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Open Access Article
1 - Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Bacteria Co-Symbiosis on Steviol Glycosides Content in Herb Plant of Stevia
M. Farid H. Mozafari E. Mohammadi GoltapehIntroduction: Stevia might be used as a new source of sweetener but without containing sugar and is a suitable alternative to sucrose. It is important in health care and solving restrictions of sugar consumption by diabetics. Therefore the aim of this study is to evalua MoreIntroduction: Stevia might be used as a new source of sweetener but without containing sugar and is a suitable alternative to sucrose. It is important in health care and solving restrictions of sugar consumption by diabetics. Therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria co-symbiosis on steviol glycosides content in herbal plant of stevia. Materials and Methods: The effect of mycorrhizal fungi in three and rhizobium bacteria in five concentrations were conducted on stevia through factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of the faculty of Agriculture and Food at Tarbiat Modares University. Results: The results revealed that the effect of mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobium bacteria and its interactions were significant on all characteristics. The highest percent of stevioside and rebaudioside A glycosides was gained in b0f25 and b100f50 treatments, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that co-symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria with stevia could efficiently improve the economical yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Antimicrobial Activity of Echinophora platyloba Aqueous Extract on Gas- Producing Fungi in Doogh
F. Edadi Ebrahimi A. Javadi -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation of urban traffic on the accumulation of heavy elements of lead and cadmium in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and the effect of mycorrhiza (Glomus mossea) symbiosis on it
zahra Alinezhad , Seyed Ali Abtahi Mojtaba Jafarinia Jafar YasrebiBackground and Objective: Nowadays, heavy metal pollution has become a serious environmental problem. To protect the environment, one of the effective and low-cost methods is phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove, reduce and stabilize polluta MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, heavy metal pollution has become a serious environmental problem. To protect the environment, one of the effective and low-cost methods is phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove, reduce and stabilize pollutants. In this regard, the use of fungi that symbiosis with plants, can increase the efficiency of phytoremediation, reduce the time required to remove contamination, and develop its application. Material and Methodology: This experiment was performed in order to investigate the traffic and symbiosis interaction’s effects on lead and cadmium accumulation in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The experiment donen in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and three factors as factorial. The first factor includes mycorrhiza symbiosis (control and inoculation), the second factor was traffic (Control, 120, 300, 600, 950, 1200, 1800, 2400, 3000, 3600, and 4200 cars per hour) and the third factor was the type of pot (Controls and pots where the soil surface is covered except at the place of seedlings) with three replications in 2019-2020 in Shiraz metropolis. In the experiment some properties were investigated such as root weight, soil cadmium, shoot cadmium, root cadmium, stem length, main root length, plant dry weight, root lead, cadmium, and lead transfer factors. Findings: The results of mean comparisons showed that inoculation of plants with mycorrhizal fungi )Glomus mossea (had higher lead content of root tissue than shoots and soil in 4200 cars per hour compared to the control. Symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi increased root weight and plant dry weight, stem length, and main root length compared to the control by 23.93, 18.97, 0.82 and 30.87% in 4200 car traffic per hour, respectively. The results also showed that the treatment of closed pots and inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi increased the growth parameters and decreased cadmium and lead. Discussion and Conclusion: The reduction of cadmium and lead concentrations in the inoculated rosemary with Glomus mosses indicates that Rosmarinus officinalis L. can grow in soils contaminated with cadmium and lead. Also, the symbiosis of mycorrhizae increases th ability of rosemary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A Critique of Jurisprudential Theories of the Need or No Need to Compensate for the Inflation
Morteza Mohammadirad Seyyedmohammad Shafieidarabi Nasrin KarimiThe devaluation of money is one of the challenging legal concepts of jurisprudence. Existing theories presented for the money with its past nature do not meet the real needs of the situation. Falling into disagreement with the nature of money causes the To unravel the n MoreThe devaluation of money is one of the challenging legal concepts of jurisprudence. Existing theories presented for the money with its past nature do not meet the real needs of the situation. Falling into disagreement with the nature of money causes the To unravel the nature of money throughout history, different views have been offered as to the necessity or necessity of compensating for the devaluation of money. However, the question arises whether in long-term monetary debt, and Should the nominal value of the banknote be calculated at the time of the religion if the value of the currency has decreased, or if the exchange-value is required Consider the borrowed money? The answer to this important question, on the one hand, requires careful examination of the dimensions of the issue of credit money, and on the other hand, requires convincing jurisprudential evidence. The hypothesis proved in this article is Because what makes them attractive in credit money is the power to buy and exchange money, not face value, and pay the same attention to religion and jurisprudence to compensate for the devaluation of money. This research is completely descriptive-analytical and with data gathering from library sources. The legal and jurisprudential authorities have tried to clarify the hidden and invisible aspects of the aforementioned problem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The effects of vegetative and generative shoots of Ajuga Chamaecistus, A. austro-iranica against some bactria and fungi strains
Farkhondeh Rezanejad Sedigheh MehrabianObjectives: Study of antimicrobial effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of vegetative and reproductive structures of A. Chamaecistus and A. austro-iranica on several fungi and bacteria Materials and Methods: Aquatic and methanolic extracts prepared from Ajuga Cham MoreObjectives: Study of antimicrobial effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of vegetative and reproductive structures of A. Chamaecistus and A. austro-iranica on several fungi and bacteria Materials and Methods: Aquatic and methanolic extracts prepared from Ajuga Chamaecistus, A. austro-iranica were tested for antibacterial activity against gram positive (Satphyloccocus aureous and Streptococus pyogenes) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria and Aspergillus niger and fusarium solani. The vegetative and generative shoots of plants were powdered, sterilized, and extracted at 4°C with methanol and water. The concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mgml-1 of methanolic and aquatic extracts were used to detect the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All experiments were tested three times. The antibacterial effects were evaluated using the cup-plate and antifugal activity using cup-plate and pour plate Results: The antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts showed that only the leaf extract (vegetative extract) of A. chamaecistus is effective on S. aureus showing that in gram-negative bacteria, the presence of a lipopolysaccharide wall causes greater resistance. Methanolic extracts of both species were more active than aqueous extracts and had antimicrobial effects on all tested bacteria as well as A. niger. In both species, the extracts of the generative parts showed a stronger antifungal effect. In different species of this genus, the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenoids that have antimicrobial properties confirms the antimicrobial properties of this species. However, the amount of their effect depends on plant and microbe species, the tested parts (plant organs), the extracts concentration, the sampling season, the sample age and soil type. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Comprehensive study of microbial contamination of drinking water in Mashhad
Farahnaz Molavi Ali Qaraee Najafabadi Negar Azani Zeinab Javanshir Mohadese Eslahi AmirHosein Alizade Faeze Gholami BaharObjective: Mashhad is the most important city in the country due to its tourist and pilgrimage attractions, and ensuring the safety of its drinking water is very important, especially for travelers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial quality o MoreObjective: Mashhad is the most important city in the country due to its tourist and pilgrimage attractions, and ensuring the safety of its drinking water is very important, especially for travelers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial quality of drinking water in MashhadMaterials and methods: This is a field research and a cross-sectional study. Sampling locations were determined by systematic sampling method. The drinking water of 15 selected stations was studied during 10 months from February 2019 to the end of December 2011. Each station was sampled 4 times in 4 different seasons. The samples were studied in three parts of bacterial, fungal and protozoan contamination assessment, according to existing standards.Findings: The microbial quality of Mashhad's drinking water supply sources was very favorable in terms of total and faecal coliform contamination and was in line with the national standard. From a total of 220 fungal colonies grown, 7 different genera of fungi were identified. In general, the average CFU of isolated fungi for samplesper 100 ml of water was 6.2.The most common isolated fungus was Aspergillus (40.45%) and the least isolated colony was related to Fusarium (1.3%). No samples of protozoans or cysts related to protozoans were observed in any station.Conclusion: According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization in 2006 for evaluating the microbial health of water, the drinking water quality of Mashhad was in accordance with the national standard. Mashhad's drinking water also contains various fungi. Therefore, it is suggested that in the regular monitoring of the urban water system in terms of microbial contamination, fungi should also be investigated as one of the important microorganisms. Regarding contamination with protozoa, no contamination was observed. In order to maintain the desirability of drinking water in Mashhad city, it is suggested that the water and sewage company continuously monitor the quality of drinking water sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - An Improved Process for the Production of 5-Methyl-1,2,4-triazolo(3,4-b) benzothiazole as a Fungicide
Abbas Ahmadi Babak Nahri-Niknafs -
Open Access Article
8 - New Benzimidazoles Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Activities
Abbas Ahmadi Babak Nahri-Niknafs -
Open Access Article
9 - Isolation and evaluation of the efficacy of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. for biological control of Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers) Pomel. ) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. )
Moslem Taghipour Ghorbanali asadi Mehdi Rastgoo Mahmoodreza karimi shariAbstractThe use of soil fungi such as Fusarium is one of the strategies for controlling and managing parasitic plants. Accordingly, in order to evaluate the pathogenic potential, Fusariumoxysporum was isolated from the stems of infected plants of Phelipancheaegyptiaca a MoreAbstractThe use of soil fungi such as Fusarium is one of the strategies for controlling and managing parasitic plants. Accordingly, in order to evaluate the pathogenic potential, Fusariumoxysporum was isolated from the stems of infected plants of Phelipancheaegyptiaca and after identification, it was tested in a greenhouse using two treatments inoculated with fungal suspension. F. oxysporum and control treatment (no inoculation) were performed. In the inoculated treatment, fungal suspension with a concentration of 107 × 5 spores per ml, at a rate of 50 ml per pot and in the control treatment, tap water was used. Studied traits were including total number of parasite stems, number of parasite stems removed, number of diseased and dead parasite stems, number of healthy parasite stems, and number of flowering stems, number of parasite stems per plant, stem height of the parasite and the dry weight of Egyptian broomrape and tomato plants. The results of comparing the mean of the two treatments with t-test showed a significant difference in the dry weight of broomrape and tomato so that the mean dry weight of broomrape in the treatment inoculated with F. oxysporum (6 g), compared to the control treatment (16.84 g), was 2.8 times lower. Also, the highest dry weight of tomato (36.43 g) was observed in the inoculated treatment with F. oxysporum, which increased by 44.27% compared to the control with 25.25 g. In the host range test, none of the tested plants showed signs of persistent infection, including permanent wilting and necrosis. In general, the use of this fungus in the biological control of Egyptian broomrape could have an effect on all studied traits, reduce the dry weight of Egyptian broomrape and increase the dry matter of tomato. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Study on the fungicidal effects of WELGRO® Cu+Zn in controlling rice blast disease under field condition
Hadis Shahbazi Freydoun Padash dehkaei Faramarz Alinia Seyedeh Akram Mousavi Qaleh RoudkhaniRice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara is considered the most damaging disease of native rice cultivars in the north of Iran, so its chemical management has a special priority. In this study, the efficacy of 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/ha of WELGRO® (34.5% Copp MoreRice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara is considered the most damaging disease of native rice cultivars in the north of Iran, so its chemical management has a special priority. In this study, the efficacy of 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/ha of WELGRO® (34.5% Copper and 37.3% Zinc) in controlling rice blast disease in comparison with 0.5 kg/ha of Tricyclazole (75% WP) were evaluated in field conditions in a randomized complete block design with four replications, in Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh and Rasht. For this purpose, Hashemi seedlings were transplanted at a distance of 20×20 cm in the 4×5 m plots. Treatments were applied at the first appearance of disease symptoms in the region for leaf blast and after heading for panicle blast. In the control treatments, water was sprayed. Leaf and panicle blast disease percentages were assessed seven days after the first spraying and one week before harvest, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of 2 kg/ha of WELGRO® compared to the control not only reduced leaf, node, neck, and panicle blast disease, 25.77, 24.22, 38.44, and 8.41% in Rasht and 58.70, 29.05, 43.11, and 43.15% in Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, respectively, but also its efficacy in controlling blast disease and its yield and yield components was very close to that of Ticyclazole. It should be noted that the results of the present study were obtained in a situation where the severity of the blast disease in the experimental field was not in an outbreak state. If the disease is in epidemic conditions, not only the use of 2 kg/ha WELGRO®, but also the 0.5 kg/ha tricyclazole is not efficient for blast disease control. If a rice blast epidemic is not predicted, the use of WELGRO® in rotation with other fungicides can control the disease, delay fungicide resistance, and also it can be used in organic rice production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) on pathogenicity of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and histopathological changes in infected tomato plant
Fatemeh Sohrabi Ali Akbar Fadaei TehraniThe root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) is one of the most important pathogens in many crops, especially in tomato. Formation of giant cells by nematode is the most important histological changes in disease process. Two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal s MoreThe root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) is one of the most important pathogens in many crops, especially in tomato. Formation of giant cells by nematode is the most important histological changes in disease process. Two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices were used to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on pathogenicity and histopathological changes of root-knot nematode, in a completely randomized design, performed in glasshouse. Fungi and nematode were propagated on white clover and tomato, respectively. Nematode-related factors and pathogenicity indices were evaluated, after the nematode completed three generations. Analysis of variance showed the positive effect of mycorrhizal fungi on nematode damages. Mean comparison of the number and size of giant cells were showing significant difference between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Thus mycorrhizal fungi caused reduction in number and size of giant Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigating the effects of silver nano particles on fungi flora of seeds of Chamran wheat cultivar
Mohsen Ghamari Masoud Latifian Mansour Farbod Nazanin Amir BakhtiarThis study was carried out in order to investigate the possibility of controlling seed-born disease of wheat Chamran cultivar by nano silver seed coating and indicate relevant concentration of nano silver on fungal seed-born of wheat at Khouzestan-Rami MoreThis study was carried out in order to investigate the possibility of controlling seed-born disease of wheat Chamran cultivar by nano silver seed coating and indicate relevant concentration of nano silver on fungal seed-born of wheat at Khouzestan-Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University. Experiment was conducted in the form of completely randomized design with four replications and six treatments. Treatments included one level of disinfection by 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and five levels of seed coating by different concentration of silver nano particle (S1 = 1.30, S2 = 4, S3 = 6.70, S4 = 9.3 and S5 = 2666 mg of silver nitrate solution). Results showed that there was a significant difference among disinfection levels (P≤0.01) for disease index. In comparison with sodium hypochlorite, the Disease Index was declined about 50% by S1 treatment. The most favorable effect on decreasing Disease Index was observed with S5 treatment where it dropped up to 75%. According to results the mean of mortal concentration of nano silver on dominant species (Aspergillus sp.,fusarium graminiarum, Penicilium sp ., Torula sp., Alternaria alternaria) was calculated using Fini method in order to approach the finest concentration. The maximum LC50 was obtained for Torula sp. 1875.6 ml/lit and the minimum 0.02 ml/lit was for Aspergillus sp. and Alternaria alternaria. Regarding to this point that fungal seed-borne are active on seed bed in the form of a band, for approach to efficient disinfection it is essential to use the maximum needed concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The effect of some systemic fungicids against Barley loose smut
Mehdi Nasrisfahani Mohammad Jaber Gharibi Sadegh JalaliBarley (Hordeum vulgar) is one of the most important strategical world's agricultural products which stand in the 4th position after wheat, soya and corn, Barley, also attact with several diseases out of which, true loose smut is one of the most important one, which cau MoreBarley (Hordeum vulgar) is one of the most important strategical world's agricultural products which stand in the 4th position after wheat, soya and corn, Barley, also attact with several diseases out of which, true loose smut is one of the most important one, which causing qualitative and quantitative losses. Various management strategies are taken into considerations to control the disease. One of the economical methods to manage the diseases is the application of general systemic fungicides. In this study, we evaluated some systemic fungicides including carboxin thiram (Dividend star ®, %75 wp), triadimenol (Baytan®, %7.5 wp), diniconazol (Somi8®, wp), triniconazol (Real®, FS), repectively in various dosage levels of 2, 2, 1/5 and. /2, in comparison with a newer fungicid Dividend star® 036 (FS) also, in various dosage levels, which was taken into studies on a Barley cultivar "Karun dar Kavir" (Nosrat).The experiment was carried out in a Rendomized Block Design (RBD) with the above fungicides in various dosage in 10 treatments in the field conditions at the years of 2006 -2007. The results showed that, the fungicides Dividend® (2ml/lit), Somi8® (2gr/lit), Real® (0.02ml/lit) and Baytan® (1.5 gr/lit) were the most efficient fungicides in the disease control repectively. Carboxy thiram (2gr/lit) and Dividend® (1ml/lit) were the least concerned on the disease control in comparison to other fungicides, including the control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Studies on fungistatic effects of some fungicides on growth of Alternaria alternata and A. solani
Mehdi Nasr Esfahani Sahereh Naderpour Neda RafizadehEarly blight is an important and ubiquitous disease which attacks many herbaceous plants Specially Solanaceae family. Already this disease threaten the potato fields In Iran. The experiments were conducted in order to study the effects of rovral, Chlrotalonil, Mancozeb MoreEarly blight is an important and ubiquitous disease which attacks many herbaceous plants Specially Solanaceae family. Already this disease threaten the potato fields In Iran. The experiments were conducted in order to study the effects of rovral, Chlrotalonil, Mancozeb fungicides in 1 ppm against flint in 1, 2, 5, 10 ppm on different culture media, including PDA and CMA for two species Alternaria alternata & Alternaria solani. The result indicated that, all of tested fungicides could prevent the growth of two species with the various levels, as far as the growth rates are concerned. Also flint fungicide in various concentrations, 1,2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm indicated that it could effectively inhibit the growth of two fungal species, as the dosages are increased, indicating the reductions in the growth correspondingly. The highest inhibitions were flint 500 and 1000 ppm and the lowest in flint 1 ppm. This fungicides had a very significant effects on the sporulation of A. alternate, indicated that, with the increased in fungicides concentrations, the sporogenesis decreased, in which the highest sporulation was in Mancozeb treatment and the lowest was in flint with 1000 ppm Also, the results indicated, that the fungicides had effective reductions on the dry and wet mycelial growth weights on zapeks culture media, where the highest wet weights were observed in Mancozeb fungicide, and the lowest was in flint, 1000 ppm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Comparison of cultural and chemical measures of controls on Rhizoctonia disease of potato
Mehdi Nasr EsfahaniRhizoctonia canker, also known as stem canker and black scurf of potato, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, causing serious economic losses by canker on under ground stem, roots, stolens, blanding of tubers and black scurf on potato surfacee in Isfahan. In this manscript, the eff MoreRhizoctonia canker, also known as stem canker and black scurf of potato, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, causing serious economic losses by canker on under ground stem, roots, stolens, blanding of tubers and black scurf on potato surfacee in Isfahan. In this manscript, the effects of green chitting and or disinfection of potato seed tubers and soil were considered on this disease in the fields. The laboratory trails on R. solani isolates indicated that, almost all the sclerotinia are pathogenic. The seed tubers of four potato cultivars were selected and kept under room temperature along with normal light and high humidity for two months. Then, they were sown in the highly infested soil to the disease. The results indicated that the green chittings reduced Rhizoctonia stem canker severity effectively. In comparison to the above experiments, the fungicide screening, Rovral in the form of seed, soil and simultaneous seed and soil applications were carried out in the same fields. The results showed that the stem canker severity was reduced effectively compared to chittings and that of control. Increased growth response was observed in only green chitted potato seed tubers compared to other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of Protein and Vitamins Supplements on Growth Indices of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae at blastospore proliferation stage
M. latifian B. radThe success of any raw material used in the industrial and mass production of entomopathogenic fungi depends on the extent to which it can provide the optimum food requirement for the fungus. The biological control strategy using entomopathogenic fungi like B. bassiana MoreThe success of any raw material used in the industrial and mass production of entomopathogenic fungi depends on the extent to which it can provide the optimum food requirement for the fungus. The biological control strategy using entomopathogenic fungi like B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can only be useful if practical and economic methods of mass multiplication are available. In this study, the effects of Protein and Vitamins Supplements on chlamydospores production of these two fungi were investigated. The results of this study showed that different treatments of Protein and Vitamins Supplements in complete liquid culture for chlamydespore cycle of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae fungi in terms of production spores, germination percentage, wet weight and dry weight difference Significant at 1% probability level. The highest concentration of chlamydosporum, germination percentage, wet weight and dry weight of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were whey protein supplement and multivitamin at a concentration of 6 ml / liter. Also, the results of this study showed that these two species of pathogenic fungus can be replicated with good performance of sugarcane by products and maintain the germination capacity of chlamydospores. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Anti-feeding effects of sublethal concentrations of fungus Beauveria bassiana Balsamo, Beauveria brongniartii Saccardo and Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch on the date's horn beetle larvae Oryctes elegans
M. Latifian B. RadThe effects of sub-lethal doses of the fungi, B.bassiana, B.brongniartii and M. anisopliae on feeding ability of the larvae of the date horned beetle and the indices of digestion, absorption and excretion of this pest were studied in laboratory condition. First, the sub MoreThe effects of sub-lethal doses of the fungi, B.bassiana, B.brongniartii and M. anisopliae on feeding ability of the larvae of the date horned beetle and the indices of digestion, absorption and excretion of this pest were studied in laboratory condition. First, the sub-lethal doses of 50 and 90% of reducing power ability (EC50 and EC90) was calculated and then the physiological feeding indices including Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI, Efficiency of Digested food (ECD), Approximate Digestibility (AD) were estimated. The results showed that the isolates of all three pathogenic fungi had a significant different high ability to reduce the feeding efficiency of the date- pest larvae. The highest and lowest abilities belonged to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana with the EC50 of 4.27×104 and 7.95×104 spores/ml, respectively. There was a significant difference between physiological feeding indices of the pest larvae when they were exposed to applied doses of spores. In all three pathogenic fungi species, increasing doses of spore decreased the values of MRG, ECI,ECD and AD, but increased the value of PCR. The highest of the regression lines of the indices on log scale of doses was recorded in M. anisopliae and then the two other species, B. brongniartii and B. bassiana. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Investigation on the effect of three medicinal plant essential oils on mycelia growth, conidia production and germination of three species of entomopathogenic fungi in laboratory conditions
O. Panahi J. Hosseinzadeh S. A. Safavi H. FarazmandDue to healthy and environmental hazards of chemical pesticides, it is important to change the methods in durable and Organic agriculture by using bio pesticides and essential oils. The effects of essential oils of three aromatic plants, Mentha spicata, Cuminum cyminum MoreDue to healthy and environmental hazards of chemical pesticides, it is important to change the methods in durable and Organic agriculture by using bio pesticides and essential oils. The effects of essential oils of three aromatic plants, Mentha spicata, Cuminum cyminum and Citrus aurantifolia was studied on mycelial growth, germination and conidial production rate of three entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium longisporum, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. This study was done in a completely randomized design with five treatments (five concentrations of essential oils) and three replicates on SDA medium in 27±1°C. Results showed that L. longisporum and B. bassiana were the most susceptible with 41.06% colony growth prevention and M. anisopliae was the most resistant to the essential oils. Also the essential oil of C. cyminum with 41.06% had the most effect and C. aurantifolia with 20.44% had the least effect on mycelial growth. In concentration of 20 µl, the essential oils of C. cyminum and C. aurantifolia showed the most and the least preventive effect in conidial germination, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Evaluation of physiological and biochemical changes of strawberry cv. Gaviota in response to Mycorrhizal and Trichoderma fungi under selenium treatment
Ali Lachinani Seyed jalal Tabatabaei Amir Bostani Vahid Abdossi Saeed RezaeeThis study evaluated the effects of Mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis), Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum) and selenium on some physiological traits of Gaviota strawberry as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the MoreThis study evaluated the effects of Mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis), Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum) and selenium on some physiological traits of Gaviota strawberry as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Shahed University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences research greenhouse in 2017. The treatments included fungi (No inoculation, Mycorrhiza, Trichoderma) and selenium (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg soil). The results showed that the use of symbiotic fungi, especially Trichoderma, could significantly increase the pH, total soluble solids (TSS), antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin of the fruit, as well as increase the amount of protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid of Gaviota strawberry leaves. Furthermore, selenium treatment, especially at low concentrations (0.5 and 1 mg/kg soil), could increase the antioxidant and anthocyanin capacity of the fruit, as well as the amount of protein and chlorophyll in the leaves. Overall, it is possible to recommend the using of symbiotic fungi, especially Trichoderma, along with low concentrations of selenium (0.5 and 1 mg/kg soil) in Gaviota strawberry cultivation programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The effect of Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi along with humic acid on agronomic characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
علی نصرالله زاده اصلFor the aim of sustainable agriculture and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, the experiment carried out by using of Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid on agronomic characteristics and seed yield of sunflower. This experiment was MoreFor the aim of sustainable agriculture and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, the experiment carried out by using of Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid on agronomic characteristics and seed yield of sunflower. This experiment was conducted in Chaypareh city in 2018. The experiments carried out using factorial design based on Randomized Complete Block design with three replications and two factors. The factors were as follows: The first factor humic acid in two levels (control and humic acid 10 kg.ha-1) and Second factor phosphateh fertilizer in six levels (control, Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi, Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungi, Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungi + 100 kg.ha-1 super phosphate triple and 200 kg.ha-1 super phosphate triple). The results showed that the effect of humic acid was significant on plant height, head diameter, Number of seed per head, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were significant. The maximum grain yield (2439.98 kg. ha-1) was obtained from experiment treatment of humic acid. The effect of phosphateh fertilizer on plant height, steam diameter, head diameter, Number of seed per head, 100-seed weight and seed yield were significant. The maximum seed yield 2789.6 kg.ha-1 was obtained from experimental treatments Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungi + 100 kg.ha-1 super phosphate triple. According to the results of this experiment, using Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungi could reduce 50% super phosphate triple Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - An Overview of Bioherbicides
Rahman khakzad Rasoul Loghmanpour zariniThe ever increasing population and global issue for food security have led us to use multiple approaches to overcome the weed problems that can reduce the crop productivity up to 70%. Chemical herbicides and mechanical and other biological approaches have overcome weed MoreThe ever increasing population and global issue for food security have led us to use multiple approaches to overcome the weed problems that can reduce the crop productivity up to 70%. Chemical herbicides and mechanical and other biological approaches have overcome weed problem on one hand but also destroy the environment and caused some human health impacts on the other hand. Bioherbicides are biological control agents applied in similar ways to chemical herbicides to control weeds. Of the array of bioherbicides currently available, the most successful products appear to be sourced from fungi (mycoherbicides), with at least 16 products being developed for commercial use globally. Over the last few decades, bioherbicides sourced from bacteria and plant extracts (such as allelochemicals and essential oils), together with viruses, have also shown marked success in controlling various weeds. Despite this encouraging trend, ongoing research is still required for these compounds to be economically viable and successful in the long term. This review will explain the importance and impacts of the bioherbicides by elaborating the constraints which this approach is facing in its production and application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Evaluation of efficacy of chemical control on witches' broom rust disease on seedless barberry in South Khorasan province
Mohammad Reza Mirzaee Hadi Mahmoudi Homayoun Kazemi Ali AzariNasrabadWitches' broom rust caused by Puccinia arrhenatheri is one of the most important diseases of common barberry shrubs in South Khorasan province. A two years field experiment carried out to study the control of barberry witches' broom rust using the Falcon (Tebu MoreWitches' broom rust caused by Puccinia arrhenatheri is one of the most important diseases of common barberry shrubs in South Khorasan province. A two years field experiment carried out to study the control of barberry witches' broom rust using the Falcon (Tebuconazole + Spiroxamine + Triadimenol) at concentrations 0.6 and 1 ml L-1, Folicur 1 and 1.5 ml L-1, Amistar Xtra (Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole) 0.75 and 1.2 ml L-1 and Tilt 0.5 and 1 ml L-1 at two locations of South Khorasan during 2018-2019 at the time of disease symptoms initiation as randomized complete block design. There was significant difference in witches' broom rust severity scores between the different fungicides and rates of application and control treatment. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that one time application of Folicur at concentrations 1 and 1.5 ml L-1 were determined as the most effective in controlling the disease at the time of disease appearance, followed by Folicur 1 ml L-1, 1.5 ml L-1, Falcon 0.6 ml L-1, Amistar Xtra 1.5 ml L-1, Amistar Xtra 0.75 ml L-1, Falcon 1 ml L-1, Tilt 1 and 0.5 ml L-1. The highest and lowest disease severity were obtained in control and folicur (1 ml L-1) treatments, respectively. Application of treatments including Folicur at concentrations 1 and 1.5 ml L-1 and Amistar Xtra at concentrations 0.75 ml L-1 were also significantly effective in decreasing the number of witches' brooms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The Evaluation of efficacy of chemical control on witches' broom rust disease on seedless barberry in South Khorasan province
Mohammad Reza Mirzaee Hadi Mahmoudi Homayoun Kazemi Ali AzariNasrabadSouth Khorasan province of Iran is the largest producer of common barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) in the world. The production and quality of common barberry shrub are affected by broad range of abiotic and biotic causal agents. Witches' broom rust caused by Puccinia ar MoreSouth Khorasan province of Iran is the largest producer of common barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) in the world. The production and quality of common barberry shrub are affected by broad range of abiotic and biotic causal agents. Witches' broom rust caused by Puccinia arrhenatheri is one of the most important diseases of common barberry shrubs in South Khorasan province. A two years' field experiment carried out to study the control of barberry witches' broom rust using the Falcon (Tebuconazole + Spiroxamine + Triadimenol) at concentrations 0.6 and 1 ml L-1, Folicur 1 and 1.5 ml L-1, Amistar Xtra (Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole) 0.75 and 1.2 ml L-1 and Tilt 0.5 and 1 ml L-1 at two locations of South Khorasan during 2018-2019 at the time of disease symptoms initiation as randomized complete block design. There was significant difference in witches' broom rust severity scores between the different fungicides and rates of application and control treatment. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that one-time application of Folicur at concentrations 1 and 1.5 ml L-1 were determined as the most effective in controlling the disease at the time of disease appearance, followed by Folicur 1 ml L-1, 1.5 ml L-1, Falcon 0.6 ml L-1, Amistar Xtra 1.5 ml L-1, Amistar Xtra 0.75 ml L-1, Falcon 1 ml L-1, Tilt 1 and 0.5 ml L-1. The highest and lowest disease severity were obtained in control and Folicur (1 ml L-1) treatments, respectively. Based on our findings retrieved from results of this study and field trials, Folicur at concentrations 1 ml L-1 and Falcon at concentrations 0.6 ml L-1 at the time of disease symptoms initiation to achieve efficient control and application of rotation of them to mitigate fungicide resistance development are recommended. Application of treatments including Folicur at concentrations 1 and 1.5 ml L-1 and Amistar Xtra at concentrations 0.75 ml L-1 were also significantly effective in decreasing the number of witches' brooms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - An Overview of Bioherbicides
Rahman khakzad Rasoul Loghmanpour zariniThe ever increasing population and global issue for food security have led us to use multiple approaches to overcome the weed problems that can reduce the crop productivity up to 70%. Chemical herbicides and mechanical and other biological approaches have overcome weed MoreThe ever increasing population and global issue for food security have led us to use multiple approaches to overcome the weed problems that can reduce the crop productivity up to 70%. Chemical herbicides and mechanical and other biological approaches have overcome weed problem on one hand but also destroy the environment and caused some human health impacts on the other hand. Bioherbicides are biological control agents applied in similar ways to chemical herbicides to control weeds. Of the array of bioherbicides currently available, the most successful products appear to be sourced from fungi (mycoherbicides), with at least 16 products being developed for commercial use globally. Over the last few decades, bioherbicides sourced from bacteria and plant extracts (such as allelochemicals and essential oils), together with viruses, have also shown marked success in controlling various weeds. Despite this encouraging trend, ongoing research is still required for these compounds to be economically viable and successful in the long term. This review will explain the importance and impacts of the bioherbicides by elaborating the constraints which this approach is facing in its production and application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Effect of Mildew cure fungicide in controlling the cucumber powdery mildew disease
Hossain Azimi Dariush ShahriariPowdery mildew is a common and serious disease of cucurbit crops. For registering new environmentally friendly fungicides and with the aim to diversify the available fungicides, the efficacy of Mildew cure (a natural botanical fungicide) was evaluated by trials in compl MorePowdery mildew is a common and serious disease of cucurbit crops. For registering new environmentally friendly fungicides and with the aim to diversify the available fungicides, the efficacy of Mildew cure (a natural botanical fungicide) was evaluated by trials in completely randomized block design with five treatments and four replications in field and glasshouse conditions in Karaj during 2012-13. Treatments were 7.5, 10, and 15 mll-1 of Mildew cure L. 83% alongside with 0.2 gl-1 of Trifloxystrobin (Flint WG 50%) as standard fungicide and untreated control (without any spraying). Foliar applications of fungicides were made at 7 day intervals, started after early symptoms appearance and followed up until symptom expressed in untreated plants in a maximum disease severity index due to Horsfal and Barrat scale. The results were expressed as the foliage protection percentage (FPP) of each presumed area bypowdery mildew based on Horsfal and Barrat scale, then midpoint of presumed areas was calculated for each plot. Analysis of variance of trials data revealed that there are significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 and P<0.01. Mean comparison of the treatment showed that Mildew cure 10 mll-1 decreased disease by 76.2% compared to untreated control plants in field and Mildew cure 7.5 mll-1 decreased disease incidence by 90% compared to non-sprayed check in glasshouse. Based on the results of this study, these treatments recommended for cucumber powdery mildew disease management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Investigation of the effect of fungicides on mycelium growth of Botrytis cinerea, the cause of gray mold disease in tomatoes
mojdeh maleki mahboubeh Ghasemi Damghani somyh FarahaniTomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller) is one of the most popular crops in the world. The cultivation of this plant is always exposed to harmful factors, especially blight caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which in favorable environmental conditions (high humidity MoreTomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller) is one of the most popular crops in the world. The cultivation of this plant is always exposed to harmful factors, especially blight caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which in favorable environmental conditions (high humidity and temperature up to 15˚C) in cultivars and tomato hybrids are common. Fungicides can prevent disease by controlling germination and spore infiltration, but due to the pathogen's resistance to fungicides, it is necessary to alternate spraying programs with the appropriate doses and at the appropriate times. This study examined the effect of several fungicides on the pathogenic mycelial growth. For this purpose, various fungal isolates were collected from greenhouses and tomato farms. Purification and proof of pathogenicity and pathogenicity of fungal isolates were performed on disease-sensitive cultivars named PETOERLI with fungal spores suspension at 2 × 105 spores per ml on leaves in greenhouses. The severity of the disease index was determined after 15 days and to determine the effect of fungicides on mycelial growth, Captan, Ipirudion + Carbendazim, Thiram, Agrofar and Thiophanate -methyl fungicides were used at a rate of one per thousand in the culture medium. Among the used fungicides, Iprodione + Carbendazim with 89.5% inhibition and then Agrofar with 83.76% with a concentration of one per thousand were successful in controlling mycelial fungal growth control, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The evolution of the effect of atmospheric cold plasma on plant pathogenic fungi
Sepideh Sadat Aghazadeh Naeeni Somayeh Farahani Abbas NasehiPlant pathogens cause severe economic losses in agricultural crops and the environment around the world. The use of appropriate, cost-effective and none polluting control procedures on plant diseases is still developing. In recent years, cold plasma sterilization plant MorePlant pathogens cause severe economic losses in agricultural crops and the environment around the world. The use of appropriate, cost-effective and none polluting control procedures on plant diseases is still developing. In recent years, cold plasma sterilization plant pathogens have been considered one of the most important research topics in the world. Ionized gas called plasma is referred to as a substantial portion which has lost all or a remarkable amount of its atoms and electrons and positive ions. Such as reactive oxygen species, OH free radicals and etc. which comes fungi disease by the destruction of fatty asides and protein molecules placed inside the cell membrane of pathogenic fungi which brings to plant infection. In this review study, the cold atmospheric plasma and its effects are considered on plant pathogenic fungi as a tool used for effective control preventing the spread of pollution which is due to be addressed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - New species of Septoria from Iran
Hossain Azimi Lilon Osipyan Alireza Javadi Estahbanati Sepideh SajediIn the framework of study on the genus Septoria in Iran, several newly collected and herbarium specimens from Fungal Reference Collection of the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (IRAN) located at the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, were studied. Among ident MoreIn the framework of study on the genus Septoria in Iran, several newly collected and herbarium specimens from Fungal Reference Collection of the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (IRAN) located at the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, were studied. Among identified samples, five species viz. Septoria sambuci-ebuli sp. nov. on Sambucus ebulus L., Septoria fatehii sp. nov. on Alhagi sp., Septoriakhalkhalensis sp. nov. on Astragalus sp., Septoria javadii sp. nov. on Rubia sp. and Septoria osipyaniae sp. nov. on Populus sp. are newly described in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - rflection jurisprudence around cotiguos parable of credit money
morteza mohammadirad sayidmohammad shfieydarabi Nasrin KarimiMoney is a matter of some jurisprudential and legal practice, which, without knowing its present naturejurisprudentia, can not issue storong verdict. The issue of currency depreciation necessity orlackof necessity for the compensation of currency depreciation in rejuris MoreMoney is a matter of some jurisprudential and legal practice, which, without knowing its present naturejurisprudentia, can not issue storong verdict. The issue of currency depreciation necessity orlackof necessity for the compensation of currency depreciation in rejurisprudentiacent decades has The debates of probleme andchallenging in economics and jurisprudential circies . The people of ourthe community are involved in different ways with the issue. How to pay off debts in extreme hyper inflation condations is closely related to how deal with the nature of present currency. In this regard, the opponents and propenents of the need for compensation of the currency deprecition have different views on the nature of the money. opponency of currency depreciates the money from the examples and considers the nominal value to be the equivalent of the consequence of the depreciation of the value of money. Understand that the need for compensating for the decline in the value of money is a paragon of money, and they consider buying as an example of credit money We do not consider the depreciation of money to be a rationale. In this article, we are going to present the use of evidence-based and descriptive-analytical methods and information library information for determining the purchasing power of creditin cash Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Identification and determination of prevalence of saprophytic fungi in the larval stage of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in hatcheries of west Azarbaijan province
Elnaz Ghorbani Dariush AzadikhahIdentification and epidemiological survey of fungal infections at the hatcheries has great importance for prevention of mortalities and subsequent economic losses. In this survey, 5 rainbow trout hatcheries in west Azarbaijan province were investigated. Sample collectio MoreIdentification and epidemiological survey of fungal infections at the hatcheries has great importance for prevention of mortalities and subsequent economic losses. In this survey, 5 rainbow trout hatcheries in west Azarbaijan province were investigated. Sample collection was conducted according to standards of Iranianveterinary organization. Water quality of the hatcheries was investigated as well. SDA (sabouraud dextrose agar) medium was used for fungal culture and identification of fungal type was based on microscopic examination of fungal reproductive organs. Four different genera of saprophytic fungi consisting of Saprolegnia sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Achyla sp. were isolated from the 5 studied hatcheries. The genus Saprolegnia with 7.8±1.48% infection rate and Achyla with 0.8±0.83% infection rate had the highest and lowest prevalence respectively. Based on the results of this study, the sanitary conditions in hatcheries of west Azarbaijan province are not ideal with respect to fungal infections. Water quality of the hatcheries was acceptable therefore fungal infections are probably not associated with the water quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Kurd horse
saber Mamaghani abdollah Araghi Sooreh majid Ebrahimi Hamed mehdi fattahi hamid Akbari This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females More This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females and 23 males), aged 2-30 years, without clinical evidence of external ocular inflammation were selected and divided into two age groups (less than 10 years and over 10 years). Samples were taken from both conjunctival sacs of horses and seeded on the sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Kendall Tau tests using SAS 9.1. Filamentous fungi and yeasts comprised 82.35% and 17.65% of total isolates, respectively. The most frequent isolate was Aspergillus species (38.82 %) followed by Penicillium spp (14.12%), Fusarium spp (8.24%), Chladosporium, Mucor and Scopulariopsis spp (5.88%), Pseudallescheria, Rhodotorula and Trichoderma spp (1.18 %). Gender had a significant effect on frequency of fungal isolation (p<0.05). Isolation of fungi decreased with increasing age but there was no significant correlation between them (p= 0.064, r= - 0.225). In conclusion, the frequency of fungal species isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Kurd horses was influenced by gender. Generally, the fungal species isolated in our study are comparable with similar studies performed on horses in other regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Fungi isolated from the skin lesions of Ghezel and Makui sheep with suspected ringworm in Urmia, Iran
عبداله Araghi – Sooreh امیر Chahardoli علی HassanpourNon-dermatophytic fungi are frequently isolated on the cultures used in surveys of animals suspected of having ringworm. The present study was conducted to identify of saprophytic fungi and dermatophyte isolated from sheep with suspected ringworm in Urmia, Iran. A total MoreNon-dermatophytic fungi are frequently isolated on the cultures used in surveys of animals suspected of having ringworm. The present study was conducted to identify of saprophytic fungi and dermatophyte isolated from sheep with suspected ringworm in Urmia, Iran. A total of 1323 sheep from two breeds of Ghezel (n = 727) and Makui (n = 596) were examined for skin lesions. Only 4(0.035 %) lesions with hair loss and scaling were found on ears of Ghezel sheep. Samples were examined microscopically by KOH and cultured ontoSabouraud’s dextrose agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, incubated at 25 and 37 ° C and examined for 4weeks. All (100%) of the specimens yielded positive culture. Fungal isolates were Alternariaspp. (3 cases, 75 %) and Mucor spp. (2 cases, 50%). No dermatophyte fungi were cultured from suspected ringworm lesions. Saprophytic fungi isolated in the present study may not be considered as cause of skin lesions in Ghezel sheep. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The effect of Piriformospora indica mycorrhizal fungi on growth and some physiological parameters of Coriandrum sativum
Ali Asghar Hatamnia Kobra Mosabaigi Mahin Tohidi Arash Babaei Mehdi GhabooliPiriformospora indica fungi stimulates the growth and increase in the host biomass through absorption of water and minerals. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus P. indica on growth and some physiological parameters of Coriandrum sativum, an experiment MorePiriformospora indica fungi stimulates the growth and increase in the host biomass through absorption of water and minerals. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus P. indica on growth and some physiological parameters of Coriandrum sativum, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design through treatment of plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and control plants with 15 replications in 2015 under greenhouse conditions.The results of ANOVA indicated that the shoot length, root length, and dry weight of plants inoculated with fungi were significantly higher than control plants. Also results of analysis of variance showed that the application of P. indica increased the proline content, so that the proline content in the plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi was 2.09 times higher than control plants. In addition, the findings of the study suggested that inoculation of the plant with P. indica increased the contents of chlorophyll a (17%), chlorophyll b (51%), and carotenoids (25%) in comparison with the control plant, where the increase was only significant in chlorophyll b and carotenoids (P≤0.05). Generally, the results indicated that mycorrhizal symbiosis increased the growth and improved the physiological characteristics of coriander. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Evaluation of antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from some native medicinal species of Golestan province
sareh hatamzadeh kamran Rahnama saeed nasrollahnejad khalil-berdi fotohifar khodayar hemmati james whiteMedicinal plants are a very rich source of antioxidant compounds. Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants, due to long-term coexistence with these plants produce plant secondary metabolites. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant properties of endophytic fungi isolated MoreMedicinal plants are a very rich source of antioxidant compounds. Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants, due to long-term coexistence with these plants produce plant secondary metabolites. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant properties of endophytic fungi isolated from 7 medicinal plants of the Asteraceae family includeing Matricaria chamomilla, Anthemis triumfetii, Anthemis parthenium, Anthemis altissima var. Altissima, Achillea millefolium, Achillea filipendulina, Cichorium intybus was investigated. The samplings were done from healthy plants and free of any diseases from most areas of Golestan province during 2016 spring. After morphological and molecular identification of endophytic fungi, the antioxidant property of 37 species of endophytic fungi was evaluated by DPPH free radicals metod. Based on the results, a significant difference of 99% was observed between the antioxidant properties of endophytic fungi. The lowest (32.1% ) and highest (98.8%) antioxidant activity were related to the Stemphylium amaranthi and Trametes versicolor fungi isolated from Anthemis triumfetii leaf and Achillea santolina stem tissues, respectively. In addition, the Schizophyllum commune with 98.8% antioxidant activity was placed in the same group with T. versicolor. The Cladioporium spp. such as Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium ramotenelum showed a high antioxidant activity of about 97%. Considering short-term production and the high growth rate of fungi, endophytes maybe a good choice for the production of antioxidant substances. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - The evaluation of the absorption of some secondary metabolites (betulin, betulinic acid, phenol, flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of wood-inhabiting fungi on Betula pendula(L) Roth. in Golestan province
Jameleh Nazari, vahedeh Payamnoor Mohammad Reza Kavosi.Wood-inhabiting fungi are absorbing the food needs and secondary metabolites from their hosts and are a source of great medical and bio-active elements. This research was conducted for the first time on xylophillous macroscopic fungi of Birch tree species (Betula More.Wood-inhabiting fungi are absorbing the food needs and secondary metabolites from their hosts and are a source of great medical and bio-active elements. This research was conducted for the first time on xylophillous macroscopic fungi of Birch tree species (Betula pendula), located in Siyamarzkoh forests in Golestan province. The two secondary metabolites betulin and betulinic acid with valuable anti-cancer properties are synthesized in the various species of Birch bark. Due to the fact that the Birch species are under station in Iran and extracting the active compounds from the bark of this tree is the impossible, In order to achieve this objective, identification of macroscopic fungi which are inhabiting under the bark of this plant, measuring the ability to absorb the active ingredient of betulin and betulinic acid in the fungi detected by using HPLC and also assess the amount of phenols (Folin–Ciocalteurmethod), flavonoids(according to the method of Alcl3colorimetric) and antioxidant activity (by DPPH method) of fungi in different solvents, were conducted .The results showed that two species of fungi were identified including: Hyphodontia paradoxa and Stereum hirsutum that the both species had the ability to absorb the active ingredient from their hosts. The absorption rate of host secondary metabolite, antioxidant properties, phenols and flavonoids were significantly different at the level of 0.01 percent. Amount of total phenol, betulin and betulinic acid in the S. hirsutum had a significant advantage over other fungus. Between the two solvents (methanol and ethanol), there was no significant difference in the amount of phenol and antioxidant properties, while the amount of flavonoid that extracted with ethanol was more than methanol. Based on the results and the presence of secondary metabolites in fungal tissue, they could be introduced as a new source of natural drugs to the society Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Analysis of Insurance Mechanisms for Non-Fungible Tokens
amirreza mahmoudi Seyedeh mahshid Miri balajorshariSecuring cyberspace and ensuring its security against the risks that exist is one of the most important human challenges in today's societies. New laws need to be legislated and passed so as to enable legal solutions to come into existence to combat the potential and ac MoreSecuring cyberspace and ensuring its security against the risks that exist is one of the most important human challenges in today's societies. New laws need to be legislated and passed so as to enable legal solutions to come into existence to combat the potential and actual risks of cyberspace, giving rise to a safer and more secure space. In order to make this happen, nowadays insurance companies have started offering virtual insurance services related to cyberspace. With the advancement of blockchain technology, non-fungible tokens are becoming more and more valuable. Therefore, insurance for valuable products worth millions of dollars is essential. This article seeks to explain the strategies and methods for applying insurance to non-fungible tokens. In this article, we seek to investigate and evaluate the feasibility of insurance for non-fungible tokens inspired by similar examples employing analytical descriptive methods. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that the insurance of these products requires widespread popularity of these products, establishment of appropriate laws, creation of systematic platforms and creation of desire in insurance companies to insure non-fungible tokens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Seasonal Dynamics of Endophytic Fungal Diversity Grevillea Robusta (SILVER OAK) Trees
Ebrahim Talebi Girma Altaye Ashefet AgeteThis study delves into the impact of seasonal variations on the diversity of endophytic fungi inhabiting the foliage of Grevillea robusta trees along highways in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. With 765 fungal isolates categorized into 73 distinct morphotaxa, 90.41% were iden MoreThis study delves into the impact of seasonal variations on the diversity of endophytic fungi inhabiting the foliage of Grevillea robusta trees along highways in Hawassa City, Ethiopia. With 765 fungal isolates categorized into 73 distinct morphotaxa, 90.41% were identified across eight known genera, leaving 9.58% unidentified. Notably, Phoma and Pestalotiopsis emerged as the most diverse genera, presenting 13 and 11 morphotaxa respectively, while Alternaria and Xylaria showed lower diversity with 3 and 2 morphotaxa each. The research unveiled heightened fungal counts and diversity in trees situated in more polluted environments, leaves sampled during dry seasons, those exhibiting signs of disease, lower leaf sections, and midrib samples. These findings underscore the rich assortment of endophytic fungi associated with Grevillea robusta leaves within roadside plantations in Hawassa City, emphasizing the need for further exploration of this fungal community's dynamics. Understanding the pivotal role of these endophytic fungi in tree health, ecosystem resilience, and potential applications in agriculture, forestry, and biotechnology remains imperative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - فعالیت ضد قارچی عصاره گیاه دارویی علف چشمه (Nasturtium officinale) علیه قارچ Fusarium solani عامل پوسیدگی خشک سیب زمینی
جعفر نیکان هادی خاوریمقدمه و هدف: پوسیدگی ناشی از گونه های مختلف فوزاریوم (Fusarium spp.) ، یکی از بیماری های قارچی مهم پس از برداشت سیب زمینی است. مهمترین روش های مبارزه با این بیماری شامل حمل و نقل و انبارداری مناسب غده های سیب زمینی به منظور به حداقل رساندن و ترمیم زخم های روی غده ها و ن Moreمقدمه و هدف: پوسیدگی ناشی از گونه های مختلف فوزاریوم (Fusarium spp.) ، یکی از بیماری های قارچی مهم پس از برداشت سیب زمینی است. مهمترین روش های مبارزه با این بیماری شامل حمل و نقل و انبارداری مناسب غده های سیب زمینی به منظور به حداقل رساندن و ترمیم زخم های روی غده ها و نیز سم­پاشی غده ها با ترکیبات قارچ کش است. اگر چه مدیریت موثر آفات با کاربرد آفت کش های مصنوعی به دست می آید ولی به دلیل افزایش آگاهی از خطرات مرتبط با استفاده از این مواد شیمیائی، توجه زیادی بر روی روش های جایگزین مانند کاربرد ترکیبات طبیعی گیاهان معطوف گشته است.روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه چهار غلظت مختلف از عصاره الکلی علف چشمه (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) برای فعالیت ضد قارچی علیه Fusarium solani عامل اصلی پوسیدگی خشک سیب زمینی در استان همدان در شرایط درون شیشه (روی محیط کشت) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. ملاک ارزیابی درصد ممانعت از رشد قارچ بود.نتایج و بحث:نتایج نشان داد که همه غلظت های مورد استفاده از عصاره الکلی علف چشمه در کنترل قارچ بر روی محیط کشت موثرند. بالاترین میزان ممانعت از رشد قارچ به ترتیب با 7/ 32% و 1/ 26% با استفاده از تیمار قارچ کش و غلظت mg/m l600 عصاره علف چشمه به دست آمد. به علاوه میزان ممانعت از رشد قارچ با عصاره وابسته به غلظت بود. به هر حال از نظر درصد ممانعت از رشد قارچ عامل بیماری تفاوت معنی داری بین غلظت های mg/ml500 و mg/ml400 یا بین غلظت­های mg/ml400 و mg/ml300 عصاره علف چشمه مشاهده نشد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با توجه به نتایج این آزمایش به نظر می رسد که عصاره علف چشمه توانائی کاربرد به عنوان قارچ کش طبیعی علیه قارچF.solaniرا دارد. پیشنهاد می شودکه این عصاره در شرایط طبیعی (روی غده های سیب زمینی ) نیز اجرا گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - تأثیر تعدادی از عصاره های گیاهی بر روی رشد دو گونه از قارچ آسپرژیلوس
سیما یحیی آبادی الناز زیبانژاد منیر دودیمقدمه و هدف: در سال های اخیر استفاده از فرآورده های گیاهی در ممانعت عوامل بیماری­زا از جمله ویروس­ها، باکتری­ها، قارچ ها و انگل ها به­طور گسترده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. برخی از قارچ ها از جمله عوامل بیماری­زا هستند که می­توانند در انسان، جانورا Moreمقدمه و هدف: در سال های اخیر استفاده از فرآورده های گیاهی در ممانعت عوامل بیماری­زا از جمله ویروس­ها، باکتری­ها، قارچ ها و انگل ها به­طور گسترده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. برخی از قارچ ها از جمله عوامل بیماری­زا هستند که می­توانند در انسان، جانوران و گیاهان مختلف ایجاد اختلال نمایند. عصاره های گیاهی از جمله موادی هستند که به عنوان فرآورده های ضد قارچی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات ضد قارچی عصاره های آبی شوید (Anethum graveolens)، آویشن (Thymus vulgaris)، گشنیز (Coriandrum sativum) و گل محمدی (Rosa damascena) برروی سویه های استاندارد و جداسازی شده­ی ( آسپرژیلوس فلاووس) و ( آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس) است. روش تحقیق: از روش چاهک جهت بررسی ممانعت از رشد عصاره های گیاهی استفاده شد و هاله ی عدم رشد غلظت های مختلف عصاره ها به طور جداگانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. حداقل غلظت مهارکنندگی رشد قارچ ها (MIC) به روش رقت سازی تعیین شد و در نهایت اثرات عصاره های آبی گیاهان نام­برده با اثرات نیستاتین مقایسه گردید. نتایج و بحث: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در مورد آسپرژیلوس فلاووس استاندارد (PTCC 5006 )، نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن و گشنیز به میزان برابر و در نهایت گل محمدی دارای بیشترین اثرات ضد قارچی بودند. در مورد سویه ی جداسازی شده­ی این قارچ از محیط، نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی آویشن، گشنیز و سپس عصاره ی آبی شوید و در نهایت گل محمدی بیشترین اثرات ضد قارچی را داشتند. در مورد آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس استاندارد (PTCC 5009)، موثرترین ترکیبات ضد قارچی بررسی شده به ترتیب شامل نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن، گل محمدی و گشنیز بودند. در مورد سویه ی جداسازی شده ی این قارچ، موثرترین ترکیبات ضد قارچی به ترتیب شامل نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن، گشنیز و در نهایت گل محمدی بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در تمامی موارد عصاره ها موجب کاهش رشد کلنی قارچ ها گردید که در این میان با افزایش غلظت عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن، گشنیز و گل محمدی این اثر افزایش می یابد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با اثبات اثر بخش بودن عصاره های آبی برگ گیاهان شوید، آویشن، گشنیز و گل گیاه گل محمدی بر روی رشد دو گونه از قارچ آسپرژیلوس شامل آسپرژیلوس فلاووس و آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس، می توان امیدوار بود که بتوان در آینده با تخلیص ماده ی موثر گیاهان فوق و انجام تحقیقات بیشتر، به تولید صنعتی ترکیبی با اثرات ضد قارچی قابل قبول و عوارض جانبی کم برای درمان عفونت های قارچی دست یافت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Screening, Cloning and Characteristics of the Common Xylanase Gene in Anaerobic Fungi
U. Comlekcioglu -
Open Access Article
41 - اثر قارچ (پلوروتوس فلوریدا) بر ترکیب شیمایی
م. ناصحی ن.م. تربتی نژاد س. زره داران ا.ر. صفاییاین تحقیق به ­منظور بررسی اثر عمل­آوری بیولوژیکی با قارچ پلوروتوس فلوریدا بر ترکیب شیمیایی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبهای ماده خشک و آلی کاه گندم و جو انجام گرفت. کاه گندم و جو از مزارع استان گلستان ایران جمع­آوری و بعد از پاستوریزه کردن، با اسپان قارچ (5 درصد و Moreاین تحقیق به ­منظور بررسی اثر عمل­آوری بیولوژیکی با قارچ پلوروتوس فلوریدا بر ترکیب شیمیایی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبهای ماده خشک و آلی کاه گندم و جو انجام گرفت. کاه گندم و جو از مزارع استان گلستان ایران جمع­آوری و بعد از پاستوریزه کردن، با اسپان قارچ (5 درصد وزن تر) مخلوط شد. بعد از 21 روز نمونه­ها در آون (60 درجه سانتی­گراد) به منظور توقف رشد قارچ خشک شد. تجزیه­پذیری ماده خشک و آلی به روش کیسه­های نایلونی با استفاده از دو رأس قوچ دالاق فیستولا گذاری شده تعیین گردید و نمونه­ها از صفر تا 96 ساعت در شکمبه قرار داده شدند. کشت قارچ به ­طور معنی­داری مقدار ماده خشک، NDF و ADF را در کاه گندم و جو کاهش داد (01/0P<). خاکستر و پروتئین خام به­ شکل قابل توجهی در تیمارهای آزمایشی با کشت قارچ افزایش یافت (01/0P<). مقدار عصاره اتری و ADL در اثر عمل­آوری با قارچ تغییر معنی­داری پیدا نکرد. بخش محلول (a) و بالقوه قابل تجزیه (a+b) ماده خشک در اثر عمل­آوری با قارچ به­ طور معنی­داری در هر دو کاه افزایش یافت (05/0P<). بخش نامحلول اما قابل تجزیه (b) ماده خشک کاه گندم در اثر عملآوری با قارچ به ­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت (05/0P<)، اما در کاه جو تغییر معنی­داری پیدا نکرد. بخش a و a+b تجزیه­پذیری ماده آلی در اثر عمل­آوری در هر دو کاه افزایش یافت (01/0P<). بخش b تجزیه­پذیری ماده آلی در اثر عمل­آوری با قارچ در کاه گندم به ­شکل قابل توجهی افزایش یافت (01/0P<)، اما در کاه جو تغییری پیدا نکرد. بنابراین، نتیجه گرفته می­شود که عمل­آوری با قارچ ارزش غذایی کاه گندم و جو را در تحقیق حاضر بهبود بخشید. Manuscript profile -
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42 - مطالعه مقایسهای قابلیت هضم کاه گندم توسط قارچهای بی هوازی شکمبه گاومیش خوزستان و گاو هلشتاین در شرایط آزمایشگاهی
ف. شاکرمی م. چاجی م. اسلامی ط. محمد آبادی م. بوجارپوراین مطالعه به منظور مقایسه قابلیت هضم کاه گندم توسط قارچها و کل میکروارگانیسم‏های شکمبه (WRM) گاو و گاومیش انجام شد. قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (DMD)، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (DNDF) و اسیدی (ADFD) توسط WRM و قارچهای شکمبه گاو و گاومیش به روش هضم آزمایشگاهی، تولید گا Moreاین مطالعه به منظور مقایسه قابلیت هضم کاه گندم توسط قارچها و کل میکروارگانیسم‏های شکمبه (WRM) گاو و گاومیش انجام شد. قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (DMD)، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (DNDF) و اسیدی (ADFD) توسط WRM و قارچهای شکمبه گاو و گاومیش به روش هضم آزمایشگاهی، تولید گاز و کشت اختصاصی قارچهای شکمبه (SRAFC) مقایسه شد. DMD، NDFDو ADFD کاه توسط WRM گاومیش (به ترتیب 80/60، 93/49 و 45/17 درصد) بیشتر از گاو (به ترتیب 00/53، 63/38 و 62/10 درصد) بود (05/0P<). صرف نظر از نوع میکروارگانیسمها DMD (05/0P>)، NDF و ADF توسط گاومیش (03/51، 41/44 و 09/12 درصد) بیشتر از گاو (40/48، 34/36 و 76/8) بود (05/0P<). پتانسیل تولید گاز (B) کاه توسط قارچها و WRM گاو بیشتر از گاومیش بود (05/0P<). نرخ تولید گاز (C) توسط WRM و قارچهای شکمبه گاومیش بیشتر از گاو بود (05/0P<). صرف نظر از نوع میکروارگانیسم، C کاه در گاومیش بیشتر از گاو بود (05/0P<)، و بلعکس برای B بود (05/0P<). صرف نظر از نوع دام، قابلیت هضم و B برای WRM بیشتر از قارچها بود (05/0P<)، اما برای نرخ تولید گاز بین آنها تفاوتی وجود نداشت. در روش SRAFC، DMD کاه در گاومیش در روزهای 3 و 12 بیشتر از گاو بود (05/0P<). تعداد قارچها در شکمبه گاو بیشتر از گاومیش بود (05/0P<). در کل، میتوان بیان نمود که توان قارچها و WRM گاومیش بیشتر یا برابر با گاو بود. بنابراین، نتایج برتری گاومیش نسبت به گاو هلشتاین در استفاده از مواد فیبری کم کیفیت را نشان داد. Manuscript profile -
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43 - Study on the growth of (Achillea millefolium L.) medicinal plant by soil inoculation of mountainous area with selected mycorrhizal fungi
Bostan Roudi Mohammad Mahdi Salamatmanesh -
Open Access Article
44 - Plant biostimulants (Funneliformis mosseae and humic substances) rather than chemical fertilizer improved biochemical responses in peppermint.
Saleh Shahabivand Akbar Padash Ahmad Aghaee Yousef Nasiri Parisa Fathi Rezaei -
Open Access Article
45 - Effects of savory essential oil on germination parameters of Fusarium infected-seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Fatemeh Rahimian Hamid Reza Eisvand -
Open Access Article
46 - Biodegradation of crude by fungi isolated from contaminated soils of Maroon and Haftkel
vida dawoodi abdolah raeisi sarasiyabAccidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants. Fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem as major decompose MoreAccidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants. Fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem as major decomposers. The aims of this study were to isolate and identity of the crude oil degradation indigenous fungi from contaminated soils of Maroon and Haftkel. Samples of contaminated soils with oil spill were collected. For isolation petroleum-utilizing fungi was used MSM supplemented with Streptomycine and 1% crude oil. Fungi that grow on this medium were subcultured into PDA plates until to obtain pure cultures. Potential of fungi for crude oil biodegradation was studied using of Bacto Bushnell-Haas broth medium containing 1% ( v /v) of crude oil, 0.1% ( v /v ) Tween 80 and 0.008 g/50 ml of redox indicator. The isolated fungi included Acremonium spp, Alternaria spp, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium spp, Paecilomyces spp and Penicillium spp. Of these 8 isolates, ability Alternaria spp, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Paecilomyces spp and Penicillium spp. was confirmed for crude oil biodegradation. Hence, these fungal species can be used for bioremediation of contaminated sites to oil spill. Currently the nature became more familiar with biological control solutions to remove hazardous from the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - ارزیابی بیماری زایی عوامل قارچی مرتبط با بیماری های سوزنی برگان خانواده Cupressaceae در شرایط گلخانه ای
محمد رضا صفری مطلق فاطمه رمضانی راد گیاهان سوزنی برگ که زیبایی را در سطح پارک­ها و فضای سبز به ارمغان می­آورند به­وسیله­ی عوامل بیماری­زای گوناگون، به­ویژه قارچ­ها مورد حمله قرار می­گیرند. در این تحقیق در طی زمستان و بهار سال­های 91-92 از سوزنی­بر More گیاهان سوزنی برگ که زیبایی را در سطح پارک­ها و فضای سبز به ارمغان می­آورند به­وسیله­ی عوامل بیماری­زای گوناگون، به­ویژه قارچ­ها مورد حمله قرار می­گیرند. در این تحقیق در طی زمستان و بهار سال­های 91-92 از سوزنی­برگان دارای علائم بیماری موجود در سطح پارک­ها و فضای سبز شهر رشت، نمونه­برداری انجام شد. نمونه­ها پس از جمع­آوری، به منظور جداسازی و بررسی قارچ­های بیمارگر به آزمایشگاه منتقل گردید. سپس به منظور جداسازی پاتوژن­های قارچی، قطعاتی از بافت­های آلوده روی محیط کشت PDA قرار گرفته و در مراحل بعدی در محیط­های کشت WA، PCA و SNA مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در مجموع 5۸ جدایه­ی قارچی جداسازی و برای شناسایی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. برای این منظور از خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی قارچ­ها هم­چون رنگ و شکل کلنی، رنگ و ابعاد کنیدی و کنیدیوفور استفاده گردید. بر اساس این مطالعات، قارچ­ها متعلق بودند به: Alternaria franseriae،Alternaria tenuissima،Curvularia pallescens، sambucinumFusariumوPestalotia sp.. آن­گاه آزمایش بیماری­زایی این جدایه­های مختلف قارچی روی گیاهان شبه سرولاوسون، شبه سرولاوسون طلایی، تویا، جونی­پروس رونده، جونی­پروس چینی و سرو نقره­ای انجام گرفت و برای این منظور سوسپانسیون اسپوری از قارچ­های بدست آمده از آزمایش با غلظت ۱۰۴ × 5 اسپور در میلی لیتر آب مقطر استریل تهیه و آن­گاه مایه زنی روی گیاهان مورد آزمایش انجام شد و ارزیابی نهایی پس از 10 روز انجام گرفت و در نهایت شدت بیماری تعیین گردید. در نتایج به­دست آمده مشخص گردید که A. franseriae در میزبان شبه سرولاوسون، A. tenuissima در میزبان شبه سرولاوسون طلایی،C. pallescens در میزبان­های شبه سرولاوسون و جونی پروس­چینی،sambicinum F. در میزبان جونی­پروس­­­­­­رونده و Pestalotia sp. در میزبان­های سرو نقره­ای و شبه سرولاوسون طلایی بیماری­زا بوده­اند. بیشترین شدت بیماری را A. franseriae روی گیاه شبه سرولاوسون و کمترین شدت بیماری را Pestalotia sp. روی گیاه شبه سرولاوسون طلایی نشان داد. از میان گیاهان شبه سرولاوسون، شبه سرولاوسون طلایی، تویا، جونی­پروس چینی، جونی­پروس رونده و سرو نقره­ای، گیاه شبه سرولاوسون کم­ترین میزان مقاومت در مقابل بیماری و گیاه شبه سرولاوسون طلایی بیشترین میزان مقاومت در مقابل بیماری را نشان داد. بر اساس جدول تجزیه واریانس اختلاف معنی­داری در شدت بیماری قارچ­های مورد مطالعه در میزبان­های مختلف مشاهده شد. ظهور Alternaria franseriae، Alternaria tenuissima، Curvularia pallescens بر روی سوزنی ­برگان برای اولین بار از ایران گزارش شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - بررسی آزمایشگاهی تاثیر برخی قارچ کشها و عصاره چای روی Pestalotia sp. وColletotrichum sp. ، عوامل لکه برگی و آنتراکنوز آزالیا
Mahsa Moshayedi Hadi Rahanandeh Alireza Hamzehاثر پنج قارچ کش و عصاره برگ تازه چای در برابر لکه برگی و آنتراکنوز آزالیا در طول فصل تابستان 1394 در آزمایشگاه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد واحد رشت مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. قارچ کش ها در غلظت های 1000، 2000 و 3000 پی پی ام تهیه و به منظور تعیین درصد بازدارندگی از رشد عوا Moreاثر پنج قارچ کش و عصاره برگ تازه چای در برابر لکه برگی و آنتراکنوز آزالیا در طول فصل تابستان 1394 در آزمایشگاه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد واحد رشت مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. قارچ کش ها در غلظت های 1000، 2000 و 3000 پی پی ام تهیه و به منظور تعیین درصد بازدارندگی از رشد عوامل بیماری زا به کار برده شدند. اثر قارچ کش های مختلف Bavistin 50WP، Dithane M-45، Aliette، Benlate 50 WP و Topsin M 70 WP روی قارچ Pestalotia کاهش قابل توجهی در رشد پرگنه در مقایسه با شاهد به ترتیب با 5/0، 5/0، 5/0 ، 38/3 و 56/2 میلی متر و شاهد 0/88 میلی متر در دوز تجاری توصیه شده 2000 پی پی ام داشت. قارچ کش های فوق کاهش قابل توجهی در رشد پرگنه Colletotrichum داشتند و در هر سه غلظت هیچ رشدی در مقابل سه قارچ کش Mancozeb ،Thiophanate-methyl وFosetyl aluminum مشاهده نشد. با این حال حساسیت قابل توجهی در پاتوژن های جدا شده به قارچ کش های مختلف وجود داشت. غلظت های مختلف عصاره برگ تازه چای مورد استفاده، برای کنترل عوامل بیماری زا فوق هیچ کدام قادر به جلوگیری از رشد کلنی قارچ ها در سطح آزمایشگاه نبودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Integrated Management of Soybean (Glycine × max L.Merr.) by Essential Oil of Citrus × sinensis L cv.‘ Osbeck’ Epicarp in Postharvest
N. Sharma M. Prakash SrivastavaThe essential oil extracted from the epicarp of Citrus sinensis exhibited absolute fungitoxicity against soybean’s fungus as Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Cercospora kikuchii, Chaetomium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium ro MoreThe essential oil extracted from the epicarp of Citrus sinensis exhibited absolute fungitoxicity against soybean’s fungus as Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Cercospora kikuchii, Chaetomium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium roseum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium italicum, Phomopsisspp. Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii. It is very difficult to manage these pathogens by their nature of survival in seed. GC-MS studies of the oil revealed the presence of 10 chemical constituents of them limonene was found to be the major component (84.2 %). The activity of the oil was tested by the poisoned food technique and volatile activity assay. It was found that volatile activity was more toxic than poisoned food technique. The oil was extremely toxic for spore germination and it was found that at 700 ppm spore germination was inhibited in the ten test fungi out of the twelve tested. The essential oil demonstrated wide spectrum fungitoxicty. The seed were treated with essential oil for different concentration. It is evident that the treatment of essential oil inhibited the growth of dominant fungi. In 600 ppm Fusarium roseum, Penicilluim italicum, Rhizocotonia solaniand Sclerotium rolfsii were inhibited but in 700 ppm all tested fungi who is found in untreated seed were inhibited. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to study the mode of action of oil in case of Aspergillus niger and it was observed that the treatment of oil leads to the distortion and thinning of hyphal wall and the reduction in hyphal diameter and absence of conidiophores. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - بیماریزایی گونههای آلترناریای جدا سازی شده از Chamaecyparis lawsonia در شرایط In Vitro
محمدرضا صفری مطلق فاطمه رمضانی راد شهرام صداقت حوریکی Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae( کنه دو نقطه ایاز آفات مهم اقتصادی گیاهان زینتی در ایران می باشد. فراوانی جمعیت و توزیعHot و Maroussia، Wendela، Elderado، Wenedetta فضایی پنج رقم رز شاملدر طول دو فصل رشد در سال های 1390 و 1391 در گلخانه رز پاکدشت تهرا Moreیکی Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae( کنه دو نقطه ایاز آفات مهم اقتصادی گیاهان زینتی در ایران می باشد. فراوانی جمعیت و توزیعHot و Maroussia، Wendela، Elderado، Wenedetta فضایی پنج رقم رز شاملدر طول دو فصل رشد در سال های 1390 و 1391 در گلخانه رز پاکدشت تهران Ladyشاخص پراکندگی، میانگین تراکم لیود، شاخص موریسیتا و ،k مطالعه شد. پارامتربرای تخمین الگوی توزیع فضایی بکار برده شد. )Iwao و Taylor( روش های رگرسیونو ضرایب مدل های رگرسیون وجود k برنامه های اصلاحی نمونه برداری توسط پارامتر2 در / اوایل تیر ) 47 T. urticae داشت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تراکم جمعیتی4 در هر برگ( بودند. هم چنین یک برنامه نمونه برداری / هر برگ( و اوایل شهریور ) 11دنباله ای بصورت گسترده با استفاده از مدل گرین برای تخمین تراکم کنه استفادهدر اکثر فصل رشد بصورت ،Maroussia شد. جمعیت روی ارقام مختلف رز به ویژهتجمعی بود و مدل های دو جمله ای منفی مجموعه داده ها را بهتر از مدل پویسونتطبیق دادند. میانگین تعداد کنه دو نقطه ای در هر گیاه بین قسمت های مختلف آننشان داد گرایش کمی Maroussia اختلاف معنی داری داشت. درصد تطبیق رقم رز14 درصد از مجموعه داده های / به سمت مدل پویسون هم دارد. هم چنین 58 و 1تطبیق بیشتری با توزیع پویسون داشت. این Wenedetta بر روی رقم T. urticaeنتایج بطور کامل یافته های شاخص پراکنش را تأیید می کند و نشان دهنده توزیعتجمعی است. تعیین برنامه نمونه برداری و الگوی توزیع فضایی آفت بر روی طراحیو اجرای مدیریت تلفیقی آفت می تواند اثرگذار باشد Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - شناسایی قارچ های جدیدی جداشده از گونه های شمشاد در استان گیلان
محمرضا صفری مطلق سیده زهرا بایگانشمشاد با نام علمی Euonymus spp. یکی از مهم­ترین گیاهان زینتی است. عوامل بیماری­زای قارچی گیاهی از مهم­ترین عوامل ایجاد خسارت هستند. در این تحقیق دو گونه از قارچ­های بیماری­زا از گونه­های شمشاد آلوده طبیعی جدا گردید و مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت. Moreشمشاد با نام علمی Euonymus spp. یکی از مهم­ترین گیاهان زینتی است. عوامل بیماری­زای قارچی گیاهی از مهم­ترین عوامل ایجاد خسارت هستند. در این تحقیق دو گونه از قارچ­های بیماری­زا از گونه­های شمشاد آلوده طبیعی جدا گردید و مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت. به منظور جداسازی قارچ از بافت­های بیمار، نمونه­های جمع­آوری شده روی محیط کشت PDA کشت داده شدند. جدایه­ها برای اسپورزایی روی محیط کشت آگار کشت داده شدند. ویژگی­های مورفولوژیکی به متظور شناسایی تاکسونومیکی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. بر اساس نتایج، جدایه­ها به Colletotrichum gloeosporioides و Phoma sp.تعلق داشتند. آزمایش بیماری­زایی جدایه ها در دسیکاتور انجام گرفت و سطوحی از بیماری­زایی این قارچ­ها و توانایی شان به ایجاد سوختگی برگی روی گونه­های شمشاد آشکار گردید. این واکنش در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 8 تیمار و سه تکرار انجام شد. بر اساس جدول تجزیه واریانس در ارزیابی شدت بیماری، گونه­های شمشاد مورد مطالعه واکنش معنی­داری به Colletotrichum gloeosporioides و. Phoma spنشان ندادند. اما بر اساس اندازه و تیپ لکه­های ظاهر شده روی گونه­های شمشاد و سیستم هورسفال – بارات، گیاهان به­وسیله .Phoma sp بیشتر از C. gloeosporioides تحت تاثیر قرار گرفتند، یعنی شدت بیماری این قارچ بیشتر بود و گیاهان تحمل کمتری نشان دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Application of robust multivariate control chart with Winsorized Mean: a case study
Angellys P. Ariza Guerrero Rister Barreto Pombo Roberto J. Herrera Acosta -
Open Access Article
53 - Effect of Production, Extraction and Purification methods on Anti-cancer property of Fungal Polysaccharides
Hale Alvandi Ashrafalsadat Hatamian-Zarmi Bahman Ebrahimi Hosseinzadeh Zahra-Beagom Mokhtari-Hosseini Hamed AghajaniCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Considering the nutritional value of fungi in traditional medicine and the history of their use in the treatment of various cancers, modern methods of treating cancer were studied using fungal products, especially MoreCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Considering the nutritional value of fungi in traditional medicine and the history of their use in the treatment of various cancers, modern methods of treating cancer were studied using fungal products, especially polysaccharides. The antitumor activity of fungal polysaccharides is directly related to the stimulation of the immune system. These polysaccharides damage the free radicals and inhibit the growth of cancer cells by altering the function of macrophages, stimulating the production of anti-cancer antibodies and increasing nitric oxide and cytokines production. Despite extensive research on the therapeutic effects of fungal polysaccharides, further research is needed to identify their chemical structure, especially in purification methods. Fungal polysaccharides, in features such as linkage type, the degree of branching, molecular weight and solubility are different. The growth conditions of the fungal species, including the compositions of the culture medium, temperature, pH and type of bioreactor, affect the yield of polysaccharide and its monosaccharide composition. Polysaccharide extraction methods, drying, purification, and chemical modification can change the structural properties of polysaccharide, including linkage type, the degree of branching, uronic acid content, protein content, and solubility. Structural differences in fungal polysaccharides have been shown to lead to differences in antioxidant activity, anti-proliferation, and immune stimulation. Therefore, by investigating the chemical structure of fungal polysaccharides, it can be targeted to the production of polysaccharides for the treatment of cancer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Study of ability Fusarium oxysporum fungi in extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle in vitro
Golshid Sajjadi Abolfath Shojaiee Mohammad Reza Fazeli Javid Amini Hossain JamalifarBackground and Objective: Development of methods without using plotant and poisonous material and minimum wastes to produce under control nano structures is of nanotechnologist concerns. In this way biologists, by previous knowledge, nano-scale minerals controlled makin MoreBackground and Objective: Development of methods without using plotant and poisonous material and minimum wastes to produce under control nano structures is of nanotechnologist concerns. In this way biologists, by previous knowledge, nano-scale minerals controlled making by microorganism, seeking organism capable making non-organic nanoparticles. The aim of this study is extracellular production of silver nanoparticles with maximum dimention of 20 nm by Fusarium oxysporum fungi. Materials and methods: After studies to optimize growth condition, Fusarium oxysporum biomass in a medium containing yeast and malt extract is reproduced. After silver nanoparticles production in silver nitrate solution, this nanoparticles are studies by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) methods. Results: Studies showed that when Fusarium oxysporum biomass put in 10-3 M of silver ions, can produce silver nanoparticles in the form of extracellular. Conclusion: Because of physical and chemical particular properties of silver nanoparticles with maximum diameter of 20 nm of Fusarium oxysporum fungi, its industrial production and applied evaluation is offered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The genetic diversity and ecology of the rumen anaerobic fungi of ruminant animals: past, present and future
Ali Khodaei Mehdi Arzanloo Asadollah Babai Ahari Mohammad Hossein Afsarian Hamid BadaliBackground and Objectives: In 1910 scientist notified the existence of fungi in rumen. Based on chitin content in their cell wall, they were classified as true fungi referred to as Neocallimastix frontalis. Based on morphological characters such as number of flagellates MoreBackground and Objectives: In 1910 scientist notified the existence of fungi in rumen. Based on chitin content in their cell wall, they were classified as true fungi referred to as Neocallimastix frontalis. Based on morphological characters such as number of flagellates in zoospore, rhizomycelium, shape of sporangium, ultra structural of zoospore and nucleotide sequences data, these fungi are recently classified into two monocentric and polycentric groups, consisting of six genera. Materials and Methods: In the present study, literature search was performed based on search of MeSH keywords, such as phylogeny, monophyletic, Neocallimastigomycota, rumen fungi, in several online research tools, such as Pubmed Medline, Scopus, Google scholar, Elsevier databases, Irandoc, Iranmedex, Magiran, SID and MEDLIB limited to the articles published between 1992 to 2013. Results: Different characterises of these fungi such as life cycle, reproductive structures, vegetative thallus and molecular data revealed phytogenic relationship of rumen fungi to the members of Chytridiomycota. Phylogenetic analysis of these fungi and their relatives with other eukaryotes using 18S rDNA sequence data, analyses of structural data and the G+C content showed that this fungi are monophyletic organisms. Conclusion: The investigations on inhibitors and their roles in the interactions between fungi and bacteria can be useful to understand the microbial ecosystem of the rumen. Detection of these factors can be used to determine new ecologic relationships in the rumen. Furthermore, detection of the inhibitors of bacterial activity in the rumen can be used to increase the activity of fungi on plant fibres in this ecologic community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Investigation of Effects of Bio Fertilizer Application on Zinc uptake and Some of Vegetative Growth Indices of Corn (Zea Mays L.) in a Non-Sterile Calcareous Soil with Different Levels of Salinity
H.R. Bostani mostafa chorom abdolamir moezzi najafali karimian naimeh enayati zamir mehdi zareiSalinity affects plant growth by decreasing the water and nutrients uptakes and disturbing the nutritional balance of plants. To investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Zinc (Zn) uptake and some of MoreSalinity affects plant growth by decreasing the water and nutrients uptakes and disturbing the nutritional balance of plants. To investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Zinc (Zn) uptake and some of growth indices of Corn (Zea Mays L.) at different soil salinity levels, a factorial experiment as completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted in greenhouse of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Factors included three salinity levels (0 (S1), 15(S1) and 30 (S2) Meq salt kg-1 soil) and microbial inoculation (without inoculation (C), Glumus Intradices (F), Pesudomonas bacteria (B) and fungi + bacteria (BF)). The results showed that dry matter of shoot and root, root colonization percentage, stem diameter, plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll index were significantly reduced by increasing of salinity levels from S0 to S2. Using all microbial treatments resulted in increasing of all the above mentioned growth indices at all salinity levels significantly. Generally, the use of fungi and fungi-bacterial treatments in enhancement of growth indices of plant were higher than bacterial treatment alone. Zn concentration in shoot and root was increased by increasing of salinity levels while Zn uptakes were significantly decreased. Also, Zn concentration and uptakes in shoot and root were significantly increased by application of all microbial treatments compared to control and the higher increase was related to fungi-bacterial treatment and the lowest increase observed in bacterial treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The reaction of six medicinal plant species with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during spring and autumn in Noujian Watershed (Lorestan province)
Parvin Ramak Mohammad Matinizadeh Mohammad Mehrnia Reza SiahmansourIn this research, symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and some of the medicinal plants such as: Artemisa aucheri, Mentha longifolia, Plantago lanceolata, Thymus kotschyanus, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Cychorium intybus were studied during the spring and aut MoreIn this research, symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and some of the medicinal plants such as: Artemisa aucheri, Mentha longifolia, Plantago lanceolata, Thymus kotschyanus, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Cychorium intybus were studied during the spring and autumn period for two years in Nojian Watershed. Noujian with the area of 34000 hectares is situated between the Eastern latitude of 48° 23̕ to 48° 40̕ and its Northern longitude ranges from 33° 17̕ to 33° 60̕ at Lorestan province in watershed of Dez dam. Soil and thin roots collected randomly from the depth of 0-30 cm of plant canopy area. Significant difference (p> 0.01) was found in phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium and organic matter in spring and autumn. Potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus showed significant negative correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and percentage colonization but magnesium was positively correlated with spore density and percentage colonization respectively; +0.61 and +0.48. Thymus kotschyanus showed the highest percentage root colonization and the highest number of spores were observed in rhizosphere of Ziziphora clinopodioides. The highest root colonization and spore numbers were observed in spring. Six species of Glomus genus contain G. microcarpum, G. etunicatum, G.macrocarpum, G. constrictum and G. geosporum were identified in the rhizosphere of selected medicinal plant species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Effect of Irrigation Systems on the Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Shahpasand Pistachio Cultivar
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Ali Reza Tavakkoli Amir Hossein Mohammadi Mohammad Moradi Hossein Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
59 - Comparative HPLC, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antifungal Activity of Walnut Kernels against Alternaria mali in Apple
Ruhee Jan Tabassum Ara Javid Mir -
Open Access Article
60 - Investigation on the Efficacy of some Fungicides in Controlling Alternaria Late Blight of Pistachio
Hossein Khabbaz-Jolfaee Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam Gholamreza Baradaran Mojtaba Ghalandar -
Open Access Article
61 - Efficacy of Ozone to Reduce Fungal Spoilage and Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts
M.A Abdel-Wahhab A.F Sehab F.R Hassanien Sh.E El-Nemr H.A Amra H.A Abdel-Alim -
Open Access Article
62 - Evaluation of Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Pistachio Cultivars and Investigation of a Chemical Controlling Method
L. Jalali G. Avagyan -
Open Access Article
63 - بررسی همزیستی توام قارچ میکوریزای آرباسکولار و باکتری مزوریزوبیوم بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کشت مخلوط ذرت و لوبیا چشم بلبلی
Z. Marzban M. R. Ameryan M. Mamarabadi In order to study the effect of mesorhizobium bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on the yield and yield components of corn and cow pea under intercropping, experiment was carried out in the research field of Faculty of Agricu More In order to study the effect of mesorhizobium bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on the yield and yield components of corn and cow pea under intercropping, experiment was carried out in the research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology in the growing season of 2010 using RCBD design and with three replication. Experimental treatments were included in the from of monocropping and intercropping on the basis of additive series, include: zea mayzs (Z), Bean (B), Intercropping (I), Zea mays+ Mycorrhizal (ZM), Bean+ Mycorrhizal (BM), Bean + Mesorhizobuim Bacteria (BB), Bean+ Mycorrhizal + Mesorhizobium Bacteria (BMB), Intercropping + Mycorrhizal (IM), Intercropping +Mesorhizobium Bacteria(IB) Intercropping + Mycorrhizal +Mesorhizobium Bacteria (IMB). The results indicated meaningful difference regarding the characteristics such as bean seed yield, 1000 bean seed weight, and average number of corn seeds in ear, ad well ad corn seed yield and 1000 corn seed weight under various treatments (P<0.01). However, the results did not indicate statistically meaningful difference concerning characteristics like the number of bean pods, average number of bean seed in pod, and the number of ear per plant under various treatments. Regarding bean seed, maximum yield with average weight of 3053.7 kg per hectare belonged to bean-Mesorhizobium intercropping treatment, and minimum yield with average weight of 1900.5 kg per hectare belonged to bean monocropping treatment . Similarly, regarding corn seed, Maximum yield with average weight of 5751.9 kg per hectare belonged to corn- Mesorhizobium intercropping teartmeant and minimum yield with average weight of 2695.9 kg per hectare belonged to corn monocropping treatment. LER highest with average 2.89 obtained from treatment intercropping and the least with average 1.87 was obtained in treatment Mesorhizobium intercropping. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Salicylic Acid in Success of Culturing Ocimum Basilicum L. in Aluminum – Contaminated Lands
Sh. Enteshari F. Mirzaiyan -
Open Access Article
65 - Environmental Survey on Microbial Contamination in Two Public Hospitals in Qazvin
Mohadeseh Choubdar Shagahyegh Mousavi Zohreh Naghdali Faezeh Mohammadi Milad Mousazadeh Ahmad Nikpey -
Open Access Article
66 - Toxicity of Strobilurins fungicides: A comprehensive review
Geeta Pandey Harkesh Rathore -
Open Access Article
67 - Scrutiny Flora and identify the dominant fungal and bacterial rhizosphere microorganisms in the soil fertile productive chitinase and phospholipase enzymes in Iranshahr
hadi hosseini iman hormozi najmeh shakibThe aim of this study was to identify and isolate bacteria and fungi that produce phospholipase and chitinase enzymes in Iranshahr fertile logic soil to identify and produce biological fertilizers for farmers in the province using microorganisms compatible with the geog MoreThe aim of this study was to identify and isolate bacteria and fungi that produce phospholipase and chitinase enzymes in Iranshahr fertile logic soil to identify and produce biological fertilizers for farmers in the province using microorganisms compatible with the geographical conditions of the region (secondary target). Sampling of soil from agricultural fields in fertile areas of Iranshahr city and soil sampling areas were diluted by 10+ 5. For Chitin, Shrimp substation, Sigma Aldrich USA and sterile egg yolk were used for phospholipase substrate. After merging the dedicated substrates bygeneral media culture, positive enzyme microstructures were identified and isolated by halo production. Enzymes were identified and confirmed by spectrophotometry testing and measurement of light absorption at 410 and 280 nm wavelengths. Samples were sent to South Korea's Macrogen Company for molecular identification. The predominant bacteria and fungi producing phospholipase were Bacillus subtilis and Mucor hiemalis, respectivelythe highest production of chitinase enzyme was observed in Pseudomonas putida and Mucor hiemalis microsatellites. Changes in pH showed that an increase in pH to alkalinity greatly reduced enzyme secretion. The highest levels of both enzymes were found in Mucor hiemalis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile
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