Review of leather production processes based on mycelium of fungus

Subject Areas : Developmental biology of plants and animals , development and differentiation in microorganisms

Shahrzad Sadeghi Amjad ¹ , Hoora Dadgostar ² , Mohaddeseh Larypoor ³

1 - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
2 - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch
3 - Department of Microbiology, North Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2024-06-27 Accepted : 2024-09-01 Published : 2024-12-14

Keywords: Keywords: leather, fungi, Mycelium-based leather, biological matrix,

Abstract :

With the increasing global development of biotechnology and the increase in population, humans have always sought to reduce the damage caused to the environment by their lives, fungi and plants are the most suitable options for the production and biological development of sustainable materials. Being renewable, having high safety for the environment, being cheap, being biodegradable and being native biological materials is an important milestone in the bioengineering of materials. transform them into substrates with high strength and high pressure tolerance, different species of filamentous fungi and mushroom are involved in the leather production process based on the mentioned function. Their mass production during cultivation (in three methods, solid cultivation, liquid and submerged fermentation), separation of the resulting biomass during special processes, drying, final shaping and replacement of the resulting composition in the leather industry can be effective in reducing a large part of the damage caused to the environment.

References:

1. Alemu D, Tafesse M, Mondal AK. Mycelium‐based composite: The future sustainable biomaterial. International journal of biomaterials. 2022;2022(1):8401528#.
2. Cerimi K, Akkaya KC, Pohl C, Schmidt B, Neubauer P. Fungi as source for new bio-based materials: a patent review. Fungal biology and biotechnology. 2019;6:1-10.#
3. Jones M, Mautner A, Luenco S, Bismarck A, John S. Engineered mycelium composite construction materials from fungal biorefineries: A critical review. Materials & Design. 2020;187:108397.#
4. Elkhateeb W, GM D. Muskin the amazing potential of mushroom in human life. Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences. 2022;5(1):1-5.#
5. Butu A, Rodino S, Miu B, Butu M. Mycelium-based materials for the ecodesign of bioeconomy. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct. 2020;15:1129-40.#
6. Kniep J, Graupner N, Reimer JJ, Müssig J. Mycelium-based biomimetic composite structures as a sustainable leather alternative. Materials Today Communications. 2024;39:109100#.
7. da Silva Junior CJG, de Amorim JDP, de Medeiros ADLM, de Holanda Cavalcanti AKL, do Nascimento HA, Henrique MA, et al. Design of a Naturally Dyed and Waterproof Biotechnological Leather from Reconstituted Cellulose. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2022;13(2):49#.
8. Raman J, Kim D-S, Kim H-S, Oh D-S, Shin H-J. Mycofabrication of mycelium-based leather from brown-rot fungi. Journal of Fungi. 2022;8(3):317.#
9. Akhter S, Jahan MS, Rahman ML, Ruhane TA, Ahmed M, Khan MA. Revolutionizing Sustainable Fashion: Jute–Mycelium Vegan Leather Reinforced with Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolymer Crosslinking from Novel Bacteria. Advances in Polymer Technology. 2024;2024(1):1304800.#
10. بیرانوند, شیدا, پور ل, نوروزی. بهینه سازی تولید بتاکاروتن رودوتورلا موسیلوژینوسا جدا شده از پساب کارخانه چرم. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی دنیای میکروب ها. 2019;12(شماره 1 (پیاپی 38)):39-52.#
11. Larypoor M. Investigation of HER-3 gene expression under the influence of carbohydrate biopolymers extract of shiitake and reishi in MCF-7 cell line. Molecular biology reports. 2022;49(7):6563-72.#
12. Elkhateeb W, Daba G. Marine endophytes a natural novel source for a treasure of bioactive compounds. J Adv Microbiol Res. 2022;5(018):2.#
13. Larypoor M, Gharakhani F. A review of the antimicrobial effects of metabolites extracted from cap fungi. 2022#.
14. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Elnahas MO, Thomas PW. Fomitopsis officinalis mushroom: ancient gold mine of functional components and biological activities for modern medicine. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal. 2019;18(4):285-9.#
15. Yasrebi N, Zarmi AH, Larypoor M, Zeynali M, Ebrahimi-Hosseinzadeh B, Mokhtari-Hosseini ZB, et al. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the wound healing properties of chitosan extracted from Trametes versicolor. Journal of Polymer Research. 2021;28:1-11.#
16. Madusanka C, Udayanga D, Nilmini R, Rajapaksha S, Hewawasam C, Manamgoda D, et al. A review of recent advances in fungal mycelium based composites. Discover Materials. 2024;4(1):13.#
17. Isola D, Lee H-J, Chung Y-J, Zucconi L, Pelosi C. Once upon a Time, There Was a Piece of Wood: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Fungal Deterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Diagnostic Tools. Journal of Fungi. 2024;10(5):366.#
18. Bi Z, Crnković T. Bio-leather: Sustainable clothing fabrics made from simple media ingredients and slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2024;54:15280837241254510.#
19. Elkhateeb WA, Galappaththi M, Wariss H, Haesendonck K, Daba GM. Fungi-derived leather (mushroom leather). MycoKing. 2022;1:1-5.#
20. Wijayarathna EKB, Mohammadkhani G, Soufiani AM, Adolfsson KH, Ferreira JA, Hakkarainen M, et al. Fungal textile alternatives from bread waste with leather-like properties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2022;179:106041.#
21. Amobonye A, Lalung J, Awasthi MK, Pillai S. Fungal mycelium as leather alternative: A sustainable biogenic material for the fashion industry. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2023:e00724.#
22. Elsacker E, Vandelook S, Peeters E. Recent technological innovations in mycelium materials as leather substitutes: a patent review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2023;11.#
23. Jones M, Gandia A, John S, Bismarck A. Leather-like material biofabrication using fungi. Nature Sustainability. 2021;4(1):9-16.#
24. Conceição AA, Mendes TD, Mendonça S, Quirino BF, Almeida EGd, Siqueira FGd. Nutraceutical enrichment of animal feed by filamentous fungi fermentation. Fermentation. 2022;8(8):402.#
25. Smith MJ, Kittleson JT, Eng DJ, Boulet-Audet M. Mycelium materials, and methods for production thereof. Google Patents; 2023.#
26. Razzaq MA, Lyzu C, Parveen S, Uddin MT, Shaikh MAA, Chowdhury MJ, et al. Fatliquor for fungus resistant leather-a sustainable ecofriendly approach. Heliyon. 2024.#
27. Pechini MP. Washington, DC: US patent and trademark office. US patent. 1967;3:697.#
28. Greetham L, McIntyre GR, Bayer E, Winiski J, Araldi S. Mycological biopolymers grown in void space tooling. Google Patents; 2022.#
29. Polemis E, Zervakis G, Gargano M, Denchev C, Denchev T, Venturella G. Selected Choice Wild Edible Mushrooms.#
30. Case DA, Aktulga HM, Belfon K, Ben-Shalom I, Brozell SR, Cerutti DS, et al. Amber 2021: University of California, San Francisco; 2021.#
31. Ross P, Wenner N, Moorleghen C. Method of producing fungal materials and objects made therefrom. Google Patents; 2020.#