Assessing capacity and providing sustainable livelihood strategies in the Zagros region with emphasis on legal and environmental aspects (Case study: Dena watershed)
Subject Areas : Rural and nomadic studies
afshin
jafari
1
(Assistant Professor of International Law, Payame-noor University, Tehran, Iran)
ALI
Shojaeifard
2
(Assistant Professor of International Law, Payame-noor University, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: Zagros, Sustainable livelihood, Environment Law, Evaluation of power, Dena watershed,
Abstract :
The aim of this study is to assess the potential of Dena watershed and provide sustainable livelihood strategies. This is a practical goal that used a combined model to assess the strength of the Central Zagros region. First, ecological parameters were identified to assess the ecological potential, and then layers were prepared by georeferencing, digitization, and timing. The study used data from Landsat 7 and IRS satellite imaging images. The layers overlapped and classified in the ArcGIS software, version9.2. In the next step, SCORE technique and reference to expert opinions were used to formulate the strategies. The results showed that 20.9% of the region needs protection and 19.8% is suitable for forestry. The lowest percentage of suitable use for the region belongs to the protection of water resources and then residential development. Analysis of the internal and external environment of sustainable livelihood management in the study area shows that opportunities and strengths have a higher average score than restrictions and risks. Finally, 11 management and legal strategies for sustainable livelihoods were developed in the Dena watershed.
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Zenteno, M, Z., Pieter A., Jong, W., Boot, and René G.A. (2013). Livelihood strategies and forest dependence: New insights from Bolivian forest communities. Forest Policy and Economics, 26, 12-21.
Zhong-Wu, L., Guang-Ming, Z., Hua, Z., Bin, Y., Sheng, J. (2007). The integrated eco-environment assessment of the red soil hilly region based on GIS— a case study in Changsha City, China, ecological modeling. 202. 540–546.
Zwiers, S. Markantoni, M. and Strijker, D. (2016). The role of change- and stability-oriented place attachment in rural community resilience: a case study in south-west Scotland, Community Development Journal, 51 (4): 2- 20.
_||_Abdoli, A. (2010). Investigation of the status of fish in the Central Zagros region in order to determine the index species and provide solutions to protect them, DOE. 144 P. 15. (in Persian)
Akrami, F., Karimi, A., Abbasi, M., Shahrivari, A. (2018). Adapting the principles of biomedical ethics to Islamic principles and values in the context of public health policy. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 2018; 17(49): 46-59. (in Persian) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323586321_Adapting_the_principles_of_biomedical_ethics_to_islamic_principles_and_values_in_the_context_of_public_health_policy.
Arashpour, A.R. (2014). International Responsibility for Violating Environmental Obligations, Tehran, Eternal Publishing, Forest. (in Persian)
Bahmanpour, H., Bali, A. (2015). Assessment of the ecological potential of Central Zagros, Central Zagros Biodiversity Conservation Project, Environmental Protection Agency and United Nations Development Program, p.180. (in Persian)
Briedenhann, J. and Wickens, E. (2017). Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas vibrant hope or impossible dream?, Tourism Management, 25 (2): 71-79
Burger, P., Christen, M. (2010). Toward a capability approach of sustainability. Journal of Cleaner. xxx, 1-9.
Cochran, J.C., Lynch, M.J., Toman, E.L. (2016). Court Sentencing Patterns for Environmental Crimes: Is There a “Green” Gap in Punishment?, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, volume 34, pages37–66. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-016-9322-9.
Currie, Christine and Falconer, Peter. (2013). Maintaining Sustainable Island Destinations in Scotland: The role of the transport–tourism relationship, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.
Dabiri, F., Poorhashemi, S.A., Khalatbari, Y., Zarei, S. (2016). Formation and Development of "Future Generation Rights" Concept in International Environmental Law, J. Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 18, No.3, autumn 2016. (Persian). https://www.sid.ir/FileServer/JF/69213950313, (in Persian).
Department for International Development. (2006). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, London, UK: DFID.
DOE, 2019, Central Zagros Biodiversity Conservation Project, Deputy of Natural Environment, Zagros Project Office, Research Report, Volume One, 210 pp
Eddie, W.L., Li, H., Yu, L. (2007). A GIS approach to shopping mall location selection. Building and Environment. 42: 884–892.
Eftekhari, Abdolreza; Mahdavi, Davood; Pourtaheri, Mehdi (2011), Evaluation of tourism sustainability in historical and cultural villages of Iran with emphasis on sustainable tourism development paradigm, Tourism Studies Quarterly, Vol. 14, pp. 88-65. (in Persian)
Fredericks, S.E. 2016. Justice in sustainability indicators and indexes. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 19, 490–499. doi/abs/10.1080/13504509.2012.714807
Hatami Nejad, H., Ghorbani, R., Asghari,T. 2015. Healthy cities and urban environment, Third National Conference on Environment, Energy and Biosafety, Tehran. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ECONF03-ECONF03_161.html. (in Persian)
Hosseini, S.H., Daneshfard, K., Memarzadeh Tehran, G.R., Bahmanpour, H. 2019. Validation of Networking Approach in Environmental Policy in IRAN to Decrease Environmental Pollution by Factor Analysis Method, Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 3 (2), 2019: 1-9, DOI: 10.22034/ap.2019.668486. (in Persian)
Izadi, B. (2011). Development of strategy and action plan to establish a participatory approach in the field activities of the Zagros project. (in Persian)
Jafari, Ali. (2014). Guidelines for Determining and Managing Focal Biodiversity in the Central Zagros Project Area. (in Persian)
Jennifer, K., Strickland-Munro, J.K., Allison, H.E., Moore, S.A. (2010). Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 499–519.
Jozi S.A., Zaredar, N., Rezaeian, S. ( 2010). Evaluation of Ecological Capability using Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation Method (SMCE) (Case study: Implementation of Indoor Recreation in Varjin Protected Area – Iran), International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 3.
Kabir, A., Mahdavi, M., Bahremand, M., Noora, N. (2011). Application of a geographical information system (GIS) based hydrological model for flow prediction in Gorganrood river basin, Iran, African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 6(1): 35-45. (in Persian)
Larrson, Marielouise(2009), Legal Definitions of Environment and Environmental Damage, Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law.
Lorio M. and Corsale, A. (2010). Rural tourism and livelihood strategies in Romania. J. Rural Stud. 26:152-162.
Makhdoom, M. (2003). Fundamentals of land use planning, 4th edit, Tehran University Edition, (in Persian).
Mathew, P. V. Sreejesh, S. (2017). Influence of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31 (1): 83- 89.
Mehdizadeh, J. (2012). City and Landscape: The Role of Urban Upholstery in Urban Environmental Quality, Urban Planning, - No: 37-38. (Persian). http://noo.rs/hTjua. (in Persian)
Nouri, J., Sharifipour, R. (2004). Ecological Capability Evaluation of Rural Development by Means of GIS, Iranian J Env Health Sci Eng, 2004, Vol.1, No .2, pp.81-90, (in Persian).
OECD. (2001). Sustainable Development: Critical Issues. OECD, Paris.
Pirmohammadi, Z., Feghhi, J., Amiri, G.Z., Sharifi, M. (2010). Environmental capability evaluation appropriate to ecotourism in Zagros forests (Case study: Saman-e-orfie Cham-Haji of Kakareza forest in Lorestan province). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. Vol. 18 No. 2 pp. 230-241. (in Persian)
PRI. (2009). Study of biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians in the Central Zagros region in order to determine the species and provide solutions to protect them, Pars Reptiles Institute.
Safari, A., De Smedt, F., Moreda, F. (2009). WetSpa model application in the Distributed Model Inter comparison Project (DMIP2). J. Hydrol., doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol. (in Persian)
-Salter, GfjR. (1994). European Environmental Law, International Environmental Law and policy series, (loose-leaf).
SCC. (2010). Surrounding Cooperative Company, Review of land use changes in the Central Zagros region using remote sensing technique and geographic information system
SEHN. (2008). Science and Environmental Health Network, The International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, models for Protecting the environment for future generations, October 2008, pp. 12. 25.30. http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp
Shen, F. (2009). Tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods Approach: Application within the Chinese Context. Ph.D. Thesis, Lincoln University.
Shen, F., Hughey, K. F. D., and Simmons, D. G. (2008). Connecting the sustainable livelihoods approach and tourism: A review of the literature, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 15 (1): 19–31.
Tayebi S. and Shiraziyan S.(2019). Introduction to the International Responsibility of Governments for Environmental Damage Translation by Sobhan Tayebi and Shirin Shiraziyan, Khorsandi Publishing House. (in Persian)
Teresa, C. H. and Wall, T. G. (2009). Tourism as a sustainable livelihood strategy, Tourism Management, 30: 90- 98. (in Persian)
Xu, D., Zhang, J., Rasul, G., Liu, S., Xie, F., Cao, M., and Liu, E. (2015). Household livelihood strategies and dependence on agriculture in the mountainous settlements in the three Gorges Reservoir Area, China, Sustainability, 7(5), 4850-4869.
Youa, H. and Zhang, X. (2017). Sustainable livelihoods and rural sustainability in China: Ecologically secure, economically efficient or socially equitable, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 120 (2): 1- 13.
Zenteno, M, Z., Pieter A., Jong, W., Boot, and René G.A. (2013). Livelihood strategies and forest dependence: New insights from Bolivian forest communities. Forest Policy and Economics, 26, 12-21.
Zhong-Wu, L., Guang-Ming, Z., Hua, Z., Bin, Y., Sheng, J. (2007). The integrated eco-environment assessment of the red soil hilly region based on GIS— a case study in Changsha City, China, ecological modeling. 202. 540–546.
Zwiers, S. Markantoni, M. and Strijker, D. (2016). The role of change- and stability-oriented place attachment in rural community resilience: a case study in south-west Scotland, Community Development Journal, 51 (4): 2- 20.
