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Open Access Article
1 - Evaluating the effects of climate change on the amount of groundwater recharge in Karaj Watershed
Baharak Motamedvaziri Hadi Kiadaliri Amir Eshaghi Ali EskandariClimate change is one of the most important challenges that influening natural ecosystems and have different effects on precipitation, temperature, intensity and frequency of droughts and floods and hydrological parameters of watersheds. The purpose of this study is to MoreClimate change is one of the most important challenges that influening natural ecosystems and have different effects on precipitation, temperature, intensity and frequency of droughts and floods and hydrological parameters of watersheds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of climate change on the trend of changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation and also to determine the effect of changes in these variables on the recharge of the Karaj watershed. In this study first using the outputs of the two HadCM3 and CGCM1 global models, and using SDSM micro-scale model, climatic variables were simulated for three decades (2010- 2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2098). In the next step, using HELP model, the rate of groundwater recharge was estimated and the effect of changing these variables on the amount of natural recharge was investigated. Also the results showed that this model is highly sensitive to evapotranspiration. Result of simulating climatic variables under A2 climate change scenario show that in future decades, amount of temperature, precipitation and solar radiation will be increase (1.5, 2.8 and 4.55 percent), decrease (8.1, 15.1 and 18 percent) and increase (0.5, 1.4 and 2.4 percent), respectively. Result of simulating the amount of groundwater recharge using model under A2 climate change scenario show that in future decades, amount of groundwater recharge will be decrease (9.6, 15.1 and 15.6 percent). Also research result show that HELP model is highly sensitive to evapotranspiration amount. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Investigation of Plants Biological form and flora watershed ivar
حمید علی پور آرش ملکیان میرمسعود خیرخواه زرکش سعید قره چلوFloristic composition of the vegetation in the study of management and conservation of biodiversity is of particular importance. Maintenance, management, protection and rational utilization of rangeland ecosystems requires an understanding of all aspects of them. Also u MoreFloristic composition of the vegetation in the study of management and conservation of biodiversity is of particular importance. Maintenance, management, protection and rational utilization of rangeland ecosystems requires an understanding of all aspects of them. Also use of native plant species and the amount of people asking Khvshkhvarky animal species found in this region. Results indicate the general area was identified 109 plant species belonging to 24 plant dark. The largest plant families in terms of number of species, including 21 species Astracea, Poaceae with 15 species, Lamiaceae with 10 species, Caryophyllaceae and Brassicaceae, 6 species are. erms of Account Value Account Value forage species in the region, 23 are devoted to the most users. Based on the stability or longevity of 33 species of annual, biennial and 4 of 72 perennial species were identified in the region. 71 species form herbaceous broadleaf maximum vegetative growth form field into account. Rangeland class III palatability Terms of 95 species and 14 species with low values of the Range Class II values were averaged. The last point is that the results were due to high pressure on non-palatable pasture species in the region have therefore, management efforts should be made to prevent this process from being exposed to a variety of plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Evaluation of land-use change and its effect on flood hydrograph in Amameh watershed, Tehran Province
Maral Pezeshki Baharak Motamedvaziri Hasan AhmadiChanges in the land-use pattern has affected hydrological processes in the watersheds and disrupted the natural balance of water flow. In the present study, changes in hydrological components of Amameh watershed as a result of land-use changes from1988 - 2013 were studi MoreChanges in the land-use pattern has affected hydrological processes in the watersheds and disrupted the natural balance of water flow. In the present study, changes in hydrological components of Amameh watershed as a result of land-use changes from1988 - 2013 were studied. Due to lack of the land-use map in past years, the land-use map was prepared and analyzed by Landsat TM satellite images in the ERDAS Imagine software in 1988. Furthermore, the available ‎information were used to provide land-use map ‎in 2013. Land-use maps of 1988 - 2013 were prepared using ArcGIS software. In existing maps, six land-use classes; class 1, 2, and 3 rangelands, agricultural and ‎garden, arid land, and river-bed were designed. ‎ The results showed that Amameh watershed was affected by severe changes in the land-use‎ during the study period, so that the class 1 rangelands‎ to class 2, class 2 to class 3, and even arid‎ land were changed. In addition, the residential areas (villa) were increased from 2.5% in 1988 to 8.4 in 2013. The HEC-HMS model was used to investigate the effect of land-use changes on the hydrological flood hydrograph of Amameh watershed‎. The results of hydrograph study of 1988 and 2013 showed the volume increase of runoff and peak discharge rates during the 25-year period, and also the watershed runoff coefficient was increased from 0.82 to 0.89. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Application of social lifecycle approach in assessing social sustainability (Case Study:Menarid Project)
sara hajialiani Farahnaz Rostami mostafa Ahmadvand Ali Asghar Mirakzadeh Hossein AzadiIntroduction, the necessity of paying attention to social and understandable aspects of social sustainability during the evaluation of development projects is one of the most important and key tools in planning and policies for growth and development by governments.Mate MoreIntroduction, the necessity of paying attention to social and understandable aspects of social sustainability during the evaluation of development projects is one of the most important and key tools in planning and policies for growth and development by governments.Materials and Methods:The overall paradigm of this mixed research is sequential-exploratory (qualitative-quantitative). In terms of controlling variables, it is non-experimental and in terms of purpose, it is an applied-developmental research. In the sequential-exploratory project, first the process of collecting and analyzing qualitative data is done and then these results are used for quantitative (questionnaire) section. Finally, both quantitative and qualitative analyses are interpreted and analyzed in one place. Results and Discussion :The findings indicated the fact that social sustainability was maximum in the time constraints of the project implementation and among the components of social sustainability, the component of social participation was identified as important points and high effects on social sustainability. Conclusions: The results of social sustainability assessment based on the social lifecycle approach can promote things such as creating a common view on comprehensive management of natural resources, sharing past information, advanced and planned development activities, better coordination of measures with existing investment, improving the design and regulation of future projects and plans, and identifying and addressing the main obstacles and bottlenecks for the development of successful approaches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Prioritizing watershed for gabion check dams building by spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCE), in Hasanrobat Esfahan
Ali Akbar Jamali Abolfazl Rahimabadi Nasim Zerang Arash RahmatianThe watershed of Hassanrobat which is located in Meimeh in Isfahan province, is studied in current research in order to construct Gabion Dams. Experts suggest the location of dams' in water channels based on economical reasons as a priority for locating dam. Spatial Mul MoreThe watershed of Hassanrobat which is located in Meimeh in Isfahan province, is studied in current research in order to construct Gabion Dams. Experts suggest the location of dams' in water channels based on economical reasons as a priority for locating dam. Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation is employed to determine critical position of the dam in watershed area. All the maps of key factors divided into two groups and were entered the SMCE as limitation factors. Therefore it is needed to standardize the factors such as slope and rainfall with fuzzy model. However, other ones (vegetation, roads, villages, springs and wells) standardized by Cast method. The two remaining maps: land use and geology standardized based on experts suggestion. Eventually, weighted the factors of first group while, the second group are weighted by hierarchy in order to product of the final map that show the priorities to construct Gabion dams in the region. Obviously, natural factors affect the final choice as well as economy of the region. This study proposes mentioned location to related planners since soil erosion would significantly decrease after dam constructed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - .Investigation of flood potential Darakeh watershed using rainfall- runoff using SCS
عزت الله قنواتی فریبا ندافیونAbstract Locating flood event using traditional methods is very difficult and often leads to errors. SCS Soil Conservation Service America has developed a method for calculating runoff. According to the accuracy of SCS-CN method in this study the SCS-CN method is used. MoreAbstract Locating flood event using traditional methods is very difficult and often leads to errors. SCS Soil Conservation Service America has developed a method for calculating runoff. According to the accuracy of SCS-CN method in this study the SCS-CN method is used. The purpose of research is estimate of a flood risk using SCS-CN method. In this way, according to land use and soil hydrologic groups and area slope, curve number or CN are obtain. CN the averaging of watershed was shown 87 number. Using climatological stations, average of rainfall was 304 mm. The results show that in the southern part of the watershed due to the loss of vegetation, expansion of the city from the south, land use change and shape of the watershed to be taken, the probability of flooding is greater than the rest of the watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Using Boolean and fuzzy logic and weighting factors for landslide and sediment hazard analysis in the watershed of Chelgerd- Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province
Ali Akbar Jamali Mohamad Ali HakimiErosion such as landslide is phenomenon that causes wasting of many water and soil resources and destructing natural resources. The objective is landslide hazard mapping. Landslide can be the main source for sediment supply. The region was Chelgerd watershed in Shahreko MoreErosion such as landslide is phenomenon that causes wasting of many water and soil resources and destructing natural resources. The objective is landslide hazard mapping. Landslide can be the main source for sediment supply. The region was Chelgerd watershed in Shahrekord. For landslide hazard mapping, information layers including slope, elevation lithology, land use, distance to road, distance to stream, distance to fault and to springs as effective parameters of landslide have been recognized and digitized. After fuzzy standardizing of constraints and factors by methods fuzzy and Boolean weighing factors using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was incorporated. Final phase, landslide hazard zonation map was prepared. Results show that 49 percent of studied land are high and very high risk zones located. In this study, the most landslides occur in 500 meters from road and 400 meters from Stream with dip ranging from 15 to 50 percent at the elevation of 2600 meters moreover, agricultural lands and gardens within Khankat and Neyriz formation contain the most landslides. Since the possibility of landslide in the vicinity of roads and Stream, with medium dip is very high. It is necessary to be considered in managing of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Analysis of Landscape Structure and Land Use Changes as an Ecological Approach to Acheive the Sustainable Regional Planning (case study: Latian Dam Watershed)
Banafsheh Shafie Homa Irani Behbahani Amir Hossein Javid Hassan Darabi Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi,Landscape changes occur by natural trends or disturbing events. The current study evaluated the landscape structure changes of Latian Dam watershed by means of landscape metrics to achieve the ecological approach in order to formulate sustainable regional development an MoreLandscape changes occur by natural trends or disturbing events. The current study evaluated the landscape structure changes of Latian Dam watershed by means of landscape metrics to achieve the ecological approach in order to formulate sustainable regional development and planning for area of the study. Land use changes were identified using four time-series atmospherically-corrected surface reflectance Landsat images from 1987 to 2017.Then,7 metrics in landscape level and 8 metrics in class level were chosen to quantification the landscape structure by Fragstats 4.2 software, in order to analyze the landscape changes. The results and analysis show the increase in NP and IJI, and the decrease of AREA-MN which mean the fragmentation occurs in landscape level. The increase of AREA-MN and NP in built-area class shows the tendency to coarse grain structure (homogeneity), and the decrease of AREA-MN and increase of NP in vegetated area class, shows the tendency to fine grain structure (heterogeneity) in landscape level. These scientific findings of past, present and ability to estimate the future land use of the study area will assist planners and decision-makers to formulate environmental protection plans to conserve natural heritage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Feasibility of flooding in the watershed Leilan chai (Maragheh) CN metod
Mohammad Reza sarvati Akbar rostami Fatemeh khodadadiFlood is a natural phenomenon, which human being has experienced from very oldtimes. In Iran, due to Its very large area, several climates, and time and local density ofPrecipitations in most watersheds, there are many great floods of the country. In thisstudy, run-off MoreFlood is a natural phenomenon, which human being has experienced from very oldtimes. In Iran, due to Its very large area, several climates, and time and local density ofPrecipitations in most watersheds, there are many great floods of the country. In thisstudy, run-off coefficient, maximum debit of flood, identifying the factors andelements that are effective on floodiness, and zoning of the area of Leilan chaiwatershed based on its flood bearing are analyzed. The curve number method was usedfor this watershed. To do this, firstly, the needed data and information including thestatistical situation of the area climates and satellite images were gathered Inputted tothe GIS data system. Compiling these data and information by the SCS method and theCN of the watershed, The infiltration level and run-off volume were prepared.Finally,the zoning map of the annual flooding potential of the area were produced usingweighting model and compiling the area Precipitation, hydrological groups of soil,slope level, land use, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Gully erosion hazard zonation in Torood watershed
Zahra Arab ghashghaie Davood Nikkami Samad Shadfar Abolfazl MoeiniGully eroaion is one of the developed forms of water erosion which redolent ofsurface soil destruction in the lands. Recognize of the effective factors in happence ofgully erosion and it’s zonation is a basic implement to manage and control thisphenomenon. this st MoreGully eroaion is one of the developed forms of water erosion which redolent ofsurface soil destruction in the lands. Recognize of the effective factors in happence ofgully erosion and it’s zonation is a basic implement to manage and control thisphenomenon. this study has been performed with aim of recognizing the effectivefactors on the gully erosion making and it’s zonation in the watershed of Torood. Themost important effective factor in happending gully erosion such as slope, aspect,litology, land use, distance of communications network, land and canopy cover wereselected as the most important factors on gully development and their layers wereprovided in GIS environment. All three gullies in the area were selected for the study.For each gully, three soil samples were collected from 25, 50 and 75 percent of gullylength and three from outside of gully for comparison. This Samples have examinedfrom the view of Gypsum, Organic Carbon, Salinity, Saturation Percentage, Lime,Sodiun Absorption Ratio and PH. Gully erosion zonation map of Torood watershedwas prepared using 1:40,000 areal photos of 2001 and field measurements using GPS.The area covered by gully erosion in each class of effective factors, were computed byoverlaying gully erosion zonation map with effective factor layers. Effective factorsand their classes in related layers were weighted using Multi Class Mapsmethod.Results demonstrated that 88 percent of gullies are located at high to very highclasses of vulnerability zones. Soil analysis also indicated that salinity, gypsum andsodium absorption ratio in the gullies are higher and the amount of organic carbon isless than that of surrounded areas. But, there were no significant difference betweensaturation percentage, lime and pH in the gullies and surrounded areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Choosing the best place for the purpose of the earth-fill Dam by using the ELECTRE (Case study: basin of watersheds is one Shahroud-bastam Basin)
Amir Hossein Halabian Alireza Arabameri Mahmoud SoltanianAbstract:The optimal management of water resources needs to learn exact and up to date, of how theconditions governing the resources and the status of their future forecasts. one of the methodsof management of water resources use methods of the multi criteria decision m MoreAbstract:The optimal management of water resources needs to learn exact and up to date, of how theconditions governing the resources and the status of their future forecasts. one of the methodsof management of water resources use methods of the multi criteria decision making. Thepurpose of this research to choose the best place for the purpose of the earth-fill dam found todevelop sustainable water resources. findings and the results of the research indicates that inELECTRE method and in between regions seven, regions (3, 4, 5) with 4 times thedomination and 2 times the defeated with (2) points in the first rank, and have been the mostappropriate levels for the earth-fill dam, in front of a large (1) with 6 times recessive andwithout fluency with (6) points in the final ranking and the direction of the earth-fill dam isnot appropriate and a large (2, 6, 7) respectively with (2, 2, 1) time mastery and (4, 4, 5) wasdefeated with rates (1-, 2-, 4-) in the next category. levels of (1, 2, 6, 7) due to the fact that thenumber of times the one in which the number of non-dominant one in which more andnegative points are earned should be deleted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigating the Effect of Carbon Sequestration Plan on Principle of Broaden Participation in Building Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems (Case study: Khatam, Jajarm and Galikesh counties)
Hossein Moradi Majid Rahimi Sirous ShamshiriThe resilience of social-ecological systems to environmental changes such as climate change requires the guarantee of environmental systems such as water supply systems and human resources such as resource governance systems and stakeholder participation. In Iran, the I MoreThe resilience of social-ecological systems to environmental changes such as climate change requires the guarantee of environmental systems such as water supply systems and human resources such as resource governance systems and stakeholder participation. In Iran, the International Carbon Sequestration Project, in cooperation, was initially launched in 2005 with the aim of preventing the phenomenon of desertification. Therefore, in this study, the local communities of the three target areas of this project, including Khatam, Jajarm and Oghan watershed of Galikesh and the impact of the project on the broaden of stakeholder participation were examined. For this purpose, two villages from each region were selected by simple random sampling and a questionnaire measuring the broaden participation among farmers and ranchers in the target villages was completed. The results showed that the implementation of carbon sequestration plan in the three study areas in the five dimensions studied did not increase the broaden participation to an acceptable level. Also, the comparison of the performance of the three regions showed that in Jajarm, the weakest performance and in Galikesh, the best performance has been done in order to expand the participation of stakeholders. Indicators of broaden participation were acceptable only in Ogan watershed and Khatam in 14 out of 90 possible cases. As a result, transparency of goals and expectations, presence and involvement of stakeholders, facilitation, and leadership, capacity building, power, and sourcing in all aspects of social, economic, organizational, infrastructure, and social capital have not performed well. Therefore, the resilience of ecosystem services in the three study areas will be jeopardized due to the lack of expansion of stakeholder participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation of lithological units susceptibility of erosion using mineralogical characteristics
Seid Saeid Ghiasi Sadat Feiznia Alireza Moghadam nia Somayye NajiradSoil resource conservation requires management approaches and provides appropriate solutions that can be achieved by knowing nature of rock units and relative importance of main sediment sources. The aim of this study is to determine hole of each lithological unit in se MoreSoil resource conservation requires management approaches and provides appropriate solutions that can be achieved by knowing nature of rock units and relative importance of main sediment sources. The aim of this study is to determine hole of each lithological unit in sediment generation and to recognize their erosion conditions. For this purpose after sampling the sediment source and sediments of waterways of Kiov-chai Watershed, grading was performed for all samples by dry sieving. Then, 600 micron and 4 mm sieves were selected as indicators and by choosing 100 grains of sediment from each sample, mineralogical analysis was performed using a pair of binocular and considering mineral and rock fragments the results were compared with and adapted to the lithological units and the share percentage of each stone, was determined by counting the number of minerals and rock fragments. The results showed, Qvl lithological unit has the highest share in sediment yield with a 45.51 percent and has the very severe erosion status with total erosion index score with a 1053.14 which can be justified completely due to extensive degradation and its spread on both sides of the main river. After Qvl lithological unit, Qds2 and Qvb lithological units have the highest share in sediment yield with a 30.87 and 10.54 percent, respectively and Qtasllithological unit has the lowest share in sediment yield with a 45.51 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The effect of constructed structures on time of concentration (Case study: Izeh watershed)
Alireza Jamshidian Mohammad Heidarnejad مریم محمدزادهEstimating the time of concentration is one of the most important concepts in physiographic and hydrologic studies in watersheds, and relatively correct estimation of it greatly influences calculation of hydrologic parameters, especially flood peak discharge. Constructi MoreEstimating the time of concentration is one of the most important concepts in physiographic and hydrologic studies in watersheds, and relatively correct estimation of it greatly influences calculation of hydrologic parameters, especially flood peak discharge. Construction of check dams in watersheds leading to residential areas is one of the strategies for changing time of concentration and reducing channel slope, which are substantially effective in controlling floods and reducing flood peak discharge. This research intended to evaluate the effects of corrective structures on hydrologic behavior of watersheds based on flood index. In this study Changes in time of concentration and flood discharge were compared between 1384-1389 years from construction of corrective structures by studying the region, topographic conditions, and protective measures. The return period between 1.25 to 100 years was selected. The parameters of the numbers and heights of the check dams, hydrologic soil groups, channel slopes, time of concentration, regional hydrology, and area of each watershed parcel were studied for this comparison. Results indicated that construction of corrective structures increased time of concentration in I28, I13, I12, I10, I9, I8, I6, I4 parcels amount of 4,8.74,2.68,1.43,1.31,2.01, 0.51 and 11.78 respectively. The lowest percentage increase in the concentration of Parcel No. I13 with a 1 percent. The maximum time to focus on I28, with 11.78 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Providing a method for determining the flood producing regions based on the relationship between flooding index and morphometric
بهارک معتمدوزیری Masoumeh Gharib Hasan AhmadiRiver basin planning is an essential factor for sustainable development and land management. Therefore, sub-basins prioritizing and detecting morphometrically characteristics to identify the hydrological behaviors of watersheds and designing management strategies are ve MoreRiver basin planning is an essential factor for sustainable development and land management. Therefore, sub-basins prioritizing and detecting morphometrically characteristics to identify the hydrological behaviors of watersheds and designing management strategies are very important. The aim of present study is to prioritize the flooding of the basin by distributional method and provide a method for determining the flood generating areas in the Tangrah watershed. To this end, the inputs of the rainfall-runoff model were extracted and then the model was calibrated and validated. For this purpose, the inputs of the rainfall-runoff model were extracted and then modclark model calibrated and validated. In the next step, in order to determine the flooding of homogeneous units and sub-basins with unit flood response method, sequential removal and replacement of these units and simulation of flood hydrographs for designed rainfall were carried out at the Golestan National Park's rain gauge station. Then the effect of each homogeneous unit and sub-basin on the total output hydrograph in the watershed was calculated. Finally, for a flood with a return period of 50 years and 100 years for non-statistical watersheds, a correlated multivariable correlation between morphometric parameters and flood index was presented. The results of the potential runoff production map with the return period of 50 and 100 years showed that the runoff production potential was upward downstream of the basin, and the homogeneous unit 116 was recognized as the most effective unit in the high runoff potential, which is due to more rainfall as well as The steep slope and high (CN) in this homogeneous unit, the runoff production potential is nearer the outlet of the basin than the upstream areas. The results of this study showed that by integrating the GIS and hydrologic models, we can investigate the interaction of physiographic and climatic factors on the spill potential of watersheds. Considering the peak synchronization and the flood roughing role in the rivers, prioritized sub-areas as desired Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The effect of basic data and time scale on selecting drought regional analysis method
Fahimeh Razi Alireza ShokoohiOne important issue in drought studies is realizing the spatial pattern of drought events in a region through point estimation of the drought characteristics. In the first section of this research, in order to investigate the effect of probability distribution function MoreOne important issue in drought studies is realizing the spatial pattern of drought events in a region through point estimation of the drought characteristics. In the first section of this research, in order to investigate the effect of probability distribution function transformation embedded in SPI, on the spatial distribution of drought, regional analysis was carried out using precipitation and SPI data, separately. The case study is the Anzali wetland watershed in the north of Iran. The results in terms of the employed regional analysis method and time scale were different. The results showed that by decreasing the time scales to less than 1 year, while by the SPI index the region was completely homogeneous, the region was divided into different sub-regions using precipitation. The important conclusion drawn from this part of the research was the necessity of zoning the region via precipitation and then analyzing drought in the obtained regions. In the second part of the research, a comparison was made among three zoning methods including; L-moment, hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods using precipitation and SPI, separately. Overall, L-moment was more successful than the other two clustering methods in detecting homogeneous regions in the study area. Finally, it was concluded that reducing events time scales sharpened the difference between the zoning methods; therefore, choosing an appropriate zoning method would be more important in monthly and seasonal time resolutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluation of Genetic Expression Programming model for Suspended Sediment Load estimation based on data preprocessing using Gamma Test method (Case study: Rood Zard watershed)
Adele Alijanpour Shalmani Ali Reza Vaezi Mahmood Reza TabatabaeiIn this research, the data of the machine hydrometric station was used in the Rood Zard watershed with a statistical period of 36 years (1977-2012). In order to reduce time and cost, pre-processing of input data into the GEP model was obtained using gamma test method an MoreIn this research, the data of the machine hydrometric station was used in the Rood Zard watershed with a statistical period of 36 years (1977-2012). In order to reduce time and cost, pre-processing of input data into the GEP model was obtained using gamma test method and entered the GEP model along with non-preprocessing combinations of the test and error method. The results of comparison between all models showed that the best combination of input variable from gamma test with the lowest standard error is zero, gamma statistic is 0.000092 and Vratio statistic is 0.012 and the combination of variables including average daily flow discharge with two steps of time delay and average daily precipitation with three steps of time delay, had the most accurate and correct estimate for suspended sediment load. This model had the lowest value of RMSE=1671.90 (ton/day) and MAE=475.68 (ton/day) and the highest value of R2=0.99 and NSE=0.99 compared to other models. Therefore, the use of gamma test method as a data preprocessing method, by selecting combinations of appropriate input variables to models, an average of up to 40% of the estimated error (RMSE) of daily suspended sediment load compared to the inputs from the test and reduce the error and increase the performance of the GEP model in estimating the suspended sediment load by increasing the similarity between the values of observational data with computational data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Assessment and Analysis of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed Health Status, Ardabil Province, Iran
Zeinab Hazbavi Nahideh Parchami Nazila Alaei Leyla BabaeiThe present research was conducted to evaluate the health of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed in Ardabil Province using 27 criteria analysis related to different hydrological, anthropogenic and climatic aspects. For this purpose, base regional data including hydrology, eros MoreThe present research was conducted to evaluate the health of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed in Ardabil Province using 27 criteria analysis related to different hydrological, anthropogenic and climatic aspects. For this purpose, base regional data including hydrology, erosion and sediment, economic, social and climatic data were collected and analyzed from previous reports. Then, according to the nature of the data used, several appropriate databases were prepared in Fragstats 4.2.1, Excel 2016, IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and ArcGIS 10.6 softwares. Then, using the principles governing the conceptual model of pressure-state-response (PSR), the status and spatial variations of the watershed health were evaluated at 36 sub-watersheds level. Different degrees of watershed health were classified into five categories: healthy, relatively healthy, moderately healthy, relatively unhealthy and unhealthy. Based on the results analysis, it was found that this watershed is in average health condition. Also, the values of pressure, state and response indicators were 0.46, 0.55 and 0.31, respectively. The mean score of comprehensive watershed health assessment index is 0.41. The maximum value of comprehensive watershed health index was 0.66 for sub-watersheds 8 and 12 and the minimum value for this index was 0.14 for sub-watershed 26. The eastern and southeastern part of the watershed is relatively healthy and moderately healthy and the watershed health status was better in the western and northern parts. The results of the present study are applicable to identifying and restoration priority areas and guiding management strategies in terms of water and soil resources at national and regional levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Spatial Pattern of Sediment Yield by Sediment Structural Connectivity Model in the Taleghan Watershed, Iran
Mohammad Ali Hilou Seyed Abbas Hosseini Ahmad SharafatiBackground and Aim: Nowadays, due to the importance of sediments in watersheds, the integrated watershed management in the country requires a specific framework in planning related to monitoring and control of sediments.One of the most effective methods is the use of se MoreBackground and Aim: Nowadays, due to the importance of sediments in watersheds, the integrated watershed management in the country requires a specific framework in planning related to monitoring and control of sediments.One of the most effective methods is the use of sediment connectivity index (IC). Connectivity process is an innovative concept to understand the processes which occur in the watershed area that affect water flow and sediment movement at different spatial-temporal scales. This index explains the degree of connection of the sediment flow throughout the watershed, especially between the sediment source and the downstream area, and in a way, expresses the sediment delivery ratio. Therefore, the current research is conducted with the aim of investigating the sediment connectivity in Taleghan watershed of Alborz province to extract the sediment connectivity index map and also verify the results with field investigations.Method: In this research, in order to investigate the spatial pattern of sediment production in the watershed, the sediment connectivity map of the basin was drawn from the method presented by Borselli et al. and the definition of connectivity index (IC). For this purpose, at first, topographic data from 30-Meter Digital Elevation Model and vegetation data at 10- and 30-meters spatial resolution are obtained with Sentinel-2A and Landsat 8 images, respectively, and by using data layers such as the average slope gradient, the average weighting factor and the upslope contributing area the amount of upstream component of the flow starting path in sediment transport was calculated. Then, using the layers of the length towards the downslope path, the weight factor of each cell and finally the slope gradient of each cell, the downstream component in the sediment connectivity network was calculated and by referring to catchment outlet in the ArcGIS 10-2-2 software, the connectivity index for all pixels Calculated and the sediment connectivity map was drawn. The IC can assume values ranging from -∞ to +∞ and as IC grows toward +∞, the connectivity increases, finally in order to evaluate the results of the field connection index model (FIC), it is implemented in 30 points of the watershed and the correlation between the IC index and FIC in these points are evaluated. Results: According to the findings of this research as well as the fitting of IC sediment connectivity index values with FIC field sediment connectivity index in 30 points, the relationship between these two indicators is linear. The coefficient of determining the output of the model with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters was obtained with a numerical value of 0.62, It shows the higher accuracy of the sediment connectivity index results with a spatial resolution of 10 meters compared to 30 meters. Although the distribution of the points is irregular in some cases, the general trend of the results shows that with the increase in the amount of IC connection, the amount of FIC field computing sediment connection has also increased linearly. In calculating the index of connectivity, the factors such as the shape, slope and roughness of the basin which are easily accessible due to the less data requirement and high efficiency, can be the basis for improving the estimation of sedimentation models.Conclusion: In this research, the results show that the sediment connectivity index with a spatial accuracy of 10 meters has a higher accuracy than the connectivity index with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters. In addition, the results demonstrate the slope and the vegetation factor are critical parameters in the sedimentation of the Taleghan watershed. It is also worth mentioning that in order to investigate the effect of the watershed area and the principal waterway length, the results of the sediment connectivity index can be evaluated more precisely at the sub-basin and even the hillslopes. Considering the importance of these items in the sedimentation of each sub-basin, including the flow direction map and flow accumulation in the assumptions of this model, is one of the advantages of this technique. The other important advantage of this model is its low data requirement, which can greatly reduce the complexity and data requirements of existing erosion and sedimentation models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Evaluation of Global Gridded Precipitation Datasets for Drought Monitoring (Case Study: Great Karoon Watershed)
Behzad Navidi Nassaj Narges Zohrabi Alireza Nikbakht Shahbazi Hossein FathianIn this study, the Spatio-temporal performance of 5 global gridded precipitation datasets including GPCC V8, CHIRPS V2, ECMWF ERA5, NASA MERRA2, and PERSIANN-CDR (PCDR) in drought monitoring has been evaluated. For this purpose, the standardized precipitation index (SPI MoreIn this study, the Spatio-temporal performance of 5 global gridded precipitation datasets including GPCC V8, CHIRPS V2, ECMWF ERA5, NASA MERRA2, and PERSIANN-CDR (PCDR) in drought monitoring has been evaluated. For this purpose, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and precipitation information of 13 synoptic stations of the Meteorological Organization of Iran during the thirty years of 1987-2016 has been used. Comparisons were carried out based on performance indices include correlation, mean square root error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and modified agreement index (MAI) as well as drought detection accuracy metrics including False Alarm Ratio (FAR), probability of detection (POD) and the Critical Success Index (CSI). The results showed that GPCC, ERA5, PCDR datasets had a strong agreement with SPI observations so that they showed the drought trends and situations well and their R2 with observational SPI was Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Rainfall-Runoff modeling using Deep Learning model (Case Study: Galikesh Watershed)
Razieh Tatar Khalil Ghorbani mehdi Meftah halghi meysam salarijaziArtificial neural networks (ANN) are one of the data mining methods applied by many researchers in different fields of studies such as rainfall runoff modeling. To improve the performance of these networks, deep learning neural networks were developed to increase modeli MoreArtificial neural networks (ANN) are one of the data mining methods applied by many researchers in different fields of studies such as rainfall runoff modeling. To improve the performance of these networks, deep learning neural networks were developed to increase modeling accuracy. This study evaluated deep learning networks to improve the performance of artificial neural networks in Galikesh watershed and to predict discharge for 1, 3, 6 and 12-month time scale based on 1 to 5 month time scale lags made in precipitation and temperature data. Based on 70% and 30% of the data used for training and test respectively the results demonstrated that in all time steps, the deep learning neural network improved the performance of artificial neural network and on average RMSE decreased in both training and test from 0.68 to 0.65 and 0.84 to 0.73 respectively. Moreover, R-square was increased on average from 0.57 to 0.62 and 0.51 to 0.67 respectively in training and test. We can also denote the effect of temperature on the increase of accuracy of rainfall-runoff modeling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effect of Mid-term Changes in Climate and Land Use on Flow Reduction in Karkheh Catchment
Alireza Chegnizadeh Hamidreza Rabieifar Hossein Ebrahimi Mahmoud Zakeri NayeriBackground and Aim: Investigating future flow changes is a very important factor in policy-making and determining the strategy of a catchment. Two very important parameters affecting the flow are climate change and land use change. How these two parameters affect the wa MoreBackground and Aim: Investigating future flow changes is a very important factor in policy-making and determining the strategy of a catchment. Two very important parameters affecting the flow are climate change and land use change. How these two parameters affect the water flow is due to the effect that each of them has on the hydrological cycle. The present study investigates and evaluates the effects of climate change and land use change on surface flow in one of the catchments in southwestern Iran, Karkheh. This catchment is known as one of the most important and strategic catchments for food security and electricity generation in Iran. This catchment is one of the most critical and strategic catchments for providing food security and electricity generation in Iran.Method: The present study uses the soil and water assessment model (SWAT) to investigate the impact of climate change and land use on the Karkheh catchment. A total of 15 scenarios have been studied. These scenarios, firstly investigate the changes on each climate and land uses separately, and then the simultaneous impact of these two parameters in the mid-term on the surface flow is analyzed. Climate change has been studied using RCP scenarios and general atmospheric circulation (GCM) models for two different GCMs, CMCC-CESM and MRI-CGCM3 in the 4.5 and 8.5 series over the mid-term (2040 to 2060). The changes applied to land use in two different cases are based on Iran's future policies. Changes in these policies have been made using the Sixth Development Plan, the 550,000-hectare Plan, the Land Management Plan from an agricultural perspective, and the population growth rate in the region according to the scenarios considered in the plan of the Statistics Research Institute of Iran.Results: To calibrate the model, 9 parameters and two objective functions NSE and R2 were used in 6 hydrometric stations. Based on the findings of this study, the highest sensitivity of the model is to the CN2 parameter. In model calibration and validation, all stations have values above 0.5 for the intended objective functions. Changes in precipitation and temperature are other findings of this study. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of precipitation data, a decrease in precipitation is visible in all months, and the highest drop is related to the autumn season, with a decline of 7.83 to 8.23%, and the lowest reduction is dedicated to 8.5 scenario.Conclusion: The results of climate change illustrate that in the mid-term, the most changes will be achieved in the RCP8.5 scenario which include a 14.3 to 22.8% reduction in runoff. The results obtained from land use changes based on future policies in Iran show a maximum decrease of 7% in the average monthly runoff. If the changes in climate and land use are studied simultaneously based on the average flow rate, it can be concluded that in the RCP8.5 scenario, the most change will occur. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Assessment the effects of vegetation degradation on runoff changes and water pollution potential in the sub-watersheds of the Eastern Azerbaijan province
Ardavan Zarandian Majid Ramezani MehrianVegetation is an important factor affecting runoff, quantity and quality of water in a watershed. This study investigates the effects of vegetation reduction in the eastern watershed of Lake Urmia on two parameters of runoff and the potential for water pollution .The WW MoreVegetation is an important factor affecting runoff, quantity and quality of water in a watershed. This study investigates the effects of vegetation reduction in the eastern watershed of Lake Urmia on two parameters of runoff and the potential for water pollution .The WWPSS model was used to simultaneously assess the three parameters. Vegetation shows a fraction of the types of grass, tree and land without vegetation that were obtained from MODIS VCF satellite images. Runoff was calculated as accumulated water budget downstream. This model also provides an indicator to determine the potential level of water pollution. The results showed that rangeland cover decreased by an average of about 32%. Also, the average runoff production increased by 2.6, 3.16, 2.9 and 3.25 percent, respectively, in the existing conditions in 4 sub-basins of Aji Chai, Qaleh Chai, Marduq Chai and Sufi Chai compared to the situation before the reduction of vegetation coverage. According to the results, the difference in water pollution potential between the baseline and existing conditions in different parts of the watershed has fluctuated in the range between -9 to15% and an average of 0.6%. This change has increased the pollution load in some places and decreased it in others; but in general, it has led to incremental changes in water pollution potential with an average of about 2.5% in the total watershed. The method used can be used to quantify and map ecosystem water changes and its application in environmental assessment and management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Evaluation of climate change performance using two hydrological models with different structures
Sadegh Valeh Baharak Motamedvaziri Hadi Kiadaliri Hasan AhmadiOne of the major challenges affecting the natural ecosystems and various aspects of human life is climate change. The effects of global warming on the hydrology and water cycle in nature are very serious, and the quantitative recognition of these effects creates more re MoreOne of the major challenges affecting the natural ecosystems and various aspects of human life is climate change. The effects of global warming on the hydrology and water cycle in nature are very serious, and the quantitative recognition of these effects creates more readiness to deal with its consequences. In the present study, the black box model (artificial neural network) and the semi-distributed model (SWAT) were selected and examined according to error and uncertainty. This paper employed the large-scale model (CanESM2) under scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 to investigate the effect of climate change. The results of climate change in this study showed that runoff (3-59%) and temperature (1.53-6.93 °C) have an increasing trend. In particular, this increasing trend is further exhibited by extreme values and severe floods. Also, the amount of runoff will increase by 7-11% in the upcoming period. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention in urban studies to the increase of flood occurrence in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Combined Application of Pressure-State-Response and Strategic Planning Approaches in Integerated and Problem-Oriented Management f the Makhsaz Watershed in Western Mazandaran, Iran
Zahra Ebrahimi Gatkash Seyed Hamidreza SadeghiBackground and Aim: Watershed management projects are designed and implemented to protect primary resources (i.e., water, soil, and vegetation) and sustain production by maintaining soil fertility and agricultural sustainability, so understanding the problems of the wat MoreBackground and Aim: Watershed management projects are designed and implemented to protect primary resources (i.e., water, soil, and vegetation) and sustain production by maintaining soil fertility and agricultural sustainability, so understanding the problems of the watershed is an undeniable necessity for future planning and implementation of natural resources management. Effective management of the country's natural resources and control of their degradation based on explanation and adoption of a coherent structure and framework to properly identify watershed problems and determine the appropriate strategy to determine the implementation of measures as an emerging approach to watershed management is essential. Therefore, in the present study, a model approach of combining pressure-state-response and strategic planning approaches in comprehensive management and problem-oriented watershed management was used.Method: In this study, the PSR conceptual model was used to identify the problem of the Mikhsaz watershed. Appropriate criteria for identifying problems were evaluated in four categories of climatic factors: hydrology, human and. In this regard, the indicators and criteria affecting the river basin were summarized after examining the autocorrelation and alignment between the criteria. Due to the different sources of information, all data were standardized for criteria with positive and negative effects on the health of the region, respectively. The main problems in different parts of the watershed were identified based on the value of each of the factors affecting the class. Qualitative and quantitative strategic analysis has also been used to determine the optimal strategy. In the next stage, the analysis of internal and external factors, after identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, internal and external tables were created and analyzed. Finally, Quantitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) analysis was prepared. Finally, strategies for managing the Makhsaz watershed were presented.Results: The results showed that the main problem of the Mikhsaz watershed is related to the limitation of soil depth, which is exacerbated by changes land-use and increased specific erosion and, increases flood damage. Therefore, with with should be omitted the intervention of human factors, especially land-use change has led to problems. Among the considered criteria, soil depth, land use changes, and special erosion, respectively, had the worst situation with scores of 0.40, 0.51, and 0.53, respectively, which caused disturbances in the performance of the watershed. Focusing on the main and determining problems is of special importance. ST is also a good strategy. Achieving maximum utilization of internal strengths and advantages to deal with and minimize external threats and damage. Also, the result of quantitative strategic planning analysis showed that the should be added first should be omitted priority is given to the strategy of reducing resource degradation and then strategies to reduce temporary and permanent migration, increase household income and strengthen soil and water conservation programs with attractiveness scores of 1.58 and 52.5, respectively. 1, 1.51, and 1.50 are the next priorities. Therefore, with the existing opportunities and strengths, the weaknesses and threats in the study watershed can be overcome.Conclusion: The present study was conducted to identify the problems of the should be added watershed in western Mazandaran using the conceptual model of pressure-state-response (PSR) and determine the optimal strategy for problem management using SWOT analysis. The results showed that the main problems of the Mikhsaz watershed include limited soil depth, land-use changes, and special erosion. Also, the result of quantitative strategic planning analysis showed that first first should be omitted priority is given to the strategy of reducing resource degradation. The results of the study indicate the need for executive measures commensurate with the type and importance of each of the factors affecting the study indicators in the river basin. Therefore, the strategy of using the potential advantages of environmental opportunities should be used to compensate for the weaknesses in the watershed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Determining the Social Profile Ratio in Decision-Making Process of Water and Soil Resources Sustainable Management, Emamkandi Watershed, Urmia Province
Hossein Malekli Raoof Mostafazadeh Abazar Esmali Ouri Kiomars Sefidi Shahnaz MirzaeiBackground and Aim: In order to understand the impacts of watershed management (WM) measures and their effect in solving the socio-economic and environmental problems of region, it is necessary to evaluate these measures to improve future activities in watersheds. One o MoreBackground and Aim: In order to understand the impacts of watershed management (WM) measures and their effect in solving the socio-economic and environmental problems of region, it is necessary to evaluate these measures to improve future activities in watersheds. One of the important aspects in the watershed management decision making (DM) is to consider the stakeholders participation in the planning process. On the other hand, the participation of stakeholders is not same and their opinions on the issue are varied.Method: Therefore, stakeholders in the mentioned watershed were divided into six main groups, and the values of the social network ratios of stakeholder groups regarding the issues discussed during face-to-face interviews were calculated.In this study, the Social Profile Ratio (SPR) method was used to determine effective stakeholder groups in decision-making and implementation of watershed management activities in the Emamkandi watershed in the northern province of Urmia in 1999. The social profile ratio, as a tool for introducing the characteristics of society and stakeholders, plays an important role in informed decision-making by the Watershed Planning Committee, and is calculated based on the scores of components including the position, power, and salience of stakeholders in relation to the issue. Therefore, stakeholders in the mentioned watershed were divided into six main groups, and the values of the social network ratios of stakeholder groups regarding the issues discussed during face-to-face interviews were calculated.Results: According to the results, stakeholders placed more importance on the "importance" component compared to the "position" and "power" components. The social network ratios for all stakeholders were calculated to be greater than one, indicating their agreement with the issue.Conclusion: Overall, based on the results of the study, it can be said that the group of managers and experts from the Agricultural Jihad organization had the highest agreement with the issues raised compared to other groups. The use of local knowledge to create motivation for better participation had the highest social network ratio, and the lowest agreement was related to the issue of the impact of decisions made by institutions and executive organizations on improving the income of watershed residents. The results of the social network ratios for the issue of using local knowledge to create motivation for better participation in watershed management projects showed that three groups of managers, biological experts, and agricultural Jihad experts agreed with the issue raised, and the numerical value of this ratio for managers (equal to 33) indicates the agreement of most managers. In all participating groups except for managers and Agricultural Jihad experts, the social network ratios indicate their disagreement with the issue of involving watershed residents in practical watershed management decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Role of Biological Measures in Soil Erosion Processes using InVEST Model in the Sharghong Watershed, South Khorasan, Iran
Reza Chamani Sahar Mostafaei Younjali Seyed Hamidreza SadeghiIntroduction and Aim: Ecosystems nowadays play a unique role in meeting human demands and offering a variety of services to their stakeholders. However, occurrence of various happening, including population increase and rising demand for basic human requirements,&n MoreIntroduction and Aim: Ecosystems nowadays play a unique role in meeting human demands and offering a variety of services to their stakeholders. However, occurrence of various happening, including population increase and rising demand for basic human requirements, have created problems for Ecosystem Services (ES). As a result, land degradation is a significant environmental issue that is impacted by a variety of elements and factors. Soil conservation and erosion prevention can benefit from management and conservation measures, as well as the development of plant cover in a watershed. Therefore, an effort has been made in this study to assess how the Sharghong Watershed in Southern Khorasan, Iran, and its biological and management activities affect soil erosion at various rainfall intensities. Method: The Sharghong Watershed, with an area of 94.87 km2, is located in Birjand Township, South Khorasan Province, Iran. The mean annual precipitation in the watershed is approximately 210 mm. Due to its steep slopes in the eastern and southeastern parts, the presence of residential areas and barberry orchards in the floodplain, and intense precipitation in the spring, the Sharghong Watershed has a good potential for flooding. for evaluating. The role of biological restoration operations in soil erosion processes in study watershed InVEST Model was used. Annual precipitation data from the Qaen, Birjand, Mousavieh, and Mansourabad stations were utilized for the period between 2002 and 2020, with return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 50 years, to generate the inputs for the InVEST model. The erosivity, erodibility, crop management and land maintenance factor were then determined. Results: The maximum rainfall erosivity index (R) values for return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 50 years were 47.08, 63.68, 85.01, and 98.94 MJ mm ha-1h-1, respectively. The minimum values of R for the same return periods were 42.88, 56.68, 74.47, and 85.85 MJ mm ha-1h-1, respectively. The annual sediment yield for return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 50 years were 6699.27, 9024.56, 17452.27, and 20862.30 t, respectively. Following the implementation of the management scenario in different sub-watersheds, sediment yield reached 6439.39, 8668.37, 16892.94, and 17390.87 t, respectively. The obtained results indicated reductions of 3.9, 3.9, 3.2, and 1.7%, respectively, for return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 50 years. Conclusion: In this research, the role of biological management in controlling erosion and sedimentation in the Sharghonj Watershed during the different return periods of rainfall has been evaluated. The results of the research indicate that with the increase in the intensity of rainfall, in the current land use, the amount of erosion and sedimentation has increased, but with the application of management scenarios at the level of different sub-catchment, erosion and sedimentation has slightly decreased during the different return periods of rainfall. Due to the fact that the intensity of rainfall in the region plays an important role in creating erosion and its effect is intensified by the combination of sloping lands, the principled use of land in accordance with its potential can play an effective role in preventing land degradation. Therefore, the approaches of this research can be beneficial for providing a suitable management model for managers, operators and beneficiaries of watersheds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evaluation of gamma test, cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis and andrews curves methods to separate homogeneous watersheds for regional analysis of suspended sediment
Hossein Kheirfam Mehdi VafakhahSediment yield resulting from soil erosion in the watersheds is the major limitation in achieving the sustainable development and major threat to ecosystems. Therefore estimation of output sediment from watersheds is very important. Extent of watershed and deficiency of MoreSediment yield resulting from soil erosion in the watersheds is the major limitation in achieving the sustainable development and major threat to ecosystems. Therefore estimation of output sediment from watersheds is very important. Extent of watershed and deficiency of sediment measuring stations have caused us to use different indirect methods to estimate sediment, such as the use of models provided in similar watersheds. In this study 42 sediment measuring stations in south and southeast of the Caspian Sea with over 20 year period were chosen. By relating suspended sediment load to stream discharge in the times of flood , daily suspended sediment was estimated by using the daily discharge and the average of annual sediment was calculated. By using the Gamma Test, 13 factors affecting sediment yield were reduced to 5 main factors and by using cluster analysis, discriminate function analysis and andrews curves, study stations were put in homogeneous groups. For each homogeneous group obtained from any one of the mentioned homogenization methods and by using five main factors selected, regression models were developed to estimate the average of annual suspended sediment. Error rates and accuracy of prepared models by using statistical indices of RE, RBIAS and RRMSE were calculated according to observed data. Results indicated that all three homogenous techniques had better results than those of the general model and Andrews Curves with 38.12 and 45.91% RE, 53.16 and 33.11% RRMSE and -0.01 and 0.01 RBIAS in calibration and validation stages, respectively and had better performance than those of two methods i.e. Cluster Analysis and Discriminate Function Analysis for homogenizing of south and southeaster Caspian Sea watersheds based on sediment yield. Also peak discharge (Qp) has the most impact on the average of annual suspended sediment changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Drought Forecasting Using Wavelet - Support Vector Machine and Standardized Precipitation Index (Case Study: Urmia Lake-Iran)
Mehdi Komasi Soroush SharghiBackground and Objectives: Drought is regarded as a serious threat for people and environment. As a result, finding some indices to forecast the drought is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The appropriate and flexible index for drought classificat MoreBackground and Objectives: Drought is regarded as a serious threat for people and environment. As a result, finding some indices to forecast the drought is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The appropriate and flexible index for drought classification is the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Artificial intelligence models were commonly used to forecast SPI time series. These models are based on auto regressive property. So, they are not able to monitor the seasonal and long-term patterns in time series. In this study, the Wavelet-Support Vector Machine (WSVM) approach was used for the drought forecasting through employing SPI. Method: In this way, the SPI time series of Urmia Lake watershed was decomposed to multiple frequent time series by wavelet transform; then, these time series were imposed as input data to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model to forecast the drought. Findings: The results showed that, the maximum value of R2 and minimum value of RMSE indexes for SVM model are 0.865 and 0.237 and for WSVM model are 0.954 and 0.056 respectively in verification step. Discussion and Conclusion: So, the propounded hybrid model has superior ability in forecasting SPI time series comparing with the single SVM model and also it can accurately assess the extreme data in SPI time series by considering the seasonality effects. Finally, it was concluded that, the proposed hybrid model is relatively more appropriate than classical autoregressive models such as ANN. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Preparation of Land Use Map Using ETM+ Landsat (A Case Study in Hendodar Watershed)
Rezvan davodpour Hamid ToranjzarBackground and Objective: High population growth rate has led to excessive use of capacity and double pressure on natural resources, resulting in rapid land use changes. Therefore, quick and accurate identification of types of land cover can play an effective role in pl MoreBackground and Objective: High population growth rate has led to excessive use of capacity and double pressure on natural resources, resulting in rapid land use changes. Therefore, quick and accurate identification of types of land cover can play an effective role in planning and management. Satellite data because of vast and integrated sight covering with different electromagnetic spectrums and updated images are very suitable for making applicable Land use maps. The aim of this study is preparation of land use map using ETM+ landsat (a Case Study in Hendodar Watershed) Method: The Landsat 7 satellite images were used to determine the land use changes of Hendodar watershed in Markazi province. The GPS was used to determine the position of land use and land cover types on the basis of taking test and ground control points on field investigation. Obtained samples were used for supervised classification with four different algorithms including maximum Likelihood, minimum distance, Minimum Mahalanobis Distance and Box Classification. Findings: The optimum index factor (OIF) for the main bands and PCA (principal coordinate analysis) were used to select the optimum combination of three bands in a satellite image to create a color composite, sample set and other operation and classification. Among the algorithms, the maximum likelihood classification algorithm had better results from the types of coverage and lands use on the images. Discussion and Conclusion: The maximum likelihood classification algorithm with combination of b7, b4, b1 bands with 81.25% accuracy is the best algorithms of land use determination and classification comparing with real ground map of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Investigating the Quantitative Trend of Land Changes in Kermanshah Province (Case Study: Gharesou and Mereg Watershed (in years 1984, 2000, and 2016))
Fatemeh Mardani Yaghouti Mehrdad Khanmohammadi Peyman KaramiBackground and Objectives: Human activities change land cover at unprecedented speeds and large spatial scales. The rapid changes in ecosystems in recent decades have been more along all the human history and have led to unprecedented changes in ecosystems and env MoreBackground and Objectives: Human activities change land cover at unprecedented speeds and large spatial scales. The rapid changes in ecosystems in recent decades have been more along all the human history and have led to unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental performance at local, regional and global scales. This research aims to investigate the process of landscape quantitative changes in Gharesou and Mereg watersheds. Investigation method: For monitoring changes, Landsat satellite imagery of 1984 (TM), 2000 (ETM+) and 2016 (OLI-TIRS) were used. The classification was performed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Land cover was classified into seven categories. Metrics PLAND, NP (Number of Patch), PD (Patch Density), and ED (Edge Density) at the Level of Class, NP, LPI (Largest Patch Index), CONTAG (Contagion), and SHDI (Shannon's diversity index) were calculated at the level of Landscape for the study area. Results: The results indicate that the highest percentage of the land cover belongs to agricultural lands and then medium rangelands. The numbers of patches of agricultural land in the period of 1984-2004 has increased due to the conversion of rangelands to agricultural lands and then between years 2000-2016 have decreased due to the conversion to medium ranges with a lesser rate. The number of forest patches in the first period has decreased because of conversion to medium rangelands and increased during the second period. Conclusion: The study of the landscape metrics indicates the increase in continuity, the reduction of fragmentation and diversity in the first time period, and in contrast, in the second time period, continuity has decreased and fragmentation and diversity have increased. Given the fact that the process of landscape changes varies over two different periods, it can generally be noted that the fragmentation and diversity of the landscape have declined and the spatial continuity has increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Ecological Capability for Forest Development Using AHP (Arangeh Watershed, Alborz Town (
Shadi Sharifian mohammad rezvani faeahnaz rashidiBackground and Objective: Due to the natural forests degradation rate, increasing human population and increasing need to ecosystem services, forest development and afforestation process will be unavoidable. In this respect, before any implementation of afforestation pr MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the natural forests degradation rate, increasing human population and increasing need to ecosystem services, forest development and afforestation process will be unavoidable. In this respect, before any implementation of afforestation project, site selection of suitable areas and evaluation of ecological potential should be considered. This research has been done with the aim of evaluating the ecological potential of Arangeh watershed located in Alborz province and locating suitable areas for afforestation. Methods: According to the purpose of the study, in order to evaluate the ecological potential, effective environmental criteria including physical factors (physiography, climate and soil) and biological factors (vegetation) were identified. Then, area information was collected, including reports and data, as well as maps were produced. In the next step, by stacking and combining the information layers, homogeneous units were produced. Using Boolean logic, lands with absolute and permanent constraints were removed from the evaluation process and finally 108 unrestricted units were identified for evaluation. Then, the weights of the main indicators were determined using the AHP method (pairwise comparisons) and expert opinions. Qualitative values The main indices were converted to quantitative scale using the bipolar distance method and then the final value of each homogeneous unit was calculated by the SAW method. Results: In this study, land potentials for afforestation in three categories including: excellent (9/5 ha), good (1015/9 ha), and average (578/5 ha) were determined and finally an ecological potential map for the development of forest was produced. Discussion & conclusion: It can be concluded that, in 15% of the area, there is potential for afforestation, that ecological potential has relatively suitable conditions in these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Ecological Land Capability Evaluation for Agriculture and Range Management Using WLC Method (Case study: Onarchay watershed, Ardabil province)
Mahsa Safaripour Dariush NaseriBackground and Objective: Agriculture as an important part of the economy has a great role to achieve sustainable development using scientific methods and knowing environmental potentials. In this regard, there is a close relationship between agriculture development and MoreBackground and Objective: Agriculture as an important part of the economy has a great role to achieve sustainable development using scientific methods and knowing environmental potentials. In this regard, there is a close relationship between agriculture development and environmental resources. Onarchay is one of the watersheds in the center of Ardabil province that has a critical role in local people’s livelihood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ecological land capability and determine the suitability rate for agriculture and range activities in Onarchay watershed in 2016. Method: First, by reviewing of the sources, 13 criteria for agriculture-rangeland capability evaluation were defined. In the next step, all of the criteria were imported to the Geographic Information System (GIS) with the same format and were standardized. Then, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and binary comparison matrix were used to weight to the criteria and sub- criteria and finally, all of the criteria were combined using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. Findings: Based on the results 11659 hectares (84/19%) for agricultural activity have very good to weak potential and 2189 hectares (15/81%) for rangeland activity have good, moderate and weak potential. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that there is no balance between current land use and land potential in Onarchay watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Hydrological Simulation of Taleqan Watershed Using SWAT
Mahsa Aghakhani Touraj Nasrabadi Alireza Vafaei NejadBackground and Objective: Hydrological modeling of watersheds plays a significant role in study, development and management of water resources. Based on importance of Taleqan Watershed as a main supplier of Alborz and Tehran Provinces water resources, in this study, sur MoreBackground and Objective: Hydrological modeling of watersheds plays a significant role in study, development and management of water resources. Based on importance of Taleqan Watershed as a main supplier of Alborz and Tehran Provinces water resources, in this study, surface water hydrological simulations in this basin are investigated. Method: Hydrological simulations were performed by applying physical semi-distributed SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. Moreover, model calibration and sensitivity analysis were done using SUFI-2 algorithm. Model performance is evaluated by means of statistical indicators such as Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and coefficient of determination (R2). Findings: Sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters of the curve number (CN), soil evaporation compensation, and soil available water capacity are the most important factors to control the flow in the basin. At Gelinak station (watershed outlet), NS and R2 coefficients values after calibration are 0.84 and 0.87, respectively. These values in validation interval were obtained as 0.79 and 0.84. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show good performance of the watershed simulations. Moreover, it was shown that the model has good capability for monthly surface runoff prediction of the Taleqan basin. Due to reducing field operations costs of required components measurements and especially due to reducing the time required to analyze issues, applying this model is efficient for improving water resource management and environmental protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Comparison of Procedure of Artificial Neural Networks, Logistic Regression and Similarity Weighted Instance-Based Learning in Modeling and Predicting the Destruction of the Forest (Case Study: Gorgan-Rood Watershed- Golestan Province)
zeynab moradi Ali Reza Mikaeili-TBackground and Objective: The change in forest cover plays a vital role in ecosystem services, atmospheric carbon balance and thus climate change. The goal of this study is comparison of three procedure of Artificial Neural Network, Logistic regression and Similarity we MoreBackground and Objective: The change in forest cover plays a vital role in ecosystem services, atmospheric carbon balance and thus climate change. The goal of this study is comparison of three procedure of Artificial Neural Network, Logistic regression and Similarity weighted Instance-based Learning (SIM Weight) to predict spatial trend of forest cover change. Method: In this study, land use maps for the periods 1984 and 2012 derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery, was used. Transition potential modeling using artificial neural network, Logistic regression and Similarity weighted Instance-based Learning and prediction based on the best model using Markov chain model was performed. In order to assess the accuracy of modeling, statistics of relative performance characteristic (ROC), ratio Hits/False Alarms and figure of merit was used. Findings: The results show the accuracy of artificial neural network with the ROC equal to 0.975, the ratio Hits/False Alarms equal to 63 percent and the figure of merit is equal to 12 percent. Discussion and Conclusions: Artificial Neural Networks in comparison with Logistic Regression and Similarity weighted Instance-based Learning has higher accuracy and less error in modeling and predicting of forest changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Monitoring of Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing Technique and GIS (Case study: Khojin watershed, Khalkhal)
Mahsa Safaripour Dariush NaseriBackground and Objective: Study of resources changes and destruction in previous can be useful in the planning and optimal use of resources to control inappropriate changes. Because of land use changes occur on large-scale, remote sensing techniques is a useful and valu MoreBackground and Objective: Study of resources changes and destruction in previous can be useful in the planning and optimal use of resources to control inappropriate changes. Because of land use changes occur on large-scale, remote sensing techniques is a useful and valuable tool for monitoring the changes. The aim of this research is to monitoring of land cover changes in Khojin watershed located in the south of Ardabil province using remote sensing technique. Method: First TM, ETM+ and OLI images for the year 1986, 2001 and 2016 were collected respectively and after geometric and elevation corrections, images were classified using maximum likelihood classification method. To increase classification accuracy, NDVI, elevation and slope percent layers were used. Kappa and overall accuracy indexes were used to calculate classified images accuracy. Findings: Based on results, in the first period (1986-2001) 22.36%, in the second period (2001-2016) 20.73% and in the third period (1986-2016) 28.08% of area has changed and in all 3 periods, changing from rangeland to dry farming reached the most change.­ Discoution and Conclusion: Results showed despite high capability of Landsat images in mapping land use, using additional layers like NDVI, elevation and slope percent can improve classification accuracy of classified images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Habitat Suitability Modeling for Brown Bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) in Naposhteh-Chai Watershed
جلیل سرهنگ زاده Bahman KianiBackground and Objective: Brown bear (Ursus Arctos) is classified as a Least Concern (LC) species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but its population and distribution have decreased during last decades. This study was carried out to assess t MoreBackground and Objective: Brown bear (Ursus Arctos) is classified as a Least Concern (LC) species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but its population and distribution have decreased during last decades. This study was carried out to assess the habitat suitability for Brown bear and the effective factors affecting its distribution in Naposhteh-Chai watershed. Method: Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) approach available in MaxEnt software was used for the habitat suitability modeling of this species from autumn 2015 to autumn 2016. Information layers determined as affecting variables on this species include the slope, aspect, elevation, land use, water resources, human development variables (villages and roads) and climate. Findings: Results showed that 24.4 percent of Naposhteh-Chai watershed were suitable for Brown bear. Based on habitat suitability map, Brown bear preferred elevation range of 1000 to 2100 meters and slope of 10 to 60 percent. Furthermore, existing of densed forests, farmlands, water sources, villages and also aspect and climate, are important factors in the presence of this species. Discussion and Conclusion: Results of model evaluation using the area under the curve (ROC= 0.970) showed that prediction of this model are much more accurate than random conditions. Brown bear suitable integrated habitats, are located in Makidi, Oskolu, Naposhteh and Bala Sang areas. Prevention of tourism development in the suitable habitats of Brown bear, and, determination of corridors and movement routs of the species outside of the Naposhteh-Chai watershed in future studies were suggested in the route of this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Evaluating the Impacts of Implemented Watershed Management Project on Vegetal Cover and Sediment Yield in Kakhk Watershed Project
Ali Bagherian Kalat Gholam Reza Lashkaripour Mohammad GafooriBackground and Objective: This research was carried out to study the impacts of implemented watershed management project on vegetal cover and sediment yield in Kakhk Watershed Project.Material and Methodology: In this research in the first stage characteristics of each MoreBackground and Objective: This research was carried out to study the impacts of implemented watershed management project on vegetal cover and sediment yield in Kakhk Watershed Project.Material and Methodology: In this research in the first stage characteristics of each predicted mechanical operations from detailed studies of Kakhk watershed were recorded. Also, the soil erosion and vegetation condition of area before performancing watershed operation were determined. The characteristics of each watershed management structures such as situation, number, volume and its siltation were measured. The biological conservation and efficiency were studied via measuring percent of grass cover, the numbers of live bushes and trees per unit area. The soil erosion was measured by applying MPSIAC model. Consequently, the present and preliminary conditions of watershed (in terms of soil erosion and vegetal cover) were compared with each other and project efficiency was determined.Findings: This reseasch revealed that due to Kakhk implemented watershed management project the average vegetation cover and dry forage production increased from 25% and 17 kg to 49% and 89 kg, respectively. The mean efficiency of all mechanical activities is 76 %. The rate of soil erosion decreased from 20 to 10 t ha yr-1.Discussion and Conclusion: The data analysis revealed that after 20 years of project implementation, the vegetation factors improved obviously and the amount of soil erosion has fallen by 50 %. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Modelling of Input Phosphate Load to the Caspian Sea from Tajan Watershed Using Soil and Water Assesment Tool
ّFatemeh Rajaei Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz Mostafa GholipourBackground and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed tha MoreBackground and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed than standard level, evaluation of phosphate pollution input from Tajan watershed to the Caspian Sea is a priority for watershed health assessment. Method: In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the simulation of phosphate during the years from 2001 to 2014 were used. Findings: The results showed that annual phosphate during 2001 to 2014, from about 29,000 to 102,900 kg in watershed output were different. Phosphate in winter and autumn were allocated 98 percent of total annual load. The highest levels of phosphate were in February (an average of 11 621 kg) and lowest in June (average 0.7 kg). Also, phosphate concentration was higher than drinking water quality standards (0.2 mg/l) in most subbasins. Discussion and Conclusion: It is necessary to reduce the phosphatein in these subbasins. They should be prioritized in water quality management programs. Also, results showed that the SWAT model can be a useful tool for pollution reduction strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Environmental study of land degradation in Taleghan river basin scale with quantitative approach
Parisa Kharrazi Jamal Ghoddousi hasan Karimzadegan masoud Kheirkhah ZarkeshBackground and Objective: Land degradation or land degradation is an important global challenge and dilemma that ultimately leads to desertification and the expansion of deserts, especially in areas with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Poverty and lack of food MoreBackground and Objective: Land degradation or land degradation is an important global challenge and dilemma that ultimately leads to desertification and the expansion of deserts, especially in areas with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Poverty and lack of food security, combined with the occurrence of severe droughts and other adverse climatic conditions that put excessive pressure on fragile ecosystems and basic natural resources (water, soil and plants), in such areas and causes Deprivation of vital resources becomes. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and criteria of each of the parameters and factors, both natural and man-made, affecting land degradation so that we can plan to manage them in order to preserve and restore environmental resource resources.Material and Methodology: In this research, using periodic remote sensing data, GIS, field observations and measurements and statistical methods are used and a quantitative model is used to estimate the results.Findings: Based on the obtained results, land degradation in Taleghan Dam watershed scale is a function of six factors: land slope, surface geological characteristics (rock units), soil properties, soil erosion facies by water, land protection and land use Among the factors affecting land degradation, the index of protection on the ground with a weight of 0.20 had the greatest impact on land degradation.Discussion and Conclusion: The proposed model can be used nationally as an efficient model in determining the rate (intensity) and extent of land degraded sites accurately to combat and manage the phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Monitoring of Thirty Years of Land Cover Changes using Remote Sensing and GIS (Case study: Qaresu watershed, Ardabil)
Fereshteh Namdar Shahla Mahmoudi Abazar Esmali Ouri Ebrahim PaziraBackground and Objective: Studying the extent of change and destruction in resources in previous can contribute to efficient planning and utilization of these resources and limiting similar adverse changes in the future. Since changes in resources occur over large expan MoreBackground and Objective: Studying the extent of change and destruction in resources in previous can contribute to efficient planning and utilization of these resources and limiting similar adverse changes in the future. Since changes in resources occur over large expanses of land, remote sensing technology can serve as a essential and valuable tool for monitoring these changes. The purpose of this study was to monitor the land cover changes in Qaresu watershed in Ardabil province using the remote sensing technique. Methods: In this study land cover changes was consulted in 30 years from 1985 to 2015. Landsat images of the study area pertaining to July 1985, 2000 and 2015 were acquired. After geometric and elevation corrections, the images were classified by the supervised approach using the maximum likelihood method. The NDVI index, DEM, and slope layers were used to enhance the image classification accuracy. Classification accuracy was assessed with Kappa index and overall accuracy indexes. Findings: The results showed 20.43% change in the watershed’s land uses over the period from 1985 to 2000, 41.426% over the period from 2000 to 2015, and 27.99% over the period from 1985 to 2015. In all three periods, the greatest changes were in dry farming. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed despite high capability of Landsat images in mapping land use, using additional layers like NDVI, elevation and slope percent can improve separation accuracy of land using. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Choice of Location of Underground Dams Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods TOPSIS and GIS in the Eastern Part of the Watershed of Gorganroud
Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno Ghasem Mirzaei Ehsan AlvandiBackground and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the envir MoreBackground and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the environmental and socio-economic benefits of underground dams, proper location is the first step in the construction of these dams. New and innovative methods for correct location reduce the risks associated with improper location and construction of underground dams. For this purpose, in this research, through the use of multi-criteria decision-making methods along with the high capabilities of ArcGIS software, suitable location of underground dams in the eastern part of Gorganrood watershed in Golestan province has been done. Method: Criteria were considered including slope, drainage, geology, topography, land use, fault, soil texture, and positions of village. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to weighting the criteria. Then the TOPSIS technique is used to integrate criteria maps and locating underground dams. Findings: A consistency rate of 0.03, showed a relatively high accuracy of weighting process. Considering the normal weights, slope and positions of village were found to be the most and the least effective criteria, respectively. The results showed that the study area is classified into four categories for constructing underground dams: very suitable, suitable, partly suitable and unsuitable. The unsuitable category has the highest percentage of the surface area (76.7 percent) and the very suitable category has the lowest percentage of the surface area (2.1 percent). Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, with considering high capacities of multiple-criteria decision-making methods and GIS in locating underground dams, as expert opinions are more accurate and data are newer and it is more possible to get better results from these techniques and tools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Effects of Rangeland Exclosure on Chemical and Organic Properties of Soil (Case study: Gonbad Area)
Abbas Ghobadi Davoud AkhzariBackground and Objective: Grazing as one of ecological disturbances causes changes in soil characteristics of rangelands. This study was carried out to study the effect of Grazed pasture on plant cover, microbial deposits and some soil characteristics of Gonbad in Hamed MoreBackground and Objective: Grazing as one of ecological disturbances causes changes in soil characteristics of rangelands. This study was carried out to study the effect of Grazed pasture on plant cover, microbial deposits and some soil characteristics of Gonbad in Hamedan. Method: Five transects of 1000 meters were considered separately for soil characteristics in each region (grazed and ungrazed). Systematic sampling of soil was performed every 100 meters in May 2016. The elements of Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer, acidity with pH meter, bulk density from clavicle method, total nitrogen from Kjeldahl method, organic carbon and soil organic matter by the oxidation method of Walkybak and Zeitous Carbon microbial was calculated by quenching-extraction method. Findings: After analyzing, it was determined that the concentrations of K and Zn in the soil of the sample area and the concentration of Mg in the soil of the control area increased significantly at 5% level. Soil acidity in the control area increased from 7/1 in the sample area to 7/23. Soil moisture content decreased significantly in the control area and from 27.11% in the sample area reached 18.12%. Soil bulk density in the control area was 1.16 g / cm3, which decreased significantly in the sample area and reached 0.98 g / g / cm3. The carbon microbial biomass was significantly differed in the soil of grazed and control areas. The comparison of the mean microbial carbon content in studied rangelands showed that this parameter ranged from 0.83 g / kg in the control area (grazed) to 0.95 g / kg and increased significantly. Discussion and Conclusions: The exclosure area has been enclosed with exclosure, soil characteristics in the path of sequencing and achieving ideal conditions, but it still needs attention and continued conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Using Landscape Metrics and Remote Sensing to Analyze Land Changes and Land Degradation (Case Study: Shirin Dare Watershed Basin-North Khorasan province-Iran)
Zahra Parvar Kamran Shayesteh Morteza BehzadfarBackground and Objective: Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure h MoreBackground and Objective: Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure helps researchers to realize and quantify LULC changes of the earth surface. The ability to quantify to describe landscape structure is prerequisite to the study of landscape function and change. Landscape ecology has various quantitative indices to analyze and describe the landscape structure for this purpose. Landscape metrics represent the spatial pattern of the entire landscape mosaic e.g. the proportion of each landscape type, or the shape of the component landscape elements at a set point in time. Material and Methodology: This study applied supervised classification-maximum likelihood in IDRISI Selva to detect land cover/land use changes observed in Shirin dare watershed using satellite data obtained from Landsat for the years 1996, 2005 and 2015 respectively. The watershed was classified into six major land cover/use classes viz based on our purpose. Various class-level and landscape level-landscape pattern metrics were calculated using Fragstats 4.2 in order to analyze landscape structure. Metrics include NP, MPS, LPI, SIDI, SHDI, SHEI and SIEI were used in this study. These metrics can give us a lot of information about the structure and changes of landscape components. Findings: The overall classification accuracies in land use cartographies in 1996, 2005 and 2015 were 92.96%, 87.29% and 87/45%, respectively. Our results between 2005 and 2015 were clearly showed that increased number of patches and decreased mean patch area two important fragmentation indicators and the trend of landscape degradation and fragmentation was increasing. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the current patterns of dry farm land and barren land development in the studied landscape and in order to reduce the alarming rates of land degradation and become more efficient land use managers, it is necessary to know the causes of land changes. That means with the ongoing land degradation trend, a reasonable land use plan should be made with emphasis on protecting natural forests, grasslands and the water body. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Evaluation of Watershed Management on Flood Forecast Lead Time in Golabdare-Darband Basin
Mohammad Ebrahim Banihabib Azar ArabiMain purpose of this research is estimating the effect of watershed management on flood forecast lead time in Golabdare-Darband basin using HEC-HMS Model. The model was calibrated and validated for Golabdare-Darband basin before and after watershed management using four MoreMain purpose of this research is estimating the effect of watershed management on flood forecast lead time in Golabdare-Darband basin using HEC-HMS Model. The model was calibrated and validated for Golabdare-Darband basin before and after watershed management using four flood events. Floods of the basin are simulated in different return periods in both conditions of before and after watershed management. The Threshold of flood warning was estimated using 25-year flood peak. Results of this research show that the change of land use caused by watershed management, increases flood lead time and increasing return periods causes lead time reduction from 11 minutes to 15 minutes (26% incensement). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - isual Quality Assessment of Walking Tracks in Natural Recreational Area Using Subjective Approach (Case Study: Ziarat basin, Gorgan)
Sepideh Saeidi Marjan Mohammadzadeh Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Seyed Hamed MirkarimiBackground and Objective: Nowadays, landscape would be regarded as one of the main elements of identity, existence, stability of the environment and a connector between the environment and its users. In this regard, landscape and its relationship with people perception MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, landscape would be regarded as one of the main elements of identity, existence, stability of the environment and a connector between the environment and its users. In this regard, landscape and its relationship with people perception are very momentous. Analysis of the relationships between visual quality and structural characteristics of landscape is an effective method in cognitive researches. In general, studies which are performed based on the aesthetic criteria of landscape not only are searching about the beauty or excellence of landscapes but also are looking for the users' aesthetic preferences. In this study the goal is to prioritize walking tracks of Ziarat basin from the point of cognitive and aesthetic value by using conceptual approach. Method: For this purpose, field survey of walking tracks was conducted to take photographs and mark the viewpoints. Finally a questionnaire survey was developed to investigate the landscape preference which ordinal classification was used in it. Questionnaires were distributed between 217 of visitors. Data which obtained from questionnaires were analyzed by using SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that the walking tracks of the study area are totally different from the point of visual quality and due to visitor preference, Talambar walking tracks has attached the first priority and Sefid cheshmeh has attached the last priority. Discussion and Counclusion: The results of this paper would lead to introduce preferable walking tracks and special view points and landscape of each walking tracks. The results could also help the managers to develop more beautiful trails, and to design and construct sightseeing places along the trails for visitors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Evaluation of land cover changes in Kaftareh watershed using remote sensing technique
Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Dariush NaseriBackground and Objective: Land cover change detection is an effective tool for managing natural resources and evaluating ecosystem changes. The aim of this research is monitoring land cover changes using remotely sensed images and GIS in Kaftareh watershed in Ardabil pr MoreBackground and Objective: Land cover change detection is an effective tool for managing natural resources and evaluating ecosystem changes. The aim of this research is monitoring land cover changes using remotely sensed images and GIS in Kaftareh watershed in Ardabil province. Method: In this investigation, Landsat 5 TM images for years 1987 and 1998 and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS images for year 2014 were collected and analyzed. For this purpose, atmospheric and radiometric corrections, the images of every year was classified using maximum likelihood supervised classification method. Then, considering study area features, the images were classified into four land cover classes: dry land, range land, irrigated land, garden land and bare land. Moreover, NDVI index was used to differentiate between range land and bare land. Slope layer was used to distinguish between range land and dry land. Findings: According to the results, during the period 1987-2014, 68.91 percent of study area haven’t been changed. 1970.68 hectares of range land were destroyed and changed into bare land, dry land and garden land. Moreover, dry land, irrigated and garden land and bare land were increased 26% (1808.20 hectares), 6.97% (43.54 hectares) and 33.99% (100.78 hectares), respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Additional information such as slope layer and NDVI index in assistant with supervised classification of satellite images can increase the accuracy of image classification to provide land cover maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Determining ecotourism potential in Cherat Watershed basin using SWOT model
atekeh yazdani Ghorban Vahabzadeh Kebria Jafar Oladi ghadikilaei Seyed Ramzan MousaviBackground and Objective: Charat Watershed Basin is the one of fresh, high potential and beautiful mountainous ranges of Mazandaran province. Although it has various ecotourism, geotourism and environmental phenomena, there are no facilities and background for tourism p MoreBackground and Objective: Charat Watershed Basin is the one of fresh, high potential and beautiful mountainous ranges of Mazandaran province. Although it has various ecotourism, geotourism and environmental phenomena, there are no facilities and background for tourism plans. In this study, SWOT methodology has been applied to investigate the potential and limitation of effective geologic items over ecotourism and finally, the best strategic was present for developing the ecotourism development planning. Method: The present study was performed based on a descriptive-analytic methodology and the data collection was done through fieldwork and documentary investigations. Using the SWOT method, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the internal and external areas of the region were identified. Then, according to the matrix of data and analysis of the matrix elements, the most important internal and external factors affecting the cherat region were identified and prioritized. Finally, the strategies for applying appropriate and applicable management were presented for the study area. Findings: The findings indicate that the ecotourism power of Cherat village is important for the development of tourism industry. The advantages of tourism opportunities and internal strengths, such as exciting ecotourism attraction and diversity of natural and virgin landscapes in the region, indicate the extremely favorable conditions for nature tourism tours, various ecotourism activities and development of adventure tourism, sports, medical, scientific, summer and winter activities in the region. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the study area has a high potential for the development of ecotourism and sustainable tourism. The results also show that tourism development requires identifying, introducing and promoting advertising, developing facilities and infrastructure, as well as investing on expanding tourism attraction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Investigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrod Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics
Vahed Kiyani Jahangir FeghhiIntroduction: Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning isimportant, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware ofecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of MoreIntroduction: Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning isimportant, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware ofecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of this study has beenInvestigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrood Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics.Material and method: In this study cover/land use maps of watershed with the goal Sefidrood paperusing Arc GIS 9.2 software maps the desired category and eventually became relevant measures usingsoftware Fragstat 3.3 were extracted. Measures used in the grade level (the user) in this studymeasures grade level, percentage area, the number of spots, total margin, shape, Land, the largestspots, the average level of spot, average spot shape index and mean nearest neighbor distances wereEuclidean.Results: Index numbers to measure tear stains classes used in this study, the largest number of spotsand tear, ie the most agriculture-related classes (691) and the lowest dissociation related to the forestclass (30), respectively. The highest rating land to grassland class (39/56) had the spots are moredispersed than classes and the lowest to the forest class (10/78) and in the forest of stain lessdispersion of have. The highest mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance of the amount of disruptionpieces spots shows a class related to the agricultural class (6747/32 m) and the lowest value was to theforest class (908/32).Conclusion: User disruption in agriculture is the highest amount of fragmentation can therefore beconcluded their relationship with their collection has been discontinued and the notion that this isagricultural land have less integrity (fragmented more disruption) than other classes. The use ofrenewable resources should be a way that do not cause disturbs the balance of the environment, becusethe change in resources due to changes in ecological structure and function of Landscape is impressivein the area. However, applying principles of landscape ecology gives an initial assessment in thelandcape ecological scale that on the way for rapid assessment and scientific use and emphasizedservices of the nature, The prioritization each of the pathes is based on their quality. So suggestedutilization princpel of landscape ecology to provide structural information to design and landuseplanning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Pond Designing Optimization Using Multi-ObjectiveAnt Colony Algorithm and SWAT Model
Abbas Afshar Mohammad Javad Emami Skardi Farzin JeiraniNon-point source management has an imperative role in water resource management. One of the most effective structures in the field of non-point source management is wet detention pond. However, generating the cost-effective pond configurations that satisfy system- MoreNon-point source management has an imperative role in water resource management. One of the most effective structures in the field of non-point source management is wet detention pond. However, generating the cost-effective pond configurations that satisfy system-wide aims for total target sediment removal will be much more effective and efficient; but most of these structures are designed individually. In order to generate the cost-effective pond configurations, coupling the optimization algorithm with hydrologic simulation model is one of the best applied methods. Materials and Method In this paper, an optimization-simulation model is presented for generating a cost-effective pond configuration in the watersheds. Obviously, more and larger ponds can catch more total suspended solids (TSS) from the watershed, but this will consequently lead to the increase of the cost of pond constructing. Multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm is applied for determining a Pareto front between two opposing goals namely the loading TSS from the watershed and related cost of the pond designing. Result and Discussion The Pareto front can be used by the watershed authorities for a better controlling of the loading sediment from the watershed. The applicability of the model is studied in a watershed in the west of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Identifying the Most Important Criteria Affecting Landscape Visual Quality
Sepideh Saeidi Marjan Mohammadzadeh Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Seyed Hamed MirkarimiBackground and Objective: In general, landscape studies, conducted based on aesthetic criteria, do not seek to determine the aesthetic value but seek to extract aesthetic preferences of users. These studies have been performed in two different approaches. The first appr MoreBackground and Objective: In general, landscape studies, conducted based on aesthetic criteria, do not seek to determine the aesthetic value but seek to extract aesthetic preferences of users. These studies have been performed in two different approaches. The first approach is based on measurable objective criteria and surveying the interaction between these criteria and the second one is based on recognition of the conceptual criteria from the point of observers view. The aim of this study is to identify the most important criteria affecting the landscape visual quality. Method: In this study, objective and subjective criteria of Ziarat basin, where is one of the tourism poles of Golestan province, were prioritized from the point of aesthetic value using the second approach. A questionnaire was developed and distributed among 100 visitors. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software and the criteria were prioritized using ordinal classification. Results: From total of 23 objective and subjective criteria which were surveyed in this study, the first 5 criteria with the highest score were: pristine area, cleanliness of environment, waterfall visibility, visibility of diverse point and color diversity of a landscape. These 5 criteria could be introduced as the most effective criteria on scenic value of the study area. Conclusion: The subjective criteria introduced in this study could be used as a perfect series of effective criteria which affect the perception of visitors in the other regions too; however, selection of objective criteria for evaluating the visual quality would be different according to geographical location, climatic and topographic characteristics of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Evaluation of Outdoor Recreation Capacity and Recreational Demand in Morineh Forest Park in Noorabad City-Lorestan Province
Masoumeh Mansouri Zahra Havasi Abdalani Ziaedin Badehian Mohamad javad AziziBackground and Objective: Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important fo MoreBackground and Objective: Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important for sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present study aims to evaluate the potential for ecotourism in Morineh forest promenade in Lorestan province by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Methods: First, the most important and effective criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating the potential for recreation in the study area were determined. Then, by using Delphi method, some questionnaires were designed and distributed among the related experts. The weight of criterion in each questionnaire was calculated and the average weights were estimated. In the next step, the final weight for each criterion and sub-criterion was calculated. Then, the required maps for the evaluation were provided in GIS environment. Finally, with the help of Weighted Linear Combination technique, the final potential map for the ecotourism development in the region was provided. Results: The results shows that 21.04% of the study area has a high potential and 22.52% has a good potential for ecotourism. In addition, 28.7% has an average potential and 27.72% has a weak potential for ecotourism purposes. Conclusion: Obtaining the detailed information about the importance of Morineh forest park will lead to a higher WTP for the conservation of this ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Resources assessment for tourism landuse development Case study: Ziyarat Watershed of Gorgan
Ali Reza Mikaeili Tabrizi Samaneh DezianiBackground and purpose: Tourism is one of the world’s most important green industries. Different factors can affect development of any area for tourism and recreation. These factors include distribution and number of population, land ownership, air quality, surfac MoreBackground and purpose: Tourism is one of the world’s most important green industries. Different factors can affect development of any area for tourism and recreation. These factors include distribution and number of population, land ownership, air quality, surface and underground water recourses, pollution, landscape type, urban design and structure, landscape esthetic, social believes, culture, biological criteria and so on. The aim of this research is resources assessmentfor tourism development in the Ziyarat watershed of Gorgan in Golestan province. Method: First, effective factors on tourism were identified in this area. Then, their maps were provided in geographical information system. Analytical Hierarchically Procedure (AHP) was used for weighting the maps. Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method was used to determine appropriate sites for both of tourism landuse. At the end, two final maps were merged together and the area's tourism landuse map was determined. Results: According to result, 1137.15 hectares of the watershed was allocated to the extensive tourism and 6.48 hectares to the intensive tourism. Conclusion: Considering to results, low allocated intensive tourism especially their dispersal and fragmentation show this fact the area is not suitable for intensive developing and has not essential potential for infrastructures construction especially dense buildings. So, it is recommended residential constructions are controlled in this area and the area is developed parallel to extensive tourism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Detecting of Water Quality Using National Sanitation Foundation (WQI) Index (Case Study: Ilam ChamGardallan's Dam)
Parisa Amiri Seyyed Mahmoud Shariat Mehdi AhmadikallanBackground and Objective: The water quality monitoring of rivers is the most important method for increasing quality of the dam resourvior. To study the quality of chamgardallan's dam as the main source of drinking water of ilam city and for existing of pollution resour MoreBackground and Objective: The water quality monitoring of rivers is the most important method for increasing quality of the dam resourvior. To study the quality of chamgardallan's dam as the main source of drinking water of ilam city and for existing of pollution resources, such as wastewater of village, livestock manure in the watershed' dam is essential.Materials and Methods:In this cross sectional study, standard parameters including dissolved oxygen. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, most propable number of Coliforms, fecal coliform, Turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH and others were measured at seven different stations during 6 mount.. Every mounth were done once sampling with three times review. Sampling points were selected somewhat were shown the real quality of water in rivers and dam.water quality index was calculated using water quality index calculator given by National Sanitation Foundation(NSF) information system. Results:on basis of WQI index , water quality in all of stations were at the third group about 50-70.the highest value of WQI of the samples was 63.47 in khoroji station and the lowest value of WQI was 51.4 in Talaghi station.Conclusion: Water resources are at risk of natural resources and human agents. NSFWQI in dam stations was about 53-64. this subject showed locating water in resourvior was the cause of water quality improvement.Results the water quality of rivers and the negative effects of differences uses in watershed provided easier deciding for managers about zoning of watershed for establishing of harmonic uses and planning for conservating on control and decrease of pollution resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Simulation and prediction some of climate variable by using multi line SDSM and Global Circulation Models (Case study: Bar Watershed Nayshabour)
Siavash Taei Semiromi Hamid Reza Moradi Morteza KhodagholiOne of the weaknesses of GCMs model are large spatial scale in simulated of climatic variables that for hydrological studies and water resources in the range of watershed area are not sufficiently accurate. So should by using the different techniques that downscal MoreOne of the weaknesses of GCMs model are large spatial scale in simulated of climatic variables that for hydrological studies and water resources in the range of watershed area are not sufficiently accurate. So should by using the different techniques that downscale. Then downscaled outputs are used for assessing the impact of climate change on hydrological studies. Among downscaling approaches, statistical methods are of great importance among hydrologists due to their easy and quick performance. In this study, statistical model (SDSM) was evaluated for simulating and predicting minimum and maximum temperature, precipitations in the bar Nayshabur watershed. For executing SDSM model outputs of CGCM1 and Hadcm3 models were applied. Daily data of minimum and maximum temperatures precipitations for the basic period (1970-2000) were simulated under three A1, A2 and B1 scenarios. Based on Statistical parameters, outputs of Hadcm3 model under A2 more compatible with the basic period. Obtained results showed that during 2010-2039, 2040-2069and 2070-2099, the average temperature 0.01, 0.3 and 0.6, the average minimum temperature 0.3, 0.5 and1. 4 and the average maximum temperature 0.7, 1.4 and 2.7 ° C will increase compared to the basic period in the studied basin. Also, the results showed that within three studied periods, the average rainfall will decrease 6, 10 and 17 mm respectivity comparing to the basic period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Ecological Capability Evaluation on Zakherd Watershed for Ecotourism Development by application of GIS.
Solmaz Dashti Masoud Monavari Mahmoud Shariat Gholam Reza SabzghabaeiEcological capability evaluation is used as a base for decision-making and planning of landuse in the world. This action applies because of the necessity for selection of functions and optimalplaces in environmental management and planning to achieve sustainable develop MoreEcological capability evaluation is used as a base for decision-making and planning of landuse in the world. This action applies because of the necessity for selection of functions and optimalplaces in environmental management and planning to achieve sustainable development.In this study, Ecological capability evaluation of Zakherd watershed with extent about of82.23 km2 which is situated in North-West of Shiraz and East of Kazeroon in Fars Province, wasimplemented.In the Ecological Capability Evaluation on Zakherd watershed the Mc. Harg method wasused. In order to evaluate the capability of the land a model was required. In this research anecological model from Makhdoum was used. For developing the present management of land of Ecotourismuse in that area specific and precise system GIS was used. Through this research, at firstecological resources (physical & biological) were identified. Digital data with accompany of attributedata was given to the Arcview system to establish the data base. Therefore by overlaying informationlayers in the mentioned system the ecological unit map of area with the table of characteristic unit, andthen the evaluation of capability was performed. Subsequently fertilized regions appropriate forecotourism development were found.Results of the study show that with regard to the whole ecological parameters, 0.94% of thestudied land with an area of less than 1 km2 is suitable for centered recreation and 24 % of the landwith area of 19.72 km2 is suitable for extended recreation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Using Fuzzy classification technique to produce land use map (The sub watershed of Hablehrood)
Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Elham ForootanLand use, has been considered for mapping and resource management for a long time. Remote sensingtechniques are useful to produce land use map. In this study, Fuzzy technique; a remote sensingclassification method, was applied to produce land use map. The study area was MoreLand use, has been considered for mapping and resource management for a long time. Remote sensingtechniques are useful to produce land use map. In this study, Fuzzy technique; a remote sensingclassification method, was applied to produce land use map. The study area was the sub watershed ofHablehrood watershed. In this investigation, ETM+ images acquired in 2002 were applied. The resultsshowed that dry farmlands and range lands with good and moderate condition, were separated by highaccuracy. The highest error of Fuzzy method is the determination of the boundaries between irrigatedfarmlands and poor range lands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Segmentation of CT images of the liver with radiology based on the water-based algorithm
Mohsen AghataheriKhozani Fataneh Taghizadeh-FarahmandPurpose: The purpose of the present study is to segment the CT images of the liver with radiology based on the watershed algorithm. Materials and methods: In this study, a semi-automated method for dividing liver tumors using CT scan images has been presented. First, t MorePurpose: The purpose of the present study is to segment the CT images of the liver with radiology based on the watershed algorithm. Materials and methods: In this study, a semi-automated method for dividing liver tumors using CT scan images has been presented. First, the tumor and liver tissue is determined by the user with point selection. Then, with the help of Abpakhshan method, the three-dimensional morphology of the primary points in the tumor and liver are determined. Then, estimation of tumor and liver tissue labels is done with the method of propagation of dependent constraints. By taking the distance between the obtained labels, the tumor boundary is obtained, and finally, the final boundaries of the tumor are determined by using the edge detector. Findings: Changes in the number of initial points have little effect on the output results. In the CAP method, considering that the data estimation is done using the sampled points and estimates around these points, with any number of initial samples, the CAP method is able to produce the final results, which shows the high power of the CAP method in It is an estimate of the data. Conclusion: The use of the watershed algorithm improves the segmentation of CT images of the liver with radiology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Detection of spleen from abdominal MRI images using neural networks and watershed conversion
Zohreh Miri Alireza Zolghadr asli Mehran YazdiMRI is one of the most useful imaging techniques today. Abdominal MRI imaging is widely used in medical diagnoses such as tumors, tissue diagnostics, etc. Therefore, fast and appropriate segmentation algorithms play an important role in diagnosing diseases, classifying MoreMRI is one of the most useful imaging techniques today. Abdominal MRI imaging is widely used in medical diagnoses such as tumors, tissue diagnostics, etc. Therefore, fast and appropriate segmentation algorithms play an important role in diagnosing diseases, classifying and quantifying tissue, isolating different elements and diagnosing tumors. In this paper, an automatic spleen separation system from abdominal MRI images is presented, which includes two stages of preprocessing and spleen separation algorithm. Pre-processing is used to de-noise and improve image quality. Isolation of the spleen consists of three stages of segmentation using watershed conversion, calculation of features, and the final step of comparing these features with reference values. Any element whose properties are closer to the reference properties is labeled as a spleen. A forward neural network was used to obtain the reference values, which are the same as the shape of the spleen. The results of the spleen output obtained are compared with the spleen output extracted by a specialist, and the percentage difference between the two outputs is considered as an error. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - A method for segmenting remote sensing images using the Watershed algorithm and Fuzzy C-Means clustering
Mohsen Hamed Fatemeh HajianiIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the boundaries of the image are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that firs MoreIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the boundaries of the image are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that first the Watershed algorithm is used to segment the image obtained from the sum of the image derivative with the original image. Image derivation makes the borders of the image well defined and does not overlap between the borders. After segmentation, Fuzzy C-Means clustering is used to combine similar regions. Finally, in order to improve the clustering results, a new segmentation matrix is calculated for each area of the image, according to the characteristics of its neighboring areas. Due to the fact that remote sensing images contain a high level of noise, the proposed algorithm is more capable of dealing with noise compared to the conventional Watershed algorithm, and the edges of the image appear better. The test results of the proposed method on a sample of remote sensing image show the practicality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - A method for segmenting remote sensing images using the Watershed algorithm and Fuzzy C-Means clustering
Ebrahim Alibabaee Rouhollah AghajaniIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the image boundaries are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that first the W MoreIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the image boundaries are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that first the Watershed algorithm is used to segment the image obtained from the sum of the image derivative with the original image. Image derivation makes the borders of the image well-defined and does not overlap between borders. After segmentation, Fuzzy C-Means clustering is used to combine similar regions. Finally, in order to improve the clustering results, a new segmentation matrix is calculated for each area of the image, according to the characteristics of its neighboring areas. Due to the fact that remote sensing images contain a high level of noise, the proposed algorithm is more capable of dealing with noise compared to the conventional Watershed algorithm, and the edges of the image appear better. The test results of the proposed method on a sample of remote sensing image show the practicality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Change detection in the forest cover of Siyahmezgi watershed of Guilan using LandSat images
seyed Armin Hashemi Seyed Raza Fatemi Talab Hamide Kavousi Kalashmi Mortaza Madanipour KermanshahiIn recent decades Caspian forest has been attacked by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products led to an increase in population density, development of new residential areas and activities of deforestation. Change detection is MoreIn recent decades Caspian forest has been attacked by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products led to an increase in population density, development of new residential areas and activities of deforestation. Change detection is essential in the assessment and management of natural resources. The aim of this study, was to monitor changes in forests of Siyahmezgi watershed in two time periods (2000 and 2015), using LandSat ETM+ (2000) and OLI (2015) images. Images were geometric corrected using 20 ground control points that are randomly taken from all over the watershed area, and topographic maps. After selection of the best indicators of using Bhattacharyya distance, image classification using an artificial neural network algorithm was performed. The results of classification of neural network method of Siyahmezgi watershed in two time periods (2000 and 2015) showed that overall accuracy is equal to 95.75% and 95.96%, respectively. The area of forest lands during 2000 and 2015 has been reduced in size 213.55 ha. In addition, in this area dense rangelands have declined, but during this period the extent of dry farming and semi-dense rangelands have 169.95 and 9.6 hectares were added, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Forecasting of forest land changes in the Chaloosrood watershed
Vajiheh Ghorbannia Kheybari Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari Mohsen ArminDeforestation affects watershed processes and biochemical cycles and lead to soil erosion and lack of water in the catchment areas. This study is aimed to investigate the changes in forest land in the Chaloorood watershed on the west of Mazandaran province using Geomod. MoreDeforestation affects watershed processes and biochemical cycles and lead to soil erosion and lack of water in the catchment areas. This study is aimed to investigate the changes in forest land in the Chaloorood watershed on the west of Mazandaran province using Geomod. In this study, maps of forest in the years of 1987 and 2015 were prepared using satellite images. Then the suitability forest map was produced by making a regression equation between suitability criteria maps and forest changes map in the period of 1987-2015. Finally, by using forest map in 1987, forest suitability map and the number of modified pixels in forest land between 1987 and 2015, Forecast of the forest map for 2043 was done using Geomod. Also, by using the Validate function and classified forest map 2015, as a reference map, and the forecasting forest map 2015, as a comparative map, the validity of the production map was evaluated. The results showed that the area of forest land in 1987, 2015, and 2043 was 38683.65, 2464.354 and 15227.25 hectares, respectively. The extent of forest changes in the last 28 years and the next 28 years is 35.72% and 38.76% respectively. Forest changes in the period between 1987 and 2015 under the influence of factors such as distance from the road, forest cover density, distance from the village, slope and elevation above sea level, respectively. The Pseudo R2 and ROC coefficients are 0.29 and 0.85 respectively, which indicates the proper ability of the model to estimate forest changes over the past 28 years and the relative agreement of the model with the real changes. In this study the accuracy of resulting land use maps was 96%, which represent the appropriate capability of Geomod in land use changes modeling in Chaloosrood watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Evaluation of the ecological capability of Aqujan watershed for rangeland and agriculture using GIS
Jamal Mosaffaie Amin Saleh pourjam Mehdi KamaliEvaluation of the ecological capability of the land is an intermediate stage of the land planning process, which the most appropriate land uses are determined for an area. So these studies which require investigation in locations from different perspectives are necessar MoreEvaluation of the ecological capability of the land is an intermediate stage of the land planning process, which the most appropriate land uses are determined for an area. So these studies which require investigation in locations from different perspectives are necessary for sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to determine the capability and suitability of lands for agricultural and rangeland uses and also to determine the area of unauthorized land uses of the Aqujan watershed of Qazvin province. The maps of the ecological resources of the watershed (including precipitation, elevation, slope, land units (soil depth and texture), vegetation, and erosion) were prepared and crossing in a GIS environment, the homogeneous environmental map units (work units’ map) were obtained. The ecological potential of watershed lands was determined by comparing the characteristics of ecological homogeneous units with the ecological model of agricultural and rangelands. Finally, the area of unauthorized land uses was determined using overlaying the current land use map and the land use map derived from ecological capability. The results showed that 3188 ha (44%) of the area is occupied by unauthorized land uses. The contributions of unauthorized livestock and range management, irrigated orchards and cultivations, and dry farming land uses were 2569 ha (34.9%), 211 ha (2.8%) and 408 ha (5.5%), respectively. The results of this study showed that there is a big difference between the proper and current land uses in the Aqujan watershed, which indicates the degree of deviation from the principles of sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Performance evaluation of Dempster-Shafer model for erosion potential mapping in Kakareza watershed, Lorestan province
Samira Ghorbaninejad Hossein Zeinivand Ali Haghizadeh Naser TahmasebiIdentifying susceptible areas for erosion can be considered as one of the most important soil conservation measures. In this study, the capability of Dempster-Shafer (DS) model for mapping potential areas for erosion was investigated in Kakareza watershed in Lorestan pr MoreIdentifying susceptible areas for erosion can be considered as one of the most important soil conservation measures. In this study, the capability of Dempster-Shafer (DS) model for mapping potential areas for erosion was investigated in Kakareza watershed in Lorestan province. First thematic layers of influential factors in soil erosion, including altitude, slope, slope, aspect, plan curvature, lithology, land use, distance from the river, soil and topographic wetness index were prepared. In addition, 29 eroded positions in the study area that their positions were obtained from GPS and Google earth on 10 July 20016 were mapped and then were divided into a training (70%) and testing (30%) points. The layers of environmental variables were classified into different classes according to and then based on the density of eroded points in the study area and DS analysis, the weight of each class was determined and the potential map of vulnerable areas to erosion was obtained according to the DS model. The accuracy of a generated map was also investigated using testing points and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The result showed that the produced map has the success rate of 21%, that means the poor capability of the DS model for mapping susceptible areas of erosion. In addition, according to the DS map, areas with the highest potential to surface erosion are located in the central and eastern part of the study area. Therefore, it can be indicated that this model has a poor ability in identifying potential and vulnerable areas to surface erosion compared to other phenomena such as flood and gully erosion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Investigation of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought using drought indices (Case study: Gharehsou watershed)
Mahshid Karimi Kaka ShahediDrought as a natural hazard has always affected some parts of the country. Nowadays, it is possible to study drought using remote sensing techniques through its effects on the plants and achieve more accurate and efficient results for drought modelling. This study aims MoreDrought as a natural hazard has always affected some parts of the country. Nowadays, it is possible to study drought using remote sensing techniques through its effects on the plants and achieve more accurate and efficient results for drought modelling. This study aims to investigate the relationship between meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought using drought indices and remote sensing method in Gharehsou watershed. For this purpose, MODIS images (satellite Terra, product MODO9Q1) and rainfall and discharge data of five meteorological and hydrometric stations for 2000 to 2015 time period were used. The results of the comparison of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought represent conformity of the three types of drought in the years 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Although the SPI and NDVI values were positive in the years 2002, 2003 and 2008, SDI index showed the occurrence of hydrological drought (negative values). In the year 2006 despite the rainfall increase, but this year has been facing the agricultural and hydrological drought. So the results simultaneity of drought there does not exist in all the years. The results of Pearson correlation showed there is a high correlation between mean NDVI and SPI and SDI indices equal to 0.706 and 0.788 respectively at the significance level of 0.01. Generally, the results of SDI and SPI indices largely confirm the results of the NDVI index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Assessment spatial accuracy of restoration programs in the range management plan for the Maikhoran watershed in Kermansha
Zeinab Jafarian Samira Parvini Ataollah KavianDue to the costs of natural resources projects, detailed studies are necessary, because the lack of positive response of plans will follow the loss of human capital and funds and lack of trust in anchors plan and natural resources departments of residents’ watersh MoreDue to the costs of natural resources projects, detailed studies are necessary, because the lack of positive response of plans will follow the loss of human capital and funds and lack of trust in anchors plan and natural resources departments of residents’ watersheds. The purpose of this research was locating corrective operations and recovery using Geographic Information System and Boolean method and comparing the results with the implemented projects in the watershed Maikhoran in 2006. Locating the corrective operations were done based on a map of rainfall, slope, soil and rangeland condition and then with incorporating the maps of the forecast operations for all applicable operations were introduced suitable places map. This map was included seed planting 4.761, Field strip cropping 6.973, heap planting 15.154, pitting 0.127, rippering 0.455, seed spraying 10.046 and transformation of low- yielding farms to pastures 17.977 square kilometres and exclosure throughout the entire basin. The implemented design in the spring of 1385 had a heap planting in 3.004, selling in 7.675, management, grazing in 51.717, protection of sensitive lands and transformation of low- yielding farms to pasture in 15.271 and 2.067 square kilometres of rangelands. Then, by matching the two maps obtained the kappa coefficient 0.27 that represents low matching between two maps. This result represents disproportion between located operations with implementing operations, according to the current situation in the region too. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Predicting locational trend of land use changes using CA-Markov model (Case study: Safarod Ramsar watershed)
Nahid Salehi Mohammad Reza Ekhtesasi Ali TalebiPredicting land use changes using satellite imagery is now a useful tool for helping planners in complex situations. The purpose of this study was to detect and predict land use changes during the 28-year period (1986-2014) by CA- Markov model in the Safarood-Ramsar wat MorePredicting land use changes using satellite imagery is now a useful tool for helping planners in complex situations. The purpose of this study was to detect and predict land use changes during the 28-year period (1986-2014) by CA- Markov model in the Safarood-Ramsar watershed of Mazandaran province. In this research, land use and NDVI maps were prepared using Landsat TM (1986), ETM+ (2000) and OLI (2014) satellite images. The accuracy of the CA-Markov model was estimated using the Kappa index of 87%. In order to calibrate the CA-Markov model, the land use map was prepared in 2014, and the Kappa coefficient of the mapping from modeling and user base map (2014) was 82%. The results showed that during the period between 1986 and 2014, the area of forest lands decreased by 10.26% and the total area of residential areas increased by 3.27%. The land use map for the years 2021 and 2028 was predicted by the CA-Markov model. The results showed that during the period 2014-2028, forested lands and rangelands decreased by 4.92% and 1.7%, respectively. Residential areas will increase by 8.04% and the agricultural land will change slightly, indicating the changes in land use to residential land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Monitoring of vegetation changes in Karaj watershed using NDVI index and gradient analysis
Fatemeh Mohammadyari Mir mehrdad Mirsanjari Ardavan ZarandianIn the present study, vegetation changes in the Karaj watershed in 2006, 2011 and 2017 were investigated using the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the integration of land metrics and gradient analysis. After calculating the NDVI index, Then, two-section g MoreIn the present study, vegetation changes in the Karaj watershed in 2006, 2011 and 2017 were investigated using the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the integration of land metrics and gradient analysis. After calculating the NDVI index, Then, two-section gradient analysis was designed in the direction of north-south and east-west. Then 6 metrics were calculated at two levels of class and landform using moving window design. The results of the comparison of the floor area showed that the highest increase in the area was done in lands with very good vegetation so that 5104 hectares (4%) have been enlarged. It is also the largest reduction in the area of excellent vegetation cover, which decreased by 4055 hectares (3%) during the studied period. The results of gradient analysis showed that the distribution pattern of vegetation in a three-year period is a cluster. The results of the analysis of both transects at the level of the land and the classes show that the average of mean distance from the nearest neighbor gradually increases during transects and the increase in total in 2017 compared to the initial year. This indicates an increase in the distance between the vertices of the same patch and the difficulty of communication between them, which is one of the signs of the disruption of the landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Identification and evaluation of geotourism potential areas with sustainable development approach (Case study: mount Damavand areas in Haraz watershed)
Kurdwan Hedayatipour Ghorban Vahabzadeh kebria Sayed Ramezan Musavi integrationthe action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a communityMore (Definitions, Synonyms, Translation) Background and ObjectiveVolcanic Mount Damavand has unique landscapes and special geomorphological phenomena, wildlife diversity, vegetati More integrationthe action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a communityMore (Definitions, Synonyms, Translation) Background and ObjectiveVolcanic Mount Damavand has unique landscapes and special geomorphological phenomena, wildlife diversity, vegetation, and unique climatic conditions and is one of the most important tourist destinations in Mazandaran province. Therefore, the protection of these unique reserves, especially geological phenomena that are the result of millions of year’s global evolution in this region, is important. Therefore, comprehensive national and international planning based on the principles of sustainable development is essential for the continuation of this world heritage. By using valuable tools such as GIS, it is possible to identify prone areas to geotourism development for sustainable development in the region and then apply the evaluation and optimal management. In addition to scientific values, geocomposites have many conservation, cultural, aesthetic, social and economic values. For the comprehensive management of watersheds, it is necessary to consider all the natural and human aspects affecting geotourism. In this study, in order to identify the potential of geotourism, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used with the GIS. Materials and Methods Mount Damavand with a height of 5672 meters is located in northern Iran. It is the highest peak in Iran and the Middle East, as well as the highest semi-active volcanic peak in Asia. Damavand is a stratified and semi-active volcanic mountain that was mainly formed during the fourth geological period called the Quaternary and Holocene eras. From the point of view of country divisions, it is located in Amol city of Mazandaran province. Its altitude is 5672 meters above sea level, the average annual rainfall is 540 mm and it is mainly in the form of snow. The climate of this part of the basin is semi-humid climate according to the Koppen method and cold semi-humid climate according to the Ambrege method. In order to determine the effective indices in identifying the potential areas for geotourism development, the study of criteria is divided into two categories of effective criteria and restrictive development. Layers of development obstacles include; rivers and main roads, side roads and inter-rural roads. The effective layers studied along with the relative weight obtained from the analysis of the questionnaire were considered to superimpose the layers with a specific weight for each layer. The results of completing the questionnaire by the audience, to determine the relative weight, information layers were formed in the GIS environment. In this study, using geographic information system (GIS) tools and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, the weighting of effective criteria susceptible areas with geotourism development capability within a radius of 20 km of mount Damavand were performed. Results and Discussion The criteria inconsistency rate is less than 0.1, there is no need to reconsider the judgments. According to the final results obtained from overlaying effective layers in the development of geotourism by the Weighted Overlay function in GIS software, the study area with an area of 1256 square kilometres, after subtracting the restrictive areas, is divided into five classes; very inappropriate, unsuitable, medium, suitable and very suitable. The results showed, that the regions were classified into 5 categories: very inappropriate (1.34%), unsuitable (19.11%), medium (56.44%), suitable (20.94%) and very suitable (2.16%). then, after the field visit, 40 Alternatives were identified and examined in terms of the importance of development potential in the region. Evaluation of 40 Alternatives shows that 25, 40 and 35% of the alternatives have very good, appropriate and average potential, respectively. The results show that most of the susceptible areas with geotourism development capability, are located in the east and southeast of Mount Damavand. This can be caused by the density of various facilities, including villages, cities, roads and rivers, and so on. The high potential areas are more in the north, centre to the southeast of the protected area that has vegetation and forest, water resources and high geomorphological values and low potential areas are more in South and west is the range. This can be seen in the present study. Also, most of the area has medium to high potential, which indicates a good potential of the area. Conclusion One of the main reasons for the lack of integration in determining areas with geotourism potential is the lack of comprehensive and codified scientific criteria and indices. Geotourism, as one of the sub-branches of tourism, is a way to explain various geological and geomorphological concepts, it can be used as an industry for the construction and development of economic geology. In this study, in order to determine the susceptible areas with geotourism development capability with a view to the sustainable development of the region, the studied criteria were determined according to the availability of their information. These layers include; geology, distance from rivers, city, villages, communication roads, altitude, slope and aspect, rainfall and temperature as effective layers and road and river maps were considered as a constraint layer. In different studies, according to the availability of information of each layer in the study area and according to the purpose of the study, the layer of effective criteria and obstacles are different. After a field survey and identifying 40 alternatives, the results of overlaying the identified alternatives with the final potential map showed 35% of the alternatives in areas with very good potential, 40% of the options in areas with good potential, and 25% of the alternatives has medium development potential, respectively. This method is used to exploit natural resources and prepare tourism, welfare maps and can be a key step for the sustainable development of regions, and can provide a key step for the sustainable development of areas prone to tourism with different goals. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26767082.1400.12.1.1.2 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery and point clouds in crown area estimation of individual trees within pine (Pinus eldarica) man-made forests
Ali Hosingholizade Yousef Erfanifard Seyed Kazem Alavipanah Homan Latifi Yaser Jouybari MoghaddamApplication of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is widespread in measurement of quantitative characteristics of single trees such as crown area. However, the efficiency of different types of data collected by UAVs are less compared. Therefore, the aim of this study was c MoreApplication of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is widespread in measurement of quantitative characteristics of single trees such as crown area. However, the efficiency of different types of data collected by UAVs are less compared. Therefore, the aim of this study was comparison of UAV RGB imagery and point clouds in crown area estimation of individual pine trees within a man-made forest in Pardisan Park, Northern Khorasan province, Iran. Both datatypes were analyzed by similar segmentation method (Multiresolution segmentation on the RGB images and Marker-Controlled Watershed algorithm in the point clouds) to estimate crown area of 324 sample pine trees. The results showed that the crown area measured on the point clouds had higher accuracy and precision compared to RGB imager (Spearman correlation of 0.95 and 0.81, coefficient of determination of 0.97 and 0.59, p-value of 0.97 and 0.001, respectively). Additionally, crown area of pine trees with large crown (> 18 m2) delineated on the point clouds showed the highest accuracy in comparison to trees with small and medium crowns. In general, it was concluded that segmentation of UAV point clouds was more efficient than RGB imagery segmentation in quantification of crown area of pine trees within the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Comparison and prioritization of flooding in Nekarood sub-basins using morphometric method in GIS
Mehrab Zali Karim Solaimani Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan Mir Hassan MiryaghoubzadehBackground and Objective Floods are one of the most catastrophic and dangerous natural hazards because they are sudden and unpredictable and lead to the destruction of infrastructure, and a threat to human life and property. Identifying areas with high flood potential i MoreBackground and Objective Floods are one of the most catastrophic and dangerous natural hazards because they are sudden and unpredictable and lead to the destruction of infrastructure, and a threat to human life and property. Identifying areas with high flood potential is one of the most important tasks in flood control and reducing the damage caused by it. Floods are one of the most serious natural hazards that pose serious threats to residential areas and also pose financial and human risks. Floods rank first in terms of damage caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Cited. Floods can occur not only in the plains but also in mountainous environments. Flood analysis and its relationship to explanatory variables can help water managers identify the most effective variable in floods. Communities, countries, and pcontinents have suffered severe human losses and economic costs due to the increasing severity and frequency of these natural disasters). In the world due to the increase of these natural disasters, human death in the coming period is probably doubled. Floods are one of the most serious natural hazards that pose a serious threat to residential areas. Climate change and the steady increase in urbanization that occurs with increasing population, followed by an increase in man-made structures, ultimately reduce permeability and possibly further increase the risk of floods and the potential for socio-economic damage. Confirming the growing risks and increasing frequency of flood events, a paradigm shift in flood risk management is observed in many countries, such as Europe. Flood management and mitigation require comprehensive perspectives that take into account a diverse set of flood risk management measures, including active stakeholder engagement, communication, and awareness raising. The present study was conducted in the Neka Rud watershed in Mazandaran province. The use of geographical systems can identify flood-sensitive areas with high accuracy in the shortest time using information layers. This watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the province and its study is of great importance in terms of flood risks due to its high rainfall. Enjoys. The overall purpose of this study is to prioritize sub-basins concerning flooding based on morphological analysis and also to use GIS software as an efficient and cost-effective tool. In this study, the morphometric study of the watershed was investigated and flood sub-basins were identified. The purpose of this study is to identify areas with high flood potential in the Neka River watershed of Mazandaran province to prevent the risks of this natural disaster and prevent financial and human damage.Materials and Methods Seventeen Morphometric parameters were determined to describe the watershed and prioritize the sub-basins of the Neka watershed according to the sensitivity to sudden floods. The basic parameters were measured directly from the DEM using GIS techniques and include basin area, basin length, environment, number of streams, and flow lengths for each flow rating. In this study, very important morphometric parameters were quantitatively selected and used for this analysis. These parameters are directly or inversely related to runoff hazards, peak discharge, and soil erosion. These parameters were divided into three parts: linear, uneven, and surface. Finally, sub-basins were prioritized using this method. To assess the morphology of the watershed, a digital elevation map (DEM) with a resolution of 12.5 m was loaded. Morphological parameters are directly or inversely related to the outbreak. After morphological ranking, the values of each sub-basin were collected to classify and determine their susceptibility to flash floods. The values of the sum of morphometric parameters summarized from 0 for the lowest rank value and 1 for the highest rank value to obtain the flood sensitivity index for each sub-basin were normalized and finally evaluated. Clear changes are observed in the basic parameters of watersheds such as area, environment, and length of the basin. These basin parameters are a very remarkable hydrological feature. The watershed area varies from 484.37 square kilometers under the N1 basin to 48.18 km2 under the N8 basin. The environment can also be used as an indicator of the shape and size of the watershed. According to the obtained results, there is a high correlation between the area and the watershed environment.Results and Discussion The Neka Basin was divided into 12 sub-basins using the Hydrology Toolbox from ArcGIS. According to the obtained results, it was found that sub-basins N8 and N9 have a high priority for flooding. The results show that these two sub-basins are very prone to flooding. Also, sub-basins N11 and N12 have a much lower risk of flooding. The total number of 12 sub-basin flows for the watershed is 366681 and for the first time, it constitutes 52% of the total watershed flows. Geometric values for 12 watersheds are shown in the form of a graph and a straight line, where the log values of the flow number are plotted on a graph.Conclusion Because there are insufficient historical climatic and hydrological records for hydrological modeling, morphometric analysis has been used to assess sub-watershed susceptibility to flooding. The results and analysis obtained in the present study have several fields for practical application and future development. Morphometric analysis of the Neka basin has shown that the watershed is a six-stage drainage system that is very sensitive to flooding. According to the results, sub-basins N8 and N9 have a high risk of flooding. In contrast, the N12 sub-basin has a much lower rate of flooding. The study of the basin showed that the reason for the low flooding below the N12 basin is the shape of the basin and the amount of slope, which has an elongated shape and the area is almost flat in terms of unevenness, which reduces the risk of floods. This study showed that the protection of the region against sudden floods should be the main priority of the competent authorities to protect human lives and agricultural farms and ultimately prevent flood disasters. In this study, it was proved that integration and morphological analysis with GIS can provide a significant tool for understanding the characteristics of watershed sub-basins related to flood management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The Role of Spatial Distribution of Basin Hydrological Units on Flood Peak Flow Changes Using HEC-HMS Hydrological Model (Case Study: Safaarood Basin)
Morteza Shahedi Gholamreza Nabi BidhendiDue to the significant variations in land control, also regional changes, in recent several decades, floodwater management has attained a vital importance, from the view of water sources management. The aim of this recent research is to study the role of local distribut MoreDue to the significant variations in land control, also regional changes, in recent several decades, floodwater management has attained a vital importance, from the view of water sources management. The aim of this recent research is to study the role of local distribution Aquifer laver hydraulic units of Safaarood on floodwater climax, by utilization HEC-HMS Hydraulic Model. In order to obtain such a purpose, at first, local distribution of under of lavers was estimated, through the amount of its occurrences Flood & HEC-HMS hydraulic Model, co scaling surfaces map according to region level. Then, by using the map of occurrences Flood and HEC-HMS hydraulic Model, the behavior of sub of lavers bestead in every co scaling surfaces, according to floodwater designed, and at the end, along centenary recursion course was discussed. Through elimination of effect of mentioned sub lavers on each co scaling levels, hydrography of exiting floodwater was stimulated. The results showed that sub lavers levels 1 & 2, located on Safaarood laver exiting with index of 67% and 78% had the least impact, and instead, sub lavers level 4 with index of 1.10% had the most impact on exiting floodwater climax of laver. The amount of created variabilities in median region and superior regions resulted from the figure of laver, on compilation with occurrences flood severity. According to above mentioned issues, recommended that, in order to reduce administrative costs, centralization of administrative operation of Safaarood laver floodwater management on all of the regions, including median and superior regions should be prioritized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Evaluating non-parametric supervised classification algorithms in land cover map using LandSat-8 Images
Vahid Mirzaei Zadeh Maryam Niknejad Jafar Oladi QadikolaeiThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three support vector machine algorithms, fuzzy decision trees and neural networks for mapping land vegetation map of Arakvaz watershed using OLI sensor of Landsat images (2014). Geometric correction and image pre-p MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three support vector machine algorithms, fuzzy decision trees and neural networks for mapping land vegetation map of Arakvaz watershed using OLI sensor of Landsat images (2014). Geometric correction and image pre-processing were utilized to determine the training samples of land vegetation classes for the classification operations. Sample resolution in the vegetation classes has been evaluated using a statistical divergence index. On the next stage, to evaluate the accuracy of algorithms' classification results, ground truth map with the dimensions of 550 m was designed using systematic approach and land vegetation types in the sampling plots were determined. Finally, the efficiency of each classification methodwas investigated bysuch criteria as overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy and user accuracy.Comparing the accuracy and kappa coefficient obtained for three categories with a proper band set in comparison with the ground truth map indicates that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with overall accuracy of 91.26% and kappa coefficient of 0.8731 has had more appropriate results than other algorithms. The results showed that the separation and classification of forest landswith high accuracy have beenperformedas compared to the other land use classes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Spatial assessment of watershed management projects biological and masonry check dams using spatial multicriteria evaluation (SMCE) in Ghorchay Ramian watershed
Ali Akbar Jamali Mohammad Hasanzadeh Angizeh Asadi SaraviUnsuitable positioning in national and regional development plans and projects in Iran results in irreversible spending of budget and time mainly. The aim of this study is to decline the costs and loss of opportunities, using a model that can effectively reduce the erro MoreUnsuitable positioning in national and regional development plans and projects in Iran results in irreversible spending of budget and time mainly. The aim of this study is to decline the costs and loss of opportunities, using a model that can effectively reduce the error of expert. This study was performed in the Ghourchay Ramian basin. Firstly, distinct scenarios and conceptual and tree model were created for biological and mechanical measures (masonry corrective dams). Then the constraints and vector maps entered into the SMCE in ILWIS®3.7. Constraints (slope, land use, soil and streams) with Boolean method and factors (slope, height, soil, soil erosion, land use and proximity to road, village, fault, rock sources and landslide) with Fuzzy method (benefit, cost and compound methods) have been standardized. Then weighting of factors performed using the results of questionnaires and expert opinions with procedures as ranking, pairwise comparisons and direct method. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire, was controlled. Results showed that four ranking, which was specified in priority map, in biological plans, places with first priority allocated 0.73 to 0.97 scores and over 3 km of waterways and in dam and concrete plans, 0.65 to 0.86 and an area of 2470 hectares, respectively. The model type is logical and uses logical and optimization principles not experimental principles. So there was no try to test it with the previous schemes were implemented. Projects that many errors because lack of the possibility of combining several criteria and GIS advanced techniques. Finally, it was suggested that due to the high performance of this model for evaluating watershed management projects and prediction of projects for implementation, this model will be used in the same watersheds in the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Surface runoff estimation of Wadi Ba Al-Arid watershed North East Libya, using SCS-CN ,GIS and RS data
Salah Hamad -
Open Access Article
77 - Landslide Risk Assessment for Baba Heydar Watershed, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran
Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Abdolhossein Arami Hasan Rezaii Moghadam Zainab Khodabakhshi Roya JafariLandslides are among the most damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions. In this study, landslide hazard zonation was conducted in the Baba Heydar Watershed using logistic statistical regression to determine landslide hazard areas. First, a landslide inventory map MoreLandslides are among the most damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions. In this study, landslide hazard zonation was conducted in the Baba Heydar Watershed using logistic statistical regression to determine landslide hazard areas. First, a landslide inventory map was prepared using aerial photograph interpretation and field surveys. Next, ten landslide conditioning factors including altitude, slope percentage, slope aspect, lithology, distance from faults, streams, villages and roads, land use, and precipitation were chosen as effective factors on landslide occurrence in the study area. Then, a landslide susceptibility map was constructed using a logistic regression statistical model in a geographic information system (GIS). Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Pseudo R2 indices were used for model assessment. Finally, a risk map was created based on a risk equation using a combination of the susceptibility map, elements at risk and vulnerability. Results showed that the logistic regression statistical model provided slightly higher prediction accuracy of landslide susceptibility in the Baba Heydar Watershed with ROC equal to 0.876. The results revealed that about 44% of the watershed area was located in both the high and very high hazard classes. Additionally, 35% of the surveyed watershed was located in the high and very high-risk classes. This information is critical for the risk management, landslide risk and land planning of this mountainous area.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - تأثیر پایداری بندهای گابیونی با سرریز پلکانی از نظر کنترل رسوب و سیلاب (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز خائیز، بهبهان، استان خوزستان)
فرهاد سادات فرد امین بردباربندهای گابیونی (Gabion Dams) سازه­های کوچکی هستند که به منظور کاهش سرعت جریان و شیب آبراهه و مهار فرسایش در آبراهه­ها احداث می­گردند. احداث این بندها در حوضه­های آبخیز موجب تغییرات در زمان تمرکز شده که در کنترل سیل و مهار رواناب تاثیر بسزایی Moreبندهای گابیونی (Gabion Dams) سازه­های کوچکی هستند که به منظور کاهش سرعت جریان و شیب آبراهه و مهار فرسایش در آبراهه­ها احداث می­گردند. احداث این بندها در حوضه­های آبخیز موجب تغییرات در زمان تمرکز شده که در کنترل سیل و مهار رواناب تاثیر بسزایی دارد. حوضه آبخیز خائیز واقع در شهرستان بهبهان استان خوزستان کشور ایران یکی از زیر حوضه­های آبخیز بسیار مهم این شهرستان می­باشد. در این حوضه در فصول بارندگی، ایجاد سیلاب موجب فرسایش اراضی منطقه و انتقال رسوبات فراوان به پایین­دست می­گردد. در این تحقیق با مطالعه منطقه و شرایط توپوگرافی و عملیات حفاظتی صورت گرفته، تغییرات زمان تمرکز، ضریب نگهداشت و دبی سیلاب قبل و بعد از اجرای عملیات حفاظتی مورد مقایسه قرارگرفته است. در این زمینه پارامترهای تعداد و ارتفاع بندها، گروه هیدرولوژیکی خاک، شیب آبراهه، زمان تمرکز، هیدرولوژی منطقه، مساحت حوضه و حجم رسوبگیری سازه­ها مورد بررسی قرارگرفت، باتوجه به بررسی صورت گرفته می­توان نتیجه گرفت احداث بندهای گابیونی به تنهایی نمی­تواند تاثیر قابل ملاحظه­ای در کنترل رواناب داشته باشد و اجرای همزمان عملیات های دیگر آبخیزداری همچون عملیات بیولوژیک و بیومکانیکی جهت تحقق اهداف طرح بسیار ضروری است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - مکان یابی احداث سدهای خاکی کوچک در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک با روش تحلیل چند معیاره مکانی (SMCE)
مسلم چابک بلداجی هادی زارعی محمودآبادی محمد علی شیرزاده محمد حسن زادهیکی از راه حلهای کارآمد و مناسب برای بهینه سازی استفاده از رواناب به ویژه درمناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، استفاده ازسدهای خاکی کوچک است. که ضمن کاهش خسارات ناشی از سیل، در تغذیه مصنوعی سفره آب زیرزمینی، احیای مراتع و بیابان زدایی موثر است.در سالهای اخیر، توسعه و بهره برداری از Moreیکی از راه حلهای کارآمد و مناسب برای بهینه سازی استفاده از رواناب به ویژه درمناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، استفاده ازسدهای خاکی کوچک است. که ضمن کاهش خسارات ناشی از سیل، در تغذیه مصنوعی سفره آب زیرزمینی، احیای مراتع و بیابان زدایی موثر است.در سالهای اخیر، توسعه و بهره برداری از منابع آب و خاک در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، ضرورتی انکارناپذیر است که بهر ه برداری از سیلابهای آنی در این مناطق یکی از این زمینهها است. یکی از مسائلی مهمی که در زمینه طراحی مکان احداث این سازههای مهندسی در حوزههای آبخیز وجود دارد، بحث مکان یابی صحیح این سازهها بر روی رودخانه اصلی حوزه می باشد. عدم وجود یک راه ریاضی و منطقی به منظور اولویت بندی عملیات اجرایی این سازهها ما را بر آن داشت تا با استفاده از مدل ارزیابی چند معیاره مکانی و تلفیق لایههای اطلاعاتی که از اهداف اصلی این تحقیق می باشد، مکانهای مناسب جهت احداث سد خاکی بر روی رودخانههای اصلی حوزه آبخیز یوسف آباد طبس بپردازیم. لذا با استفاده از ترکیب نقشههای رستریمربوط به محدودیت مکانی (حریم رودخانه)، عوامل مکانی طبیعی (درصد شیب، حریم از رودخانه، واحدهای ژئومورفولوژی و ویژگیهای زمین شناسی )، عوامل اقتصادی (منابع قرضه، حریم از راه، حریم از قنات و حریم از مناطق مسکونی) در محیط برنامه نویسی ارزیابی چند معیاره مکانی، نرم افزار ILWIS 3.31 طراحی شد. ابتدا لایههای مکانی به فرمت این نرم افزار در آورده شد. سپس لایههای مکانی ناهمگون با یکدیگر، تلفیق و همگون سازی شدند و همگی ارزشهای فازی صفر تا یک را گرفتند. به دلیل یکسان نبودن ارزش لایهها، لایهها وزن دهی شدند. در نهایت، تلفیق لایهها انجام شد و نقشه شاخص ترکیبی به دست آمد که در آن مکانهای مساعد جهت احداث سد خاکی منطقه مطالعاتی، الویت بندی گردید و بهترین مکان جهت انجام عملیات اجرائی در حوزه مشخص شد. نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد مکان احداث، از نظر مهندسی و از نظر مردمی مورد تأیید کارشناسان و مردم بومی منطقه بود. و می توان ازعان نمود، دقت، صحت و سرعت و توانائی بالای این مدل می تواند برای حوزههای آبخیز دیگری نیز انجام گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - بررسی اثرات عملیات آبخیزداری بر قابلیت تولید رواناب با استفاده از روش SCS در حوضه آبخیز عنبران چای
علی احمدآبادی پرستو غفورپور عنبرانانجام عملیات آبخیزداری تاثیرات مختلفی بر میزان تولید رواناب و رسوب و در واقع خصوصیات هیدرولوژیکی در حوزه های آبخیز دارد. در این پژوهش، به مطالعه اثر عملیات آبخیزداری بر قابلیت تولید رواناب در حوزه آبخیز عنبران چای پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور از داده های توپوگرافی منط Moreانجام عملیات آبخیزداری تاثیرات مختلفی بر میزان تولید رواناب و رسوب و در واقع خصوصیات هیدرولوژیکی در حوزه های آبخیز دارد. در این پژوهش، به مطالعه اثر عملیات آبخیزداری بر قابلیت تولید رواناب در حوزه آبخیز عنبران چای پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور از داده های توپوگرافی منطقه در قالب مدل رقومی ارتفاع (DEM)، کاربری اراضی، گروه های هیدرولوژیکی خاک و محدوده های انجام عملیات آبخیزداری استفاده شد و همچنین به کمک تصاویر ماهوارهای لندست (5 و 8) و استفاده از شاخص گیاهی تفاصلی نرمال شده (NDVI) تغییرات پوشش گیاهی در دو مقطع قبل و بعد از انجام عملیات آبخیزداری به منظور محاسبه میزان CN استخراج شده و با استفاده از روش SCS قابلیت تولید رواناب در قالب ساختار داده رستری مدل سازی شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که انجام عملیات آبخیزداری موجب افزایش میزان شاخص NDVI و در نتیجه افزایش سبزینگی شده است و نتیجه آن در حوزه عنبران چای، کاهش قابلیت تولید رواناب بخصوص در بخش های بالایی حوزه بوده است. هم چنین افزایش تراکم پوشش گیاهی، افزایش میزان نفوذپذیری(CN) حوزه را به دنبال داشته است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - تاثیر عملیات آبخیزداری برآبنمود سیل با استفاده از مدل HEC-HMS (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز رامیان)
پیام ابراهیمی جمیله سلیمی کوچی محسن محسنی سارویافزایش استفاده از منابع آب و خاک حوضه های آبخیز در چنددهه اخیر و بهره برداری غیراصولی و نامتناسب با اکولوژی سرزمین، تشدید وقوع سیلاب ها را به همراه داشته است. در همین زمینه، عملیات آبخیزداری یکی از موثرترین راه های مقابله با این بحران می باشد. این پژوهش از طریق بررسی تغ Moreافزایش استفاده از منابع آب و خاک حوضه های آبخیز در چنددهه اخیر و بهره برداری غیراصولی و نامتناسب با اکولوژی سرزمین، تشدید وقوع سیلاب ها را به همراه داشته است. در همین زمینه، عملیات آبخیزداری یکی از موثرترین راه های مقابله با این بحران می باشد. این پژوهش از طریق بررسی تغییرات حجم و دبی پیک در اثر اقدامات بیومکانیک صورت گرفته در حوضه آبخیز رامیان واقع در استان گلستان نتایج اقدامات آبخیزداری را کمی می نماید. با استفاده از مدل HEC-HMS و در نظر گرفتن ضرایب CN در سه دوره خشک، متوسط و مرطوب، مقدار کاهش دبی پیک و حجم سیلاب با دوره بازگشت های 2 تا 500 سال برآورد شد. به منظور کنترل برآوردها از چهار واقعه سیل در طول مدت آماری 21 سال و با استفاده از آمار ایستگاه هیدرومتری و باران سنجی موجود در منطقه استفاده شد. پس از بهینه سازی مقادیر CN ورودی به مدل HEC-HMS، دبی پیک و حجم کل سیلاب به ترتیب با دقت 16/3 درصد و 30/11 درصد برآورد شد. بررسی ها نشان می دهد عملیات بیومکانیکی می تواند با دوره بازگشت 10 ساله دبی اوج را 72/40 درصد و حجم دبی 20 ساله را 18/30 درصد کاهش دهد. از سوی دیگر هیدروگراف قبل و بعد از عملیات بیومکانیکی نشان می دهد حجم سیل و دبی اوج حوضه آبخیز رامیان با گذشت زمان کاهش پیدا کرده و عملیات آبخیزداری در این منطقه موثر بوده است. بدین ترتیب در مجموع، اثر اقدامات آبخیزداری با تاکید بر اقدامات بیومکانیک، بر روی دبی سیلابی حوزه آبخیز رامیان مثبت ارزیابی می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - برآورد فرسایش و رسوب حوضه بالادست سد وشمگیر
وحید یزدانی سپیده یکه باش امیر حسین آقاخانی افشاربه دلیل اهمیت آب و نقش حیاتی آن در زندگی انسان، مطالعات رودخانه­ای و به تبع آن مطالعه بر روی حوضه­های آبریز ضروری به نظر می­رسند. استان گلستان با مساحت 20437 کیلومترمربع بین عرض جغرافیایی ΄24 ˚36 تا ΄0 ˚38 شمالی و ΄51 ˚53 تا ΄14 ˚56 شرقی واقع شده است. گرگان Moreبه دلیل اهمیت آب و نقش حیاتی آن در زندگی انسان، مطالعات رودخانه­ای و به تبع آن مطالعه بر روی حوضه­های آبریز ضروری به نظر می­رسند. استان گلستان با مساحت 20437 کیلومترمربع بین عرض جغرافیایی ΄24 ˚36 تا ΄0 ˚38 شمالی و ΄51 ˚53 تا ΄14 ˚56 شرقی واقع شده است. گرگانرود یکی از مهمترین رودخانه­های استان گلستان به شمار میرود و در تمامی دشت گرگان جریان داشته و آن را به دو قسمت تقسیم میکند. سطح حوضه آبگیر آن به مساحت 10250 کیلومترمربع میباشد. گام اصلی و مهم در مطالعات فرسایش و رسوب به روش تجربی، تعیین و شناسایی اشکال، و سیمای فرسایش است. در این مرحله نقشههای مختلف شامل شبکه آبراهه، شیب، زمینشناسی، ژئومورفولوژی، خاکشناسی و کاربری اراضی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت؛ و نقشه واحد کاری منطقه مشخص و با تفسیر عکس­های هوایی و بازدید­های میدانی نقشه تدقیق گردید. جهت برآورد میزان فرسایش و رسوب در زیرحوضه­ها از مدل MPSIAC استفاده شد. طبق بررسی­های میدانی صورت گرفته و نتایج بدست آمده انواع فرسایش­ها، در سطح مورد مطالعه به وقوع پیوسته است. طبق بررسی­های صورت گرفته بیشترین فرسایش در زیر حوضه با کد 1625220 (بار بستر 62/3 و با معلق 47/14) و کمترین فرسایش در زیر حوضه با کد 1624210 (بار بستر 32/0 و بار معلق 3/1) بود. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده نسبت تحویل رسوب در زیر حوضه­های مورد بررسی بین حداکثر 6/23 الی 6/39 درصد می‎باشد. در همین راستا میزان رسوب ویژه بین 6/1 الی 1/18 و فرسایش ویژه بین 9/4 الی 3/58 تن در هکتار در سال متغیر بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Surface Water Quality Assessment Using Linear Modeling Approach to Long-Term Environmental Changes (Case Study of Amirkabir-Karaj Dam Basin)
Sara Ranjbari Jamal Ghodusi Reza Arjmandi Amirhessam HassaniThe special importance of the Karaj River and Dam in the establishment of sustainable security of water supply in Tehran and maintaining the ecological stability of the aquatic environment and human activities related to water play a prominent and vital role. The aim of MoreThe special importance of the Karaj River and Dam in the establishment of sustainable security of water supply in Tehran and maintaining the ecological stability of the aquatic environment and human activities related to water play a prominent and vital role. The aim of this study was to identify sources of pollutants. Quality of surface water resources for 8 water quality parameters (sulfate, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total solute, electrical conductivity and sodium uptake ratio) in 10 Karaj-Amir dam dams It was great. In this study, the effect of changes in hydrological parameters on pollutant sources as well as the spatial origin of these pollutants and the appropriateness of watershed management measures during the 40-year period from 1347 to 1398 were investigated using Convik correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that the application of factor analysis in evaluating surface water quality parameters is one of the important cases for source and elimination of information noise. Focal variables 1 and 2 with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.81 have potential ability especially for changes in environmental variables such as rainfall (H) and The volume of annual sediments (W) has a direct effect on the three elements of water quality, namely calcium, total salts and total hydrogen ratio, respectively, and they establish a direct relationship. The results showed that the share of incoming pollution load from the tributaries of the Karaj River due to the uses located in them in the pollution of the dam reservoir is more than the main tributary of the river and its uses. In particular, the sub-basins of Velayatrud, Shahrestanak and Sira have a total of more than one third of the share of pollution entering the reservoir. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Prediction of the changes in some climate variables in Darehrood River of Aras Basin over next decades using of GCM Models
Ebrahim Fataei Ali i Aziz Seiied Taghi Seiied Safaviyan Ali Akbar Imani Akram Ojaghi Habib FarhadiClimate change is one of the natural features of atmospheric circulation anomalies and fluctuations in the meteorological parameters such as rainfall and temperature can be achieved. These anomalies in most of the world led to impair in natural ecosystems. Studies show MoreClimate change is one of the natural features of atmospheric circulation anomalies and fluctuations in the meteorological parameters such as rainfall and temperature can be achieved. These anomalies in most of the world led to impair in natural ecosystems. Studies show that emissions of greenhouse gases in recent decades have increased considerably. These gases increase in the atmosphere, causing changes in Earth's climate parameters. With widely varying meteorological simulation models of generators weather in recent decades, it is essential that these changes in a series of simulated apply. In this study, using statistical downscaling techniques, GCM models under the greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A1B, A2, B1) for the period 2039-2011 using statistical models LARSE-WG daily data of temperature, precipitation and radiation small scale, and the results were evaluated on synoptic stations. The results show that changes in climate parameters will be created during the study period. So that the average temperature between the stations under study between 31.0 to 69.3 ° C will increase and rainfall will increase to 2.8 to 21.5 percent Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Determining the sensitivity to erosion (Medan watershed)
Ghorban Vahhabzadeh پیام EbrahimiThe uses of the sediment and erosion models are the most suitable methods to estimate the soil loss rate ina watershed. In this research 4 method of Fargas, BLM, MPSIAC, Feiznia tables and Hunt Boweninfiltrations method were used to calculate the soil loss rate in diffe MoreThe uses of the sediment and erosion models are the most suitable methods to estimate the soil loss rate ina watershed. In this research 4 method of Fargas, BLM, MPSIAC, Feiznia tables and Hunt Boweninfiltrations method were used to calculate the soil loss rate in different work units of Alamoot Medanwatershed in Qhazvin province. The areas which were effective in soil loss were determined with thesemethods and then results were compared to each other. Results showed that the models Fargas, MPSIACand BLM with grades of 40.75, 50.81 and 43.73 have close mean to each other and mean erodibility.Feiznia table evaluated the region more erodible and infiltration was determined slowly by Hunt Bowen.Moreover, based on the hydrological response the sub watershed 4 with an area of 2292.308 hectare and 1with an area of 1389.06 hectare had most effects when flood happened. For operational programs tocontrol erosion and sediment production in region it is recommended that in first priority must be subwatershed 4 and 1. If the purpose is runoff penetration and preventing flood sub watershed 4 with an areaof 2734.827 hectare and 1 with an area of 1544.648 hectare and 2 with an area of 680.386 must berespectively first priority Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Assessment of Islamshahr Watershed Environmental Reaction by Kinematic Wave Theory in GIS Base
Mahmood Zakeri NiriHydrologic problems are important in urban management. Hydrograph is an efficient tool in this management. In this paper behavior of synthetic and real watershed is studied. In first equations of Kinematic Wave Theory have coded in MATLAB and finally by achieved model i MoreHydrologic problems are important in urban management. Hydrograph is an efficient tool in this management. In this paper behavior of synthetic and real watershed is studied. In first equations of Kinematic Wave Theory have coded in MATLAB and finally by achieved model in MATLAB and use of GIS, reaction of watershed have assessment. In real watershed state, computed results have compared with a set of laboratory data (Observed Results). Comparison showed accuracy in regression. In second step, Islamshahr Watershed as a real watershed has assessment and by making isochrones, Time-Area curve was result by variety in rainfall intensity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Survey the effect of land use changes on quality of water Maroon River using RS and GIS
Khosro Shafi Motlagh Jahangi Porhemat Hossin Sedghi Majid HosseiniIn arid and semi-arid conditions and water shortage, sensitive to water quality of rivers and factors influencing on them, is necessary. Maroon Watershed in recent decades has been prey extensive land use changes. Drought and misuse of lands were the most important fact MoreIn arid and semi-arid conditions and water shortage, sensitive to water quality of rivers and factors influencing on them, is necessary. Maroon Watershed in recent decades has been prey extensive land use changes. Drought and misuse of lands were the most important factors in reducing the volume and quality of water resources in the basin. In this study, changes in land use in the watershed Maroon within four ten-year period from 1980 to 2010 using sensors of TM and ETM satellite Landsat and then the changes in water quality over the same period, and even more between 1347 and 1394, were studied over a period of 47 years. Changes in land use in order to increase residential areas and increased agricultural land in the drought occurred during the past 47 years in reducing water quality in the watershed Maroon Ideanak station output is affected. However, due to the drastic changes in land use occurred, increasing the surface of residential and agricultural land feature of lowering the quality of Maroon river water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Relationship Between Heavy Metals and Some Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Garangochay Watershed
ramin salmasiHeavy Metal contamination in Garangochay watershed was reported. Primary experiments of the stream water samples showed Heavy Metal concentrations were several times higher than standard ones. The purpose of this research is that with attention to Heavy Metal pollution MoreHeavy Metal contamination in Garangochay watershed was reported. Primary experiments of the stream water samples showed Heavy Metal concentrations were several times higher than standard ones. The purpose of this research is that with attention to Heavy Metal pollution of the water samples, are the soils polluted with these metals. If answer is positive, which soil properties are related to these metals? For this purpose, after field investigations and the soil sampling and analyses of soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metals, correlation coefficients and cluster analyses of data were determined. Results showed that Cu with OC and Al, Cr, and Mn with clay percentages of soil samples had positive correlation. Five main clusters were determined with cluster analysis that was in agreement with correlation coefficients. Positive correlations between clay and OC of the soil samples with some metals indicate that these 2 soil components with metals fixing, reduce their release into environment. Other researches are necessary to determine geology and anthropogenic sources of these metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Industries effect in enrichment of As, Cu and Zn in Zayanderoud river sediments
Javad TabatabaeiZayanderoud river, located in Isfahan and Charmohale bakhtiyary provinces with a length of about 420 kmsflowing from west to east, is one of the most important rivers of Iran.The river is very important because of itsvarious applications of its water. Many heavy industr MoreZayanderoud river, located in Isfahan and Charmohale bakhtiyary provinces with a length of about 420 kmsflowing from west to east, is one of the most important rivers of Iran.The river is very important because of itsvarious applications of its water. Many heavy industries, discharge their waste water into the river, therefore,investigating river’s water in terms of heavy metals pollution and understanding aggregation and changes ofheavy metals in river’s water and sediments is of vital importance. For this reason, between Isfahan tobaghbahadoran that exist maximum of industries, 12 samples were taken from surface sediments in autumn of of2009, these samples after providing analyzed by ICP-MS method. The results showed that concentration ofheavy metals in zayanderoud river is very changeable, and the maximum amount was related to samples weretaken from zovb-e-ahan, baghbahadoran, zarinshahr bridge and falavarjan bridge stations. In order to study theeffects of Variables such as human and natural factores, the zamankhan station was selected as the standardstation and calculated enrichment coefficient of heavy metals with regard to this station. Results showed thatsediment regarding elements such as, As, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, … have high enrichment coefficient.Meanwhile to determine the rate of environmental pollution, geoaccumulation index in sampling stations werecalculated, this index showed that the more we get near to Isfahan, the more pollution we face with in thesesubstantces (is observed), and it is greatly seen in Ghadir station Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Potential identification of groundwater resources using fuzzy logic method (Case study: Darab Fars watershed)
hamidreza amiri yosef shafiei ava fakhraei rad Hojjatullah KeshavarzThe limitation and scarcity of groundwater resources in Darab Fars plain has caused this plain to be in a critical situation and in the forbidden group. With proper management, the capacity of available surface and groundwater resources can be well identified and studie MoreThe limitation and scarcity of groundwater resources in Darab Fars plain has caused this plain to be in a critical situation and in the forbidden group. With proper management, the capacity of available surface and groundwater resources can be well identified and studied to make a comprehensive plan for their proper use. The use of GIS along with observational data leads to easy and systematic estimation of groundwater recharge areas. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of groundwater resources using AHP model and fuzzy functions in GIS environment. To assess the potential of groundwater resources, 10 geological criteria, fault density, altitude, slope, land use, soil, geomorphology, precipitation, drainage density and distance from rivers were studied and analyzed. The layers were prepared in a GIS environment and then the potential of groundwater resources was modeled using fuzzy logic functions. The results showed that the use of 0.98 gamma showed more favorable results than other numbers. Areas with high groundwater potential were determined with high accuracy. To validate the model, exploitation wells in the region have been used. About 63.62 percent of this type of wells are located in areas with good and very good potential. Areas with good and very good potential correspond to the terrace reserves, alluviums and sediments of the fourth period and have a low slope (0-5 degrees). About 31 percent of the watershed is in two categories of good and very good potential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Comparison of Soil Moisture Accounting model and Neuro-fuzzy for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling (Case study: Zola Chay watershed)
Ebrahim Yousefi MobarhanHydrological simulation of watersheds applies for estimating peak discharge and runoff volume from rainfall, flood routing in rivers and flood hydrograph analysis. The purpose of this study is application of soil moisture accounting (HMS SMA) and Neuro-fuzzy models in d MoreHydrological simulation of watersheds applies for estimating peak discharge and runoff volume from rainfall, flood routing in rivers and flood hydrograph analysis. The purpose of this study is application of soil moisture accounting (HMS SMA) and Neuro-fuzzy models in daily flow, The purpose of this study is application of soil moisture accounting (HMS SMA) and Neuro-fuzzy models in daily flow. runoff volume and hydrograph analysis of the simulated rainfall - runoff in the Zola Chay watershed. In this study after of Zola Chay watershed modeling with HEC-GeoHMS Extension, In this study after of Zola Chay watershed modeling with HEC-GeoHMS Extension. the model entered to HEC-HMS program and by parameters estimating of soil moisture accounting model, the rainfall- runoff simulation in other scales has been done. By analysis of time scales for calibration and optimization of HMS SMA model parameters we can claim that the monthly time scale rainfall - runoff simulation accurate than annual, seasonal, semiannual and annual time scales can be better than the other time scales of flow to estimate peak. Comparing the calibration and optimization soil moisture and Neuro-fuzzy methods revealed that fuzzy method can simulate rainfall- runoff relationship better than SMA model by best statistical coefficients (E= 0.76 and RMSE= 0.18). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Effective Factors for Participation of Stakeholders in Watershed Management Project from the View Point of Natural Resources and Watershed Management Extension Specialist, in Fars Province, Iran
M. Mousaei I. Malek Mohammadi S.J. Farjolla Hosayni S.M. Mir DamadiThe main purpose in this research was to identify effective factors for participation of stakeholders in watershed management project from the opinion of natural resources and watershed management extension specialist, in Fars province, Iran. The method of data collecti MoreThe main purpose in this research was to identify effective factors for participation of stakeholders in watershed management project from the opinion of natural resources and watershed management extension specialist, in Fars province, Iran. The method of data collection was whole counting. The tool of data collection is questionnaire. The specialty panel of experts was used to gain assurance of the validity of the questionnaire. Corenbach Alpha method was used to gain assurance of the reliability of the questionnaire (α=0.87). In addition to descriptive statistics (such as man, median, variance and standard deviation) and correlation coefficient and inferential statistics such as, multivariate regression and path analysis technique used for analyzing data. The results of multivariate regression using Enter technique indicate that attention to the stakeholders economical needs in watershed management projects, attention to the indigenous knowledge, rate of stakeholders participation in watershed management extension programs, rate of participation of stakeholders in the type and features of plans, rate familiarity of stakeholders with watershed management projects and extension agents ability to set communication are the most important obstacles for the participation of stakeholders in watershed management projects from the viewpoint of the natural resources and watershed management extension specialists. The results of Path Analysis technique also showed that the rate of participation of stakeholders in the type and features of plans have the most direct and indirect effect (0.552) on dependent variable, and extension agents ability for communication has the lowest direct and indirect effect (0.311) on dependent variable of the study (participation in watershed management). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Evaluation of Ecological Potential and Suitability of Central Zagros Land by the Geographic Information System and the Land Ecological Model
Hooman Bahmanpour Ali Bali Tayebeh ValianEvaluation of ecological potential is known as the pioneer of land use. The central Zagros region needs to develop an environmental management plan with a comprehensive and practical approach due to its much environmental sensitivity and numerous threats to biodiversity MoreEvaluation of ecological potential is known as the pioneer of land use. The central Zagros region needs to develop an environmental management plan with a comprehensive and practical approach due to its much environmental sensitivity and numerous threats to biodiversity. Based on this, Koohrang management watershed area, as one of the pilot areas in central Zagros, has been studied and evaluated. In the first step, by examining common models in Iran and the world, a suitable model was designed to evaluate the ecological potential of the region. In the following, a consolidated model was selected and designed for the area, which has the highest degree of consistency and appropriateness with the existing natural and structural features. Finally, by using the basic data and multiple layers of information, by layering layers in the GIS environment and ArcGIS software, 9.3, synthesis and zoning were carried out. Field studies were used to reference the data and fill information gaps. The results show that most of the region is mountainous and the highest rate of erosion is medium with 38.39%. Currently, the use of pasture has the largest share among other uses with about 68%. On the other hand, the most priority use in the study area is dedicated to various aspects of protection and grazing with 53 and 25%, respectively, and development has the lowest share with 0.05%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Ecological Sustainability Assessment in the Tutli Watershed, North Khorasan Province
Amir Reza Heirany Morteza Behzadfar Nazila Alaei Zeinab HazbaviEcological sustainability assessment is a pivotal for determining the type of human interaction and dealings with nature and the ecological services received from it, which should be constantly monitored. While limited studies have been carried out in the country and so MoreEcological sustainability assessment is a pivotal for determining the type of human interaction and dealings with nature and the ecological services received from it, which should be constantly monitored. While limited studies have been carried out in the country and so far this important issue has not been considered in practical regional and national policies and planning. In order to fill this research and management gap, the present study aims to assess the ecological sustainability of Tutli Watershed located in the north of North Khorasan Province using the conceptual framework of Hydrology, Environment, Life, and Policy (HELP) and calculate the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI). In this assessment process, 14 variables were used, which were classified into three categories of Pressure (P), State (S), and Response (R) indices and four HELP criteria based on the their nature. Accordingly, the mean scores of P, S and R indices for Tutli Watershed were obtained 0.65, 0.85 and 0.35, respectively. Furthermore, the average scores of hydrological (H) and environmental (E) criteria were equal to 0.58 and the scores of life (L) and policy criteria (P) were equal to 0.66. The results of combining all the studied criteria and indicators showed that the total WSI score is 0.62 and indicates the level of average ecological sustainability. The results could be applied to plan, protect and identify critical areas and to direct management strategies. It is also recommended to improve the watershed sustainability level from medium to good by adopting appropriate policies and effective conservation programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Monthly and Seasonal Flood Distribution over Different Return Periods in River Gauge Stations of Ardabil Province
Raoof Mostafazadeh Ali Nasiri KhiaviFloods are one of the most destructive natural disasters that endanger social and economic conditions more than any other natural disaster. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the monthly and seasonal flood distribution in the different MoreFloods are one of the most destructive natural disasters that endanger social and economic conditions more than any other natural disaster. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the monthly and seasonal flood distribution in the different return periods in some river gauge stations of Ardabil Province. In this way, the data of 33 river gauge stations have been used, and the statistical period of the used data was 40 years. The EasyFit software was used to select the most appropriate statistical distribution for maximum discharge data in the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year. Based on the results, it can be said that in the studied stations, about 63.63% of the floods were related to the month of April. On the other hand, based on the results of the seasonal comparison charts, it can be said that the maximum floods were related to the spring season, and in all the return periods studied, the highest amount and percentage of floods occurred in spring season. In some stations such as Yamchi, Nouran, Neneh-Karan, Mashiran, Aouughin, Derou and Pol-e-Almas, nearly 100% of the floods were related to the spring season, and this shows that the floods in Ardabil Province were of spring type. Conducting the necessary studies and watershed-based planning is necessary in southern flood-prone areas of the Ardabil province, and the possibility of flooding in the future can be reduced and its damages minimized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Effectiveness of Watershed Operations in Controlling Erosion and Sedimentation Using MPSIAC Experimental Model (Case Study: Saqezchi-Chay Watershed, Ardabil Province)
Rouhallah Dabiri Hirad Abghari Ardavan GhorbaniDuring the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. To MoreDuring the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. Today, with the advancement of technology, examining the impact of projects by measuring the effective parameters and studying how to achieve the goals are part of the basic principles of project evaluation. In this study, according to the implemented mechanical and biological operations, the role of watershed operations in controlling erosion and sedimentation in the Saqezchi-chay watershed of Ardabil province was investigated and compared using the MPSIAC method before and after the operation. In this model, 9 effective factors in erosion have been considered, each of which has a score depending on its intensity and weakness, and finally, taking these scores into account, the sedimentation rate of the area is considered. The results of the research show a relative decrease in erosion and sedimentation in the area of watershed operations and, on the other hand, an increase in erosion and sedimentation in other areas without watershed operations, which indicates the positive effect of watershed operations in increasing vegetation and soil protection. Also, the implemented watershed management measures, in addition to increasing the concentration time in the watershed and groundwater feeding, have played an important role in preventing the reduction of the storage volume of the Saqezachi dam. The results indicate the effectiveness of watershed projects in reducing sedimentation in the study area; In such a way that the amount of erosion in the watershed has changed significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Prediction of Climate Change using General Circulation Models and SDSM and LARS-WG Downscaling Models under RCP Scenarios in Dez Watershed
Ali akbar Arab solghar Jahangir Porhemmat Massoud GoodarziClimate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Therefore, prediction of climate change is very important to predict the future situation and to consider the necessary measures to adjust and adapt to climate change. Therefore, in th MoreClimate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Therefore, prediction of climate change is very important to predict the future situation and to consider the necessary measures to adjust and adapt to climate change. Therefore, in this study, climate change was predicted in the Dez watershed. For this purpose, the data of two global models HadGEM2 and CanESM2 were used under three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and the application of two downscaling models of LARS-WG and SDSM and the climate changes in the next three periods compared to the base period (1989-2018) were examined. The results showed that both downscaling models have good accuracy in simulating climate change in the study watershed. The results of prediction the studied models also showed that in the future periods the amount of precipitation in the watershed will change between -6.3 to 15.7% compared to the base period. The most decreasing and increasing changes will be related to the eastern and southwestern areas of the watershed, respectively. Also, the maximum temperature of the watershed will fluctuate between 1.3 to 3.9 oC and the minimum temperature will fluctuate between 1.5 to 3.5 oC. The highest and lowest changes will be related to the southeastern and northwestern areas of the watershed, respectively. Therefore, due to the increase in temperature and precipitation, as well as the mountainous nature of the watershed under study, it is necessary to consider flood control and containment and management strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Feasibility of Flooding in The Watershed Leilan Chai (Maragheh) CN Metod
Mohammad reza Sarvati Akbar Rostami Fatemeh KhodadadiFlood is a natural phenomenon, which human being has experienced from very old times. In Iran, due to its very large area, several climates, and time and local density of Precipitations in most watersheds, there are many great floods of the country. In this study, run-o MoreFlood is a natural phenomenon, which human being has experienced from very old times. In Iran, due to its very large area, several climates, and time and local density of Precipitations in most watersheds, there are many great floods of the country. In this study, run-off coefficient, maximum debit of flood, identifying the factors and elements that are effective on bloodiness, and zoning of the area of Leilan chai watershed based on its flood bearing are analyzed. The curve number method was used for this watershed. To do this, firstly, the needed data and information including the statistical situation of the area climates and satellite images were gathered Inputted to the GIS data system. Compiling these data and information by the SCS method and the CN of the watershed, The infiltration level and run-off volume were prepared.Finally, the zoning map of the annual flooding potential of the area were produced using weighting model and compiling the area Precipitation, hydrological groups of soil, slope level, land use, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Examine The Types and Severity of Erosion In The Sub-Basins Watershed Navrood
Tahereh FatolazadehBasins in terms of geology, climate and other factors on the roughness and erosion are very different, the aim of this study was to evaluate Navrood watershed erosion, erosion rate, sediment yield and factors in the relationship between the physiographic features, topog MoreBasins in terms of geology, climate and other factors on the roughness and erosion are very different, the aim of this study was to evaluate Navrood watershed erosion, erosion rate, sediment yield and factors in the relationship between the physiographic features, topography, climate, geology, geomorphology, vegetation, soil erosion is generally determined. The basin has an area of about 265/46 square kilometers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion and sediment production in the watershed and to find the sensitive areas of erosion. To achieve the above objective, the erosion potential (EPM) was used for data collection. The data collection tools, aerial photos, map types, methods and library sources are observed. In this study, using EPM (Erosion Potential Method) erosion rate in each sub-basin (sub-basin 11) has been investigated. In relation to the regional geomorphologic outcrop s is composed of 15 types. By integrating them into the structure of the slope, lithology and resistance to wear and combine them work units respectively. The erosion rate and sediment production in each experimental work units using EPM (quantitative) took place. Based on the results obtained, the following basins 4 and 5 of erosion is most severe erosion (erosion rate of 0/24 and 0/22). The highest sediment than the other sub-basins have been allocated. Because of the large number of specific erosion and deposition in the sub-basin, sub-basin compared to other high slopes and rock sensitivity to erosion, Switch, grassland and forest degradation, road-building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Identification areas susceptible to soil erosion using Fuzzy-AHP Case Study: Mahabad dam watershed
Davood Talebpoor asl Ezzatollah GhanavatiSoil erosion is always occurred as a natural event but human false interference led to accelerated soil erosion and irreversible effects. Mahabad dam watershed, due to topographic mountainous and steep slopes is very susceptibility against soil erosion. The aim of this MoreSoil erosion is always occurred as a natural event but human false interference led to accelerated soil erosion and irreversible effects. Mahabad dam watershed, due to topographic mountainous and steep slopes is very susceptibility against soil erosion. The aim of this study is to prioritize the factors affecting sediment production using fuzzy logic and AHP models and finally, generating the susceptibility mapping apron to soil erosion in Mahahbad dam watershed. At first, based on expert experiences seven factors were recognized on soil erosion including the following; slope degree, land use, time of concentration, elevation of sea, precipitation, lithology and distance to river. The susceptibility soil erosion map based on fuzzy logic and AHP models were classified in five classes. The accuracy of the erosion susceptibility map provided by the model is further checked by calculating Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI). Results show that about 102.12 km2, equivalent to 13.15% of the area has the potential to "very high" risk of erosion and sediment production, which in the sub-basins Dehbokr, Bangvyn, Qzljeh, Maraneh and Syahghol has more potential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Landslide Hazard Regionalization Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and GIS Techniques (Case Study: Zarand Watershed)
Alirza Arab Amery Amir Hossein HalabianThe purpose of this research is Landslide hazard regionalization using analytical hierarchy method and GIS technique. For this purpose affecting factors were binary compared using analytical method by indicating the weight of each factor as indicator for their effects i MoreThe purpose of this research is Landslide hazard regionalization using analytical hierarchy method and GIS technique. For this purpose affecting factors were binary compared using analytical method by indicating the weight of each factor as indicator for their effects in occurrence of landslide. Accordingly, the landslide regionalization hazard map was prepared to the use of weighed information layer and weighted coefficient of each factor. Results of this study show that the analytical hierarchy method is precise method for evaluation of landslide potential due to the use of binary comparison affecting factors and considering numerous factors for landslide evaluation at the same time in comparison to the other prevalent method and the results indicates that the percentage of high hazard class is 25 percent in AHP method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Survey Nontectonic and Erosion in Kor – Chamriz Watershed by use Quantitative Models
Saeed Negahban Azame Hidarisoil erosion is one of the most important factors that a large part of the territory of the country annual threat and reduce the quality of agricultural land and destroys the same addressing the problem of soil erosion and management strategies for prevention and weakne Moresoil erosion is one of the most important factors that a large part of the territory of the country annual threat and reduce the quality of agricultural land and destroys the same addressing the problem of soil erosion and management strategies for prevention and weakness of the negative effects it is important, Also in area where neo tectonic movements caused by tectonic activity in the area and shape responses to these impacts will occur and continue drainage area in a regional tectonic model net work waters effect drainage patterns and drainage net work and is heavily influenced this study attempts to investigate these dement delivery and activities in neo tectonics in Koor - chamriz basin its north western Fars province. The investigation method in this study was based on applicable goal and related to descriptive- analytic method and approach. The results show that the development of geological formations susceptible Vf (1/33 and 1/42) and Bs (2/02) in the drainage system and causes erosion and sedimentation in the basin. The results of morphometric data of the drainage system, geometry, with some indicators to evaluate the susceptibility to erosion groove area and empirical formulas for estimating the extent and severity of damage and sediment deposition in the region. Erosive average annual rainfall in the basin, 502/6383 ha estimated and indicated that soil erosion. 16.6average acidity of soil in the basin is for ideal for growing plant Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Combination of AHP and TOPSIS methods to prioritize of flooding in Taleghan sub watersheds
Samaneh Razavizadeh کاکا شاهدیFlood is one of the natural disasters which every year cause to great life and property damage in different parts of world. Determination and prioritization of flooding in sub-watersheds with the aim of setting priorities in policy and management practices, is of utmost MoreFlood is one of the natural disasters which every year cause to great life and property damage in different parts of world. Determination and prioritization of flooding in sub-watersheds with the aim of setting priorities in policy and management practices, is of utmost importance. In present study sub-watersheds of Taleghan watershed based on flooding potential were prioritized using AHP and TOPSIS techniques. Criteria considered for prioritization were the most important criteria affecting on rainfall infiltration, runoff and flooding potential. They include sub-watershed area, compactness coefficient, drainage density, average slope of sub watershed, mean elevation of sub watershed, the percentage of impervious area, curve number, main channel slope, main channel length, and concentration time. Results indicated that the three criteria of impervious area, CN and main channel slope, respectively, with relative weights of 0.283, 0.231 and 0.163 were the most significant parameters relating to flooding potential in sub watershed. The final results derived from combination of AHP and TOPSIS also showed that among the 16 sub-watersheds of Taleghan, three sub-watersheds of Hasanjun, Narian and Shahrak, respectively, have the highest potential of flooding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Hydrological assessment of watershed management on flood characteristics (Case Study: watershed upstream of the dam Vushmgir)
mahboobeh Hajibigloo محمد رشیدی آتبین محبتیEvaluation of watershed projects for future planning and management of natural resources based on operational plans. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the impact of watershed management practices implemented in the watershed upstream of the dam Voshmgir usi MoreEvaluation of watershed projects for future planning and management of natural resources based on operational plans. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the impact of watershed management practices implemented in the watershed upstream of the dam Voshmgir using hydrologic model HEC-HMS study. To determine the effect of corrective structures and biological actions taken, to simulate flood behavior for outcomes were available. Criteria for the assessment of peak flow and flood volume was determined and Values were calculated for both the pre and post watershed management. The results showed that the effect of these measures on peak discharge was not significant and on the amount of flooding, was significant at the 95% level. The hydrological response of the basin, increasing the return period flood events based on the impact of measures to reduce peak flow and flood volume decreases. The effect of the above parameters in the low return periods (2 to 10 years) who were the parameters of peak flow and flood volume 0.94 and 0.96 mode of action was determined. The reservoir volume correction factors before deposition reveals that flood control capability to have a return period of 10 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - The Role Evaluation of Land Use on Changes of Ground Water Quality in Lajan Watershed
Rahman Mahmood Hasan Mahmood Habibnezhad Roshan Leila GholamiThe land use cause the changes in water quality and therefore this study, the changes study of land use in years from 2002 to 2016 in Lajan watershed of the southern province of West Azerbaijan created using Landsat 5 and 8 and satellite images of TM and OIL and also GI MoreThe land use cause the changes in water quality and therefore this study, the changes study of land use in years from 2002 to 2016 in Lajan watershed of the southern province of West Azerbaijan created using Landsat 5 and 8 and satellite images of TM and OIL and also GIS. The results showed that the rangeland and rain-fed land area decreased about 135.05 and 26.16 km2, respectively, but the area of irrigated agriculture, residential land and garden land increased with amount of 112.75, 28 and of 20.37 km2, respectively. Then, 22 pits for water resources quality of underground in years 2002 and 2016 selected for the study of land use change and parameters of chemical quality including residual salts, pH, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and sodium adsorption ratio total hardness. The concentration of main ions and concentration of soluble salts measured by standard methods. Finally, the effective parameters on studied samples quality and water resources quality of underground evaluated for different applications in two years. The results showed that the water resources of underground in Lajan watershed had bicarbonate type. The Wilcox diagram showed that the more samples in the favorable category were for agricultural section and Schuler diagram also stated that the water resources of underground were in range of good to excellent for drinking application. Also, the results showed that the water quality changes did not depended to land use changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Investigation how to establishment Vetiver Grass with the approach of controlling Sediment yield and Run-off in Rangelands (Case Study: Vaz watershed)
shabanali gholamiIn the present study, Vetiver Grass has been planted on the slopes of Gazna Sara of watershed in Nour city of Mazandaran Province in two pilots and in the different slope and directions and on five lines (on countered lines) and in the watershed of each pilot. For takin MoreIn the present study, Vetiver Grass has been planted on the slopes of Gazna Sara of watershed in Nour city of Mazandaran Province in two pilots and in the different slope and directions and on five lines (on countered lines) and in the watershed of each pilot. For taking care of plants, it was enclosure and during the summer, irrigation was performed three times. The results showed that Vetiver Grass in the pilot (1) absolutely have been deployed, but in the pilot (2) Vetiver Grass has been established in the first half of year but in the second half the plant was died due to frost in low temperature (-12C°). Therefore, the survival rate in the pilot (1) reached 90% and in the pilot (2) in the first half to 60 percent but in the second half was zero. Vetiver grass could bear the maximum and minimum temperatures (29 and -9 C°) as well as the maximum and minimum relative humidity (100 and 40%). And also it has shown consistent in soil with a PH =7.5 and EC = 794 Micro-seimenc. It's average shoot and root growth the plant in the pilot (1) in the first year was 41 and 52 cm, respectively and in the pilot (2) in the first six months was 26 and 32 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Evaluation of KINEROS2 Model for Simulating Flood Hydrograph. Case study: Ziarat Watershed
issa Mollaifar Vahedberdi Sheikh Abdolreza Bahremand Hasan FaramarziThe Kinematic runoff and erosion model, KINEROS2, is an event-oriented, physically-based model to describe the processes of interception, infiltration, surface runoff and erosion from watersheds.DEM, land use, soil type and precipitation are main input data required for MoreThe Kinematic runoff and erosion model, KINEROS2, is an event-oriented, physically-based model to describe the processes of interception, infiltration, surface runoff and erosion from watersheds.DEM, land use, soil type and precipitation are main input data required for this model. Time scale of the KINEROS2 model is capable of simulating the flood hydrograph on a time minute. For evaluation of KINEROS2 Model, 8 rainfall-runoff flood events in the Ziarat watershed were selected. The events have been divided into two sets. The first set was used to run and calibrate the model and the second set was used to validate the model results. One factor at time (OAT) method has been used to carry out sensitivity analysis. The Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Manning roughness coefficient, mean capillary drive and interception depth have been chosen for manual calibration of the model. Various evaluation criteria including Nash-Sutcliffe, percent error in peak, aggregated Measure, coefficient of determination r2 and weighed coefficient of determination r2 were used to evaluate the model results. Results showed that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency is 0.665 for calibration period and 0.797 for validation period. The KINEROS2 model estimates the hydrological parameters with good accuracy in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Evaluating the effectiveness of flood control structures in Golab darreh-Darband watershed, Tehran
Baharak Motamedvaziri Hadi Kiadaliri Sasan ArefiGolabdarreh- Darband watershed is one of the watersheds of north of Tehran which pay special attention to management of these basins due to flooding of these basins to Tehran city and its potential financial and life threat. In this research, HEC-HMS software has been u MoreGolabdarreh- Darband watershed is one of the watersheds of north of Tehran which pay special attention to management of these basins due to flooding of these basins to Tehran city and its potential financial and life threat. In this research, HEC-HMS software has been used to determine the response of this watershed to floods before and after the watershed operation. Taking into account the lack of ability to determine the rainstorm corresponding to the time period before and after the flood control operations carried out in the watershed in order to investigate the studies of floods caused by single rainstorm, the investigation and statistical analysis of the rainfall and flood data related to the rain gauges and hydrometers stations located in Gulab Dareh-Darband watershed were closed and simulation of the watershed was done in the HEC-HMS software environment, so that after simulating the watershed, the flood caused by the watershed can be measured to the maximum 24-hour rainfall for the return period of 10, 25 and 100. The results of the simultaneous assessment of rainfall and flood in the studied watershed, before and after the implementation of the watershed projects, showed that the watershed operations had a direct effect on reducing floods, increasing flood infiltration and controlling it, and this effect on floods with a high return periods, there have been more so that the flood peak discharge and flood volume in the 10, 25 and 100 year return periods, after the implementation of the watershed projects, shows a decrease of 10, 27.4 and 40 percent, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Comparison of the Efficiency of Some Soil Infiltration Models Based on the Data Obtained from Double Rings in Different Land Uses (Case Study: Mikhsaz Watershed) (Case Study: Mikhsaz Watershed)
Raziyeh Kojouri mohammad reza javadiThe process of water infiltration into the soil plays a very important role in the water cycle in nature. The importance of this phenomenon has led many researchers to focus their studies in this regard. So that, they can estimate it by providing a suitable model. Since MoreThe process of water infiltration into the soil plays a very important role in the water cycle in nature. The importance of this phenomenon has led many researchers to focus their studies in this regard. So that, they can estimate it by providing a suitable model. Since, conducting infiltration studies in the field is costly and requires a lot of times, therefore, different models are used to estimate the amount of infiltration, and each of these models shows a good fit with experimental data in certain conditions. In the present research, At first, infiltration was measured using the method of double rings in forest, Rangeland and agricultural, land uses. Then, the data of infiltration values obtained from Kostiakov, Horton, Green-Ampt, American soil conservation service(SCS) and Phillip models were evaluated using Nash-Sutcliff adequacy index, explanation index and average error criterion in order to determine the most suitable infiltration estimation model. The results showed that in agricultural land use; American soil conservation service(SCS) model (with average R2=0.890, ME=1.8 and NSE=0.805), in rangeland use; American soil conservation service(SCS) model (with an average of R2=0.927, ME=0.837 and NSE=0.936) and in forest land use, the Philip model (with an average of R2=0.991, ME=0.946 and NSE =0.893) were introduced as the most suitable model in determining the estimation of Infiltration values. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Ethnobotanical investigation of medicinal plants of Glenrod watershed in Noor city
khadige mahdavi Maryam Kavianpoor Maedeh Yousefian mohammad mahdaviEthnobotany studies the relationship between people and plants, focusing on the local traditional knowledge in each region. The aim of this study is to investigate the ethnobotanical medicinal plants of the local people of Glendrood watershed in Noor city. At first, the MoreEthnobotany studies the relationship between people and plants, focusing on the local traditional knowledge in each region. The aim of this study is to investigate the ethnobotanical medicinal plants of the local people of Glendrood watershed in Noor city. At first, the information of local people about medicinal plants was collected by using a questionnaire and noted in the forms. In this region, 30 important medicinal species were identified by the people. So that the largest number of medicinal and edible plant species in the region belong to the Asteraceae and Labiate families. The use of studied plant species is used to cure colds, useful for the digestive system. The most used parts of these plants are the leaves, and then fruit or seeds. The results obtained from local reports showed that most of the preparation methods of plant species by local people are boiled and brewed and then they are used fresh or powdered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Study on land-use changes using GIS and RS techniques and . economic evaluationcompared to soil loss changes. Case study: Azad dam watershed
maarof emamgholi kaka shahedi mohamad hosein farhodi kheh bat khosraviThis study was carried out for assess changes in land-cover and land-use from 1987 to 2006 in the Azad dam watershed of Kurdistan province. For this purpose, initially using Landsat satellite images, percent of vegetation cover map was provided then by correction geomet MoreThis study was carried out for assess changes in land-cover and land-use from 1987 to 2006 in the Azad dam watershed of Kurdistan province. For this purpose, initially using Landsat satellite images, percent of vegetation cover map was provided then by correction geometric, radiometric and the season difference in imaging, the best band combination was selected and land-use maps was prepare using Maximum Similarity Likelihood algorithm and supervised classification. The overall accuracy test used to determine the accuracy of produced map. The result showed that, the area of irrigated land from 14.33% to 13.70%, dry land from 15.43% to 26.63% and poor rangelands from 24.37% to 42.17% have increased but, the average rangelands from 28.57% to 14.83% and good rangelands with shrub cover from 17.30% to 2.64% have been reduced. Also, classification accuracy in irrigation land, dry land, poor and average and good rangelands were determined 66, 74, 82, 76 and 84 percent respectively. Subsequently, the amount of soil loss and sediment yield using EPM model have been estimated that in 1987 this amount was 8.7 m3/ha/y and to 10.2 m3/ha/y for 2006 was increased. Finally, obtained results of economic estimation and occurred soil loss showed that stakeholders were damaged to 10 billion rails in the study area Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Assessment of soil erosion and watershed prioritization using empirical models EPM and MPSIAC (Case Study: Aro watershed)
reza bayat maryam rostamiAbstract Identification, evaluation and prioritization of different areas can produce valuable information for the watershed comprehensive plans, soil conservation and mitigation of the erosion types based on amoun MoreAbstract Identification, evaluation and prioritization of different areas can produce valuable information for the watershed comprehensive plans, soil conservation and mitigation of the erosion types based on amount of erosion and sedimentation. This study used the MPSIAC and EPM models as a comparison and prioritization to estimate erosion and sediment in the Aro Watershed Basin. Required data regarding the natural characteristics of studying the watershed basin was provided from comprehensive studies of Hableh-Rood basin and field studies. By using the required factors, the amount of erosion was calculated in both the models. In the MPSIAC model, erosion was calculated to be 451 m3/km2/y, whereas sediment was calculated as 233 m3/km2/y. However, the rate of erosion in the EPM model was estimated to be 378 m3/km2/y and for sediment, it was 200 m3/km2/y. The results showed that in some subbasins there was good correlation between the MPSIAC and EPM models, however in areas with high erosion the EPM model has less certainty than the MPSIAC model. The highest area was moderate class in the both of models and both of erosion and sediment in terms of spatial distribution. The results showed that EPM and MPSIAC model have not good agreement in the all classes. Prioritization of the hydrologic units showed that A4 unit in the EPM model and A-1-4-3 unit in the MPSIAC model allocated maximum of amount of erosion and deposition, in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - The effect of population growth on land use change ( case study: Vaz catchment, noor)
shabanali gholami mahmood habibneghad roshan mostafa nooripoorThe effect of population growth on land use change ( case study: Vaz catchment, noor) S.gholami[1], M.habibneghad roashan[2], M.nooripoor[3] Abstract At present research impact­ of increasing population on land use changes were investigated in Vaz MoreThe effect of population growth on land use change ( case study: Vaz catchment, noor) S.gholami[1], M.habibneghad roashan[2], M.nooripoor[3] Abstract At present research impact­ of increasing population on land use changes were investigated in Vaz catchment. The Vaz catchment is having 14,102 hectares area and it is located at Natel-Restaq region in Chamestan district and Noor city. For this research is used descriptive method. And for preparing data and information is done laboratory study, field measuring and documents collection, and also they saved in data base bank by Excel software, then they were analyzed by SPSS.16 software, and then the results of them were compared by using T- test parametric and ANOVA test, and at final stage to terracing of graphs was used EXCEL, 2000. In this study, the stages of variations land use is done at three different durations by using aerial photos with 1/20000 scale from 1345 to 1371 and up to 1381 years. And also each of land use area was determined by using of GIS tools in each of duration. The results of variance analysis are shown affirmative on impact of increasing of population for each variations of different land use area. As the results of analyzes test have shown, increasing of population on variations of different land use were significant at 95% level. [1] - Nour branch, Islamic azad university, , nour, iran [2] - Sari agricultureal sciences sciences and natural resources university [3] - Department of Natural Resources and Watershed , Nour , Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Compare the performance of AWBM, Sacramento, SimHyd, SMAR and Tank
محمد Rostami khalaj alireza Moghadamnia حسین Salmani علیرضا SepahvandAbstract Rainfall Runoff models is an important tool in the study of water management of the watersheds. Different hydrologic processes such as: infiltration, soil storage, percolation, and groundwater storage are considered to simulate runoff from the catchment in Rai MoreAbstract Rainfall Runoff models is an important tool in the study of water management of the watersheds. Different hydrologic processes such as: infiltration, soil storage, percolation, and groundwater storage are considered to simulate runoff from the catchment in Rainfall Runoff model. Because the possibility of measurement all parameters needed to evaluate watershed response is impossible, evaluate performance of a model with simple structure and using minimal input that can provide an acceptable prediction of hydrological processes, is too necessary. Purpose of this study is compare the performance of AWBM, Sacramento, SimHyd, SMAR and Tank rainfall - runoff models to simulate runoff from the Nodeh watershed in Golestan Province. The types of these models are conceptual lumped models that are in RRL with 8 calibration optimisers, the model inputs include daily precipitation, daily evapotranspiration and daily runoff values of the basin. Results showed that pattern search among other calibration optimisers provide better results. AWBM model with Nash coefficient of 0.71 for calibration and 0.63 for the evaluation have best performance among the models and the SMAR model with Nash coefficient of 0.417 and 0.338 respectively for calibration and evaluation periods among models that considered in this study have lowest performance. Also investigated models are not ability to simulate minimum and maximum values but the average values are acceptable simulation, since this model does not require much input data and their use does not require time-consuming and costly these models can be used according to the needs in water resources management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Effect of social characteristics of beneficiaries on their participation in watershed cooperatives (Case study: cooperative of Saghezchi-Chaei watershed of Ardabil province)
ardavan ghorbani amirhosein kavianpoor roohollah dabiriFor gaining the participation of living people in a watershed for cooperation of them in the watershed plans, the effective factors should be considered. In this study individuality- professionally and educational-extensional characteristics of the rural people which we MoreFor gaining the participation of living people in a watershed for cooperation of them in the watershed plans, the effective factors should be considered. In this study individuality- professionally and educational-extensional characteristics of the rural people which were the member of watershed cooperative of Saghezchi-Chaei watershed (Ardabil province), and the effect of these factors on the participation of those on the watershed cooperatives were investigated. This research was conducted based on descriptive survey design and questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the member of the watershed cooperatives rural areas including, Saghezchi, Soha, Hour, Tafieh and Raz totally 115 beneficiaries, which were inhabitant on the Saghezchi-Chaei watershed. For data analysis SPSS software were used. Obtained results from the description of individuality- professionally of beneficiaries which were the members of watershed cooperative of Saghezchi-Chaei watershed including: age, main profession, amount of education, type of profession in village, amount of skill and etc show that; firstly the only old beneficiaries with low education, and farmer and animal keeper with moderate skills have interested to participate in the watershed cooperative. Young educated people have no considerable believes to the success of watershed cooperative and they prefer more to emigrate and less interested to stay in rural area, and do different activities in the form of cooperatives. Beneficiaries view in regards to the educational programs participation for the increase of participation was considerable and they asking for this program. Moreover, according to the significance of Mann-Whithney comparison coefficient (α=0.01), familiar members with the concept of exclusure and rural cooperative crops, have the highest participation in the watershed cooperatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Comparison of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Various Work Units of Lavij Watershed
M.R Javadi tabalvandani S.A Gholami جعفر DastoraniIn this study Run off and sediment generated from rain fall simulator was investigated in lavij watershed. In this order٬slope-Lithology- geomorphology and Land use maps were intersected and then, work units map was prepared. Then, in each Work unit's tree run off and s MoreIn this study Run off and sediment generated from rain fall simulator was investigated in lavij watershed. In this order٬slope-Lithology- geomorphology and Land use maps were intersected and then, work units map was prepared. Then, in each Work unit's tree run off and sediment sampling was created by Rainfall simulator. Results show that٬ the Maximum potential of runoff generation was approved ٬in work unit of number fifteen with range land and 15-30% slop, also the Maximum potential of Sediment suspended production was approved ٬in work unit of number teen with range land and 15-30% and shemshak formation. The minimum run off and suspende sediment production were approved in work unit number one with range land and 12-15% and Elika formation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Comprehensive Biophysical-Economic Modeling of Climate and Agriculture (Case Study: Roodshour Watershed)
Abouzar Parhizkari gholamreza yavari abolfazl mahmoodi gholamreza bakhshi khanikiIn this study using panel dataset (combining the time series data related to the climatic variables of rainfall during 1986-2016 and the cross sectional data related to the base year 2015-2016) the comprehensive biophysical-economic modeling of climate and agriculture i MoreIn this study using panel dataset (combining the time series data related to the climatic variables of rainfall during 1986-2016 and the cross sectional data related to the base year 2015-2016) the comprehensive biophysical-economic modeling of climate and agriculture in Roodshour watershed basin was studied. In order to achieve the applied results, modeling is done by combining two parts of the biophysical (the products yield estimation model) and the economic (positive mathematical programming model) under mild, moderate and severe testing scenarios and with advanced programming in the GAMS 24.7 software environment. The results show that after year 2001, behavioral pattern of rainfall climate variable was accompanied with a decreasing trend in the Roodeshoor basin. With occurrence of the climate change resulting from rainfall reduction under mild, medium and intense scenarios, the available water resources decreased 5/75 to 13/8 percent, agricultural products decreased 3/60 to 8/54 percent and farmers' gross profit decreased 2/71 to 8/04 percent. But the economic value of irrigation water increases 5/13 to 12/7 percent ratio to base year. Finally, in order to protection of the water resources in the Roodeshoor basin and coping with the effects of climate change, Redetermination of the rate of water charge to farmers on the basis of equality consideration, fallow-lands and equipping farms to modern irrigation systems were proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - A Novel Transformation Watershed Image Segmentation Model in Digital Elevation Maps Processing
Aref Safari -
Open Access Article
119 - Study on improving living conditions of rural watershed for residents from the tourism and Eco-tourism projects
Mona Tariverdi Ghassem Habibi Bibalani Jalal MahmoudiProtection of natural resources such as forest, grassland is essential and should with all emprise. With regard to sustainable tourism can be a good tool to create the appropriate fields of economy such as income and employment, and can be relied on natural tourism. Thi MoreProtection of natural resources such as forest, grassland is essential and should with all emprise. With regard to sustainable tourism can be a good tool to create the appropriate fields of economy such as income and employment, and can be relied on natural tourism. This study aimed to examine the positive and negative effects of tourism and Eco-tourism development on the conservation status of the watershed. The watershed covers an area of 14102 hectares in the basin of Northern Alborz (49) is located in the southern heights Chamestan section. The study population of indigenous people, tourists and the sample size was determined based on the formula 220. For this purpose, after field studies 3 3 questionnaire on the level of experts, locals and tourists on a Likert scale was prepared, sampling methods in this study was based on random sampling. Variables using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficients were analyzed. The results showed that the success of tourism projects and partnerships between local residents and tourism projects and improve the livelihood of the residents of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Climate change impacts on nitrogen and phosphorus loading in New England watersheds
Jenna Baker Timothy Randhir -
Open Access Article
121 - High Performance Implementation of Fuzzy C-Means and Watershed Algorithms for MRI Segmentation
Farnaz Hoseini Ghader Mortezaie Dekahi -
Open Access Article
122 - Assessing capacity and providing sustainable livelihood strategies in the Zagros region with emphasis on legal and environmental aspects (Case study: Dena watershed)
afshin jafari ALI ShojaeifardThe aim of this study is to assess the potential of Dena watershed and provide sustainable livelihood strategies. This is a practical goal that used a combined model to assess the strength of the Central Zagros region. First, ecological parameters were identified to ass MoreThe aim of this study is to assess the potential of Dena watershed and provide sustainable livelihood strategies. This is a practical goal that used a combined model to assess the strength of the Central Zagros region. First, ecological parameters were identified to assess the ecological potential, and then layers were prepared by georeferencing, digitization, and timing. The study used data from Landsat 7 and IRS satellite imaging images. The layers overlapped and classified in the ArcGIS software, version9.2. In the next step, SCORE technique and reference to expert opinions were used to formulate the strategies. The results showed that 20.9% of the region needs protection and 19.8% is suitable for forestry. The lowest percentage of suitable use for the region belongs to the protection of water resources and then residential development. Analysis of the internal and external environment of sustainable livelihood management in the study area shows that opportunities and strengths have a higher average score than restrictions and risks. Finally, 11 management and legal strategies for sustainable livelihoods were developed in the Dena watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Analyzing Rural Development In The Catchment Area of Lake Urmia
aliakbar taghilo ahmad aftab reza khosrobeigiIn planning and development of rural areas is important investigate local and regional differences, Factors affecting the development and modification of existing inequalities is of utmost importance.The purpose of this study was to evaluate rural development and rural MoreIn planning and development of rural areas is important investigate local and regional differences, Factors affecting the development and modification of existing inequalities is of utmost importance.The purpose of this study was to evaluate rural development and rural development is causal explanation. The research is applications and methodology based on a descriptive - analytical. The study area is rural of catchment of Lake Uremia. The indicators of development are Indicators Statistical Center of Iran. TOPSIS model and the model of cluster analysis were used to assess the rate of development and rural classification. The results show that the most highly developed villages (15 villages) in the study area on land with slopes less than 5%, 8 villages are in slopes ranging from 5 to 12 percent and 3 villages on the slopes of over 12 percent are located. Of highly developed villages on slopes less than 5% is located 4 villages in Kurdistan province, 11 villages in East Azerbaijan province. From 8 villages located on a slope of 5 to 12 percent, East and West Azerbaijan provinces, each with 4 and 3 villages are very developed village located in the top 12 percent of land is located in the West Azerbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Assessment of Erodibility and Desedimentation in Pileh Rood Watershed in "Ardabil" with Fuzzy Technique
Rasol Samadzadeh Sharareh HaddadyIn the end of the eastern side of Azerbaijan volcanic plateau, in the altitudes of Sabalan and Baghrodagh, there is a relatively closed structural depression and pit called Ardabil plain that all surrounding altitudes are directed toward it. Different structure with va MoreIn the end of the eastern side of Azerbaijan volcanic plateau, in the altitudes of Sabalan and Baghrodagh, there is a relatively closed structural depression and pit called Ardabil plain that all surrounding altitudes are directed toward it. Different structure with various resistance rates, enjoying cold semidried climate, the lack of vegetation coverage, and the dominant negative trends on a extensive part of mountain plain of the areas have caused these areas especially the naturally formed watersheds in them to have a relatively high Erosibility power. The main purpose of present study is the evaluation of erosion and erosion Desedimentation in Pileh Rood watershed as one of sub _basins of folding altitudes of Namin located in northern side of Ardabil. In this study, in addition to aerial photography at the scale of 1: 55,000, topographic maps scale of 1: 50,000 and geology map 1:100000 filed erosion and sedimentation are measured by logic fuzzy method. Finally, this technique was compared with empirical method of P.S.I.A.C and the given erosion limits was evaluated and compared through observations and field work. Using fuzzy modeling with minimum input data by the two -variable model and comparing it with P.S.I.A.C model it was concluded that the fuzzy logic - soil erosion prediction models are efficient at locating and differentiating areas of soil erosion with minimum input data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Analysis the Effective Components on Participation of Villagers in Implementation of Watershed Management Projects in Mahabad Dam Watershed
Solieman Rasouliazar Saeid Fealy Nahavand -
Open Access Article
126 - Effective Factors on Rural People’s Non-Participation of Mahabad’s Dam Catchment in Watershed Management Projects
Soleiman Rasouliazar Saeid FealyThe purpose of this descriptive-correlation study was to investigate effective factors on rural people’s non-participation of Mahabad’s dam catchment in Watershed Management Projects. The research instrument was structural questionnaire with close-ended ques MoreThe purpose of this descriptive-correlation study was to investigate effective factors on rural people’s non-participation of Mahabad’s dam catchment in Watershed Management Projects. The research instrument was structural questionnaire with close-ended questions, which its validity confirmed by panel of academic staff and reliability of questionnaire was confirmed. The target population of this study consisted of all householders who lived in Mahabad’s dam catchment (N=2458) out of them, according to Cochran's formula 175 people were selected by using cluster sampling in a simple randomization method (n=175). The descriptive results showed lack of financial ability for participating in watershed management, lack of awareness about watershed management efficiency, the long term rate of return on the investment attracted in watershed management were the main variables related to rural people’s non participation in watershed management. By applying Factor Analysis Explanatory Technique, effective factors on rural people’s non-participation in watershed management were reduced to five factors namely weakness of agricultural extension services, getting watershed management out of governmental control, no achieving success to implement another rural projects by government, and no considering local individuals or organization by government. These five factors expressed 84% of the total variance of the non-participation people on Mahabad’s dam catchment in watershed management projects. Therefore points to these factors could solve the barriers of non-participation people on Mahabad’s dam catchment in watershed management projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Landslide Hazard Zonation Using AHP Model (A case study: Ayvashan damwatershed, Lorestan)
Siamak Baharvand Salman Soori -
Open Access Article
128 - Landslide Hazards Zonation Using the Overlap Index and AHP Method (Case Study: Sattarkhan Dam Watershed)
Somayeh Nemati Naser Abdi -
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Mohammad Bahrami Ali Rahimi -
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Mohsen Ghane Sayed Reza Alvankar -
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A.R Mardookhpour -
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134 - Using SWAT Model to Investigate the Impact of Rangeland Management Practices on Water Conservation (Case Study: Gorganroud Watershed, Golestan, Iran)
Mohadeseh Zadsar Mojgansadat Azimi -
Open Access Article
135 - Determining Range Suitability Using Fuzzy and Hierarchical Method (Case Study: Bagheran Birjand Watershed, South Khorasan Province, Iran)
Einollah Rouhi Moghaddam Halimeh Joloro Hadi Memarian -
Open Access Article
136 - Ecological Potential Modeling for Agricultural and Rangeland Development Using GIS-based FAHP Approach: A Case Study of Razin Watershed
Saeed Mahmoudi Mahmud Khoramivafa Moslem Hadidi -
Open Access Article
137 - Biophysical Characteristics of Deli River Watershed to Know Potential Flooding in Medan City, Indonesia
Sumihar Hutapea -
Open Access Article
138 - Assessment of Deli Watershed Flood that Caused Some Damage in Medan City, Indonesia
Sumihar Hutapea -
Open Access Article
139 - Characterization of Rangeland Watershed of the Semi-arid Rangelands, Southeast Ethiopia
Mahammed Abdullahi Abdulnaser Yonus -
Open Access Article
140 - Estimation of Evapotranspiration of Rangeland Cover Using SEBAL Algorithm in Robat Mahidasht Region, Kermanshah, Iran
Homaion Hesadi Abdoulkarim Behnia Ali Mohammd Akhoond-Ali Seyed Mahmoud Kashefi Pour Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh Ali Reza Karimi -
Open Access Article
141 - Assessment of the Monthly Water Balance in an Arid Region Using TM Model and GIS (Case Study: Pishkouh Watershed, Iran)
Jalal Barkhordari Ali Asghar Semsar Yazdi -
Open Access Article
142 - Influence of Pasture and Rainfed Agriculture Land Uses on Soil Loss in Dojag-Chay Subwatershed (Ardabil Province- NW Iran)
R. Talaei A. Jafari Ardakani F. Azimi R. Bayat M. Parehkar -
Open Access Article
143 - Prediction of Land Use Management Scenarios Impact on Water Erosion Risk in Kashidar Watershed, Azadshahr, Golestan Province
Davoud Akhzari Samaneh Eftekhari Ahandani Behnaz Attaeian Alireza Ildoromi -
Open Access Article
144 - A Multi-Criteria Evaluation approach to Delineation of Suitable Areas for Planting Trees (Case Study: Juglans regia in Gharnaveh Watershed of Golestan Province)
A. Mashayekhan A. Salman Mahiny -
Open Access Article
145 - Sensitivity Analysis of MPSIAC Model
Najmeh Behnam Mansoor Parehkar Ebrahim Pazira -
Open Access Article
146 - Multi-Criteria Evaluation Model for Desertification Hazard Zonation mapping Using GIS (Study Area: Trouti Watershed, Golestan, Iran)
Armin Mashayekhan Farhad Honardoust -
Open Access Article
147 - Probabilistic Landslide Risk Analysis and Mapping (Case Study: Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province, Iran)
Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Majid Ownegh Amir Sadaldin Armin Mashayekhan -
Open Access Article
148 - The Study of Some Habitat Characteristics of Hulthemia persica in Gonbad Watershed in Hamedan (Iran)
Ali Ariapour Ghasem Asadian Roya Rezaei -
Open Access Article
149 - Using the fuzzy methods to examine changes in brain lesions and atrophy from MRI images for rapid diagnosis of MS
Alireza BanitalebidehkordiMultiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease that affects the central nervous system, during which the myelin present on the nerve fibers that have a protective role is destroyed, and therefore the conduction of electric current is disturbed and the symptoms of MS disease appear MoreMultiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease that affects the central nervous system, during which the myelin present on the nerve fibers that have a protective role is destroyed, and therefore the conduction of electric current is disturbed and the symptoms of MS disease appear. TIn this disease, the white blood cells that play a defensive role in the body attack the myelin, which is a protection for nerve fibers, as a foreign agent, and each time these blood cells attack the nerve fibers of one of the organs of the patient's body. which is unclear, that organ will have problems. The best way to diagnose MS is to examine brain MRI images. Therefore, the existence of a fast and accurate method to evaluate changes in brain atrophy or the creation and increase of lesions (plaques) caused by this disease is a key component in diagnosing and evaluating the progress of the disease and the effectiveness of its treatment courses. Manual detection of changes in lesions (plaques) and brain atrophy caused by this disease usually requires a trained specialist and is very slow and difficult, and the results are somewhat subjective. Therefore, the existence of an automatic system for extracting and checking these changes is essential. Although many automatic methods have been proposed, the segmentation results are not accurate enough. As a result, there is a great need to develop a strong, fast and accurate method to diagnose MS and brain lesions caused by it. In this article, by combining two fuzzy methods and the controlled watershed algorithm, we propose a fast method with high accuracy to diagnose MS from brain MR images. Manuscript profile
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