیل شده بود. پس از جمع آوری نمونه های مدفوع و آزمایشات انگل شناسی تخم ها و حتی لارو انگل اکسیوریس اکوئی مورد مشاهده قرار گرفت. بر اساس مشاهدات بالینی و آزمایشات انگل شناسی درگیری به بیماری اکسیوریازیس مورد تائید قرار گرفت. درمان بیماری با تجویز داروهای ضد انگلی مثل پیرانتل اکسی بندازول و آیورمکتین شروع شد و همچنین ضد عفونی نواحی درگیر محلول های ید دار، تتراسایکلین و ویتامین آ و د انجام گردید. ضایعات مذکور در عرض 20 روز پس از درمان بیش از 90درصد بهبود یافته بودند. بر اساس این گزارش بیماری اکسیوریازیس می تواند در شکل غیر معمول بصورت زخم عمیق خورنده و پیشرونده در ناحیه پرینه حتی در اسب های بالغ ایجاد گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - ردیاپی پادتن ضد لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز با روش لاتکس اگلوتیناسیون در اسبان جنوب شرق ایران
پونا فرامرزپور احسان اله سخائی مهدی گلچین بلال صادقیلیستریوز یک بیماری مشترک میان انسان و طیف وسیعی از دامهای اهلی، وحشی و پرندگان می باشد. هدف از انجام مطالعه ی حاضر ردیاپی پادتن ضد لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز با روش لاتکس اگلوتیناسیون در اسبان جنوب شرق ایران می باشد. برای این منظور تعداد 163 نمونه سرم از اسب های به ظاهر سالم ب Moreلیستریوز یک بیماری مشترک میان انسان و طیف وسیعی از دامهای اهلی، وحشی و پرندگان می باشد. هدف از انجام مطالعه ی حاضر ردیاپی پادتن ضد لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز با روش لاتکس اگلوتیناسیون در اسبان جنوب شرق ایران می باشد. برای این منظور تعداد 163 نمونه سرم از اسب های به ظاهر سالم باشگاه های سوارکاری استان های یزد و کرمان تهیه شد. نتایج مطالعه حاکی از حضور پادتن در 34 نمونه از مجموع 163 سرم مورد بررسی (85/20 درصد) می باشد. بر این اساس به نظر می رسد که لاتکس اگلوتیناسیون آزمایش مناسبی برای غربالگری اولیه به منظور تشخیص بیماری می باشد Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - مطالعه سرولوژیک توکسوپلاسموز در اسبان جنوب شرق ایران
شیوا امان الهی احسان اله سخائی مهدی گلچینتوکسوپلاسموز یک بیماری مشترک مهم محسوب شده که توسط توکسوپلاسما گونده ایجاد می شود. عامل بیماری از طریق بلع کیست های بافتی موجود در گوشت خام یا از طریق اووسیست های اسپروله شده در موادغذایی، خاک و آب انتقال می یابد. هدف مطالعه ی حاضر ردیابی پادتن ضد توکسوپلاسما گوند Moreتوکسوپلاسموز یک بیماری مشترک مهم محسوب شده که توسط توکسوپلاسما گونده ایجاد می شود. عامل بیماری از طریق بلع کیست های بافتی موجود در گوشت خام یا از طریق اووسیست های اسپروله شده در موادغذایی، خاک و آب انتقال می یابد. هدف مطالعه ی حاضر ردیابی پادتن ضد توکسوپلاسما گونده ای به روش لاتکس آگلوتیناسیون در اسبان استان های کرمان و یزد می باشد. به این منظور تعداد 163 نمونه سرم اسب (از نظر ظاهری سالم) از باشگاه های سوارکاری استان های مذکور اخذ و به روش لاتکس آگلوتیناسیون مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. بر اساس نتایج حاصله تعداد 71 سرم از مجموع 163 نمونه مورد آزمایش (56/43 درصد) حاوی پادتن ضد توکسوپلاسما گونده ای بود. بنابراین به نظر می رسد که پادتن ضد عامل مذکور در اسبان استان های مورد نظر حضور داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - The first report of Dourine's disease in horses with suspected clinical forms of the disease in the rural villages of Dorood city, Lorestan province, Iran
saeid Hashemi Meisam SalarvandDourine is a parasitic venereal disease of horses caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosome equi perdum from the Trypanosomatida's order. This deadly disease, which existed in the past and is emerging again in Lorestan today, has not been investigated in Lorestan MoreDourine is a parasitic venereal disease of horses caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosome equi perdum from the Trypanosomatida's order. This deadly disease, which existed in the past and is emerging again in Lorestan today, has not been investigated in Lorestan despite suspected cases.Therefore, for this purpose, venous blood samples (4 stallion samples and 9 mare samples) were collected from 13 suspected horses by referring to four villages on the outskirts of Dorood city, were collected from May 2020 to May 2021. The results of the field examination of the animal include fever of 38.5 ± 1 degrees Celsius, edema of the genital tract and rapid fatigue, and paleness of the eye mucosa, eye hyperemia (6 cases of fever and 2 cases of eye infection), cardiac tachycardia, and in one case of a stallion, a skin plaque with a diameter of 5 Centimeters were seen on the leg. From each horse, 20 ml of blood was taken from the Vedic vein, and the samples were analyzed by the method of preparing a slide from a buffy coat and measuring the hematocrit in a capillary tube. Out of 13 horses studied, 7 cases showed a hematocrit of 32 ± 1%. The average hematocrit was 28% ± 1 in 4 stallions and 30% ± 1 in 3 mares. The trypomastigote forms of the parasite Trypanosome equipurdum, with an average absolute frequency of the disease of 23.07%, were seen in three samples Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - A case report of physitis in a two-blooded osprey from Gonbad Kavus
Mohsen Akbari Saeed Azimpour Behzad ShirmohammadliAbstractDevelopmentally orthopedic diseases include a set of syndromes that cause irregular skeletal growth in the spheres. One of these syndromes is physiitis, which is seen in newborn horses. Physiitis occurs when the process of intra-articular ossification in growing MoreAbstractDevelopmentally orthopedic diseases include a set of syndromes that cause irregular skeletal growth in the spheres. One of these syndromes is physiitis, which is seen in newborn horses. Physiitis occurs when the process of intra-articular ossification in growing horses becomes unbalanced. The most common ages for the occurrence of physitis in horses are 4 to 8 months or 1 to 2 years. If the disease occurs, it can cause pain, difficulty walking and even deviation in the limb, which will eventually lead to reduced horse performance. Many factors have contributed to physitis, including poor nutrition, genetics, weight gain, hard work and exercise. If timely diagnosis and elimination of the factors affecting the incidence of the disease and appropriate treatment, the progression of the disease can be prevented. Diagnosis by clinical examination and radiography will be very helpful because of the changes in the growth plate and the degree of ossification. The aim of this study was to introduce and study the case of this anomaly in the horse in Gonbad Kavous. An 18-month-old horse was referred to a veterinarian with signs of pain in his arm and lameness, which were diagnosed after examining the clinical signs and vital signs and then taking a radiograph of the physiitis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract and its relationship with its ultrasound evaluation of excretion stool in Kurd foal
Rasoul RahimzadehConsistent intake of sand (and soil) with unprotected feed in the feces may cause it to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and lead to gastrointestinal disorders, This study is a report of the study of sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of Kurdish hor MoreConsistent intake of sand (and soil) with unprotected feed in the feces may cause it to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and lead to gastrointestinal disorders, This study is a report of the study of sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of Kurdish horses by diagnostic methods. So far, there have been no reports of horse butter from any breed in Iran. Therefore, none of the available studies includes the evaluation of the prevalence and diagnosis of sand without signs of accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of foal. This study is also the first study to examine the foal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of sand accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy horses and to compare ultrasound and the amount of sand excreted. Abdominal ultrasound was evaluated. Ultrasound examination showed the presence of sand, sand was found in a single place, usually detected in the left diagnostic window. The mean amount of sand was 0.18 ± 0.21 g per 100 g of feces. Sand may accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract without any clinical signs. The amount of sand excreted in the stool does not indicate the amount of sand accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract. Abdominal ultrasound examination should be combined with it for more specific results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Clinical evaluation of the prevalence of behavioral abnormalities in Kurd horses in Kermanshah province
Meysam Moravedji Borhan Shahveysi Maryam Rahravani Saeed Hanifeh Zadeh Mohsen Ebrahimi Seyyed Esmaeil Hashemi Ehsan Nazari Nikoo Tahmooresi Sobhan Jafari Bafrouei Mohammad VahidiBackground and purpose: Equines have always been one of the favorite animals of human societies, which are still exploited in various fields. Due to the mechanization of the horse breeding industry, many problems have occurred in them, the most important of which is the MoreBackground and purpose: Equines have always been one of the favorite animals of human societies, which are still exploited in various fields. Due to the mechanization of the horse breeding industry, many problems have occurred in them, the most important of which is the occurrence of behavioral disorders, especially in Kurd horses. Materials and methods: In this study, the effect of demographic factors such as sex, physical activity and age groups on 120 male and female Kurd horses in riding clubs of Kermanshah province was investigated. In this evaluation, 16 types of behavioral disorders were observed in 49 horses (40.8%). Results: The results indicated that the highest amount of behavioral disorders were related to aerophagia (22 cases), crib biting (19 cases), stall walking (12 cases), etc., among which only the significant behavioral disorder was aggressive behavior with anger, which was significant only in horses that lacked physical activity (p<0.05); Meanwhile, no significant statistical relationship was observed between any of the independent and dependent variables (p>0.05). Discussion and conclusion: Despite the high rate of behavioral disorders in Kurd horses (40.8 percent) and due to the non-significance of most behavioral disorders with demographic factors, it was revealed in this study that apart from demographic factors, non-demographic factors such as intestinal microbiota, hormonal disorders, etc. are involved. Therefore, considering the proof of the existence of behavioral disorders, it is recommended to investigate the involvement of non-demographic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Study of degenerative Injury of Frogs (Thrush) in kurd Horses
Rasoul RahimzadehDegenrative injury of the frog (Thrush) is one of the diseases of the locomotor system in horses and despite paying special attention to this disease. This study was performed in equestrian centers on Kurd horses. In this study, all four motor limbs of 384 horses kept i MoreDegenrative injury of the frog (Thrush) is one of the diseases of the locomotor system in horses and despite paying special attention to this disease. This study was performed in equestrian centers on Kurd horses. In this study, all four motor limbs of 384 horses kept in care centers were clinically examined. Factors such as age, sex and number of infected venoms were evaluated and the incidence rate was graded from 1 to 3, with grade 3 indicating maximum frog disease examined to see if the horses had a black discharge in the frog's cleft. From all the studied horses, 215 (55.84%) heads were diagnosed with the disease. The prevalence of most research samples is between 7 to 10 years of age, and the lowest frequency is in the range of 4 to 7 years (P <0.05). The incidence of the disease was not related to the sex of the animal and no significant difference was observed (P <0.05). Transformed frog disease in the anterior motor limb of the studied horses was significantly higher than the posterior motor limb (P <0.05) and grades 2 and 3 of the disease in the anterior motor limb were more than the posterior motor limb was observed. Among the studied samples, 120 cases of anterior limb involvement and 95 cases of posterior limb involvement were observed. The quality of the litter, the use of moisture-absorbent litter for horses, improved nutrition, and regular venom modification can protect against poisonous frog thrush and improve performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Myeloencephalopathy caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 - a case report
Reza Soleymani Dehkordi Ehsan Ahmadi ArdakaniHerpes virus infections are prevalent in the monocotyledonous population in most parts of the world, and among them, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is the most important cause of economic losses in the horse supplies. Two cases of horses suspected of myeloencephalopa MoreHerpes virus infections are prevalent in the monocotyledonous population in most parts of the world, and among them, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is the most important cause of economic losses in the horse supplies. Two cases of horses suspected of myeloencephalopathy with symptoms of ataxia and paralysis of the hind limbs, respiratory symptoms and herpes virus lesions on the vagina were reported in one of the horse supplies of Shahrekord-Chaharmahal Bakhtiari. Blood samples were taken from infected horses to identify herpes virus type 1 in the samples, PCR method was used. Samples extracted bufly-coat were used for inoculation in allantoic cavity of embryonated eggs and RBK cell culture. After injecting the prepared samples into the embryonated egg and cell culture, it was found that the virus is able to grow in the egg embryo and causes the death of the embryo. When the brain tissue was examined macroscopically, the protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was higher than normal. The grooves in the brain were also softened. Finally, the present study confirms the presence of equine herpes virus type 1, which is one of the main causes of myeloencephalopathy in horses in Shahrekord, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Fungal profile of the normal ocular microflora in Kurd horse
Abdullah Araghi-Sooreh saber mameghaniKnowledge of resident fungal species on the normal ocular surface may influence selection of antifungal agents for the treatment of keratomycosis. In this study conjunctival fungal flora of 40 Kurd horses with normal eyes (n = 80) from Tabriz was identified using horses MoreKnowledge of resident fungal species on the normal ocular surface may influence selection of antifungal agents for the treatment of keratomycosis. In this study conjunctival fungal flora of 40 Kurd horses with normal eyes (n = 80) from Tabriz was identified using horses of both genders and aged 2-30 years old. Samples were taken from the lower conjunctival sac of both eyes with a dry cotton swab, seeded in Sabouraud's dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, and incubated at 25 °C for 21 days. Thirty-one (77.5%) horses and 49 (61.25%) eyes were culture positive. The most commonly isolated fungi were Aspergillus species (38.82 %). Other isolates in order of frequency were Candida spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Cladosporium spp, Mucor spp, Scopulariopsis spp, Pseudallescheria sp, Rhodotorula sp, and Trichoderma sp. Yeast genera represented 18.82% of the total isolates. Sex of horse had significant effect on the frequency of certain fungi. Fungal contamination of eyes decreased with increase of horse age but correlation between them was not significant (r = -0.255; P = 0.064). The fungal species isolated are comparable with those reported for horses in other areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Biometric evaluation of the trunk region of Iranian Arab horse
Fahimeh Pourjafari bahador shojaei hamid sharifiThere are more than two hundred horse breeds in the world that have different body structure, color and specific abilities depending on the geographical and weather conditions of their region. The Arabian horse, which history goes back about5 thousand years ago, has pla MoreThere are more than two hundred horse breeds in the world that have different body structure, color and specific abilities depending on the geographical and weather conditions of their region. The Arabian horse, which history goes back about5 thousand years ago, has played a key role in the life history of human. Since the size of trunk region of breeds are different, biometric indices could be used to identify different breeds of horses. The present study was designed to determine the biometric indices of different trunk region were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. In this study 13 characteristics of different trunk regions were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. These horses were at least 3 years old and were selected from Kerman horse corrals. Then the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and confidence interval of the characteristics were calculated. The data were compared between male and female as well as between the age groups older and younger than 8 years old by independent t-test. The results of this study showed that the gluteal height and length of lateral aspects of pelvis had the lowest and highest coefficient of variation among the measured characteristics, respectively. In this research, the characteristics were compared in different age and sex groups. This comparison showed a significant difference in the gluteal height in two different sex and age groups and length of lateral aspects of pelvis in two different age. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Survey on hard tick species diversity and seasonal variations of equines in Maragheh
Sohrab Rasouli محمد Sadaghiyan فرشاد Mazaheri Chors حامد RezaeiIn present, survey, 140 horses were investigated from Maragheh surrounding Villages. 10 out of all horses were infected by ectoparasites (7.14%) the studied horses were 1 to 12 years old. No skin lesion and sign of particular disease was observed in this survey. Also 99 MoreIn present, survey, 140 horses were investigated from Maragheh surrounding Villages. 10 out of all horses were infected by ectoparasites (7.14%) the studied horses were 1 to 12 years old. No skin lesion and sign of particular disease was observed in this survey. Also 99 of the horses were male and 41 of them were female where 7 male horses and 3 female horses were infected (7.07% and 7.31% respectively). Infection has most prevalence in horses older than 8 also the least prevalence was observed in horses which younger than 2 years old. According to findings of Chi square statistical test, there was no significant relation between tick infestation rate considering the age and sex of the animals but there was a significant difference between groups that located in different regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Topography of cardiac notch and copula pleurae in Caspian miniature horse
M.R Paryani حسن Gilanpour Caspian miniature horse is a small breed of horse which was reported for the first time in Iran.difference in the size of this breed comparing with other breeds of horses makes it probable that there might be some topographical variations.regarding the ext More Caspian miniature horse is a small breed of horse which was reported for the first time in Iran.difference in the size of this breed comparing with other breeds of horses makes it probable that there might be some topographical variations.regarding the extend of pleura and the location of cardiac notch of lungs in relation to the ribs and thoracic wall,which is important in echocardiography and diagnostic imaging and clinical examination,lead us to study the topographical position of cardiac notches and copula pleurae in the Caspian miniature horse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Determination of the diagnostic value of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and some hematologic parameters in assessment of horse health
S.M Mortazavi SH Safi S.H Shirazi Beheshtiha وحید Rabani Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a class of serum proteins whose their concentration increase remarkably in response to infection,inflammation,trauma,neoplasia and etc.haptoglobin(HPt) and serum Amyloid (SAA) are to major APPs in horse.since,in farms, differentia More Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a class of serum proteins whose their concentration increase remarkably in response to infection,inflammation,trauma,neoplasia and etc.haptoglobin(HPt) and serum Amyloid (SAA) are to major APPs in horse.since,in farms, differentiation between healthy and sick horse is so important,the persent study was designed to determine the diagnostic value of APPs as sensitive biomarkers,and compare it with hematologic parameters for differentiation of healthy and sick horses in farm.according to the results of the present study, increase in the median of HPt and SAA was significant.with regard to the ROC curve,cutoff point of HPt and SAA was 0.829 and 0.6 ng/dl respectively and sensitivity and specificity in their cut off point was 86%, 87% for HPt and 84% , 73% for SAA. in addition, clinical accuracy of HPt and SAA,base of area under the curve,was 0907, 0.891 respectively. in other hand, significant difference between the clinical accuracy of HPt and SAA has not be seen.results of the present study show that HPt and SAA measurement can be used as a screening test to determine health status in horse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The clinical report of a keratomycosis and its treatment in a horse
H.R Fattahian روزبه Moridpour A. Hosseinzadeh فرشته Farahani Kh فاطمه Saadinam مریم FatorehchiKeratomycosis is diagnosed more frequently in warm and humid temperature and associated with signifcantocular morbity and is considered as an important challenge to ophthalmologist and equine veterinarian. Fungiare normal inhabitant of equine environment and corneal-con MoreKeratomycosis is diagnosed more frequently in warm and humid temperature and associated with signifcantocular morbity and is considered as an important challenge to ophthalmologist and equine veterinarian. Fungiare normal inhabitant of equine environment and corneal-conjuctival microflora , and can be invasive by lack ofintegrity and stability of precorneal tear flm and corneal epithelial cell injury. The aim of this report is diagnosisand clinical manegment of keratomycosis in the horse and avoidance of ocular enuclation. The horse has beenreferred after small corneal injury and because of inappropriate medical therapy, with diffuse fungial infection.After subpalpebral lavage ,diluate povidine iodine used twice daily and ketoconazole (azole), flunixin meglumine(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent) and atropine as ophthalmic drop, applied. Natamycine (antifungial agent)in frst 24 hour in each hour and for 3 days every 4 hours and 2 drops applied up to third week every 6 hours.Keratomycosis in horses associates with corneal injury, is considered a common disease but a risk for eye visionand discomfort. Diagnostic, appropriate management of medical, surgical treatment and cooperation of horseowners are important factors for horse to return to exercise. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Comparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr
Reza Rezalou Yahya Ayremlou قاسم مهرآور گیگلوComparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr *Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo PhD­ Student, Persian Literature, Mohaghe MoreComparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr *Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo PhD­ Student, Persian Literature, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran **Reza Rezaloo Associate Professor, Archeology Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran ***Yahya Ayramloo PhD Graduate, Archeology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran Date of reception: 95/11/16 Date of acceptance: 98/9/20 Abstract Shahnameh Ferdowsi is considered as one of the most invaluable sources regarding the customs, traditions, and rituals of different ancient societies living in our land. One of these rituals one comes across in Shahnameh is a ritual surrounding the death of kings and great heroes, and since some of these figures belonged to Scythian race it is the purpose of this article to compare their manner of burial with the actual interment rite performed in Iran using rare example of burial remains uncovered by archeologists in the recent excavation as evidence. According to the researches done it has been established that the burial ceremony carried out by Scythian people in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr to a large extent corresponds with Ferdowsi’s composition regarding burial rituals conducted for Scythian heroes. Ferdowsi’s description of how glorious tombs were erected for Scythian heroes could well represent what is found in imperial coffins in Khoram Abad cemetery in Ardabil. In both cases the existence of horse near the corpses were greatly emphasized. * . mehravar_g@yahoo.com ** . reza_rezaloo@yahoo.com *** . yahya_ayramloo@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - The Study of the theme of horse stealing and its connection with rain, and fertility in epic literature
Ali tavassoli محمود رضایی دشت ارژنهAbstract The world of myth and legend is a world filled with mysteries, symbols, and enigmas that since the 19th century onwards with the advent of different mythological approaches, attempt was made to throw light on the obscurities found in the wonderland of myth MoreAbstract The world of myth and legend is a world filled with mysteries, symbols, and enigmas that since the 19th century onwards with the advent of different mythological approaches, attempt was made to throw light on the obscurities found in the wonderland of myths and to reveal their symbolic deep structure. Using descriptive analytic method, this research is concerned with the study of the subject of horse, a perplexing theme quite distinct in the realm of myths, in epics both in prose and verse. It became clear that horse, alongside cow and woman is the symbol of rain. Owning a horse equates having rain at hand, and losing it equates drought. Horses such as Rakhsh, and Shabrang-e-Behzad are often stolen by demons and one task of Gods or warriors is to return the horses to the Persian Land, as these horses were taken to Turan land at times. According to numerous evidence it can be understood that horse stealing, like stealing cow and woman in myths and beliefs, are the symbol of stealing rain, and their return is the symbol of rainfall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - A retelling of the metamorphic evolution of the horse myth in the transition from epic to mysticism
Zahra Asgari s.Ali GhasemzadeHorse as a totem of Iranians is a myth that has a significant presence in ritualistic-literary texts of different periods and is considered a recurring myth. Horse has a dual nature in mythologies and also in mystical teachings and is both regarded as a symbol of divine MoreHorse as a totem of Iranians is a myth that has a significant presence in ritualistic-literary texts of different periods and is considered a recurring myth. Horse has a dual nature in mythologies and also in mystical teachings and is both regarded as a symbol of divine and demonic themes. For its popularity among the Iranians, horse is mostly recognized as a divine symbol. This article seeks to investigate the transformation of the horse myth through the epic era to the mystical period by content-analysis method. The results of the research show that the horse has a special role and position in epic and heroic texts that it is considered as a complement to heroes and helps them in all stages of life. After the epic era, the horse is still a symbol of sublime themes in mystical texts; but because of its rebellious nature, it is also used as a symbol of the soul, however the same soul, upon hard training and by austerity has the ability to be tamed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - The study of the importance of horse in the mythology of Iran and other nations and its reflection on Shahnameh
Seyyedeh Sedigheh Sajadirad Seyyed Karim SajadiradMyths are narratives regarding the beliefs of the ancient nations about themselves, God, the world and the supernatural world in a symbolic language in a form of a story. In fact myths have appeared to justify rites, traditions, and social, cultural, and moral regulatio MoreMyths are narratives regarding the beliefs of the ancient nations about themselves, God, the world and the supernatural world in a symbolic language in a form of a story. In fact myths have appeared to justify rites, traditions, and social, cultural, and moral regulations and the purpose of Mythology is to discover the hidden thoughts in myths which is regarded as the foundation of culture and the temperaments of every nation. The discovery of the minds and souls of a people whose wishes and desires, their fears and hopes are expressed symbolically in the mythic narratives. Myths teem with images of the animals that were once human. One of the important elements in mythology is the absence of distinct borderlines between humans and animals. The relationship between man and animals, man and gods in the ancient past, in myths and narratives is of utmost importance. Because of its special characteristics horse is the most distinguished among the animals in Mythology. This article deals with the standpoint of horse in the mythology of Iran and those of the other countries such as Egypt, China, Greece, and India in order to portray an in depth analysis through their comparison Manuscript profile
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