List of articles (by subject) Mineralogy
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Open Access Article
1 - Earliest Campanian - latest Maastrichtian sequence stratigraphy based on planktonic foraminifera, Fars province, Zagros, Iran
Leila Fazli Saeedeh SenemariThe Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun formations have been investigated in the studied section in the Fars Province, in order to determine their sequence stratigraphy. On the basis of done studies on the cores of borehole, four main microfacies have been recognized in four strat MoreThe Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun formations have been investigated in the studied section in the Fars Province, in order to determine their sequence stratigraphy. On the basis of done studies on the cores of borehole, four main microfacies have been recognized in four stratigraphic sequence deposited during the Campanian to Maastrichtian. The lowermost sequence, was deposited in the early Campanian-early late Campanian which include wackestone to packestone texture with Globotruncanita elevata Zoneand Globotruncana ventricosa Zonethatrepresentative of the deep marine and outer ramp. The intermediate and uppermost sequences (sequences two, three and four) display well developed deposits formed in the end of the Campanian (Radotruncana calcarata Zoneand Globotruncanella havanensis Zone), formed during the Maastrichtian (Globotruncana aegyptiaca Zoneand Gansserina gansseri Zone) and the end of the Maastrichtian (Omphalocyclus macroporus - loftusia sp assemblage Zone) on pelagic, hemipelagic, outer and middle ramp. On the basis of the sequence stratigraphic chart, the transgression of the upper Cretaceous sea started since the early Campanian and continued gradually until the early Maastrichtian. Then, until the end of Maastrichtian, the area has been emerged. The sequence stratigraphic architecture of Campanian/ Maastrichtian Gurpi, Tarbur and Sachun formations model is in a good agreement with global sea level changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A comprehensive study on the effect of moisture content on coal spontaneous combustion tendency
Amir Saffari Farhang Sereshki Mohammad AtaeiThere are several phenomenons for polluting the environment, especially in coalfields; which coal spontaneous combustion is one of them. The moisture content is one of the intrinsic characteristics of coal, which has an important role in the occurrence of this phenomeno MoreThere are several phenomenons for polluting the environment, especially in coalfields; which coal spontaneous combustion is one of them. The moisture content is one of the intrinsic characteristics of coal, which has an important role in the occurrence of this phenomenon. Therefore, this research predicts the coal spontaneous combustion tendency based on moisture content. The percentage of moisture content is a very important parameter on the occurrence of this process; so far a conclusion about the effect of moisture content on coal spontaneous combustion, a comprehensive study was done. 55 coal samples with different percentage of moisture content for the training of overall underground coalfields in Iran were collected and the CPT test method for each coal sample was carried out. Then, the method of regression analysis was used for modeling and predicting the coal spontaneous combustion tendency. The results show, the coal sample undergoes oxidation most rapidly when the moisture content supply is about under 20%, and it can reduce coal spontaneous combustion in excessed of 20%, because when moisture is present in excessed of 20%, the heat released by oxidation is used to evaporate the moisture. For validation and testing, 15 coal samples of another coalfield were collected and the CPT test method for each coal sample was carried out, and the results of the test method were compared by the regression equation. The results obtained from the models show that a good appropriate prediction has been done for determining the coal spontaneous combustion tendency by regression analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Use of morphometric indices in drainage network changes (Indicators in the Kordkanlo Basin)
Mohammad Javanbakht مهدی رضا پورسلطانی ناصر خلقیThe Kordkanlo Basin, one of the Atrak sub-basins, located in the northeastern of the Ghoochan city, the Khorasan Razavi Province; is situated in Kopet Dagh geologic zone. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the morphotectonic effects on the drainage netwo MoreThe Kordkanlo Basin, one of the Atrak sub-basins, located in the northeastern of the Ghoochan city, the Khorasan Razavi Province; is situated in Kopet Dagh geologic zone. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the morphotectonic effects on the drainage network of the basin, using morphometric indicators. In this research, morphometric quantitative indicators of hypsometric integral (H), the ratio of the valley area to the an area of half-circle with a radius equal to the valley depth (V), the ratio of the width of valley floor to a height of the river (VF), asymmetry factor (AF), the river’s length gradient index (SL), transverse topography symmetry factor (T) and index of mountain front sinuosity (SMF), the basin shape index (BS) and the index of (Lat) have been used. This purpose tries to identify the role of change in lithological and tectonic agents on the Kordkanlo river basin using topographic maps, digital elevation model (DEM) and the information obtained in the field survey. In this context, ArcGIS software has been used for determining geomorphic indicators to determine the tectonic characteristics of the basin. Finally, index values were evaluated by the lat index. The result reveals high tectonic activity in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Satellite thermal surveys to detecting hidden active faults and fault termination, Case study of Quchan fault, NE Iran
Reza Arjmandzadeh Vahid Shafiei Rashvanlou Rahim Dabiri Alireza AlmasiThe Quchan fault is located in Quchan - Shirvan area which is a part of Chenaran- Bojnourd plain in Kopeh-Dagh zone, NE Iran. The Quchan active fault with northwest – southeast trending is one of the most important strike-slip faults in the area which its activity MoreThe Quchan fault is located in Quchan - Shirvan area which is a part of Chenaran- Bojnourd plain in Kopeh-Dagh zone, NE Iran. The Quchan active fault with northwest – southeast trending is one of the most important strike-slip faults in the area which its activity led to the numerous historical and instrumental earthquakes. The Neo-tectonic activities of this fault are investigated by the drainage patterns, displacement of the waterways, the impact on the alluvial fan deposits and the Quaternary sediments cutting. Here, we aim to employ instrumental seismicity along with satellite imagery data, thermal images, shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) data plus field observations to explain the mechanism and active tectonics of the southeast Quchan fault termination. Processing Landsat-8 image synchronous with the maximum micro-seismic occurrences reveals that thermal anomaly is positive and corresponds to the major lineaments. Thermal anomaly images have also revealed three hidden faults which have not yet been distinguished in the field surveys. The continuous strike slip activity of the Quchan fault over the time resulted in the formation of compression zone and new thrusts along the southeastern end. By continuance of thrust activity, the anticline starts to accrete and the older thrusts are covered with folding sedimentary rocks, thus thrust loader continues until now. This research is the first successful attempt in Iran to detect hidden active faults and investigate fault termination by employing satellite thermal surveys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Modeling and environmental risk assessment of Eastern Alborz Coal washing plant
Reza Ghaedrahmati Hayati Hayati Asghar AziziMining operations and mineral-related industries are closely and directly related with the environment. The negative impacts of mining industry on the environment, known as environmental risks, must be controlled and managed in a way to minimize harmful and destructive MoreMining operations and mineral-related industries are closely and directly related with the environment. The negative impacts of mining industry on the environment, known as environmental risks, must be controlled and managed in a way to minimize harmful and destructive effects. Environmental risk assessment studies are a suitable step to identify, analyze and rank the risk factors. In this study a hybrid model has been presented to identify the environmental risks caused by coal washing plant in eastern Alborz in the form of 17 risk factors and introducing 8 criteria to assess them. Then their impact has been studied upon 12 environmental factors such as agriculture, ecology and so forth. In this regard, the risks for each of the affected environmental components have been assessed using linear assignment method, which is one of the most important multi- attribute decision-making methods. The results showed that in components of "area usage", "social issues", "surface water" and "underground water", the risks of "exposition of the plant and the tailing area", "tailing discharge considerations", "type of geological formations of the area" and "changing the usage of the area" have been ranked first, respectively and have been introduced as the most critical risks for the above-mentioned components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Pliocene volcanic activity of the Harrat Ash-Sham, South of Syria: geochemistry and petrogenesis
Safwan Dawod Ali Al-Mishwat Abdulkarim Al AbdallaThe Cenozoic volcanic activity of the Harrat Ash Sham volcanic field in south of Syria is a part of the extensive magmatism that took place in the auxiliary extension faults along the Dead Sea Fault Zone from upper Eocene to Holocene. Pliocene volcanic rocks form an imp MoreThe Cenozoic volcanic activity of the Harrat Ash Sham volcanic field in south of Syria is a part of the extensive magmatism that took place in the auxiliary extension faults along the Dead Sea Fault Zone from upper Eocene to Holocene. Pliocene volcanic rocks form an important part of igneous succession in Syrian Part of Harrat as Sham. These rocks vary from basalts flows to scoria. Pliocene basalts are divided into three primary petrographic groups: olivine basalt, olivine-pyroxene basalt and basanite. The three petro-types are alkaline and have similar compositional ranges of major and trace elements. Variations in the contents of major and minor elements in the Pliocene basaltic rocks are very slight. Such homogeneity in the chemical composition indicates to the operation of petrological processes that reinforced each other during the genesis of these rocks. The geochemical characteristics of the Pliocene basalt rocks reflect crystallization from primitive basic magmas that have experienced limited crystal fractionation process subsequent to their derivation by partial melting of the upper mantle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Geometric and kinematic analysis of Dorbadam anticline, North of Quchan, Iran
Hamidreza Afkhami Ardakani Farzin Ghaemi Behnam RahimiThe geometric and kinematic analyzing of the anticlines and their relation with the large-scale structures are used to determine the structural evolution of the area. The Dorbadam anticline is located in the Kopet-Dagh structural zone, 45 km due north of Quchan and on t MoreThe geometric and kinematic analyzing of the anticlines and their relation with the large-scale structures are used to determine the structural evolution of the area. The Dorbadam anticline is located in the Kopet-Dagh structural zone, 45 km due north of Quchan and on the Razavi and North Khorasan provinces border. The field study and geometric analysis indicate that the Dorbadam anticline has two culminations with an en-echelon arrangement and different structural evolution. The NW culmination (DA.1) is analyzed as a fault propagation fold geometry, while the SE culmination is known as a simple folding. The axial trend of the Dorbadam anticline has been changed and shows harmonic and Horizontal inclined, 1C subclass of Ramsay's classification, close, asymmetrical over fold in DA.1 part; upright and horizontal, open and symmetrical upright fold in DA.2 part. Aspect ratio on the Dorbadam anticline is 0.64 and has a parabolic appearance. The joint study revealed the existence of five major joints in this area which are bedding and strike joints (tension and compression joints parallel to the axial fold) or dipping joints (tension joints). The systematic joints analyzing of Tirgan Formation with T-Tecto software determined that the trend of maximum stress in the Cretaceous was S07W. The paleo-stress direction determined S25W with axial plane analysis. The Analysis of large-scale faults indicated a change in the stress direction during the time and specified they are post-tectonic and the activity of faults occurred in some various stress systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Environmental impact assessment and sustainability level determination in cement plants (Case study: Shahrood cement plant)
Farhang Sereshki Amir SaffariFocusing on environmental impact assessment as a new tool to determine the harmful effects of projects on the environment is very necessary. The establishment of cement plants in Iran is accompanied by huge investments that aim to create jobs and have others economic as MoreFocusing on environmental impact assessment as a new tool to determine the harmful effects of projects on the environment is very necessary. The establishment of cement plants in Iran is accompanied by huge investments that aim to create jobs and have others economic aspects; this trend is on the rise. However, cement plants contribute to environmental pollutions. Therefore, understanding the effect of activities in these potentially polluting centres will greatly help determine future strategies. For the control and prevention of pollution, it is necessary to use a model for the quantitative assessment of environmental impacts. In this study, the Folchi method has been using to recognize and identify environmental pollution by cement plants and effective solutions to decrease the negative impacts of environmental pollution by Shahrood cement plant. According to the results, the contamination generated by the plant, especially for environmental components such as air quality, area landscape, soil of the area, ecology, and area usage are more significant than other environmental components. The EIA results are then obtained and used to assess the sustainability of the complex using Phillips mathematical model. The obtained results indicate that this complex is unsustainable; therefore, preventive environmental activities must be recommended with a preference to reduce environmental damages through its components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Geothermal conditions of hydrocarbon formation in the South Caspian basin
Vagif Kerimov Michael Rachinsky Rustam Mustaev Uliana SerikovaThe geotemperature factor of the subsurface is among the important reasons for defining hydrocarbon generation conditions, which characterize migration processes and the accumulation of oil and gas in sedimentary rocks. It also has an application aspect, which is very i MoreThe geotemperature factor of the subsurface is among the important reasons for defining hydrocarbon generation conditions, which characterize migration processes and the accumulation of oil and gas in sedimentary rocks. It also has an application aspect, which is very important for potential oil and gas forecasts and the selection of exploration plays. It provides a practical capability to use the data of disruptions in the regional and local geotemperature field for tracking hydrocarbon migration paths, determining discharge zones, areas and foci of geo-fluid-dynamic systems. This is one reason why temperature conditions in the geologic section of oil and gas regions, areas, zones and prospects may be weighty arguments in oil and gas exploration. The study results may benefit planning and conducting exploratory operations in other basins of mobile belts, similar to the studied ones in their tectonotype. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Determine folding mechanism of Lali structure, northern Dezful, Zagros, Iran
Gholamreza Asgari Farzin Ghaemi Bahman Soleimany Behnam Rahimi Mehrdad MalekiLali sub-surface structure, with a NW-SE Zagros trending is located in Dezful Embayment. To determine the folding mechanism, structural geometric parameters including limbs dip, amplitude, wavelength, and crestal length were determined in four stages during deformation. MoreLali sub-surface structure, with a NW-SE Zagros trending is located in Dezful Embayment. To determine the folding mechanism, structural geometric parameters including limbs dip, amplitude, wavelength, and crestal length were determined in four stages during deformation. In order to investigate the lateral folding mechanism, these geometric parameters were analyzed in three parts in the Lali structure including northwest, central and southeast. Lali structure in all three sections, show detachment folding mechanism. At the initial stage, due to the rheology of the region's stratigraphic units, the folding mechanism was fault-bend fold and due to the thickness of incompetent units, folding mechanism changes from the fault-bend fold to fault detachment fold and growth of this structure continues with this mechanism. As the deformation continues, detachment folding, the Dahlstrom type inclined to migration type. By identifying the folding mechanism of the Lali structure, determination of the detachment depth was necessary with two computational and graphical methods. Therefore, the depth of this surface was estimated at about 7500-8500 m for Lali structure. This amount is determined at the maximum thickness of the stratigraphic sequence of the region due to the migration of incompetent units to the core of the Lali structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Eocene-Oligocene volcanic units of momen abad, east of Iran: petrogenesis and magmatic evolution
Sahar Tarabi Mohamad Hashem Emami Sourosh Modabberi Seyed Jamal Sheikh ZakariaeeThis study investigates petrology and major, minor, and rare earth elements ‎geochemistry of ‎East Iranian Eocene–Oligocene volcanic rocks in Sistan suture ‎zone, to examine their ‎petrogenesis and magma evolution. The volcanic rocks include andesi MoreThis study investigates petrology and major, minor, and rare earth elements ‎geochemistry of ‎East Iranian Eocene–Oligocene volcanic rocks in Sistan suture ‎zone, to examine their ‎petrogenesis and magma evolution. The volcanic rocks include andesite, trachy-andesite, dacite ‎and rhyolite. ‎These calc-alkaline rocks of high-K series are enriched in Large ‎Ion Lithophile ‎Elements of Rb and Ba and depleted in High Field Strength Elements ‎(e.g. Ti and Nb). The REE ‎pattern shows Eu negative anomaly. These ‎features are comparable with rocks in subduction ‎zone of continental ‎margin setting. ‎The petrographic features and the geochemical variation ‎of major oxides and trace ‎elements against SiO2 can be related to fractional ‎crystallization in parent magma. The trace ‎element ratios, e.g. Nb/La, Nb/U, Ba/Rb, Nb/Y and Rb/Y, verify crustal ‎contamination with a remarkable upper ‎crustal contamination as the main ‎process in the ‎formation of volcanic series. ‎The ratios of Nb/Ba and Nb/Zr indicate that magmatic activity in Momen Abad had ‎resulted ‎from sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In addition, Nb/Y and Zr/Yb versus ‎Ta/Yb reveals an ‎E-MORB like mantle source. A spinel lherzolite composition ‎with significant role of the ‎AFC processes are deduced from the concentrations of Yb and ‎Y, and the ratios of Th/Yb and ‎La/Yb. ‎The Ba/Nb, Ba/Th and Th/Nb ratios presume a metasomatized mantle source ‎resulted from ‎the melting of upper crust sediments inherited from the subduction of ‎Neotethys ocean beneath ‎the Lut Block. ‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The study of post depositional history in the Chehel Kaman formation, in the eastern regions of Kopet-Dagh, North-East Iran
Somayeh Erfani Mohammad Javanbakht Mehdireza PoursoltaniThe Chehel Kaman Formation of the upper Paleocene age formed from carbonate and siliciclastic sediments is located, in the Kapeh Dagh Sedimentary Basin. Two sections where considered for the purpose of research into the effective diagenetic processes of this formation. MoreThe Chehel Kaman Formation of the upper Paleocene age formed from carbonate and siliciclastic sediments is located, in the Kapeh Dagh Sedimentary Basin. Two sections where considered for the purpose of research into the effective diagenetic processes of this formation. The Cheshmeh Qorban section with a thickness of 270.8m located 140km down the Mashhad – Sarakhs Highway while the Shourlog Section with a thickness of 288.3m is situated 130km down the Mashhad – Mozduran – Sarakhs Highway. 120 samples were taken from these sections and 100 thin cross sections produced from these samples. The carbonate rocks of this formation have been affected by diagenetic processes such as cementation, micritization, neomorphism, dissolution stress and porosity. These processes have taken place at the four marine diagenetic stages of the underground and surface sweet water. All cross sections were investigated using a gypsum bladein order to identify any extant porosity. All changes including type and percentage were plotted for each section. The results of the investigations indicated that in the Cheshmeh Qorban section of the Chehel Kaman Formation the lowest porosity content with a 3% rate of recurrence was related to microporosities while the greatest accumulation of porosity with a 7% recurrence rate in porosity was due to fracture porosity. In the Shourlog section meanwhile the lowest porosity content with a 2% recurrence rate was related to microporosities and the greatest accumulation with a recurrence rate of 6% was due to vuggy porosity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Distribution and geochemical variations among paleogene volcanic rocks from the north-central Lut block, eastern Iran
Saeed Saadat Charles SternThe Lut block in eastern Iran is a micro-continental block within the convergent orogen between the Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates. Large areas of the north-central, eastern, and western Lut block are covered by volcanic rocks of Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary a MoreThe Lut block in eastern Iran is a micro-continental block within the convergent orogen between the Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates. Large areas of the north-central, eastern, and western Lut block are covered by volcanic rocks of Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary age. Peak volcanic activity took place in the north-central part of the Lut block during the Eocene, and then dramatically decreased, becoming more restricted to the eastern and western margins of the block during the late Miocene and Quaternary. There is also significant variation in chemistry between the Paleogene igneous rocks from the north-central part compared to the Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks from the western and eastern margins of the Lut block. The Neogene and Quaternary olivine basalts, which were erupted along both margins of the Lut block, are similar in trace element chemistry to the average composition of oceanic island basalt. In contrast, the Paleogene volcanic units of the north-central Lut block, which include basalts through rhyolites, follow both calc-alkaline and alkaline trends. Low TiO2 and high Ba/Nb and La/Nb ratios for both Paleogene basalts and andesitic samples from the north-central Lut block suggest affinities, at least for some of these samples, with convergent plate boundary arc magmas. LILE/HFSE ratios, interpreted as an indication of subduction signature, increase to the south-southwest of the central Lut block, where Neotethys oceanic crust was subducted beneath Iran in a northeastern direction from approximately Late Triassic to Late Oligocene time. We suggest that components derived from low angle subduction of this crust during the Mesozoic and early Tertiary were stored in the mantle lithosphere below the north-central Lut block until the Paleogene, when changing subduction geometry, associated with the collision of Arabia with Iran and the closing of Neotethys, caused hot asthenosphere to well up under the Lut block. This created the Eocene peak in volcanic activity, generating basalts from asthenospheric mixed with lithospheric melts, with both alkaline and calc-alkaline affinities. After this volcanism waned, becoming restricted during the Neogene to OIB-type alkaline basalts erupted through deep lithospheric structures along both the western and eastern margins of the Lut block. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Lithostratigraphy ,biostratigraphy of Paleocene-lower Eocene squences in Dezful embeyment, South West Iran
Fatemeh Moradian Darioush BaghbaniPaleocene and Lower Eocene deposits in SW Iran are known as Pabdeh formation.Pabdeh formation is one of the most important lithostratigraphy unit as source rock has been deposited in Zagros basin over an extremely long period in time. The area under research is the Ghac MorePaleocene and Lower Eocene deposits in SW Iran are known as Pabdeh formation.Pabdeh formation is one of the most important lithostratigraphy unit as source rock has been deposited in Zagros basin over an extremely long period in time. The area under research is the Ghachsaran 55 subsurface Section located from the Ghachsaran oil field in Dezful embeyment in zagros fold zone. The Lower boundry of this formation around Ghachsaran basin is identified by Gurpi formation. Study on lithostratigraphy of Paleocene and lower Eocene deposits have been led to the separation following units: clay limestone section in gray colour,11m in thickness, clay limestone section 18m in thickness containing chert inter layers, silt clay limestone section 3m in thickness, The clay limestone section 3m in thickness containing chert interlayers, clay limestone section 4m in thickness . biostratigraphy investigation of Pabdeh formation have been led to the identification of 39 species and 9 genera of foraminifers.In addition , basis of Paleocene- Early Eocene planktonicforamimnifers bioevent in Wade biozonation such as Morozovella velascoensis, Globanomalina pseudomenardii, Psudohastigerina wilcoxensis, Acarinina soldadoensis , Morozovella subbotinae , Morozovella formosa , 9 biozones and 4 subzones are recogenized and these correlated with oldest biozones of (Wynd 1965) Beside,the bio-boundary of Paleocene and early Eocene is identified based on (Wade et al. 2011). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Microfacies, Sequence stratigraphy, Facies analysis and Sedimentary environment of Neocomian in Kuh-e-Siah section (Arsenjan area, SW of Iran)
Masoud Abedpour Massih Afghah Vahid Ahmadi Mohammad Sadegh DehghanianIn the present research Kuh-e Siah Section in the Northeast of Shiraz in the Interior Fars, was investigated to study microfacies, sequence stratigraphy, facies analysis and sedimentary environment of Fahliyan Formation. Generally, 345 meters of these sediments were stu MoreIn the present research Kuh-e Siah Section in the Northeast of Shiraz in the Interior Fars, was investigated to study microfacies, sequence stratigraphy, facies analysis and sedimentary environment of Fahliyan Formation. Generally, 345 meters of these sediments were studied by investigating 240 thin sections. In this study, the indicator microfacies were accurately identified which include Mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone and Grainstone. Besides, skeletal and non-skeletal grains of these microfacies are Intraclast, Bioclast, Exteraclast and Peloid. According to lithostratigraphic study, underneath limit of Fahliyan Formation with the Surmeh Formation and its upper contact with Gadvan Formation were in the gradual form (SB2) and included (TST-LST-Early HST-Late HST) system tracts. In general, there were two second-degree sequences in this section., According to the analysis of the sedimentary environment, the The lowermost of the Fahliyan Formaion is comprised of the Inner shelf deposit Which changes to Open marine sediments (with homoclinal type) And eventually terminates to outer shelf deposit. Based on the received micropaleontologic data, the age determination of the Fahliyan Formation Is assigned to Neocomian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Microbiostratigraphy and Sequencestratigraphy of the Gurpi Formation in central part of Lorestan zone, SW Iran
Ghamarnaz Darabi Iraj Maghfouri Moghaddam Abbas Sadeghi Bijan YusefiGurpi Formations is well distributed along Zagros Foreland Basin particularly in the north west of the Zagros (Lurestan Province). For Microbiostratigraphy and Paleobathymetric studies of the Gurpi Formation in the central part of Lurestan two stratigraphic sections inc MoreGurpi Formations is well distributed along Zagros Foreland Basin particularly in the north west of the Zagros (Lurestan Province). For Microbiostratigraphy and Paleobathymetric studies of the Gurpi Formation in the central part of Lurestan two stratigraphic sections including Soltan and Amiran sections were selected. In this study, 48 foraminiferal species belonging to 25 genera were identified, and 7 biozones were recognized; Globotruncanita elevata Taxon Range Zone, Globotruncana ventricosa Interval Zone, Radotruncana calcarata Taxon Range Zone, Globotruncanella havanensis Partial Range Zone, Globotruncana aegyptiaca Interval Zone, Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone, Contusotruncana contusa Interval Zone. Planktonic foraminiferal morphology was studied in order to assign paleobathymetry and the sequences stratigraphic course of the Gurpi Formation. Three third-order sequences were identified, on the basis of deepening and shallowing patterns in the morphological changes and the distribution of the Gurpi Formation planktonic foraminifers and planktic/benthic (P/B).Key words:Biostratigraphy, Planktic foraminifera, Gurpi Formation, Lorestan, Paleobathymetry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Geological setting of iron oxide-apatite deposits in theBafq district, central Iran with an emphasis on mineralogical,petrographic, and geochemical study of the Sechahun deposit
Azat EslamizadehThe objective of this research is to determine all processes in the magmatic evolution and related hydrothermal activities that created the volcanic rocks and associated ore-forming systems of the Bafq ‎mining district. Several iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits were MoreThe objective of this research is to determine all processes in the magmatic evolution and related hydrothermal activities that created the volcanic rocks and associated ore-forming systems of the Bafq ‎mining district. Several iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits were investigated in this area with a focus on the Sechahun ore deposit. The Bafq ‎mining district is well known for hosting significant IOA ore deposits with several million tons of iron ore and with some economic resources of rare earth elements. To achieve the goals of this research, detailed petrographic, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and lithogeochemical studies were obtained and supported by geological investigations at both local and regional scales. Textural, mineralogical, and fluid inclusion evidence indicates the ore genesis by fluid mixing. Magmatic-hydrothermal iron oxide-apatite ore precipitated during circulation of deuteric solutions within the host rocks at the early stage of mineralization. The mesothermal iron oxide ore of the Sechahun deposit was emplaced at the relatively shallow depths, while the near-surface epithermal hematite-jaspilite ore formed in a subaqueous environment. The most likely source of iron oxide-apatite mineralization would be a combined magmatic hydrothermal to convective hydrothermal model ‎with magmatism originating from the upper mantle and related bimodal volcanism resulting in felsic volcanic rocks. Rifting of the continental lithosphere during the Early Cambrian was associated with emplacement of a highly fractionated bimodal ‎magmas along the regional ‎fracture-fault lines, a major controlling factor for mineralization processes in the Bafq district. ‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Geochemistry of the Paleocene Sediments from SW Ahar: Implications for Provenance, Tectonics and Source Rock Weathering
Nasser Ashrafi Behzad HajalilouThe mineralogy and geochemistry of Paleocene shales and interbedded siltstones in the southwestern of Ahar town (NW Iran) were studied by optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, XRF, and ICP-MS techniques. The mineralogical composition, mainly characterized by calcite, quartz, fe MoreThe mineralogy and geochemistry of Paleocene shales and interbedded siltstones in the southwestern of Ahar town (NW Iran) were studied by optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, XRF, and ICP-MS techniques. The mineralogical composition, mainly characterized by calcite, quartz, feldspar, dolomite, muscovite, magnesiohornblende, chlorite, illite, montmorionite, palygorskite, and koninckite, suggests relatively fast erosion of the parent rocks and incipient metamorphism for the studied sediments. The values of weathering indices and the Index of Compositional Variability, as well the mineralogy of the sediments imply moderate weathering in the parent rocks and deposition as first cycle sediments. The shales exhibit higher Al2O3/TiO2 (≈21), La/Sc, and Th/Cr values corresponding to felsic and/or intermediate source rocks. The geochemical character of sediments including ∑REE=116 ppm, (La/Yb)N=8.3, (Eu/Eu)=0.78, and the immobile elemental ratios values suggest an immature continental arc setting. The typical shale and chondrite normalized REE patterns of the shales are comparable with continental arc terrigenous sediments and Andean-type andesites. The inferred tectonic setting for the studied shale is in agreement with the tectonic evolutionary history of NW Iran during the Upper Cretaceous-Upper Paleocene. According to the present data, we conclude that the ultimate provenance of the studied shale and its interbedded siltstone and thin detritic limestone was probably the Upper Cretaceous sediments with the geoenvironment of acidic to intermediate volcanic rocks and marl. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Petrogenesis of mantle peridotites from the South of Jazmourian, Makran accretionary prism, Iran
Mohammad Elyas Moslempour Morteza Khalatbari-Jafari Tomoaki Morishita Habib BiabangardMantle peridotites exposed in south Jazmourian comprise of lherzolite and porphyroclastic Cpx-bearing harzburgite in the lower part with chromitite lenses in the upper parts. Petrography and microprobe studies shows evidence of melt-peridotite interactions; post melting MoreMantle peridotites exposed in south Jazmourian comprise of lherzolite and porphyroclastic Cpx-bearing harzburgite in the lower part with chromitite lenses in the upper parts. Petrography and microprobe studies shows evidence of melt-peridotite interactions; post melting processes and subsolidus interactions, which has been associated with appearance of two generations of deformed primary pyroxene-olivine and fine-grained pyroxene-olivine-amphibole neoblasts. Second generation of minerals formed as inclusion, interstitial and fine-grain. These two groups of minerals have different geochemical characteristics, So that, the first group are comparable with abyssal peridotites and second group are comparable to suprasubduction (SSZ) peridotites. Thus, the chemical compositions of different generations minerals show different petrogenesis for ultramafic rocks in south Jazmourian. Whole rock chemical data indicate south Jazmourian peridotites have a depleted MORB mantle source which undergoing 10-20% partial melting. Thus this peridotites have experienced multistage evolution and show characteristics of the abyssal environment to suprasubduction zone. We are belived that peridotites transition from the abyssal environment to suprasubduction and affected by fluids derived from the subducted slab. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Application of mine waste for wastewater treatment: Efficient organic pollutant removal
Samane Ghaedi Kumars Seifpanahi-ShabaniIn this research, a high porous silicate mining waste that was prepared from Syah Kamar Polymetal Porphyry mine in order to malachite green dye (MG) removal has been applied. The characterization of this natural mineral was determined using the XRD, XRF, SEM and FT-IR a MoreIn this research, a high porous silicate mining waste that was prepared from Syah Kamar Polymetal Porphyry mine in order to malachite green dye (MG) removal has been applied. The characterization of this natural mineral was determined using the XRD, XRF, SEM and FT-IR analysis. The MG adsorption onto high porous activated waste was studied based on the parameters of pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and contact time. The equilibrium and kinetic adsorption models were experimentally investigated. The obtained data have suggested that the process of MG removal followed up the Sips isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic. The thermodynamic parameters values consist of ΔG˚, ΔH˚ and ΔS˚ confirms that the adsorption of MG is spontaneous and exothermic reaction. In the optimal condition the removal of MG was more than 93%. This method has a number of advantages, including being low-cost and non-toxic and the availability of natural adsorbent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Multivariate geostatistical analysis: an application to ore body evaluation
Mohammad Maleki Nasser MadaniIt is now common in the mining industry to deal with several correlated attributes, which need to be jointly simulated in order to reproduce their correlations and assess the multivariate grade risk reasonably. Approaches to multivariate simulation which remove the corr MoreIt is now common in the mining industry to deal with several correlated attributes, which need to be jointly simulated in order to reproduce their correlations and assess the multivariate grade risk reasonably. Approaches to multivariate simulation which remove the correlation between attributes of interest prior to simulate and then re-impose the relationship afterward have been gaining popularity over the more common joint simulation methods because of their better accuracy and computational efficiency as the number of attribute being simulated increases. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of these approaches. However, PCA suffers from some drawbacks such as the factors that are uncorrelated just for collocated locations. Minimum/ maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF) is a modification of PCA approach which the factors are uncorrelated for two lags. As an expectation, when linear co-regionalization model contains only two nested structures, the factors do not have any spatial correlations. The main aim of this research is to compare the results of MAF approach with some traditional approach for multivariate simulation (Co-simulation and independent simulation approach). To this end, two variables have been simulated with three different methods and are then compared together based on some yardsticks such as ability to reproduce the original correlation coefficient between two variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Haloculture: strategy for sustainable utilization of saline land and water resources
Farhad KhorsandiAbstract Land salinization is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions. The demand for food, fiber, fuel and fresh water has increased in the recent decades, particularly in developing nations, due to alarming rise in population. As MoreAbstract Land salinization is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions. The demand for food, fiber, fuel and fresh water has increased in the recent decades, particularly in developing nations, due to alarming rise in population. As fresh water resources and productive lands for crop production are limited, new strategies for the sustainable utilization of marginal lands and water resources have become urgently necessary. The objective of this article is to propose Haloculture as a holistic approach for the sustainable management of saline resources, enhancement of environmental quality and improvements in socio-economic conditions in less developed salt affected regions. Haloculture refers to the sustainable production of agricultural and industrial products in saline environments. It is essentially an integrated production system that makes use of diverse salt tolerant aquatic species and halophytes to produce different economically and industrially valuable products such as food and fuel and environmental services from the salt affected lands. Although immense socio-economic, industrial and environmental benefits of Haloculture are increasingly becoming evident, careful ecological, cultural and economic considerations are a pre-condition for the successful implementation of Haloculture-led improvements in saline environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Microbiostratigraphy of the lower Cretaceous strata from South East of Maragheh, NW Iran
Mahmoud Reza Majidifard Parvaneh Zavar Morteza Taherpour Khalil Abad Masoud Zamani Pedram Taiebeh MohtatFor the microbiostratigraphical studies, a stratigraphical section (named Dareh-Goshayesh) has been selected in southeast of Maragheh, Northwestern Iran. The thickness of successions in the selected stratigraphic section is measured about 223.6 m. The mentioned studied MoreFor the microbiostratigraphical studies, a stratigraphical section (named Dareh-Goshayesh) has been selected in southeast of Maragheh, Northwestern Iran. The thickness of successions in the selected stratigraphic section is measured about 223.6 m. The mentioned studied stratigraphic section is composed of two clastic and carbonate units. This succession unconformably overlies the Lar Formation and is overlain by the Upper Cretaceous strata paraconformably. Based on the micropaleontological studies, a diversified assemblage of foraminifera and calcareous algae has been determined and the age of the studied stratigraphic section is inferred as Late Barremian-Late Aptian. Also, during these studies, four biozones are determined as follows: Palorbitolina lenticularis Range Zone, Balkhania balkhanica range zone, Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) texana Zone and Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) parva Zone. This paper presents the first micropalaeontological and lithostratigraphical studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - A study of the tectonic origin and the source of the clastic sediments of the Miankuhi formation in the Tarik Dareh region (Torbat Jam, NE Iran)
Habib Allah TorshizianThe study area is located in the northeast of Iran. Miankuhi Formation is 500m thick and comprises homogeneous shales, brown granular sandstone and siltstone. In this study, 45 samples were taken from Miankuhi shales and sandstones in order to determine their tectonic o MoreThe study area is located in the northeast of Iran. Miankuhi Formation is 500m thick and comprises homogeneous shales, brown granular sandstone and siltstone. In this study, 45 samples were taken from Miankuhi shales and sandstones in order to determine their tectonic origin by using a polarizing microscope. Samples were analysed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method to determine their chemical compositions and tectonic origin. Twelve shale and siltstone samples were also analysed by the X-Ray Diffraction method with the aim of identifying their mineral composition. According to the investigations conducted, the type of sandstone is greywackes. Based on XRD results, quartz, albite, orthoclase, calcite, kaolinite, and illite have existed in shales and siltstones. Chemical analysis of the rocks indicated the source of these clastic rocks as oceanic arc areas and active peripheries of a landmass. The corrosive rocks of this formation are believed to originate from intermediate felsic igneous rocks and to a lesser extent from clastic quartz-containing rocks in the region.Keywords: Iran, Kopet-Dagh, Miankuhi Formation, Triassic Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - New geodynamical model for the regional Tertiary extension during the Zagros orogeny: A transtensional arc?
Mohammad Ebrahimi Rasoul Esmaeili Arthur AouizeratThe Zagros orogeny in Iran is associated with two successive geodynamic events during the Tertiary period, a Paleogene NE-directed regional crustal extension followed by a Miocene NW-directed regional crustal extension and a magmatic flare-up. The current study was unde MoreThe Zagros orogeny in Iran is associated with two successive geodynamic events during the Tertiary period, a Paleogene NE-directed regional crustal extension followed by a Miocene NW-directed regional crustal extension and a magmatic flare-up. The current study was undertaken to reanalyze previous structural work developed on the extensional Chapedony metamorphic core complex in Central Iran exhumed during Paleogene times. A new strain framework based on progressive dextral transtensional tectonics is proposed to explain the recorded structures. Its regional significance with other extensional areas in Iran is examined and an improved tectonic model is proposed to explain the southwestward drift of extension. This study emphasizes the key role of strain partitioning on the overriding plate as it relates to the increase in convergence obliquity during the Tertiary period. It is proposed that the regional extension is related to development of transtensional tectonics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Biostratigraphic study on calcareous nannofossils in South Gorgan, North of Iran
Morteza Taherpour Khalil Abad Elham MojtahedinA calcareous nannofossils biostratigraphic study has been carried out on the chalky limestones located in South Gorgan, north of Iran. The study is aimed at determining the age and nannofossil biozonations of the well. The samples were prepared using smear slide techniq MoreA calcareous nannofossils biostratigraphic study has been carried out on the chalky limestones located in South Gorgan, north of Iran. The study is aimed at determining the age and nannofossil biozonations of the well. The samples were prepared using smear slide technique. Thirty seven calcareous nannofossils species were identified and used to make biostratigraphic zonations and dating of the strata. The distribution of the calcareous nannofossils enabled the establishment of five zones: Quadrum trifidum (CC22),Tranolithus phacelosus (CC23), Reinhardtites levis (CC24), Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis (CC25) and Nephrolithus frequens (CC26) belonging to late Late Campanian – late Late Maastrichtian following standard zonation schemes of previous workers. The zones were based on the first and last occurrences of marker species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Structural analyses of fault planes using fault slickenlines and calcite e-twins data from the Dasht-e-Arjan graben, SW Iran
Zahra Kamali Jafar Rahnamarad Khalil SarkarinejhadDasht-e-Arjan is a northeast trending graben located 65 km west of Shiraz. It was formed along active segments of the Korrehbas fault, perpendicularly to the Shahnesh in and Salamati anticlines. Oriented sampling from bordering fault planes and striations was carried ou MoreDasht-e-Arjan is a northeast trending graben located 65 km west of Shiraz. It was formed along active segments of the Korrehbas fault, perpendicularly to the Shahnesh in and Salamati anticlines. Oriented sampling from bordering fault planes and striations was carried out to evaluate the relative amounts of paleostress/strain needed to form the graben. Measurements of e-twins and c-axis of calcite properties on XY and XZ planes, using five universal stages in a polarizing optical microscope, showed the presence of type I and II calcites. Because the calcite e-twins and fault striations register the last deformation phase, measurements of calcite e-twins show the plane strain K=1 in the last graben deformation phase. The inversion method, applied for the analysis of fault striation data, showed a plane stress ellipse (φ=1), (σ1=σ2), and a plane strain ellipse (r0=1). The mean orientation of the sub-vertical maximum principal-stress (σ1) was N23°.70°E, and the mean orientation of minimum principal-stress (σ3) was S58°.26°E. Based on the analysis of twinned calcite crystals, the mean direction of the determined compression and tension were S55°E ± 9.−32° and N35°E±11.−72°, respectively. Using multiple inversion methods, and based on the investigation of fault striation data, we can expect two stress phases. The paleostress phase, acting as a tensional regime, caused the formation of SW trending faults, while the recent phase caused the formation of new fractures within the study area. Based on field and laboratory analyses, it is suggested that a tension tectonic regime is dominant in the studied graben. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Palaeostress configuration of Pan-African orogeny: evidence from the Igarra schist belt, SW Nigeria
Efosa UdinmwenThe stress configuration and tectonic analysis of the Pan – African orogeny is drawn from the Igarra schist belt, southwestern Nigeria. The analysis of conjugate shear fractures of the schist belt indicates that two distinct compressive events (NE – SW and E MoreThe stress configuration and tectonic analysis of the Pan – African orogeny is drawn from the Igarra schist belt, southwestern Nigeria. The analysis of conjugate shear fractures of the schist belt indicates that two distinct compressive events (NE – SW and E – W) occurred in this Pan – African mobile zone. The palaeostress systems reveal a clockwise rotation of compressional axis from D1 (NE – SW) to D2 (E – W) during the propagation of the schist belt. The dominance of E – W compression related structures and the identification of E – W compressive stress in other Pan – African regions suggest that only the E – W compression probably had a strong regional effect during the Pan – African orogeny, other episodes of deformation most likely had a partially regional or local effect. The occurrence of structures related to the E – W compression in the younger rocks (granite and syenite) and the absence of structures related to the NE – SW compression in these rocks indicates that the E – W σ1 is a younger episode of deformation (D2) than the NE – SW σ1 deformation (D1) and probably lasted for a longer period. The dihedral angles (2ϴ) of the conjugate shear fractures range from 350 to excess of 800 and this situation shows that the orogeny produced a combination of both brittle and ductile deformation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The power law scaling, geometric and kinematic characteristic of faults in the Northern part of the Kerman Coal Province (KCP), Iran
Hasan Mansouri Amir Shafiei Bafti Mohsen PourkermaniAccording to numerous studies,there are basic and initial scaling relationship for the geometric and kinematic characteristics of faults. The study area is located in the northern part of the Kerman coal province. The statistical calculations are consisting of: measure MoreAccording to numerous studies,there are basic and initial scaling relationship for the geometric and kinematic characteristics of faults. The study area is located in the northern part of the Kerman coal province. The statistical calculations are consisting of: measure the surface density of faults per unite area and division of the area, determining the direction of the dominant faulting and evaluating the relationship between length-displacement, strike-displacement and strike-length. Based on diagrams, the highest fracture density is related to the middle portion (B zone) of study area because that enclosed between the four main faults and sandstone rock assemblage. The relationship between strike-length parameter is calculated as (y=0.0478x + 11.54), and R-squared rate is (R=0.341), strike-displacement is calculated as (y=2.68x + 147.4) and R-squared rate is (R=0.65) and length-displacement is calculated as (y= 243.58 x0.0336) and R-squared rate is (R=0/022). It was determined that increasing the density of fractures and faulting in the study area can be attributed to the complex geological structure, the formation of initial faults and long term progressive deformation. Due to deformations accumulation and formations of multiple structures (like faults, folds and shear zones), have Increasing the fracture density, and topography, and has interacted with together. Comparison the length-strike and strike-displacement parameters, represents a similarity on the clustering in the plotted data Despite that they have many similarities to each other, does not show a dependable dependence, this may indicate their asynchronous creation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Improving the accuracy of fracture modeling in carbonate reservoirs X-field in SW of Iran
Seyyedeh Ellieh Moafi Madani Hossein Hassani Behzad TokhmechiFracture modeling is one of the most important steps in the study of fractured reservoirs. Due to the high cost of imaging logs and their absence in most wells of the study area, it is often attempted to use other available data to detect fractures. This paper attempts MoreFracture modeling is one of the most important steps in the study of fractured reservoirs. Due to the high cost of imaging logs and their absence in most wells of the study area, it is often attempted to use other available data to detect fractures. This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between the lithology and fractures of rocks. For this purpose, the Image, Neutron, Density, Litho-density, and NGS logs have used to simulate the lithology. Based on this feature, the studied area was divided into six homogeneity part, and the fracture probability was determined in each section to improve the accuracy of fracture modeling. Recently, an intelligent method has been proven as an efficient tool for modeling complex and non-linear phenomena. In this paper, neural network methods has been used in fracture modeling. The results show that the division of the field based on lithological studies will improves the accuracy of fracture modeling in the studied area up to 7 percent without increasing the cost of image logging. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Chah-Shur clay deposit, Southeast of Isfahan, Iran
Mahnaz Khodami Afsaneh Kamali ShervedaniThe Chah-Shur clay deposit is located in 150 km southeast of Isfahan. Eocene igneous rocks and Quaternary deposits cover the area. Eocene volcanic rocks include andesite and tuff. The rocks belong to magmatic activities of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. Alteration of th MoreThe Chah-Shur clay deposit is located in 150 km southeast of Isfahan. Eocene igneous rocks and Quaternary deposits cover the area. Eocene volcanic rocks include andesite and tuff. The rocks belong to magmatic activities of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. Alteration of the vitric and lithic tuff units has produced the clay deposit. Based on the petrographic studies the main minerals in tuff units are plagioclase, K-feldspar and quartz. The major phases in clay deposit are kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, quartz, albite and orthoclase. Also, muscovite, chlorite and hematite are as minor phases. The mineralogical studies show an intermediate alteration. The clay deposits can be formed by supergene or hypogene processes; while the combination of both of them can result in the formation of mixed type clay. The geochemical data of Chah-Shur clay deposit show scattering between hypogene and supergene types. The abundance of Fe2O3+TiO2 vs Cr+Nb and Zr vs TiO2, as well asSr+Ba vs Ce+Y+La suggest mixed and hypogene types. On the other hand, P2O5 and SO3 plot shows the supergene and mixed types. The results obtained from mineralogical and geochemical studies indicate that the genesis of the Chah-Shur clay deposit can be considered mixed type. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The Sungun porphyry magma resource and the 120,000-year difference in age between the main stock and the first dike: New evidence from 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and Pb, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating in NW Iran
Shohreh HassanpourThe Sungun copper porphyry deposit is hosted by a Tertiary magmatic complex in the Azarbayjan province , northwestern Iran. The Sungan mine in its southern and eastern parts is limited by early Miocene volcanic and by Late Cretaceous limestone rocks in northern and east MoreThe Sungun copper porphyry deposit is hosted by a Tertiary magmatic complex in the Azarbayjan province , northwestern Iran. The Sungan mine in its southern and eastern parts is limited by early Miocene volcanic and by Late Cretaceous limestone rocks in northern and eastern parts respectively . The Sungun deposit is associated with a suite of porphyritic granitoids and late dikes intruding within Oligo-Miocene andesitic and upper Cretaceous limestone. The Sungun porphyry system developed in multi-stage, central intrusive rocks of the early Miocene age in the Tertiary Arasbaran Magmatic Zone (AMZ). A late post-mineralized dike (DK1a) is the first dike system after the replacement of the Sungun porphyry. It has been dated with a 20.57±0.27 Ma (±2 σ). New zircon SHIRIMP U-Pb data indicates that the Sungun porphyry crystallized within the time span from 20.69±0.37 Ma (±2 σ), and the Sungun porphyry and DK1a represent a near-dated intrusive with an age difference of about 0.12 Ma (120,000 y). Their range of 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70467 to 0.72278), 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.51275 to 0.51214), 87Rb/86Sr (0.67497 to 0.67415 values), lead isotopes ranges from 18.67 to 18.86, 15.65 to 15.66, and 38.93 to 39.06 for the ratios of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb respectively, suggest the high contributions of depleted mantle-derived magmas in the generation of Sungun stock, but crustal-contaminated origin for monzonitic body in late magmatic activities in the area. This study shows that the source of the Sungun stocks is categorized in the upper crust, typically similar to the source of porphyry deposits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Biostratigraphy of Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in Tuyeh-Darvar section, north of Iran
Mohammad Taghi Najjarzadeh Ali Reaza Ashouri Mehdi Yazdi Ali BahramiDevonian-Carboniferous boundary is not clear in the Eastern Alborz Mountains. In the current study Tuyeh-Darvar section with about 170 m, thickness is selected. In this investigation, the primary goal is revision of Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary (known as DCB) and the MoreDevonian-Carboniferous boundary is not clear in the Eastern Alborz Mountains. In the current study Tuyeh-Darvar section with about 170 m, thickness is selected. In this investigation, the primary goal is revision of Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary (known as DCB) and the other goal is the redefinition of the DCB as a famous necessity (based on ICS program in 2008 for defining the boundary and to find a new GSSP). According to Conodont data from acid-leaching 53 carbonate samples(by acid acetic) that obtained from Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous deposits in this section, and based on standard conodont Zonation 6 Zone are recognized;1. Bi.ultimus/or Si.praesulcata Zone, 2. Pr.kockeli /or Si.sulcata Zone, 3. Si.duplicata to Si.sandbergi bio interval, 4. Si.crenulata Zone, 5.Gnathodus-P.inornatus Zone, and 6.Ps.multistriatus Zone. Considering to the Conodont Zones above mentioned, Conodont faunas and other evidences, in the Tuyeh-Darvare section the DCB, is located within cream to grey silt stone beds, which are lies between K6 limestone and K8 dark carbonate beds (about 7.10 m above the base of recent studied section). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Variation of Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary beneath Iran by using S Receiver function
Fataneh Taghizadeh Farahmand Narges AfsariThe current geological and tectonic setting of Iran is due to the ongoing convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates, which resulted in the formation of the Iranian plateau, mountain building, extensive deformation and seismicity. The Iranian plateau is charact MoreThe current geological and tectonic setting of Iran is due to the ongoing convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates, which resulted in the formation of the Iranian plateau, mountain building, extensive deformation and seismicity. The Iranian plateau is characterized by various domains including the continental collision and the oceanic plate seduction. Based on S receiver functions are provided a high resolution image of lithosphere beneath Iran.The current geological and tectonic setting of Iran is due to the ongoing convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates, which resulted in the formation of the Iranian plateau, mountain building, extensive deformation and seismicity. The Iranian plateau is characterized by various domains including the continental collision and the oceanic plate seduction. Based on S receiver functions are provided a high resolution image of lithosphere beneath Iran. In the present work, we used data from teleseismic events (at epicentral distances between 60°-85° with magnitude over 5.7 (Mb)) recorded from 1995 to 2011 at 53 national permanent short period stations which are located in the different geological zones of Iran. The Sp phase conversion arriving at times ranging between 8.6 and 13.0 s delay time. In order to enhance the conversions and reduce the error of the depth determination, the S receiver functions stacked in bins. Arrival times of Sp phases were converted into depth domain using the IASP91 reference velocity model. A relatively shallow LAB at about 80-90 km depth was observed beneath the whole plateau with some exceptions. A low velocity zone was found at about 100 km beneath the Zagros fold and thrust belt and reaching 130 km beneath the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, whereas other tectonic zones are recognized by a thin lithosphere of about 80-90 km. This technique can introduce an error up to 10 km in the LAB depth determination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Cooling history and exhumation of the Nepheline Syenites, NW Iran: Constraints from Apatite fission track
Nasser Ashrafi Noriko Hasebe Ahmad JahangiriThermal history and apatite fission-track ages were determined for the Kaleybar, Razgah and Bozqush alkaline intrusions which display Eocene-Oligocene stratigraphic age. These subduction-related intrusions are located in the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt which is char MoreThermal history and apatite fission-track ages were determined for the Kaleybar, Razgah and Bozqush alkaline intrusions which display Eocene-Oligocene stratigraphic age. These subduction-related intrusions are located in the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt which is characterized by a Paleogene magmatic flare-up associated with extensional/transtensional tectonism. The mean of Uranium content and apparent age for apatites of the Bozqush, Kaleybar, and Razgah were obtained 21.8 (±3.8), 9.5 (±5.7), and 24.5 (±11.3) ppm and 29 (±1.8), 36.6 (±3.0), and 40.7 (±1.3) Ma (σ), respectively, which represented the time that the rocks of intrusions were last at temperatures of 60 ˚C to 110 ˚C. The results indicate that the apatite apparent ages are in concord with the stratigraphic ages. The apatite fission track ages and track lengths distribution were combined to construct time-temperature history by inverse modeling, which represented the all samples resided in the partial annealing zone (PAZ) for a significant period of time. The apatite fission track analysis indicated relatively complex cooling history for the host rocks because of the magmatic activity, as it was occurred during Cenozoic in the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt. The time-temperature curves of the studied intrusions begun with a relatively rapid initial cooling and followed by long residence at the PAZ temperature (heating stage). The time-temperature paths indicate that the start of rapid recent cooling to the surface temperatures was occurred at 5 Myrs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Tectonic evolution of the Khoy ophiolitic complex, NW Iran
Javad Raghaghi Gargari Ali Solghi Mehran ArianThe Khoy Ophiolitic Complex (KOC) as a part of Tethyan, Izmir-Ankara- Erzincan and Bitlis-Zagros sutures of South East (SE) Turkey is broadly exposed around Khoy region (NW Iran). This complex comprises dismembered fragments of mantle lithosphere, obducted oceanic litho MoreThe Khoy Ophiolitic Complex (KOC) as a part of Tethyan, Izmir-Ankara- Erzincan and Bitlis-Zagros sutures of South East (SE) Turkey is broadly exposed around Khoy region (NW Iran). This complex comprises dismembered fragments of mantle lithosphere, obducted oceanic lithosphere and parts of volcanic arc remnants. The Khoy Ophiolitic Complex can be structurally divided into two major eastern and western blocks which is by NW-SE trending Khoy Faults with right-lateral strike slip kinematics. Also, with regard to heterogeneous crustal properties, KOC can be divided into accreted (stacks of imbricated thrusts) and obducted sections in the tectonic framework. The main tectonic events after opening of South Neotethys Ocean in Mid-Late Triassic include subduction, accretion, obduction and collision in KOC. Therefore, KOC can be regarded as one of the South Neotethyan oceanic relicts (similar to SE Anatolian ophiolites), and it has two distinct types of ophiolite, such that, each type has individual tectonic history related to accretion and obduction processes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Role of supra-subduction zone ophiolites in the tectonic evolution of the southeastern Zagros Orogenic Belt, Iran
Ramin ArfaniaOphiolitic rocks in the southeastern part of the Zagros Orogenic Belt can be separated from southwest to northeast, into two groups: the Neyriz ophiolites and the Naien–Shahrebabak–Baft ophiolites. The southeast sector of Sanandaj-Sirjan wasdelimited by the MoreOphiolitic rocks in the southeastern part of the Zagros Orogenic Belt can be separated from southwest to northeast, into two groups: the Neyriz ophiolites and the Naien–Shahrebabak–Baft ophiolites. The southeast sector of Sanandaj-Sirjan wasdelimited by the two nearly synchronous ophiolitic belts in its southwestern and northeastern margins. In this study, new ophiolitic formation models were used to explain a viable geodynamic hypothesis on the development of the southeastern Zagros Orogenic Belt. Supra-subduction zone ophiolites have been of particular importance in the reconstruction of regional tectonic evolution andformed near a main subducting oceanic plate. The history of the southeastern Zagros Orogenic Belt is composed of development of two oceanic crusts, referred to as the Neo-Tethys 1 and Neo-Tethys 2. The process of reconstructingof the plate tectonic evolution of the southeastern Zagros Orogenic Belt was proposed on the basis of "Latest Cretaceous-Neogene collision" hypothesis. The supra-subduction zone ophiolites in the southeastern part of the Zagros Orogenic Belt can be classified into "pull related fore-arc Neyriz ophiolites" and "back-arc Naien-Baft ophiolites". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Predicting discharge potential of upper Thal Doab, Indus basin for irrigation through numerical groundwater flow modeling
Hanif Rehman Zulfiqar Ahmad Arshad AshrafGroundwater is playing an important role in sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Pakistan by contributing about 40% in total water resources of the country. To ascertain the present status of the aquifer in the Upper Thal Doab area, a groundwater modeling using Vi MoreGroundwater is playing an important role in sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Pakistan by contributing about 40% in total water resources of the country. To ascertain the present status of the aquifer in the Upper Thal Doab area, a groundwater modeling using Visual MODFLOW 2011.1 has been executed. Steady-state model was calibrated for the year 1984 and transient state model was simulated up to predictive period of 2025. The transient simulation results indicate stability of the aquifer with minor difference between water flowing into and out of the aquifer. During 1984 to 2025 it has been observed that the total water inflows increased from 347.00 to 3029.14 BCM (Billion Cubic Meter) and total discharges from 347.00 to 3029.29 BCM, which shows stability of the total groundwater storages of the aquifer. However, if the pumpage increases with this rate, there are chances that groundwater of the area will deteriorate in future. This study provides a base for timely formation of management strategies for the reasonable utilization and management of groundwater resources in the area.Keywords: Groundwater Modeling, Irrigated Agriculture, Thal Doab, Indus Aquifer Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of Eocene alkaline volcanic rocks in SW Germi, NW Iran
Mohammad Mobashergermi Reza Zarei Sahamieh Mehraj Aghazadeh Ahmad Ahmadikhalaj Gholamreza AhmadzadehPetrography and chemistry of minerals showing that Eocene alkaline volcanic rocks in southwestern of Germi (Talesh zone, NW Iran) mostly have basaltic composition. Mineralogically these rocks are composed of diopsidic clinopyroxene and labradoritic plagioclase phenocrys MorePetrography and chemistry of minerals showing that Eocene alkaline volcanic rocks in southwestern of Germi (Talesh zone, NW Iran) mostly have basaltic composition. Mineralogically these rocks are composed of diopsidic clinopyroxene and labradoritic plagioclase phenocrysts. The microlithic and glassy groundmass composed of sanidine, clinopyroxene, biotite, pargasitic amphibole and magnetite associated with devitrified glass. Clinopyroxenes show relatively high Mg-numbers (0.76-0.93), low AlVI (mostly <0.1), suggesting relatively low-pressure (~5), and water content ~2.5 to less than 10% and high oxygen fugacity (-8.38-11.51) of crystallization condition. High amount existence of magnetite coexisting with amphibole and biotite mineral confirm high fugacity of the host magma. According to clinopyroxene and feldspar thermometry, estimated crystallization temperature varies between 1106˚C to ~1200 ˚C. The clinopyroxene and amphibole mineral composition of studied rocks indicate that they have been formed in a back-arc basin environment. Mineral chemistry in the current zone shows that composition and genesis of common minerals these magmatic rocks are similar to Pushtasar basaltic rocks in the northern part of this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Thermal anomalies detection before earthquake using three filters (Fourier, Wavelet and Logarithmic Differential Filter), A Case study of two earthquakes in Iran
Sina Saber Mahani Marzieh KhaliliEarthquake is one of the most destructive natural phenomena which has human and financial losses. The existence of an efficient prediction system and early warning system will be useful for reducing effects of destroying earthquake. In this paper by applying three filte MoreEarthquake is one of the most destructive natural phenomena which has human and financial losses. The existence of an efficient prediction system and early warning system will be useful for reducing effects of destroying earthquake. In this paper by applying three filters (Fourier, Wavelet and Difference Logarithmic Filter (LDF)) on soil temperature time-series, anomaly behavior before the major earthquakes was studied. Aforementioned methods were performed of the Bam (2003), and Zarand (2005) earthquakes in Iran. The results indicate thermal anomalies were detected before earthquake occurrence. Furthermore, the LDF filter detects thermal anomaly as well as the Fourier and Wavelet filters. For validation of the results, the soil temperature data of the Bam earthquake were considered from the Bam meteorological station and also from the Joroft meteorological stations that located in effective radius (Dobrolsky radius) and the same results was obtained. It states that there is a relation between temperature anomaly behavior and the major earthquakes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Influence of front row burden on fragmentation, Muckpile shape, Excavator cycle time, and back break in surface Limestone Mines
Bhanwar Choudhary Rajesh AroraFront row burden is one of the key parameter to improve the bench blasting results. Improper design of the front row burden can create nuisances in the form of ground vibration, flyrock, back break or it may responsible for breakage of improper fragment size from the ro MoreFront row burden is one of the key parameter to improve the bench blasting results. Improper design of the front row burden can create nuisances in the form of ground vibration, flyrock, back break or it may responsible for breakage of improper fragment size from the rockmass. Therefore, front row burden need to be optimised on the basis of proper scientific assessment. It has been proved that there cannot be a unique blast design that would serve the varied situations prevailing in mines but site specific and customized blast designs can accommodate the different blasting environments encountered in the field under the variegated geo-mining conditions. This study was conducted to know the influence of front row burden on fragmentation, muckpile, excavator productivity and from the study it was found that front row burden range of 0.50-0.70 of designed burden resulted the improved blasting results (fragmentation, Muckpile shape parameters and final wall profile). While, front row burden range of 0.8-1 of designed burden created more congested material, uneven fragmentation and back break in high wall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Using the Results of CPTu to Identify the Subsurface Sediment Layers in Urmia Lake Bridge Site, NW Iran
Mohammad Reza Baghban Golpasand Mohammad Reza Nikudel Ebrahim Asghari-KaljahiSpecifying the soil types and profiling the subsurface soil layers are the excellent examples of CPTu test potentials. In this research, the capability of CPTu test for specifying subsurface soil layers and classification of the sediments in Urmia Lake is investigated. MoreSpecifying the soil types and profiling the subsurface soil layers are the excellent examples of CPTu test potentials. In this research, the capability of CPTu test for specifying subsurface soil layers and classification of the sediments in Urmia Lake is investigated. According to previous studies, the sediments of Urmia Lake are commonly fine grained and soft deposits with organic materials. To evaluate the geotechnical parameters of these sediments in Urmia Lake Bridge site, CPTu test was performed and soils were classified applying the results of this test. The results showed that the sediments are mostly composed of clay and silt. To verify the results of CPTu tests for soil classification, the outcomes were compared with the logs of the boreholes and the results of laboratory tests. Comparisons and analysis of findings showed high consistency between the three groups of results; CPTu, boreholes logs, and laboratory tests. Thus, CPTu test can be used, with sufficient confidence and accuracy, to specify and classify the soft soil in lacustrine environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Application of C-A fractal model and exploratory data analysis (EDA) to delineate geochemical anomalies in the: Takab 1:25,000 geochemical sheet, NW Iran
Ahad NazarpourMost conventional statistical methods aiming at defining geochemical concentration thresholds for separating anomalies from background have limited effectiveness in areas with complex geological settings and variable lithology. In this paper, median+2MAD as a method of MoreMost conventional statistical methods aiming at defining geochemical concentration thresholds for separating anomalies from background have limited effectiveness in areas with complex geological settings and variable lithology. In this paper, median+2MAD as a method of exploratory data analysis (EDA) and concentration-area (C-A) fractal model as two effective approaches in separation geochemical anomalies, are used to identify geochemical anomalies in the Takab 1:25000 geochemical data sheet by using stream sediment geochemical data and lithogeochemical samples. We compared the anomalous area created using thresholds from various methods on the same data against known deposits and lithogeochemical samples. Results indicated that EDA methods are more impressible by lithology and could not well identify the geochemical anomalies in the areas with variable lithology. On the other hand, the C-A model based on the distinct anisotropic scaling properties, was better in revealing local geochemical anomalies, because it considered the spatial characteristics of geochemical variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Mineral composition and paragenesis of altered and mineralized zones in the Gadir low sulfidation epithermal deposit (Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan)
Novruz Novruzov Anar Valiyev Aydin Bayramov Sabuhi Mammadov Javid Ibrahimov Aygul EbdulrehimliMineralogy, gold mineralization and metal contents of the Gadir deposit have been investigated during current research in order to determine the geological conditions, temporal and spatial relationship with certain mineral assemblages and associations. The mineralogy of MoreMineralogy, gold mineralization and metal contents of the Gadir deposit have been investigated during current research in order to determine the geological conditions, temporal and spatial relationship with certain mineral assemblages and associations. The mineralogy of orebodies is mainly composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, petsite, native gold, electrum and subordinate molybdenite. Gold is hosted by pyrite and chalcopyrite minerals in fracture-filling textures and forms a thin dispersion condition. The native gold was observed in chalcopyrite, which is probably related to the second stage of ore deposition. The Gadir deposit can be classified to Au-Ag-Cu-Zn±Pb stockwork-type mineralization which is characteristic of low sulfidation epithermal deposit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Recovery of vanadium from secondary tailing of iron ore by salt roasting-alkaline leaching and solvent extraction processes
Rahman Ahmadi Behnam SheykhiIn this paper, the recovery of vanadium from the secondary tail deposits of iron ore by salt roasting-alkaline leaching and solvent extraction has been investigated. To extract the vanadium, after the characterizations studies (XRF, SEM, and EPMA analyzes), preliminary MoreIn this paper, the recovery of vanadium from the secondary tail deposits of iron ore by salt roasting-alkaline leaching and solvent extraction has been investigated. To extract the vanadium, after the characterizations studies (XRF, SEM, and EPMA analyzes), preliminary leaching was performed using HCl to reduce lime. Subsequently, the solid that was gained from this stage was put in the oven for palletizing and salt roasting (sodium carbonate) at the temperature of 850°C. This sample was leached in the presence of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), under certain conditions. Solvent extraction experiments were carried out on the solution of carbonated leaching under different conditions. According to SEM studies, the dominant are calcium, vanadium, and phosphorus in the sample. The percentage of Vanadium (V), according to EPMA results in the 20 selected points, was determined as 0.65%. XRF analysis showed that V2O5 and CaO contents of sample were 2.04% and 51.72%, respectively. Lime was reduced to 32.59% after initial leaching with HCl. The carbonate leaching resulted in a total recovery of 93.46% at 85 °C for 60 minutes and with 40 g /l of sodium bicarbonate. In addition, under the optimum conditions of pH=6, the ratio Vaq/Vorg=1 and the organic phase concentration of 0.5 M using the anionic Aliquat 336 extractant, Vanadium can be recovered effectively (extraction efficiency=97%) from alkaline leaching solution in the form of decavanadate or and the anions in the form of or in one stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Petrology and Presentation: A Seven-Stage Model forGeodynamic Evolution of the Northeast Region of Birjand,East of Northern Lut, Eastern Iran
Esmail Elahpour Soraya Heuss-AßbichlerThe northeast region of Birjand is located in Lut structural and geological province. In this area we can distinguish two separate volcanic rock groups: intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks, including dacite, andesite, rhyolite and trachyandesite; and basic rocks, incl MoreThe northeast region of Birjand is located in Lut structural and geological province. In this area we can distinguish two separate volcanic rock groups: intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks, including dacite, andesite, rhyolite and trachyandesite; and basic rocks, including basaltic andesite, mugearite and basalt. In this region, intermediate to acidic rocks, which belong to the Eocene-Miocene period according to dating results, are the main formation, and we can see the second, younger (evidently Pliocene) volcanic rock group as outcrops with a northwest-southeast trend in the background of the intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks. Geochemical studies show the differences between these two distinctive groups clearly, and reveal that intermediate to acidic rocks belong to active continental margin calc-alkaline rocks. Studies also show the related mantle magma has been influenced by subducted lithospheric slab and metasomatized by crustal materials. The second volcanic rock group belongs to within-plate alkaline rocks. The linear successions and the arrangement of the basic volcanic rocks’ outcrop in a northwest–southeast trend is in relation to the right lateral fault zones that have branched out of the Nehbandan fault system. As a result of the extensional regime development, and the high depth of these faults, alkaline magma could have formed and ascended to the surface. Considering with accepted ideas concerning eastern Iran geodynamic evolution and our new data, we have tried to complete the previous findings and present a seven-stage model for geological evolution of eastern Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Age, microfacies and sedimentary environments of the Sirenia-bearing deposits of the Qom Formation in Central Iran
Fatemeh Morovati Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi Mehran Arian Afshin Zohdi Mohsen Al-e AliSea cows are exceptional fossil vertebrates recently discovered in the deposits of the Qom Formation. Yet, the Sirenia-bearing limestones are still poorly understood in terms of detail paleoenvironmental and micropaleontological investigations. In order to distinguish t MoreSea cows are exceptional fossil vertebrates recently discovered in the deposits of the Qom Formation. Yet, the Sirenia-bearing limestones are still poorly understood in terms of detail paleoenvironmental and micropaleontological investigations. In order to distinguish the temporal and paleoenvironmental context of the Sirenia (sea cow) bearing deposits of the Qom Formation in central Iran, three stratigraphic sections were studied in Hamedan (Ivak and Shirinsu) and Isfahan (Chahriseh) provinces. A total number of 47 thin sections were studied for micropaleontology, biozonation and carbonate microfacies analysis, as well as sedimentary environment recounstruction. Biostratigraphical investigations suggest that the Sirenia-bearing deposits are Aquitanian/Burdigalian in age, which implies restriction of sea cows remains to the Lower Miocene. We recognized nine microfacies (n=8 correspond to carbonate; n=1 correspond to siliciclastic) in the study areas. They are systematically grouped into two microfacies settings, representing inner and middle ramp environments. This is based on the facies associations and the distribution of skeletal components and rock textures. The Sirenia-bearing limestone consists of peloid/algae bearing wackstone/packstone/floatstone. A carbonate (inner) ramp system under shallow water conditions is interpreted as the habitats of the Sirenian mammals during the Aquitanian/Burdigalian in Central Iran. This paleoenvironmental setting could be utilized for further exploration of Qom Formation deposits for discovering sea cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Ground-motion simulation for the 2017 Mw7.3 Ezgeleh earthquake in Iran by using the Empirical Green's Function Method
Maryam Pourabdollahi Arezou Dorostian Habib Rahimi Attieh EshaghiThe aim of this study is to investigate the strong ground motion generation of destructive earthquake in Kermanshah with the moment magnitude of 7.3 using Empirical Green’s function (EGF) method. To simulate the ground-motion can be helpful for understanding seism MoreThe aim of this study is to investigate the strong ground motion generation of destructive earthquake in Kermanshah with the moment magnitude of 7.3 using Empirical Green’s function (EGF) method. To simulate the ground-motion can be helpful for understanding seismic hazard and reduce fatalities due to lack of real ground motion. We collected the seismograms recorded at seven strong motion stations with good quality to estimate the source parameters at frequencies between 0.1 and 10.0 Hz. By minimizing the root-mean-square (rms) errors to obtain the best source parameters for the earthquake. The earthquake fault was divided into seven sub-faults along the strike and seven sub-faults along the slope. The asperity of 21×10.5 km was obtained. The rupture starting point has been located in the northern part of the strong motion seismic area. The coordinates of the rupture starting point indicate that the rupture propagation on the fault plan was unilateral from north to south. The simulated ground motions have a good correlation with observed records in both frequency and time domain. The results are in well agreement with the Iranian code of practice for seismic resistant design of buildings, however, the calculated design spectrum of Sarpol-e Zahab station is higher than the design spectrum of the Iranian code which suggest that the Iranian code may need to be re-evaluated for this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Delineation of hydrothermal alteration zones for porphyry systems utilizing ASTER data in Jebal-Barez area, SE Iran
Sara Fakhari Alireza jafarirad Peyman Afzal Mohammad LotfiThe Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) is the host of many Iranian Cu porphyry deposits. The southern part of this belt, in the Jebal-Barez area, has been less investigated due to the mountainous and rough topography as well as some security confrontations. Porphyry d MoreThe Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) is the host of many Iranian Cu porphyry deposits. The southern part of this belt, in the Jebal-Barez area, has been less investigated due to the mountainous and rough topography as well as some security confrontations. Porphyry deposits are associated with hydrothermal alteration zones, which can be mapped using the remote sensing data such as Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The aim of this study was to identify and detect the alteration zones associated with porphyry systems using ASTER data in Jebal-Barez area, SE Iran. For this reason, seven scenes of ASTER level-1B data which cover the Jebal-Barez area, were pre-processed and then processed by band ratio, false color composite and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) methods. The result indicated the presence of extensive phyllic and argillic alteration zones. The argillic alteration is surrounded by border zones of propylitic alteration. Also, a massive granitoid intrusion in NW of the studied area was detected by SAM method and the color composite of 4, 6, and 8 bands of ASTER as a completely altered area (SF area) which strongly needs more detailed exploration and field inspections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Porosity evolution and diagenetic history of the upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran
Mehdi Reza Poursoltani Mahin Hrati SabzvarThe Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern part of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, with thickness of 470 m, are the major gas-bearing reservoir in NE Iran. The objectives of this study are recognition of diagenetic history and estimation of porosity related to dolomitization. B MoreThe Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern part of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, with thickness of 470 m, are the major gas-bearing reservoir in NE Iran. The objectives of this study are recognition of diagenetic history and estimation of porosity related to dolomitization. Based on field and laboratory study, four carbonate facies associations have been identified at the Mazdavand outcrop. Most of the carbonate rocks were deposited in an open marine, tidal channel and barrier, lagoon and tidal flat setting. Using petrographic and CL analyses, the main diagenetic processes that affected these rocks are micritization, cementation, compaction, fracturing, dissolution, neomorphism, silicification, and dolomitization. Dissolution of grains and calcite cement generated secondary porosity, whereas compaction and cementation are the primary cause of porosity reduction. The average porosity of core plugs is 15.78% and match well with two-dimensional estimates from thin sections. The more porous samples are either highly fractured or contain interparticle and intercrystalline porosity, within the lower strata that contain more dolostone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - A review of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analysis of Indian dykes: Implications for magma emplacement
Ayanangshu Das Jyotirmoy Mallik Krishanu Bandyopadhyay Rais AlamThe analysis of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) is a powerful and rapid technique to examine the preferred orientations of mineral (magnetic) fabrics and can indicate the nature of a magma transport (vertical or lateral). The relationship between magnetic fa MoreThe analysis of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) is a powerful and rapid technique to examine the preferred orientations of mineral (magnetic) fabrics and can indicate the nature of a magma transport (vertical or lateral). The relationship between magnetic fabric and geometry of a dyke swarm enables us to understand magma emplacement processes. Depending on the mutual relationship of magnetic fabric and individual dyke geometry, mode of magma transport is interpreted. The knowledge on the nature of magma transport combined with information on geometry, magmatic overpressure and geochemistry enable us to comment on dyke emplacement processes, the location of possible feeders, syn-emplacement and post-emplacement deformations and prevailing stress regime during emplacement. A number of dykes and dyke swarms have been emplaced into the Indian shield at different points in time. Their ages vary from the Mesoarchean to Tertiary. We present here a review of three case studies where AMS technique was applied to the samples collected from Indian dykes. Two case studies are on the Proterozoic dykes that intruded into the Dharwar craton and the third case study is on Mesozoic dykes that punctured the South Indian Granulite Terrain (SIGT). The dykes generally show “normal” anisotropy fabric to indicate vertical magma emplacement with few exceptions where lateral/inclined magma flow was suggested or the results were inconclusive. We present here a critical review on the interpretation of such “anomalous” fabrics and comment on further studies that can be carried out to extract more information from such results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Resources classification using fractal modelling in Eastern Kahang Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, Central Iran
Amir Bijan Yasrebi Ardashir HezarkhaniResources/reserves classification is crucial for block model creation utilised in mine planning and feasibility study. Selection of estimation methods is an essential part of mineral exploration and mining activities. In other word, resources classification is an issue MoreResources/reserves classification is crucial for block model creation utilised in mine planning and feasibility study. Selection of estimation methods is an essential part of mineral exploration and mining activities. In other word, resources classification is an issue for mining companies, investors, financial institutions and authorities, but it remains subject to some confusion. The aim of this paper is to determine a resources classification for a Cu block model generated by an Ordinary Kriging (OK) and a Concentration-Volume (C-V) fractal modelling based on estimated variance in Eastern Kahang Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, Central Iran. Variography, block modelling and cell declustering for dataset with respect to Cu concentrations as the main target in this deposit were conducted firstly. Then, Cu distribution model was carried out by the OK and estimated variances were calculated for all voxels. According to a C-V log-log plot, three populations for estimated variances were detected. ‘’Measured’’ resources contain voxels with estimated variances lower than 0.08 and more than 7 samples. Estimated variances varied between 0.08 and 0.24 in which more than 3 samples were engaged for estimation of ‘’Indicated’’ resources. ‘’Inferred’’ resources include estimated variances over 0.24 which are located in marginal parts of this deposit. Results derived via this study reveal that the C-V fractal modelling can be used for resources classification in different ore deposits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Application of landsat imageries for mapping post-earthquake landslide, case study: 2012 Ahar-Varzegan earthquake, NW Iran
Leila Khodaei Geshlag Shahram Roostaei Davood Mokhtari Kalil ValizadehThe 2012 Ahar-Varzegan earthquake and its aftershocks have not only caused huge damage with a severe loss of life and property but also induced many geo-hazards with the major type of collapse, creep, slip, debris flow, and fallings that are generally considered as land MoreThe 2012 Ahar-Varzegan earthquake and its aftershocks have not only caused huge damage with a severe loss of life and property but also induced many geo-hazards with the major type of collapse, creep, slip, debris flow, and fallings that are generally considered as landslide in this study which can cause continuous threats to the affected region. in this study, a semi-automated geo-hazard detection method has been presented to determine the Landslides due to 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan earthquake in area from Ahar to Varzaghan by the use of bi- temporal Landsat images from before and after the earthquake. The accuracy of the results was checked out using field observations, Google Earth images and the error matrix. The results of the visual validation with the Google Earth images showed that the used method can detect landslids with relatively high accuracy.The images of landsat5 and 8 Because of their multispectral advantages can be used as a suitable data source for research on Instabilities. Finally, the validating results obtained by using the error matrix showed the total accuracy of 92.1% and kappa coefficient was 0.99. So based on the results obtained from the above method, the landslides were distributed mainly in slopes between 15 and 40 degrees and the height distribution of instabilities of 1420 to 2000 meters. Also based on vegetation indices, density of landslides have been increased after the earthquake. Generally unstabel slopes are located along river valleys and roads in mountain regions with deep valleys and steep slopes. According to the nature of present study, the obtained result can be useful for environmental planners and project developers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Magmatic interactions as recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts of quaternary volcanics in SE Bam (SE Iran)
Abdollah Yazdi Afshin Ashja Ardalan Mohammad Hashem Emami Rahim Dabiri Mohammad FoudaziIn the southeast of Iran (SE Bam), there is a collection of volcanic rocks with andesite, basalt and trachyandesite composition. The textures of these rocks are often porphyritic with microlithic, porphyric cavity, and sometimes glomeroporphyritic, sore throat trachytic MoreIn the southeast of Iran (SE Bam), there is a collection of volcanic rocks with andesite, basalt and trachyandesite composition. The textures of these rocks are often porphyritic with microlithic, porphyric cavity, and sometimes glomeroporphyritic, sore throat trachytic. Main minerals include olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and secondary minerals including opaque minerals, Iddingsite, secondary biotite, chlorite and calcite. The analysis of magma textures gives us valuable information about magmatic processes. Micro textures in plagioclase of volcanic rocks in the region are divided into two groups: a) texture-linked to crystalline growth including: sieve texture, oscillatory zoning and degraded surfaces and b) Morphological textures such as glomerular crystals. Sieve texture and zoning in crystal represent processes such as magmatic mixing and abrupt reduction of pressure and, in general, unbalanced conditions in magmatic reservoirs. Based on electron microscope studies, plagioclase of igneous rocks of the region is within the boundaries of labradorite and bytownite.In the southeast of bam, there is a collection of volcanic rocks with andesite, basalt and trachy andesite composition. The texture of these rocks are often porphyritic with microlithic, porphyric cavity, and sometimes glomerulophorphuri, sore throat trachytic. Main minerals include Olivine, Clinopyroxene, Plagioclase and secondary minerals including opaque minerals, Iodenzyte, secondary Biotite, Chlorite and Calcite. Sieve texture and zoning in crystal represent processes such as magmatic mixing and abrupt reduction of pressure and, in general, unbalanced conditions in magmatic reservoirs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Neocomian Fahliyan formation carbonates in the oil well X2 (Dorood oil field, Persian Gulf): Biostratigraphic data from benthic foraminifera and algae
لیلا رستمی سیدحمید وزیری داود جهانی علی سلگی مرتضی طاهرپور خلیل آباد ایوانا زورن گراویک احمد یحیاییThe Fahliyan Formation of the Khami Group is the most important oil and gas reservoir in southwestern Iran. The formation attains a thickness of 435.5 m in the oil well X2 in Dorood oil field, Persian Gulf. It is represented mainly by thin-bedded limestones. This format MoreThe Fahliyan Formation of the Khami Group is the most important oil and gas reservoir in southwestern Iran. The formation attains a thickness of 435.5 m in the oil well X2 in Dorood oil field, Persian Gulf. It is represented mainly by thin-bedded limestones. This formation unconformably overlies the evaporate late Jurassic Hith Formation and conformably underlies the Gadvan Formation. Integrated palaeontological and sedimentological studies supported by an analysis of 150 thin-sections led to the identification of 21 benthic foraminiferal genera dominated by agglutinated forms with an additional 8 algal genera. Two foraminiferal biozones of Berriasian through Hauterivian age include the Pseudochrysalidina (Dokhania) arabica acme zone and Pseudocyclammina lituus- Coscinoconus assemblage zone, and an algal zone includes the Salpingoporella annulata range zone have been recognized. The correlation of the lower Cretaceous petroleum source rock in the Persian Gulf with regions from Tethyan Realm is limited by the lack of the analog formation that can be used for comparison. In this way, the foraminiferal zones are correlated with coeval zones in south and southwest of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Identification of sand dune sources in the east Sistan, Iran by using mineralogical and morphoscopic characterization of sediments
Gholam Heidar Zoraghi Kazem Shabani Goraji محمد رضا نورا علی رضا راشکی آدام بمبایSedimentation in the dune fields of the Sistan Plain of Iran is the result of deposition of fine-grained sediment downstream of the Helmand River. Due to poor adhesion and low moisture content of soil particles, and the strong renowned Levar wind, dune fields mostly of MoreSedimentation in the dune fields of the Sistan Plain of Iran is the result of deposition of fine-grained sediment downstream of the Helmand River. Due to poor adhesion and low moisture content of soil particles, and the strong renowned Levar wind, dune fields mostly of Barchan and Nebkha types are created. This study aims to assess the physical, morphological and mineralogical characteristics of surface (S) and sub-surface (S-S) sediments and their genetic relationships with the aeolian sand surface. For this purpose, 48 S and S-S sand samples were prepared from Niatak Corridor (NC) east of Sistan and were analyzed to determine their physical and mineralogical properties by dry sieving, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy methods. Results show that the physical characteristics of S and S-S sand particles, such as sorting, roundness, minimum elongation projection, Riley sphericity, morphoscopic and mineralogical characteristics, have no significant difference. The study of thin sections showed that all samples generally contain quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and lithic components. This confirms that the source of S sand dunes is local and consists of the buried layers of sands in the close vicinity. Therefore, the Hamoun Lake are most likely not a source of regional sands. The local existence of Yardang also supports the conclusion of this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The effect of Tous fault on groundwater resources in northern parts of Mashhad plain
Mohammadreza Arjmand Abbas Kangi Naser Hafezi moghaddasMashhad Plain affects by a series of active faults in the northern margin of the Binalud and the southern margin of the Kopet-Dagh mountain ranges. The activity of these faults forms the morphology of the stepped bedrock of the Plain. In addition, the faults’ acti MoreMashhad Plain affects by a series of active faults in the northern margin of the Binalud and the southern margin of the Kopet-Dagh mountain ranges. The activity of these faults forms the morphology of the stepped bedrock of the Plain. In addition, the faults’ activities in the Quaternary period are the main effective parameters in thickness and texture of aquifer deposits in Mashhad Plain. In this regard, one of the active and important faults in Mashhad Plain is Tous fault, which runs from the northwest of Mashhad Plain into the city of Mashhad. The present research aims to analyze the effect of this fault on groundwater resources in the north of Mashhad Plain. For this purpose, ancient geoelectric studies and many well logs data are gathered, interpreted and by the combination of all of the geology information a new model for groundwater resource of the area proposed. The results of this study indicate that activities of Tous fault results to the uplifting of the Neogene Marly bedrock of Mashhad Plain, which such as a barrier prevents the flow of groundwater from the northern plain to the main aquifer of Mashhad Plain, and practically has divided the alluvial aquifer of Mashhad Plain into two parts. The maximum sediment thickness can be seen adjacent to the fault in the north of the Tous region and the tomb of Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Nonlinear disjunctive kriging for the estimating and modeling of a vein copper deposit
Ali Akbar DayaEstimation of mineral resources and reserves with low values of error is essential in mineral exploration. The aim of this study is to estimate and model a vein type deposit using disjunctive kriging method. Disjunctive Kriging (DK) as an appropriate nonlinear estimatio MoreEstimation of mineral resources and reserves with low values of error is essential in mineral exploration. The aim of this study is to estimate and model a vein type deposit using disjunctive kriging method. Disjunctive Kriging (DK) as an appropriate nonlinear estimation method has been used for estimation of Cu values. For estimation of Cu values and modeling of the distribution of Cu in Chelkureh, samples have been taken from 48 drill holes in Chelkureh, and the values of Cu have been analyzed. Resulting data from analyzing Cu values were converted to standard normal values using Hermite polynomials. Variography has been done in the Chelkureh deposit. After studying variograms in different directions, it was found out that the ore deposit has a mild anisotropy. The best-fitted variogram model was considered for disjunctive kriging estimation. The model consists of a pure nugget effect with 0.46 amplitude plus a spherical scheme with sill 1.20 and range 140 m. Consequently, a three-dimensional model of estimated value and error estimated value was provided by disjunctive kriging to divide the ore into an economic and uneconomic part. The models based on the estimate of the DK method in the study area exhibited an increasing trend of concentration from the center to North. Finally, validation between the disjunctive kriging carried out by using cross-validation. The result showed that the correlation of estimated values and real values was strong (63.4%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - The effect of engineering geology on the rock load and squeezing potential in Lot2 of Imamzadeh-Hashem tunnel
Mohammad-Reza Baghban Golpasand Seyyed-Ghafour Alavi Amirhassan RezaeiThe load entering from the ground surrounding on the tunnel’s lining is one of the effective parameters in the designation of a tunnel. The amount of this parameter, which is called Rock load in a rocky environment, depends on several factors such as the overburde MoreThe load entering from the ground surrounding on the tunnel’s lining is one of the effective parameters in the designation of a tunnel. The amount of this parameter, which is called Rock load in a rocky environment, depends on several factors such as the overburden thickness, geological and geomechanical conditions and the depth of tunnel. In the present study, the amount of rock load for the Lot 2 of Imamzadeh Hashem Tunnel (L2IHT) has been evaluated using various methods and the effect of geological characteristics of the rock units on the tunnel route has been investigated. For this purpose, different methods for estimating the rock load were introduced firstly, and then the amount of this parameter for the tunnel was estimated using these methods. To evaluate the thickness of the plastic zone around the tunnel, the numerical method, finite difference code of FLAC3D software, has been used. Comparison of the results obtained from different methods and their analysis indicates that the rock load applying from H-4 and H-10 rock units is more than the other units. This happens because of the specific geological characteristics of these rock units such as high degree of crushing due to the geological factors and being in the faulted zone. Therefore, it is required for the stronger lining of the tunnel in the range of these units. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Facies, sedimentary environments and sequence stratigraphy of Cretaceous deposits in the northwest of Azerbaijan, Iran
Rahim Mahari Rahim Shabanian Farahnaz Reihani Hamideh Shetabifard Somaieh Sadigh JanbahanThe Cretaceous deposits in Morakan, located in the northeast of Khoy, a town in western Azerbaijan province, Iran, are primarily made up of carbonate rocks. These deposits, which are of 717 meters thick, lie on the clastic facies of Jurassic and are covered with beneath MoreThe Cretaceous deposits in Morakan, located in the northeast of Khoy, a town in western Azerbaijan province, Iran, are primarily made up of carbonate rocks. These deposits, which are of 717 meters thick, lie on the clastic facies of Jurassic and are covered with beneath the pelagic beds of the Upper Cretaceous. To investigate the facies, sedimentary environment and sequential stratigraphy of these successions, a stratigraphic section was made in the south of Morakan village. Carbonate facies in this section have deposited in open marine, bar, lagoon, and tidal flat facies belts. The study of these facies and comparing them with old and modern sedimentary environments reveals that these succes-sions have deposited in a carbonated platform of rimmed shelf type. The study of the vertical succes-sion of microfacies shows four main sequences in the form of system tracts of TST and HST, which are made up of shallowing and deepening parasequences. The first lower boundary of the sequences is the type SB1 unconformity, and other identified sequences are the type SB2 unconformity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - A geophysical correlation between near-surface radioactivity and subsurface faults detected by gravity method for a region located in the western desert of Iraq
Wadhah Mahmood Shakir AL-Khafaji Hayder Abdul Zahra Al-DabbaghThis research study deals with the processing and interpretation of the total Bouguer anomaly and the total count iso-radiation data for a region located in the western desert of Iraq. The research aims to delineate the approximate locations and the effective depth of f MoreThis research study deals with the processing and interpretation of the total Bouguer anomaly and the total count iso-radiation data for a region located in the western desert of Iraq. The research aims to delineate the approximate locations and the effective depth of faults and how does rocks radioactivity act nearby the faults. The graphical method adopted to separate the residual fields from regional’s, in order to be processed later by applying the horizontal gradient filter. The results displayed as maps and profile section which delineate qualitatively the approximate locations of faults and quantitatively the high radio counts and major faults effective depth within the region. The results of this study showed that the major faults within the region extend with the directions NW-SE, with effective fault depth ranges of 1.7 – 4.9 Km. High radiometric anomalies detected near or between fault locations as they detected after conducting a gravity-radiometric profile section across the region. Peaks of high radiation total counts are located over the elevated blocks which produced by faulting action. The detected faults penetrate the main groundwater aquifer in the region and this considered responsible for transporting radioactive elements to the surface over and nearby the detected fault locations to form spots of accumulated radioactive deposits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Separation of geochemical anomalies by concentration-area and concentration-number methods in the Saqez 1:100,000 sheet, Kurdistan
Fatemeh Zadmehr Seyed Vahid ShahrokhiRegional exploration and identification of anomalies can be done by geochemical data resulted from stream sediments. In this paper, fractal methods of concentration-number and concentration-area were used for regional studies, and abnormalities of elements including gol MoreRegional exploration and identification of anomalies can be done by geochemical data resulted from stream sediments. In this paper, fractal methods of concentration-number and concentration-area were used for regional studies, and abnormalities of elements including gold, arsenic, bismuth and mercury were studied. Statistical processing of these elements took place with the help of 1063 samples of stream sediments in the Saqez 1:100,000 sheet (Kurdistan Province). The elements were analyzed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran by ICP-OES method and Au element was analyzed by Emission Spectrograph method. According to the position of geology, existing structures and the dominant rock type, the comparison between the map prepared methods of concentration-number and concentration-area was conducted in Saqez sheet. In general, the results of the two methods showed that in the south, southwest, center and west of the region, the concentration of these elements is increased, and presence of ore promising areas is high in these areas. Concentration-number method showed a good overlap with concentration-area method; making extensive geochemical halos and encompassing known ores of Qolqoleh, Kervian and Qabghlojeh, it follows the expected process of mineralization in Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Comparison of original and weighted singularity indexin separation of Pb- Zn mineralized zone in the Haft Savaran district, Central Iran
Feridon Ghadimi Massume KhavariThe Haft Saravan area is located in 90 km SE Arak in the central Iran. This area is a part of Malyer-Isfahan metallogenic belt. The article's objective is determining the most suitable method for identifying mineralized zones using original singularity and weighted sing MoreThe Haft Saravan area is located in 90 km SE Arak in the central Iran. This area is a part of Malyer-Isfahan metallogenic belt. The article's objective is determining the most suitable method for identifying mineralized zones using original singularity and weighted singularity methods in three-dimensional space. In weighted singularity method, mineralized zones have a greater volume relative to original singularity method. Coefficient of areal association showed that percentage of overlapping of two methods is less than 50% for Pb, Fe and Mn and less than 55% for Zn. Two methods were compared by modified singularity method in order to select the best method. Percentage of overlapping is more than 98% both original and modified singularity methods for Pb, Zn and Mn and is less than 45% for weighted singularity method. Therefore, it can be said that original singularity method is suitable relative to weighted singularity in identifying mineralized zones due to the high overlapping of original and modified singularity method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Biozonation, Paleobathymetry and paleoenvironmental study of the Gurpi Formation in southwestern Iran
Taghi Farmani Ebrahim Ghasemi-Nejad Bijan Beiranvand Saeed Maleki-PorazmianiPlanktonic foraminifera and major palynomorph groups (i.e. terrestrial, marine, and amorphous organic matter) of the Campanian-Selandian strata of the Gurpi Formation were studied to evaluate the changes in the Zagros paleobasin in southwestern Iran. Planktonic foramini MorePlanktonic foraminifera and major palynomorph groups (i.e. terrestrial, marine, and amorphous organic matter) of the Campanian-Selandian strata of the Gurpi Formation were studied to evaluate the changes in the Zagros paleobasin in southwestern Iran. Planktonic foraminifera were categorized into four morphotypes according to their paleodepth, extending from Morphotype 1, comprising surface generalists, to Morphotype 4, comprising deep-water aphotic heterotrophic species. The relative amount of species belonging to Morphotype 4 is noticeable in the Campanian-Maastrichtian. It shows that the depth of the basin was generally greater than 200 m in the Late Cretaceous. Two major sea-level regressional phases could be recognized during the formation deposition. The first one occurred near the middle of the Maastrichtian in the Contusotruncana contusa Biozone, during which the relative abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs increased prominently, and the species belonging to Morphotype 4 became notably rare. This regression correlates well with the eustatic curves, suggesting that it was controlled by global factors. Also, the species belonging to Morphotype 4 disappeared in the Danian, the relative abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs increased, and the relative abundance of planktonic foraminifera (P%) decreased prominently. However, this regression does not correlate with the eustatic curves and indicates that local tectonic events should be considered. The palynofacies study of the strata shows that during the Campanian-Maastrichtian, the strata were deposited in a deep suboxic-anoxic setting (Palynofacies IX), whereas the Danian strata were deposited in a shallow-shelf setting (Palynofacies VI). The studies show that during the Selandian, the depth of the basin increased again. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - The effect of sufficient barrier layers on hydraulic fracturing design efficiency in one of the Iranian South hydrocarbon reservoirs
Behnam Mousavi Kouros Yazdjerdi Mohammad Abdideh Hossein TabatabaeiHydraulic fracturing and matrix stimulation are two major methods of the reservoir stimulation. Hydraulic fracturing, which is the newest technique and technically more complex, is very useful in low permeability reservoirs. Although it has been used widely in hydrocarb MoreHydraulic fracturing and matrix stimulation are two major methods of the reservoir stimulation. Hydraulic fracturing, which is the newest technique and technically more complex, is very useful in low permeability reservoirs. Although it has been used widely in hydrocarbon production wells, it is a new method in Iran. In this paper, the effect of sufficient barrier layers on hydraulic fracturing design efficiency was done for Bangestan reservoir (one of hydrocarbon reservoirs in south of Iran). To do this, at first, mechanical earth model (MEM) was developed. This model comprise of in situ stresses and physical properties of reservoir rock (like porosity and water saturation obtained from petrophysical well logs analysis) and determination of the rock fracture pressures and fracture propagation. Then, zone 5 and Sarvak zone of Bangestan reservoir were selected as candidate layers for hydraulic fracturing modelling. Finally, hydraulic fracture was designed for selected layers. In this design, the created fracture length in zone 5 is very shorter than the created fracture length in Sarvak zone. The results show that hydraulic fracturing can be done in Sarvak zone more successful than zone 5, which shows the importance of sufficient barrier layers in hydraulic fracture efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Detection of metallic prospects using staged factor and fractal analysis in Zouzan region, NE Iran
Hamed Abdoli Sereshgi Alireza Ganji افشین اشجع اردلان Habibollah Torshizian جعفر طاهریThe Zouzan area is located in the SE of Torbat-e- Heydarieh city (NE Iran). This area is located on north part of the Lut block which consists of basaltic andesite, tuff and porphyritic andesite. The purpose of this research is to investigate the enrichment of metal ele MoreThe Zouzan area is located in the SE of Torbat-e- Heydarieh city (NE Iran). This area is located on north part of the Lut block which consists of basaltic andesite, tuff and porphyritic andesite. The purpose of this research is to investigate the enrichment of metal elements in the Zouzan area and provide a metallic geochemical model. For this purpose, 488 stream samples were analyzed using by ICP-MS. The results were interpreted using staged factor analysis to determine the components that are rich in the study area. However, Concentration-Number (C-N) fractal modeling was used for interpretation of these data and presenting a final model. The results of this study indicate the concentration of anomalies of the Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn as main elements in the central, NE and SW of the Zouzan area. Moreover, results obtained by the staged factor analysis shows the elements of the specified components by this method that enriched together in the study area. The place of enrichment is in the central NE and SW parts of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Water types and carbonate saturation model of groundwater in middle Governorate (Gaza strip, Palestine)
Khalid Fathi Ubeid Mohammad Ramadan Al-AghaThis study was carried out in the Middle Governorate of Gaza Strip, Palestine. The coastal aquifer is the main source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the study area. During the last three decades the aquifer has deteriorated to a high deg MoreThis study was carried out in the Middle Governorate of Gaza Strip, Palestine. The coastal aquifer is the main source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the study area. During the last three decades the aquifer has deteriorated to a high degree in the quality and quantity due to the over-pumping and the encroachment of seawater. Hydrogeochemical analysis for groundwater samples from 21 domestic wells were done in 2015. The major cations and anions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and HCO3-) that influence the water quality were determined. The results of analysis show that the groundwater was chemical highly enriched with Na+ and Cl- an indication of seawater intrusion into the aquifer, while K+ and SO42- sourced from fertilizers and wastewater. The regression analysis show significant positive correlation (more than +0.80) between the hydrochemical parameters Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42. Due to main cations and anions five water types were distinguished in studied wells: (1) Na-Mg-Cl, (2) Na-Cl, (3) Na-Mg-Cl-SO4, (4) Na-Cl-SO4, and (5) Na-Ca-Cl. They represent around 48%, 19%, 19%, 10% and 5% respectively of the total wells. The calcite and dolomite were assessed in terms of the saturation index, where they show mainly negative values indicating under-saturation. The hydrogeochemical behavior is rather complicated and is affected by both anthropogenic and natural parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - A history of Floral diversity (pollen, spores and algal) during the latest Holocene in the Bandung basin based on palynological analysis in Cihideung, West Java, Indonesia
Rizki Rachman Winantris Winantris Budi MuljanaFloral diversity is a measure of number of type flora in an area, and reflects how vegetation develops in response to the environmental condition during a certain time interval. The present study aims to examine changes in the diversity of vegetation (pollen, spores and MoreFloral diversity is a measure of number of type flora in an area, and reflects how vegetation develops in response to the environmental condition during a certain time interval. The present study aims to examine changes in the diversity of vegetation (pollen, spores and algae), evenness, and similarity in the Bandung Basin through a core of 240 cm depth using a ground drill, as well as the radiocarbon dating (940 ± 120 BP) of a clayey peat level, located at the bottom (172.5 - 52.5 cm depth) of study section. Twenty four samples were taken at 5 cm intervals down the surface of the sediment core. Changes were obtained by comparing the quantity of pollen, spores, algae, and the lithology of the deposits. Palynomorph data show that Shannon diversity index ranged from 2.14 to 2.80 for pollen and spores, and 0 to 1.64 for algae; Shannon evenness index ranged from 0.64 to 0.81 for pollen and spores, and 0 to 1.74 for algae; and Jaccard similarity index results ranged from 30% - 68%. Faunal diversity is moderate with a good level of balance, and an overall trend in the increase of diversity in the clayey peat level. These changes are influenced by the presence of the Lembang Fault. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Assessment of the potential areas for underground dam construction in Roomeshgan, Lorestan province, Iran
Siamak Baharvand Jafar Rahnamarad Salman SooriOne of the methods for dealing with the problem of water shortage and the decline of groundwater levels in the arid areas is the construction of underground dams. It is difficult to make a decision about suitable locations for the construction of underground dams becaus MoreOne of the methods for dealing with the problem of water shortage and the decline of groundwater levels in the arid areas is the construction of underground dams. It is difficult to make a decision about suitable locations for the construction of underground dams because of the necessity to consider numerous factors. Some of these criteria are hydrological, geological and geomorphologic characteristics of the area. By applying the GIS and AHP methods, this study attempted to introduce the suitable locations for construction of underground dams in Roomeshgan area in Lorestan Province, Iran. For this purpose, factors such as slope, lithology, land use, alluvium thickness, water quality, and distance from the well, fault and stream and rivers network were used. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for the possibility of considering various qualitative and quantitative criteria, the process can be one way to select the appropriate location for constructing an underground dam. In this study, after the assessment of the used layers in the Expert Choice software, weight mapping of each layer was prepared. Then, the map of suitable areas for construction of the underground dam was prepared by overlapping the weight mappings of each layer in ArcGIS software. According to the results, 15.87 %, 11.96 %, 35.75 %, 33.23 % and 3.18 % of the region are located in very poor, poor, moderate, suitable and very suitable areas, respectively. After several field surveys of the area with three percent, six locations were selected for underground dam construction. The results show that the factors mentioned above have the most important role in locating the underground dam construction and the chosen method has high accuracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - A Strong Ground Motion Catalogue of Selected Records for Shallow Crustal, Near Field Earthquakes in Iran
Maryam Sedghi Arezou Dorostian Mehdi Zare Mohsen PourkermaniUnderstanding strong ground motions in the near-fault areas is important for seismic risk assessment in densely populated areas. In the past, lack of information on strong ground motion for large and moderate earthquakes led to the use of mainly far field large and mode MoreUnderstanding strong ground motions in the near-fault areas is important for seismic risk assessment in densely populated areas. In the past, lack of information on strong ground motion for large and moderate earthquakes led to the use of mainly far field large and moderate earthquake records in equations for calculation of the strong ground motion parameters. In this article, we collected and generated a seismic catalogue with a data set of corrected and processed 217 triaxial near source strong ground motion and accelerometric data recorded from 1976 to 2018 obtained from 30 shallow crustal earthquakes with a focal depth below 30 km from different regions including 24 in Iran, 5 in California and one in Italy (because of the lack of Iranian near-field accelerograms) in different stations. These data were recorded (129 Iranian records, 88 from California and Italy) with a source-to-site distance less than 80 km and earthquakes between Mw = 5 and 7.5. Receiver function method was used for site classification for these records. The percentage of processed data in this study was 18%, 43%, 33% and 6% for the different site classes of 1, 2, 3, and 4. In the final catalog, records in which their PGA≥ 100 cm /s2, were reported. This near source ground motion database also contains information about ground motion, source parameters and is fundamental for dynamic research in earthquake engineering for the estimation of strong ground motion parameters (PGA, PGV, PGD and frequency content of response spectra) of moderate-to-large earthquakes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Evaluation of land subsidence in Kashmar-Bardaskan plain, NE Iran
Hamid Saeidi Gholamreza Lashkaripour Mohammad GhafooriThe development of agriculture and industry and the increase of population in countries with arid to semi-arid climates have led to more harvesting of groundwater resources and as a result land subsidence in different parts of the worlds. Decades of groundwater overexpl MoreThe development of agriculture and industry and the increase of population in countries with arid to semi-arid climates have led to more harvesting of groundwater resources and as a result land subsidence in different parts of the worlds. Decades of groundwater overexploitation in the Kashmar-Bardaskan plain in the north-east of Iran has resulted substantial land subsidence in this plain. The plain is considered as an arid to semi-arid zone and facing a negative water balance. The average annual precipitation in the plain is around 191 mm and the evaporation rate is 3956 mm. According to the unit hydrograph of the plain, the annual decline of water level is 1.12 m. In this study, the velocity of subsidence has been determined using Interferometric SAR technique (In-SAR) and radar images of Envisat ASAR and Sentinel-1 for a time period from 2003 to 2017. The results of an InSAR time series analysis indicated that an area of 1200 km2 with different speeds of 5 to 26 cm/year in the satellite line of sight (LOS) is subsiding. The results showed that in addition to the decline of groundwater level, subsurface conditions such as sediments types (fine-grained layers) and their thickness also affect the occurrence and amount of land subsidence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - The Mesoproterozoic – no “boring billion”
Uwe-M. Troppenz Sven LittkowskiThe authors show that the Mesoproterozoic (1.6-1.0 bn year before present) was no “boring billion” but a “bustling billion” - not only with Stromatolites and their apex in the Calymmian and Ectasian but also with the presence of multicellular org MoreThe authors show that the Mesoproterozoic (1.6-1.0 bn year before present) was no “boring billion” but a “bustling billion” - not only with Stromatolites and their apex in the Calymmian and Ectasian but also with the presence of multicellular organisms. To make it visible a graphical reconstruction was created. For a long time, it was assumed that there existed no noteworthy biosphere on Earth before the Ediacaran (635-542 m year before present) – aside from bacteria which were responsible for the Stromatolites. In literature, they called this age the “boring billion”. This term is preserved until today, despite that scientific research came to another result. In the books “Wohin die Spuren führen” (Troppenz 2015) and The New Precambrian“ (Troppenz 2017) the actual status of knowledge was compiled, and term “boring billion” replaced by “bustling billion”. Term “Montana Biota” (first location of Horodyskia) was established for the definitely existing biosphere. For the first time, the authors make an attempt to reconstruct life in the period between 1.88 and 0.78 bn, and revive the “bustling billion”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Analysis of loess sediment texture in Golestan province according to the microstructure parameters
Somayeh Ghandhari Arash Amini Ali Solgi Hamed RezaeiThis study was performed to recognize the loess texture in Golestan Province, Iran using the microstructure analysis according to the electron microscopic images. Loess microstructure study allows for investigating the characteristics of particle shape, fabric, cement a MoreThis study was performed to recognize the loess texture in Golestan Province, Iran using the microstructure analysis according to the electron microscopic images. Loess microstructure study allows for investigating the characteristics of particle shape, fabric, cement and porosity in microscopic images. In recent years, computer analysis has been replaced with manual calculation due to its high speed, precision and ease of use. Since the scanning electron microscope (SEM) digital image analysis method can quantitatively determine the loess microstructure and identify the microstructure changes, it was used to analyze the loess texture. The obtained results showed that the loess microstructure changed from north and northeast to south and southwest of Golestan Province. According to microstructural and sedimentology parameters, Golestan Province loess can be divided into 4 zones. The results also showed that microstructural study of loess sediments in Golestan Province could be a useful tool for loess zoning and separating loess sediments from loess-like deposits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Inverse modeling of gravity field data due to finite vertical cylinder using modular neural network and least-squares standard deviation method
Ata Eshaghzadeh Sanaz Seyedi Sahebari Roghayeh Alsadat KalantariIn this paper, modular neural network (MNN) inversion has been applied for the parameters approximation of the gravity anomaly causative target. The trained neural network is used for estimating the amplitude coefficient and depths to the top and bottom of a finite vert MoreIn this paper, modular neural network (MNN) inversion has been applied for the parameters approximation of the gravity anomaly causative target. The trained neural network is used for estimating the amplitude coefficient and depths to the top and bottom of a finite vertical cylinder source. The results of the applied neural network method are compared with the results of the least-squares standard deviation method. The inverse modeling has been tested first on synthetic gravity data. The synthetic data are infected with random noise to evaluate the effect of noise on performance of the methods. Both methods show satisfactory results, with and without random noise. The MNN and least squares standard deviation approaches have been applied to two real gravity data due to two salt domes from Iran and USA, where the results comparison shows good agreement with each other. The computed standard errors indicate the generated gravity response of the estimated parameters from MNN has better conformity with the observed gravity anomaly than the generated gravity response from the least squares method. The results of the MNN inversion show the top and bottom depths of the salt dome situated in Iran are about 24.5 m and 63.8 m and for the salt dome situated in USA are about 1451 m and 9263 m, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Structural concepts for Soltanieh fault zone (NW Iran)
Bita Javidfakhr Seiran AhmadianActive deformation in Alborz range is due to N-S convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This paper provides geomorphic traces of regional deformation in NW Iran in order to characterize active faulting on major faults. Soltanieh and North Zanjan fault systems are invol MoreActive deformation in Alborz range is due to N-S convergence between Arabia and Eurasia. This paper provides geomorphic traces of regional deformation in NW Iran in order to characterize active faulting on major faults. Soltanieh and North Zanjan fault systems are involved in convergence boundary extent between South Caspian Basin and Central Iran. Soltanieh and North Zanjan faults are major reverse faults in the study area. Soltanieh fault has been probably responsible for historical Soltanieh earthquake in 1803. Accurate mapping accompanied by field observations enabled offset determination along active faults. We presented geomorphic documents indicating left-lateral strike-slip movements in Soltanieh fault zone. Kinematics is achieved through analyzing inversion results obtained from kinematic measurement sites which are generally scattered along Soltanieh fault zone. Fault kinematic data inversion results (slip-vector measurement in fault planes) indicate a dominant NE trending horizontal maximum stress axis (σ1). Kinematic inversion results infer reverse faulting mechanism accompanied by strike-slip component. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Prediction model of limestone rock mass quality, using seismic wave velocity (Case study: Sarvak formation in Bakhtiari dam site)
Mehdi Kianpour Seyed Mahmoud Fatemi Aghda مهدی تلخابلوThe purpose of this study was to develop a model for the estimation of rock mass classification of Sarvak limestone in the Bakhtiari dam site, south-west (SW) Iran. Q system had been used as the starting point for the rock mass classification. This method was modified f MoreThe purpose of this study was to develop a model for the estimation of rock mass classification of Sarvak limestone in the Bakhtiari dam site, south-west (SW) Iran. Q system had been used as the starting point for the rock mass classification. This method was modified for sedimentary rock mass which is known as Qsrm. Because Qsrm considers a wide range of rock mass properties, it has become a tool for rock mass classification that more correlates with geophysical parameters. This study tried to revise and empower the correlation between P-wave velocity (Vp) with Q and Qsrm in Sarvak limestone. By using data sets of Bakhtiari Dam Site (BDS) in SW Iran and multivariate regression and the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), models were rendered for prediction of Q and Qsrm. About 700 sets of data were used for modeling and Vp was considered as the input parameter. The regression equations showed the relationship between Vp with Q and Qsrm,under conditions of quadratic relations, obtained coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.49 and 0.66, respectively. The correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.82 for the Qsrm obtained from FIS models. Also, Variance Accounted For (VAF) and Root Means Square Error (RMSE) indexes were also used for evaluation of prediction accuracy of models. Results showed that Vp has better performance in prediction of Qsrm than Q and theFIS model showed the best prediction results. Because these models have accuracy, they could be used in similar conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Surface runoff estimation of Wadi Ba Al-Arid watershed North East Libya, using SCS-CN ,GIS and RS data
Salah HamadThe aim of this study is to estimate runoff in Wadi Ba Al Arid watershed for a period of ten years 2009-2018 by Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method in combination with the GIS techniques using remote sensing data. The used data are the daily rainfall MoreThe aim of this study is to estimate runoff in Wadi Ba Al Arid watershed for a period of ten years 2009-2018 by Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method in combination with the GIS techniques using remote sensing data. The used data are the daily rainfall data from NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER), digital elevation data (DEM) from ALOS PALSAR RTC , satellite imagery from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel, and soil data represented in soil maps of a scale 1: 50,000 and some local studies carried out by several Libyan institutions. The overall area of the watershed is about 136.4 km2 and perimeter107.3 Km. The watershed upstream and downstream is well recognized due to the topographical difference as a result of the tectonic geology. Soil maps were processed and classified into hydrologic soil groups (HSG), where the dominant HSG in the study area are C and D. The Landcover/Land use (LULC) was classified into five classes (forest, shrubs, agriculture, barren land) and built up. The HSG and LULC layers were intersected and the CN values and the weighted curve number for each Antecedent Moisture (AMC) condition were assigned. Furthermore, the runoff depth was estimated and the average runoff volume for ten years during 2009–2018 in the study area was estimated by 1.67 Mm3 which represents 4.6 % of the observed average annual rainfall as 264.3 mm during 2009-2018. The rainfall-runoff relationship has shown a strong correlation with the value of 0.75. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Seismic study and spatial observations of a & b – values for the different earthquake hazard zones of India
Narayanakumar Somasundaram Surendra Nadh Somala Evgenii Rogozhin Svetlana RodinaThis paper study the recent seismicity in Earthquake hazard zones in India. A large historical earthquake event catalog to cover the period of 1900-2018, the parameters date, time, latitude, longitude, depth and magnitude has been used to calculating frequency-magnitude MoreThis paper study the recent seismicity in Earthquake hazard zones in India. A large historical earthquake event catalog to cover the period of 1900-2018, the parameters date, time, latitude, longitude, depth and magnitude has been used to calculating frequency-magnitude distribution (b-value) of seismic hazard zones in India. To convert different magnitude scales into a single moment magnitude scale, the general orthogonal regression relation is used. Gamma distribution used for variable corrections also de-clustering method has used for removal of any non-Poisson distribution. The Indian seismic hazard zones are divided into five major seismic sources zones. The seismicity is characterized by Gutenberg-Richter relation. The parameter ‘b’ of FMD and relationship have been determined for these five seismic zones having different vulnerability environment. The ‘b’ values ranges between 0.43 to 1.16. The difference between the b parameters and seismic hazard level from seismic zones II to V considered for the study of high seismo-tectonic complexity and crustal heterogeneity, the parameter ‘a’ value changes accordingly the seismicity of the regions. The lowest b-values found in seismic zone II. The highest FMD b-value has been found in the seismic zone IV. Such high seismicity b-values may be associated with high heterogeneity. In this high b-value predict the low strength in the crust as well as seismic instabilities of that zone. These observations recommend not suggesting the location of important projects like atomic power stations, hydroelectric power stations, neutrino observatory projects, satellite town projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Detection of fault segments based on P–T dihedra analysis along the North Tabriz fault, NW Iran
Pouya Sadeghi-Farshbaf Mohammad Mahdi Khatib Hamid NazariDetection of fault segments is an essential step for tracking main transverse faults. General observations from field studies as well as attitude measurements can give an overall understanding of the lengths of the segments, but these are not always sufficient to accura MoreDetection of fault segments is an essential step for tracking main transverse faults. General observations from field studies as well as attitude measurements can give an overall understanding of the lengths of the segments, but these are not always sufficient to accurately identify and characterize them. In this study, we analyze P–T dihedra variations based on their eigenvalues to detect fault segments. The anomalies of local paleostress distribution aid us to detect the segment boundaries. This study focuses on the Northwestern, Central, and Southeastern sectors of the North Tabriz Fault (NTF). Fault azimuth distribution and eigenvalue anomalies as well as the fault attitudes for each interval distance have been used to distinct segment boundaries. The results are verified by checking the presence of the transverse faults at the proposed sites during fieldwork. Results show a new structural arrangement integrated by the already documented NTF segments, combined with 6 related transverse faults. In this way, we confirm the earlier reported segments, and we improve the NFT characterization by introducing new segments bounded by transverse faults. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Seismic and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligocene-Miocene Asmari reservoir in the Marun oilfield, SW Iran
Jalil Jafari Asadollah Mahboubi Reza Moussavi-HaramiThe Oligocene-Lower Miocene Asmari Formation shows considerable reservoir heterogeneity because of variations in the lithology, depositional facies and diagenesis. This paper aim to investigate reservoir heterogeneities using seismic, core and well logs data. Twelve car MoreThe Oligocene-Lower Miocene Asmari Formation shows considerable reservoir heterogeneity because of variations in the lithology, depositional facies and diagenesis. This paper aim to investigate reservoir heterogeneities using seismic, core and well logs data. Twelve carbonate microfacies and three siliciclastic petrofacies are identified in the Asmari Formation based on well log and core data from 7 wells in the Marun field, which generally indicate a shallowing-up profile. Microfacies changes suggest that the Asmari Formation was deposited in a restricted lagoonal and carbonate ramp setting with periodic clastic sediment supply due to relative sea level fall. Six third-order sequences are recognized in the Asmari Formation from studies of core and well log data, while interpretation of 3D seismic data shows that the formation consists of two second-order seismic sequences. The lowest sequence boundary between the Pabdeh and Asmari Formations (SBI) is a type-2 boundary, and the six others are type-1 sequence boundaries. Six distinct packages of reflectors are interpreted on seismic data through the Cenozoic. The Pabdeh and Asmari Formations can be divided into three packages. Package 1 corresponds to transgressive and highstand systems tract deposits, which mainly consist of shales, marls, and carbonates with interbedded sandstones. This package is overlain by mounded and lenticular seismic facies (package 2) and high-amplitude and continuous seismic reflectors (package 3). Package 2 is predominantly sandstone with interbedded shale, and package3 mainly consists of carbonates. Inversion of seismic data shows that high-porosity zones are present in the western and southern Marun field. A lower high-porosity zone corresponds to lowstand fluvial-deltaic sediments and the upper zone to the beach and shallow marine sandstones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Depositional environment and microfacies analysis: An example of the Asmari Formation in West Zagros Basin, Lorestan province (Iran)
Mohammad Rajabi Saeedeh Senemari Mahnaz Parvaneh Nejad Shirazi Maryamnaz Bahrammanesh TehraniThe carbonate sequence of the Asmari Formation is the most important oil reservoir formed in the Zagros Basin, southwestern Iran. In order to interpret the sedimentary environment, the Makhmal-Kuh and Kaka-Reza sections in the Lorestan province were investigated. These MoreThe carbonate sequence of the Asmari Formation is the most important oil reservoir formed in the Zagros Basin, southwestern Iran. In order to interpret the sedimentary environment, the Makhmal-Kuh and Kaka-Reza sections in the Lorestan province were investigated. These sections were compared with some other outcrops in the Zagros Basin. Twenty one genera and species were identified in the Makhmal-Kuh section, and 20 genera and species in the Kaka-Reza section. Among foraminifera, Miogypsina sp ., Amphistegina sp., Elphidium sp., Operculina sp., Nephrolepidina sp., Eulepidina sp., Heterostegina sp., Nummulites fichtelli, Nummulites vascus and Nummulites intermedius are the most important species. Based on the identification of co-occurrence taxa, two assemblage zones are introduced in the Makhmal-Kuh section, and one faunal assemblage zone in the Kaka-Reza section. Petrographic analysis also led to the recognition of twelve microfacies types in the Makhmal-Kuh section and five microfacial types in the Kaka-Reza section. Based on these microfacial types, three sub-environments were determined in the Makhmal-Kuh section and two settings in the Kaka-Reza section: Outer ramp, in the aphotic zone, dominated by planktic foraminifera, bryozoan, and echinoids; the mid ramp, in the oligophotic zone, characterized with benthic foraminifera and planktic foraminifera; the shallower waters of the mesophotic-euphotic zone dominated by benthic foraminifera and coralline red algae in the inner ramp. Therefore, the depositional sub-environments along with biotic assemblages represent warm waters of tropical regions under photic variable conditions in a homoclinal ramp. Based on the distribution of co-occurrence fossils, the Asmari Formation is dated as Rupelian to the Aquitanian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Magnetic rocks distribution and depth to basement analysis on an old Quarry Site, Abeokuta, SW Nigeria
Akintayo Ojo Mubor Adeloye Ismail Egbedele Feyisayo AkinwandeGeomagnetic study was carried out to investigate the distribution and depth of formations of different magnetic rocks on an old quarry site, Abeokuta, Southwestern, Nigeria. Eight ground magnetic profiles were established with 10 m spacing intervals orientated in West-E MoreGeomagnetic study was carried out to investigate the distribution and depth of formations of different magnetic rocks on an old quarry site, Abeokuta, Southwestern, Nigeria. Eight ground magnetic profiles were established with 10 m spacing intervals orientated in West-East and North-South directions, and ranged between 110 and 190 m. A total of 223 data sets were acquired and corrected for all forms of magnetic variations. The resulting residual anomalies were plotted against distance using Microsoft Excel tool. Also, these anomalies were modeled into 2D and 3D contour sections using Surfer 10. The depth to basement analysis was carried out using Peter’s half slope graphical method. The resulting profiles and contour sections revealed variable anomalies which indicated contrast in the magnetic distributions of the subsurface. Mineral rocks with average (0-150 nT) magnetic susceptibilities dominated the profiles, and this indicated that the study area is on pegmatite or Quartz vein which probably harbored Beryl, Graphite, Sandstone, Quartz, Tantalite and Mica in both massive and disseminated quantities. Regions with high (150-300 nT) and low (0 to -150 nT) magnetic susceptibilities were also observed across the profiles. Mineral rocks with very thin bodies were observed at depths 3.48-17.42 m, intermediate bodies were buried at depths 2.61-13.06 m, while very thick bodies were located at depths between 2.09 and 10.45 m. The depth of the magnetic sources revealed that the major and minor mineral rock contact in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Biostratigraphy correlation, of Cretaceous successions in Kuh-e-Rahmat and Kuh-e-Sabz sections, NE Shiraz, Zagros (SW Iran)
Reza Haftlang Massih Afghah Ali Aghanabati Mahnaz Parvaneh Nejad ShiraziTwo stratigraphic sections (Kuh-e-Rahmat and Kuh-e-Sabz) of Upper Cretaceous strata in the Interior Fars region (SW of Iran) were selected. Lower Cretaceous succession of Kuh-e-Rahmat was consisted of Dariyan, Kazhdumi Sarvak and Ilam Formations. The lower contact of th MoreTwo stratigraphic sections (Kuh-e-Rahmat and Kuh-e-Sabz) of Upper Cretaceous strata in the Interior Fars region (SW of Iran) were selected. Lower Cretaceous succession of Kuh-e-Rahmat was consisted of Dariyan, Kazhdumi Sarvak and Ilam Formations. The lower contact of the Sarvak Formation with Kazhdumi Formation is described as a transitional type whereas the upper contact of Sarvak Formation was not clear. Stratigraphic distribution of microfossils reveals three biozones in this section: 1: Palorbitolina lenticularis (Aptian), 2: Orbitolina concava and Hemicyclamina sigali (late Albian-early Cenomanian), 3: Stomiosphaera conoidea (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian). Kuh-e-Sabz lithologic aspect consists of two rock units such as: Sarvak Formation and thin-bedded limestone of lower part of Ilam Formation. The lower contact of the Sarvak Formation was not clear whereas the upper contact with Ilam Fm. was exposed as an erosional disconformity including oxidized zone. Vertical distribution of investigated taxa supports three biozones: 1: Taberina bingistani zone (middle Cenomanian), 2: Praelveolina cretacea zone (late Cenomanian), 3: Dicyclina schlumbergeri zone (Santonian-Campanian). The Sarvak Formation of Kuh-e-Rahmat was deposited in an inner shelf paleoenvironment (as open marine facies) because of well distributed of pelagic fauna, while Kuh-e-Sabz section mostly shows reef facies (back reef-fore) along the platform including agglutinated and porcelaneous foraminifera which reflects an inner shallow platform (0-50m). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Rapid moment magnitude estimation for large earthquakes in Iran using time integration of absolute ground accelerations
Hossein Sadeghi Behnam Rahimi Parvin BabaeiA total of 324 strong ground-motion records from 26 earthquakes with moment magnitude greater than 6 were used to derive an adequate equation for moment magnitude estimation. A parameter called total effective shaking was used to introduce an empirical equation for dete MoreA total of 324 strong ground-motion records from 26 earthquakes with moment magnitude greater than 6 were used to derive an adequate equation for moment magnitude estimation. A parameter called total effective shaking was used to introduce an empirical equation for determining the near real-time magnitude of the Iranian plateau. This parameter was obtained through time integration of the absolute acceleration values from accelerograms over the strong shaking duration. It can be calculated by a simple mathematical procedure 5 seconds after completion of the waveform by decreasing the amplitudes to less than 20% of the maximum ground acceleration. The total effective shaking has a dimension of velocity and corresponds to moment magnitude and hypocentral distance in an attenuation relationship. The optimum coefficients were calculated through least-square regression analysis. Also, the effect of site conditions was evaluated in the analysis. The average shear-wave velocity to a depth of 30 m beneath each recording station was taken into account as the local site effect for 147 records out of the total number of records. The estimated moment magnitudes are in reasonably good agreement with the Global CMT values. Their differences are mostly less than 0.25 in the magnitude unit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Recurrent seismicity in Rajasthan State in the tectonically stable NW Indian Craton
Hitesh Kumar Manoj PanditIndian peninsular region comprises several Archean cratonic blocks (Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Aravalli – Bundelkhand), bordered by Proterozoic mobile belts. Therefore, this region is considered as tectonically stable and designated as the least vulnerable region MoreIndian peninsular region comprises several Archean cratonic blocks (Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Aravalli – Bundelkhand), bordered by Proterozoic mobile belts. Therefore, this region is considered as tectonically stable and designated as the least vulnerable region to earthquake hazard except the still active Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). The latter is a major suture between southern and northern Indian blocks. Seismicity in India is common along its northern and northeastern (Himalayan) region defining the Indian Plate margin, in collision with the Eurasian (Tibetan) Plate. Being tectonically active, this region has a documented record of frequent earthquakes including some high magnitude and devastating ones. The northwestern Indian block is amongst the relatively stable Precambrian regions of India and categorized under Zone – II by the Indian Meteorology Department, one of the seismically least vulnerable regions. However, the region has been a site of recurring low to moderate magnitude earthquakes. Compilation of the earthquake data from the Rajasthan State in NW India documents at least 45 earthquakes in this region during the last one and a half decades. Several of these have remained unnoticed because of their low magnitude. The NE –SW trending Aravalli Mountain Region (AMR), running across the eastern half of Rajasthan State represents the most significant tectonomorphic feature of NW India. The AMR is an ensemble of Proterozoic age Aravalli and Delhi Supergroup rocks (metasediments, volcanics and intrusives) that overlie an Archean basement (Banded Gneissic Complex – BGC). These Proterozoic mobile belts have evolved through several episodes of deformation that have shaped its present day geomorphology. The western part of the State, the Marwar Block, is relatively younger in age and was accreted to the AMR during the 1 Ga subduction event. The western margin of AMR, also called as the Western Margin Fault, represents a major suture between the two terranes. However, the entire region was cratonized by end Proterozoic and has remained tectonically stable during the Phanerozoic Eon. The Archean basement and overlying Proterozoic cover rocks are infested with several major and minor faults and shear zones. The most prominent ones are the NE-SW trending major lineaments corresponding with the regional tectonic grain and several minor ones across. The earthquake epicenter distribution pattern shows a close spatial association with these lineaments. In the absence of any significant tectonic activity in the region and rise in pore pressure either due to magmatism or excessive rainfall, we attribute recurrence of earthquakes in the region to reactivation of such old sutures/weaker zones as a response to stress build-up along the northern margin of the Indian Plate resulting from ongoing northward convergence of the Indian Plate. Some of the faults in western part are traceable into the Cambay Basin active faults in the south that may have triggered seismic activity in western Rajasthan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Study of micro-textures and chemistry of feldspar minerals of East Sarbisheh volcanic complex (Eastern Iran), for evidence of magma chamber process
Mahboobeh Jamshidibadr Sahar Tarabi Kazem QolizadehThe Eocene-Oligocene Sarbisheh volcanic complex is a part of the Lut-Sistan Zone that outcrops in eastern Iran. In the east of this complex, three groups of volcanic rocks (i.e., andesite, dacite, and rhyolite) exist. Plagioclase as the main mineral of these rocks is fo MoreThe Eocene-Oligocene Sarbisheh volcanic complex is a part of the Lut-Sistan Zone that outcrops in eastern Iran. In the east of this complex, three groups of volcanic rocks (i.e., andesite, dacite, and rhyolite) exist. Plagioclase as the main mineral of these rocks is found with varying micro-textures. Based on a changing trend in the concentration of anorthite, the developed micro-textures (coarse/fine-sieve, fine-scale oscillatory zoning, and resorption surfaces) are not affected by the chemical composition of the magma. Rather, such changes can occur by temperature variations during magma crystallization or H2O fugacity changes in the magmatic system. The recharge of basic magma leads to a temperature rise, partial melting of the central part of the crystal, and formation of sieve texture, and resorption surfaces. Consequently, the chemical changes of magma in the chamber cause the formation of An-enrichment in the outer layer of the plagioclase crystal and formation of oscillatory zoning. In addition, the morphological micro-textures (i.e., glomerocryst, synneusis, swallow-tailed, microlite, and broken crystals) are developed by the influence of dynamic behavior of the crystallizing magma and magmatic differentiation. The thermobarometry evaluation using pyroxene and biotite chemistry showed that the temperature ranges between 700 and 1150°C and the pressure were less than 2 kbar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Investigation of reservoir quality of the Kangan Formation based on petrographic and petrophysical studies: A case study of wells "A" and "B" in the gas field of the Tabnak Anticline, SW Iran
Mohammad Nikbin Mohammad Khanehbad Reza Moussavi-Harami Asadollah Mahboubi Mahdi Khoddami Ehsan GhofraniThe Kangan Formation (Early Triassic) is one of the most important gas reservoirs in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. The study area is located in the west of Hormozgan Province and on the Gavbandi highland. This field is one of the important gas production anticlines in th MoreThe Kangan Formation (Early Triassic) is one of the most important gas reservoirs in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. The study area is located in the west of Hormozgan Province and on the Gavbandi highland. This field is one of the important gas production anticlines in the SW Iran. To investigate the reservoir quality of the Kangan Formation in these wells, 163 microscopic thin sections were prepared from 97.68 m core for petrographic investigations. Then, petrophysical study was out carried using wireline well logs such as spectral gamma ray (SGR), sonic (DT), density (RHOB), and effective porosity (PHIE). The petrographic studies led to the identification of facies features and diagenetic processes affecting the quality of reservoir in the studied wells. These diagenetic processes include chemical and physical compaction, various cementation (especially anhydrite cement), fracturing, dissolution as well as different types of porosity resulting from these processes. Also, for the purpose of accurate evaluation, petrography studies with wells, matching and reservoir characteristics of these wells were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted and reservoir potential horizons were determined. In general, for the first well (well "A") four and for the second well (well "B") three reservoir horizons were investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Evaluation of the geometallurgical indices for comminution properties at Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine, Iran
Saiwan Mohammadi Bahram Rezai AliAkbar Abdollazadeh Sayed Mojtaba MortazaviGeometallurgy has become an important tool to predict the processing behaviour of ores, and to decrease the production risks associated with the variable nature of economic mineral deposits. Understanding the ore variability and subsequently the response of the ore to p MoreGeometallurgy has become an important tool to predict the processing behaviour of ores, and to decrease the production risks associated with the variable nature of economic mineral deposits. Understanding the ore variability and subsequently the response of the ore to processing are considered to be the most important functions of an accurate geometallurgical study. In this paper geometallurgical indices for grinding properties of a copper ore are investigated. Geometallurgical index (GI) is described as any geological feature which makes a footprint on the processing performance of the ores. A comprehensive study at Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine was undertaken. This included the process responses of the ore such as grade, recovery and plant throughput as possible geometallurgical indices. In this paper the effects of rock breakage variability on the plant throughput and energy consumption are presented. Ninety samples were collected based on geological features including lithology, hydrothermal alteration, and geological structures. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, electron and optical microscopy. A small scale simulated test method for Bond ball mill work index (BWI) was used to perform the comminution examinations. The results showed that BWI values vary from 5.67 kWh/t to 20.21 kWh/t. Examination of the possible correlations between BWI and the geological features showed that the key geological feature related to comminution variability is lithology. In addition, the hydrothermal alteration would be an effective parameter in the period that the plant is fed with a single lithology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Influence of rock properties on emission rate of Particulates Matter (Pm) during drilling operation in surface mines
Koneti Nagesha Harinandan Kumar Muralidhar MunisinghThe mining process generates significant amount of dust in the form of particulate matters into the atmosphere. Out of different mining process, opencast mining produces more dust than that of underground mining because of exposure in the ambiance. The mining operations MoreThe mining process generates significant amount of dust in the form of particulate matters into the atmosphere. Out of different mining process, opencast mining produces more dust than that of underground mining because of exposure in the ambiance. The mining operations are directly or indirectly involved in the production of dust particles. The activities like drilling operation, Blasting and haul road operations produce fugitive dust and causes significant deterioration of mine atmosphere. This fugitive dust consists of particulate matters (PM), which are more harmful to the human respiratory system. The prevention measures is only possible when the actual prediction of emission of those fugitive dust particles are possible. There is several model that predict the emission of the dust particles, but there is very less model to predict fugitive dust produced from a drilling operation in surface mines. In this paper, study was carried out to develop dust prediction model and to assess the influence of rock properties on dust emission. Based on the results obtained the developed model exhibit close proximity of predicted as well as field measured values with a regression coefficient of 0.75. Thus, the development of the model with effective prediction capability is the novelty of this paper. Decrease in dust emission rate was observed with increased moisture content present in drill cuttings, higher compressive strength, and density. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Geological constraints on the Western Kohat foreland basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Implication from 2D and 3D structural modelling
Syed Ahsan Gardezi Sajjad Ahmad Nawaz Ikram Gohar RehmanThe Kohat Foreland Basin is an outcome of continental collision between Indian and Eurasian plates defining the southern edge of Himalayan Orogenic System in the north-western Pakistan. This study constrains the structural geometry and kinematics in 2-D and 3-D workflow MoreThe Kohat Foreland Basin is an outcome of continental collision between Indian and Eurasian plates defining the southern edge of Himalayan Orogenic System in the north-western Pakistan. This study constrains the structural geometry and kinematics in 2-D and 3-D workflow, evaluation of the role of multiple detachments and the structural correlation between surface and sub-surface geology of the western Kohat Foreland Basin. The structural style of the western Kohat Foreland Basin evinces the thin skin deformation associated with a couple of structural detachments i.e.i) base-Eocene shale/ evaporite sequence ii) the upper interface of crystalline basement. These detachments separate the outcropping and buried stratigraphic sequence of the Kohat Foreland Basin into upper and lower structural-stratigraphic domains. The lower domain has a series of north-dipping or south-verging fold-thrust assemblages incorporating a rigid rock sequence of EoCambrian to Paleocene. The comparatively more ductile rocks of the upper domain comprising of Eocene to Pliocene are deformed into tight, overturned, doubly plunging and internally faulted anticlines intervened by broad synclines. The two domains dictate different deformational behaviour and structural style, deforming in total disharmony; hence the structural geometry of shallow units does not match the sub-surface rocks. The total 37% of shortening in the sedimentary cover was revealed by structural balancing in 2-D and 3-D kinematic modelling. Stress analysis of Gurguri Fault unveiled 40% failure susceptibility and recorded positive values of effective normal stress (σn) with an orientation of maximum principle stress (σ1) as N17°. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in soil and water resources around Taknar copper mine (NE Iran)
Mahsa Khosaravi saeed saadat Rahim DabiriThe study area is located in North Eastern Iran, near Taknar copper deposit where exploration, extraction and processing operations are ongoing. The purpose of this study is to understand the geochemical effects of mining activities in Taknar area and to evaluate the co MoreThe study area is located in North Eastern Iran, near Taknar copper deposit where exploration, extraction and processing operations are ongoing. The purpose of this study is to understand the geochemical effects of mining activities in Taknar area and to evaluate the contamination of soil and water resources with heavy metals. The results of pollution indices such as CF, Igeo and EF and multivariate (geo)statistical analysis indicate anthropogenic source for Cu and Se elements, mostly related to mining and mineral processing activities, natural origin of Cr, Ni and Co and both anthropogenic and natural origin for Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Sb and Mo elements. The results also indicate the water and soil of the flotation plant and mining tunnels can be harmful. Fortunately, the water resources used by the staff, downstream aqueduct of the mine and the water of the villages in the south of the mine are free of contaminated elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - SPS Model: a significant algorithm to reduce the time and computer memory required in geostatistical simulations
Behnam SadeghiIn geochemical anomaly classification, different mathematical-statistical models have been applied. The final classified map provides only one scenario. This model is not certain enough since every model provides several thresholds which are almost different from each o MoreIn geochemical anomaly classification, different mathematical-statistical models have been applied. The final classified map provides only one scenario. This model is not certain enough since every model provides several thresholds which are almost different from each other meaning dissimilarity and spatial uncertainty of the classified maps. Spatial uncertainty of the models could be quantified considering the difference between the associated geochemical scenarios simulated (called: ‘realizations’) by geostatistical simulation (GS) methods. However, the main problem with GS methods is that these methods are significantly time-consuming, and CPU- and memory-demanding. To improve such problems, in this research, the method of “scaling and projecting sample-locations (SPS)” is developed. Based on the SPS theory, first of all, the whole sample-locations were projected (centralized) and scaled into a box coordinated between (0,0) to (150,0) and (0,0) to (0,100), for example (they can be equal though), with the cell-size of 1 m2. Therefore, the time consumed and the memory demanded to generate a large number of realizations, for example, 1000 realizations based on the non-scaled/non-projected (NS/NP) and scaled/projected (S/P) sample locations per case-study were quantified. In this study, the turning bands simulation (TBSIM) were applied to geochemical datasets of three different case studies to take the area scales, regularity/irregularity and density of the samples into account. The comparison between NS/NP and S/P results statistically demonstrated the same results, however, the process and outputs of the S/P samples took a significantly shorter time and consumed a remarkably lower computer-memory. Therefore, experts are able to easily run this algorithm using any normal computer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Tectonic geomorphology assessment of neotectonics in the north of Damghan region, Alborz mountain belt, Northern Iran
Mersana Keshavarz Farzin Ghaemi Ali Faghih Mostafa GhanadianIn mountain ranges, neotectonics can be considered as the main factor contributing to tectonic-geomorphological features being the result of the competition between tectonics and erosion. Several tectonic-geomorphological indicators such as drainage basin based (asymmet MoreIn mountain ranges, neotectonics can be considered as the main factor contributing to tectonic-geomorphological features being the result of the competition between tectonics and erosion. Several tectonic-geomorphological indicators such as drainage basin based (asymmetry factor of drainage basin (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi)) and mountain front based (mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), valley floor width –valley height ratio (Vf)) were used to assess the tectonic activity in the north of Damghan Region, Alborz Mountain Belt, Iran. The results highlight that the tectonic activity of the Alborz region resulted from the growth of pop-up and flower structures during tectonic inversion and following strike-slip tectonic activities. The faults of Astaneh, Damghan and North Damghan, which collectively constitute the SW part of the sinistral Shahrud fault system control the tectonic activity of the study area during the Late Quaternary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Prognosis of of gold mineralization phases by multifractal modeling in the Zehabad epithermal deposit, NW Iran
سمیه شهبازی مجید قادری Peyman AfzalConcentration–Number (C–N) fractal method has been used for determining and separating mineralization phases based on surface lithogeochemical Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Sb data in the Zehabad epithermal deposit, NW Iran. Five mineralization phases are demon MoreConcentration–Number (C–N) fractal method has been used for determining and separating mineralization phases based on surface lithogeochemical Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Sb data in the Zehabad epithermal deposit, NW Iran. Five mineralization phases are demonstrated by multifractal modeling for the mentioned elements correlating with geological studies. The extreme phase of Au mineralization is higher than 7.9 ppm, which is correlated with hematite deposition in silicic veins and veinlets, whereas Ag (˃79.43 ppm), Cu (˃15.85%), Pb (˃63.1%), Zn (˃11.2%) extreme phases are associated with the main stage sulfidation phases. The results show that Au, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag have two different mineralization trends based on the multifractal nature in this area. These trends are presented based on oxidic and sulfidic mineralization. According to mineralogical studies, the main stages of mineralization include: 1) formation of chalcopyrite ± sphalerite in silicic veins in sulfidic trend; 2) deposition of native gold and specular hematite in silicic veins in response to boilling, in oxidic trend; 3) next phase of fluid penetration and replacing chalcopyrite by galena, sphalerite and tetrahedrite-tennantite in the sulfide veins, in sulfic trend. Neighbouring copper and silver are due to the formation of tetrahedrite-tennantite solid solution. The obtained results show a positive correlation between mineralization phases and the faults present at the deposit. Moreover, mineralization phases of these elements demonstrate a good correlation with silicification and silicic veins and veinlets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Interpretation of Airborne Radiometric data for possible hydrocarbon presence over Bornu basin and its environs, Northeast Nigeria using Thorium normalisation method
Taiwo Adewumi Kazeem Salako Usman Alhassan Adebayo Adetona Abdulwaheed Rafiu Emmanuel UdensiA new exploration technique called Thorium Normalisation Method has been applied on the airborne radiometric data of the Bornu basin and its environs to delineate favourable zones for hydrocarbon accumulations within the study area. This method is significant because it MoreA new exploration technique called Thorium Normalisation Method has been applied on the airborne radiometric data of the Bornu basin and its environs to delineate favourable zones for hydrocarbon accumulations within the study area. This method is significant because it indicates the probable presence of hydrocarbon in a sedimentary basin. Separation of the radiospectrometric measurements over each lithologic unit and the estimation of the characteristic statistics of these units were carried out. The statistical treatment applied on the radioelements (K, eTh and eU) of the study area shows a relatively low coefficient of variability (CV%) value for K, eTh and eU signifying their high degree of homogeneity. The mean value of the radioelements (K ranging from 0.6 to 2.0 %; Th ranging from 9.6 to 15.9 ppm and U ranging from 2.2 to 3.8 ppm) obtained from the statistical analysis correlates with the mean of natural radioelement (K ranging from 0.1 to 2.7 %; Th ranging from 0.4 to 11.2 ppm and U ranging from 0.1 to 3.7 ppm) content of sedimentary rocks which corresponds to shale, the main source rock for hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area. The DRAD (delineation of radioactive anomalies) result ranges from -0.77 to 1.83. The positive values are indicators of favourable zones for the presence of hydrocarbon accumulations. These results suggest that the preliminary information obtained from the use of the thorium normalisation method will guide the exploration of hydrocarbon in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Seismic risk assessment for central Indo-Gangetic Plains, India
Raghucharan Manikya Surendra Somala Olga Erteleva Rogozhin EvgeniiSeismic hazard for the central indo-gangetic plains (CIGP) is either available in terms of generalized hazard spectrum as per IS 1893:2016 or in terms of only Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at the city level. Also, the study region falls in the seismic gap region, which MoreSeismic hazard for the central indo-gangetic plains (CIGP) is either available in terms of generalized hazard spectrum as per IS 1893:2016 or in terms of only Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at the city level. Also, the study region falls in the seismic gap region, which has a potential for an earthquake of Mw>8.0. Hence, in this study, the seismic risk is assessed for the first time at the district level in the seismically critical region of India, the CIGP. In addition, the relative contribution of parametric and model uncertainties is also quantified from sensitivity analysis. Seismic risk results reveal that mud mortar bricks with temporary roofing (MMB) have the highest collapse probability of ~0.6. Further, brick walls with stone roof (BSR) and brick walls with metal sheet roof (BMS) also have high extensive and collapse damage compared to other building groups. These building types need immediate retrofitting / replacement for effective disaster mitigation. Also, geo-unit Allahabad, even though lying in zone II as per IS 1893:2016, has the most number of homeless and uninhabitable dwellings. Further, for a future earthquake of magnitude in the range of Mw 7.5 and 8.5, the expected financial loss might vary from 60 to 150 billion dollars, and the human loss might vary between 0.8 and 2.8 lakhs, respectively. Finally, results from this study will create awareness in the general public, policymakers, and structural engineers for taking up necessary mitigation measures on the existing buildings of CIGP for better preparedness from a future strong earthquake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Belemnite biostratigraphy of the upper Jurassic to lower Cretaceous strata in the Surghar range, NW Pakistan: Systematic and Paleobiogeographic implications
Sajjad Ahmad Zia Rehman Suleman Khan Bilal Wadood Mati Haq Shuhab Khan Yasir Khan Hasnain Khan Shehla GulFour belemnite genera and twelve age-diagnostic species were identified from the from Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Chichali Formation, northwest Pakistan. Four local biozones were established based on the identified belemnites. These biozones ar MoreFour belemnite genera and twelve age-diagnostic species were identified from the from Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Chichali Formation, northwest Pakistan. Four local biozones were established based on the identified belemnites. These biozones are arranged from base to top as follows; Hibolithes pilleti/Hibolithes jaculoides/Hibolithes hastatus Zone of Kimmeridgian age, Hibolithes marwicki marwicki/Hibolithes arkelli Zone of Tithonian age, Belemnopsis malucana Zone defines Tithonian–Berriasian boundary, and Neohibolites ewaldi/Hibolithes longior/Belemnopsis jonkeri Zone of Velanginian age. The biostratigraphic and paleogeographic occurrences of belemnites in the Tethyan and Boreal Realms were used to identify the migration pathways and distinctive paleobiogeographic provinces of belemnites. The paleoceanic settings closely linked the Upper Jurassic strata (~Biozones 1–2, representing the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian range) in the Tethyan and the Boreal Realms. The Lower Cretaceous (~Biozone 3, representing the Berriasian) strata also reveal a persistent oceanic connection between the Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean Provinces. However, the Boreal and Tethyan Realms were also connected in the Lower Cretaceous (~Biozone 4, representing the Velanginian strata) by shallow-water routes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Biostratigraphy and depositional architecture of the Kazhdumi formation (Aptian-Albian) in the Izeh zone, Zagros mountains, SW Iran
Asiyeh Arampour Massih Afghah Mahnaz Parvaneh ShiraziIn the easternmost part of the Izeh Zone of the Zagros Mountains, the Kazhdumi Formation of upper Aptian-middle Albian interval is superbly exposed in three-main exposures as argillaceous carbonate facies. The main bioclastic components of the Kazhdumi Formation are Orb MoreIn the easternmost part of the Izeh Zone of the Zagros Mountains, the Kazhdumi Formation of upper Aptian-middle Albian interval is superbly exposed in three-main exposures as argillaceous carbonate facies. The main bioclastic components of the Kazhdumi Formation are Orbitolinid and other larger benthic foraminifers, planktonic foraminifera and calcareous algae. The depositional system in the study area during the upper Aptian-middle Albian corresponds to a shaly carbonate ramp. Two depositional sequences are determined, as prograding system from west to east. Comparison of the proposed depositional sequences with those reported in the Arabian Plate and adjacent areas suggests a correlation with the global sea-level curve. The Lower Cretaceous, Aptian carbonates of Kazhdumi Formation contain nine microfacies, which were deposited on a ramp system deepened in both directions (west and east). Stratigraphic sequence led to recognize two third-order sequences. On the other hand, rudstone and boundstone lithofacies of the studied formation have higher reservoir potential and were deposited during Apt 3 and Apt 5 sequences of the Arabian Plate. The Kazhdumi Formation in the study area was deposited in an intrashelf basin that should be classified as an independent basin in the future paleogeographic maps of the southwest Iran. We interpret the Kazerun Fault, as a crustal warping of basement faults of the Arabian Plate boundary, which were responsible for the creation of the intrashelf basin in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Facies analysis, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Permian Ruteh Formation in north of Mahabad (NW Iran)
Youssef Mohammadi Moghaddas Rahim Mahari Rahim Shabanian Adel NajafzadehThe Permian Ruteh Formation is known as one of the most significant successions in northwestern Iran. In the studied area it exposed a thick succession (201 m) of medium to thick-bedded carbonate sedimentary rocks in the west of Kuseh-Kahrizeh village in the north of Ma MoreThe Permian Ruteh Formation is known as one of the most significant successions in northwestern Iran. In the studied area it exposed a thick succession (201 m) of medium to thick-bedded carbonate sedimentary rocks in the west of Kuseh-Kahrizeh village in the north of Mahabad city. This formation unconformably overlain the Cambrian Mila Formation and it is unconformably underlain by the Oligo-Miocene Qom Formation The laboratory studies on the thin sections led to the identification of 15 microfacies that are arranged in three facies associations: inner ramp, mid-ramp and outer ramp. The petrographic results and facies analysis demonstrate that the depositional environment of Ruteh Formation in the studied area exhibits the characteristics of a homoclinal carbonate ramp platform of a gentle slope. This platform is mainly composed of supratidal, intertidal, lagoon, shoal, open marine, mid-ramp, and outer ramp environments. According to facies frequency analysis, the lagoon environment accounts for the highest abundance of facies (33%), whearas the outer ramp environment shows the least abundance (2%).Vertical distribution analysis of sedimentary facies led to the identification of transgressive and regressive depositional patterns. Accordingly, a total of 4 depositional sequences of third-order, 5 sequence boundaries and 4 maximum flooding surfaces were identified. The boundaries between all sequences are identified as SB1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Biostratigraphy, Paleoecology, Microfacies and Depositional environment of the Asmari formation (Oligocene-Early Miocene) in Karanj oil field, SW Iran
Behzad Saeedi RazaviCore data analysis of one well from the Karanj oil field, southwestern Iran, allowed us to precise the biostratigraphy, microfacies and paleoecology of the Asmari Formation. Analysis of thin section from this cored well permitted identification of 28 genera and 20 speci MoreCore data analysis of one well from the Karanj oil field, southwestern Iran, allowed us to precise the biostratigraphy, microfacies and paleoecology of the Asmari Formation. Analysis of thin section from this cored well permitted identification of 28 genera and 20 species of benthic and planktic foraminifera respectively. Subsequently four benthic foraminiferal assemblage biozones were identified, as follows: (1) Lepidocyclina-Operculina-Ditrupa Assemblage zone, (2) Archaias asmaricus-Archaias hensoni-Miogypsinoides complanatus Assemblage zone, (3) Miogypsina-Peneroplis farsensis–Elphidium sp. 14 Assemblage zone and (4) Borelis melo curdica-Borelis melo melo Assemblage zone; indicating an Oligocene (Rupelian-Chattian) to early Miocene (Aquitanian to Early Burdigalian) age for the Asmari Formation. Microfacial study of depositional textures led to characterizing 12 microfacies types, indicating environments in five different settings: restricted lagoon, open lagoon, shoal, slope, and basin mostly in the upper Asmari Formation. These sediments had been deposited under 3 different salinity levels (from 34 to more than 50 psu) in an environment ranging from aphotic to oligophotic and to euphotic zones, and under oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions from the Chattian to the Burdigalian on a carbonate platform (homoclinal ramp). In the studied well, the Asmari Formation had been deposited in a marine environment with normal salinity during the Rupelian-Chattian interval and in a marine environment with high salinity during the Aquitanian to the Burdigalian times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Evaluation of groundwater suitability for the domestic and irrigation purposes in Konaro Ophiolitic Area, Iranshahr, SE Iran
Baseer Ahmad Barahouei Mohammad Reza Noura Mohammad Elyas Moslempour Rahim DabiriHydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its suitability for domestic and irrigation, purposes were evaluated in Konaro ophiolitic area. Heavy metals pollution is accounted for a major pollution in the natural environment are that can pose a serious threat to MoreHydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its suitability for domestic and irrigation, purposes were evaluated in Konaro ophiolitic area. Heavy metals pollution is accounted for a major pollution in the natural environment are that can pose a serious threat to ecosystems because of their biodegradation potential, toxicity and sustainability (Moslempour and Shahdadi 2013) 8 representative groundwater samples were collected from wells and qanat and analyzed for major cations and anions. The order of dominance of cation and anions were Na> HCO3> SO4 > Mg> Cl> Ca> K, respectively. The rock weathering and dissolution of minerals processes, especially ophiolitic rocks minerals are dominant in controlling the groundwater quality in the study area. Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS) show high positive correlation with total Hardness (TH), K, Na, and SO4-. As per the WHO standards for domestic water purposes, majority of samples show that the groundwater is suitable for drinking. The spatial distribution maps of physicochemical parameters were prepared in ArcGIS. The suitability of groundwater for agriculture purpose was evaluated from EC, TDS, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Na% which ranges from excellent to not suitable, so majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. The results revealed that the GQI quality index varied between 89% and 91% in the Konaro area, which in terms of quality rating, the water samples from these resources laid in appropriate to acceptable range. Moreover, based on examining the zoning map, the GQI quality index accounted for the lowest value in the east direction of the study area. Thus, most of the groundwater samples from this study (sample W2) confirm the beneficial use of aquifers in the area for domestic, agricultural, and irrigation purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Comparison of the Third- order moving average and least square methods for estimating of shape and depth residual magnetic anomalies
Mohammad Fouladi Mirsattar Meshinchi Asl Mahmoud Mehramuz Nima NezafatiIn the current study, we have developed a new method called the third- order moving average method to estimate the shape and depth of residual magnetic anomalies. This method, calculates a nonlinear relationship between depth and shape factor, at seven points with succe MoreIn the current study, we have developed a new method called the third- order moving average method to estimate the shape and depth of residual magnetic anomalies. This method, calculates a nonlinear relationship between depth and shape factor, at seven points with successive window length. It is based on the computing standard deviation at depths that are determined from all residual magnetic anomalies for each value of the shape factor. The method was applied to the synthetic model by geometrical shapes both as horizontal cylinder and combination of horizontal cylinder, sphere and thin sheet approaches, with and without noise. It was tested by real data in Geological Survey of Iran (GSI). In this study, least square methods were applied to interpret the magnetic field so that we can compare the results of this methods with the third- order moving average method. This method is applied to estimate the depth using second horizontal derivative anomalies obtained numerically from magnetic data with successive window lengths. This method utilizes the variance of the depths as a scale for calculation of the shape and depth. The results showed that the third- order moving average method is a powerful tool for estimating shape and depth of the synthetic models in the presence and absence of noise compared to least square method. Moreover, the results showed that this method is very accurate for real data while the least square method did not lead to feasible results.In this study, least square methods were applied to interpret the magnetic field so that we can compare the results of this methods with the third- order moving average method. This method is applied to estimate the depth using second horizontal derivative anomalies obtained numerically from magnetic data with successive window lengths. This method utilizes the variance of the depths as a scale for calculation of the shape and depth.The results showed that the third- order moving average method is a powerful tool for estimating shape and depth of the synthetic models in the presence and absence of noise compared to least square method. Moreover, the results showed that this method is very accurate for real data while the least square method did not lead to feasible results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Origin and significance of tourmaline-bearing rocks in Boroujerd region, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, western Iran
Vahid AhadnejadTourmaline minerals are a main petrogenetic tool because of their refractory nature, chemical variability, and extensive occurrence in various geological settings. The Middle-Jurassic Boroujerd igneous rocks are one of the largest bodies that located in the middle part MoreTourmaline minerals are a main petrogenetic tool because of their refractory nature, chemical variability, and extensive occurrence in various geological settings. The Middle-Jurassic Boroujerd igneous rocks are one of the largest bodies that located in the middle part in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Magmatic Arc (SSMA) that introduced into regional metamorphic rocks. They are mostly composed of granitoids (granodiorite, quartz-diorite, and monzogranite) and contain apatite, zircon and tourmaline as abounadant accessory minerals. Tourmalines occur in varying types of mineral assemblages, chemical compositions and individual forms including tourmalinite, quartz-tourmaline vein, as accessory mineral in the more evolved granitoids, and schists. Tourmaline crystal sizes in these rocks varies from very fine to coarse-grained. The colour is brown to black and some crystals displaying a finescale chemical zonation. Tourmaline crystals commonly exhibit cellular features. Based on electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) analyses, schorl is the most abundant type of tourmaline in granitoids but foitite and dravite are common compositions in the pegmatite and schist, respectively. Presence of several tourmaline generations and their compositional trend may indicate time-varying relatively acidic boron-bearing fluids and reflects an anatexic melts influence in their crystallization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Reservoir potential, net pay zone and 3D modeling of Cretaceous Pab Formation in Eastern Suleiman Range, Pakistan
Hadayat Ullah Perveiz Khalid Mubashir Mehmood Saad Mashwani Zaheer Abbasi Muhammad Khan Ehsan Haq Ghulam ShahThe Eastern Suleiman Fold and Thrust Belt comprises of a thick cover of sedimentary sequences. Despite of presence of complete petroleum system source, reservoir and seal rocks less attention was paid by the exploration and production companies to prospect. An integrate MoreThe Eastern Suleiman Fold and Thrust Belt comprises of a thick cover of sedimentary sequences. Despite of presence of complete petroleum system source, reservoir and seal rocks less attention was paid by the exploration and production companies to prospect. An integrated approach is adopted to delineate reservoir potential and net pay zones in the clastic reservoirs of the Cretaceous age widely distributed in the area. Wireline logs and migrated seismic reflection data were used for field development and optimization. Petrophysical analysis reveals that Pab Sandstone of the Cretaceous age is acting as a reservoir rock, whereas the Ghazij Shales of the Eocene age are acting as a regional seal rock. A complete workflow is proposed for formation evaluation, and structural interpretation of the subsurface geology. Based on wireline logs it is interpreted that the thickness of the Pab Sandstone varies from 250 m to 350 m in the entire study area. The sandstone is massive with high porosity and intercalated layers of shales. Faulted anticlinal structures are present in the study area which are favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbon. 3D structural models and various seismic attribute models were prepared to analyze the reservoir character of this clastic reservoir. Based on wireline logs and seismic data clean sand, shaly sand and shale are marked as dominant facies in the study area. However, clean sand facies are more favorable to act as potential net pay zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Geological and engineering geological characteristics of surface alluviums in the Gorgan city
Rasool Yazarloo ماشالله خامه چیان محمدرضا نیکودلEngineering properties of soils and the 3D modeling of geological formations are widely used in site investigations and the preparation of geological hazard maps. The present study was conducted to characterize the engineering geological properties of the young surface MoreEngineering properties of soils and the 3D modeling of geological formations are widely used in site investigations and the preparation of geological hazard maps. The present study was conducted to characterize the engineering geological properties of the young surface alluviums of the Gorgan city (Iran) to a depth of 25 m and 3D modeling of their geology using boreholes data. To this end, after determining the location of the available boreholes on the aerial map of Gorgan, four hypothetical cross-sections were considered in the North-South and East-West directions. Then, the borehole data were marked on each section and their 2D geological cross-sections were manually drawn using correlation of the similar layers. In the next step, by expanding the information of these sections, a 3D geological model of Gorgan city was prepared using a conceptual-observational method. According to the evidence from the boreholes and field observations, the depositional environment of Gorgan alluviums was an alluvial fan created by the Ziarat River. Additionally, in terms of engineering characteristics of alluviums, the Gorgan subsurface soils can be divided into four engineering units, including upper clay unit (UCU), middle gravel unit (MGU), lower clay unit (LCU), and sandy unit (SU), which share the same engineering characteristics. Finally, the results of tests performed on samples from different depths were employed to calculate the engineering geological characteristics of each unit, including Atterberg limits, compressibility, undrained shear strength, and drained shear strength parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Identification of Fe3+ content in Epidote from Varan, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran: using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy
Bahman Rahimzadeh Zheira Ghosoun Fariborz MasoudiThis study is aimed to determine the Fe content in natural epidote from Varan area (Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran) by using vibrational FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and EPMA analyses. Fe3+ concentration calculated from FTIR spectroscopic data is in the range of 0.96 MoreThis study is aimed to determine the Fe content in natural epidote from Varan area (Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran) by using vibrational FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and EPMA analyses. Fe3+ concentration calculated from FTIR spectroscopic data is in the range of 0.96 to 1 apfu. The results are in complete agreement with EPMA data. The comparison between obtained Raman spectra of studied epidote grains and those from the RRUFF database suggest that epidote from Varan area is rich in Fe3+. High Fe3+ content might reflect moderate to high oxygen fugacity during the crystallization of epidote. This short paper demonstrates that the quantification of the Fe content in epidote via FTIR method is as good as EPMA, whereas the utilization of a low-cost Raman spectrometer helps in quickly distinguishing between Fe-rich and Fe-poor epidote, which even could be useful in the case of field studies.Key-words: Epidote, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, Iron content, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Raman spectroscopy study of the secondary actinolite in gabbrodiorite intrusive rocks from Varan area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran
Ghosoun Zheira Bahman Rahimzadeh Fariborz MasoudiMineralogical studies play a key role in deciphering mineral’s formation and associated geochemical processes in geosciences. This paper presents the application of Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of actinolite in rock samples. The studied actinolite wa MoreMineralogical studies play a key role in deciphering mineral’s formation and associated geochemical processes in geosciences. This paper presents the application of Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of actinolite in rock samples. The studied actinolite was formed as the pseudomorph of primary pyroxene in gabbrodiorite intrusive rock sample collected from Varan area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc of Iran. The Raman spectra of micrometer-sized actinolite grains embedded in a crude rock sample are compared with the corresponding literature data for actinolite and tremolite in range of 200-1200 cm-1 and 3600-3700 cm-1 region. The results show that the quantitative estimation of Mg# = Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) can be obtained from the fractional intensities of the OH-stretching bands by applying Raman spectroscopy to micrometer-sized actinolite grains in a crude rough rock sample, which is in good agreement with the results from EMPA. The Raman spectroscopy is a fast method and low-cost for quantitative estimation of Mg# in actinolite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Strain geometry and structural analysis of the Oshnavieh ophiolite (NW Iran): A new segment of the Neo-Tethys puzzle
Majid Niromand Mahdi Behyari Yousef RahimsouriThe closure of the Neo-Tethys ocean associated with the ophiolite obduction and the Oshnavieh ophiolite is the unknown part of the Neo-Tethys suture zone. Three well-known band ratio combinations applied to ASTER satellite image the result shows the ((2+4) /3, (5+7) /6, MoreThe closure of the Neo-Tethys ocean associated with the ophiolite obduction and the Oshnavieh ophiolite is the unknown part of the Neo-Tethys suture zone. Three well-known band ratio combinations applied to ASTER satellite image the result shows the ((2+4) /3, (5+7) /6, (7+9) /8) band ratio is the proper combination for the reorganization of rock units in the ophiolite regions. Principal component analysis of the (PC2, PC4 and PC 5) is well discriminated against to the rock unit contacts. The general trend of thrust faults is the NW-SE and dip direction is toward the NE. The rake of slickenline on the fault plane is 80°-90° and the mechanism of movement is the pure thrust. The shear sense indicator such as Z-type parasitic folds or mica-fish and S-C fabrics confirm right-lateral shearing sense in the shear zone. Strain geometry on the obducted slab evaluated by the shape of the mineral grains. In the shear zone strain ellipsoid shape is the prolate type and formed under constrictional regime, the Flinn K-value of these samples changes between 2.71 to 11.67 and lode ratio between -0.42 to -0.63. Most of the samples taken from the thrust fault zone located in the flattening zone and strain ellipsoid are pancake-shaped and formed under contractional regime the k-value varied between 0.44 to 0.80 and Lode ratio range is 0.32 to 0.5. The displacement in the thrust zone and shearing by the shear zone disrupted the ophiolite sequence and created an ophiolite mélange. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Geochemical exploration for Li in regional scale utilizing Staged Factor Analysis (SFA) and Spectrum-Area (S-A) fractal model in north central Iran
Farshid Koohzadi Peyman Afzal Davood Jahani Mohsen PourkermaniThe main aim of this study was to outline the lithium anomalies by a regional exploration, at an area of 7800 km2, in Semnan province (north central Iran) using the Staged Factor Analysis (SFA) and Spectrum-Area (S-A) fractal model based on stream sediments and rock sam MoreThe main aim of this study was to outline the lithium anomalies by a regional exploration, at an area of 7800 km2, in Semnan province (north central Iran) using the Staged Factor Analysis (SFA) and Spectrum-Area (S-A) fractal model based on stream sediments and rock samples. Results derived via the SFA denote that Li was located in a factor as F2-4 with B, Cs, U and Rb which was utilized for calculation of the threshold values by the S-A method. The F2-4 data were classified by the fractal model for determination of the Li anomalies. Main anomaly for F2-4≥ 1.5 was situated in the SW and northern parts of this region. Furthermore, Li high grades of rock samples were correlated with main F2-4 anomalies. The main anomalies were correlated with geological particulars of Li mineralization types which represent that the main F2-4 anomalies associate with volcanic and tuff units in the SW part, and overlapped with clay minerals in the northern sector of this region. On the other hand, there are proper potential for Li mineralization which is demonstrated by this method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Identification of Geochemical Distribution of REEs Using Factor Analysis and Concentration-Number (C-N) Fractal Modeling in Granitoids, South of Varcheh 1:100000 Sheet, Central Iran
Davoud Pirdadeh Beyranvand Mohammad Ali Arian Taher Farhadinejad Afshin Ashja ArdalanThe purpose of the present research is delineating geochemical anomaly of REEs in granitoids in south of Varcheh 1:100,000 sheet by the use of C-N fractal model and classical statistical methods. We gathered and studied 59 rock samples for REEs by ICP-MS method in the l MoreThe purpose of the present research is delineating geochemical anomaly of REEs in granitoids in south of Varcheh 1:100,000 sheet by the use of C-N fractal model and classical statistical methods. We gathered and studied 59 rock samples for REEs by ICP-MS method in the laboratory of Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC). The Concentration–Number (C-N) fractal model was used to delineate elemental thresholds. According to the results, the distribution of elemental concentration for Pr and Sm were divided to three classifications and Ce, La, Nd and Y had five geochemical populations in the area. The classical statistics methods were able to separate three geochemical populations. The results obtained by this study showed that the separation of geochemical anomalies for REEs using C-N fractal model and classical statistics methods yielded to the same results. Meanwhile, the high ratio of LREE to HREE in rock samples as well as high P content, assigns monazite, apatite, and sphene as a possible source of REEs in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Petrology and tectono-magmatic environment of the volcanic rocks of West Torud – Iran
Abdollah Yazdi Elham Shahhosseini Farhad MoharamiMiddle-Upper Eocene volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Torud region have been formed by the sequences of basic-intermediate lavas, pyroclastic rocks, and sedimentary layers (e.g., siltstone, sandstone, and nummulite-bearing limestone) within a shallow marine MoreMiddle-Upper Eocene volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Torud region have been formed by the sequences of basic-intermediate lavas, pyroclastic rocks, and sedimentary layers (e.g., siltstone, sandstone, and nummulite-bearing limestone) within a shallow marine basin. According to microscopic studies, the volcanic rocks of the region include basalt, basaltic andesite, trachyandesite, andesite, and dacite. These rocks have originated from the differential crystallization processes and occasionally calc-alkaline contamination geochemical properties. Generally, they contain olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase ± amphibole minerals. Porphyritic to megaporphyritic textures with microlithic and flow matrixes are observed in these rocks. Studying the main and rare elements of these rocks indicates that reducing MgO content is accompanied by an increase in Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, and SiO2 and a decrease in Fe2O3 and CaO concentrations. These rocks are mainly enriched in LIL and LREE elements but depleted of HFS elements. The prominent features of these rocks are the presence of positive anomalies in the K, Sr, Rb, and Ba elements, the depletion of some samples of Nb and Ta, and their depletion of Ti and P. This result reveals the crustal contamination of the mantle mafic magma constructing these rocks. According to the geochemical data, magmatic pollution has not been an effective process in the formation of these rocks. In addition, the relatively higher levels of Cr, Ni, and MgO in the alkali basalts of the region indicate that these rocks are originated from partial melting (5 to 10%) of a spinel-garnet peridotite. Overall, they have no subduction-dependent rock characteristics and mainly represent characteristics of alkali basaltic magmas of the preliminary back-arc basin (BAB). These features, attributed to their calc-alkaline nature, represent the formation of these rocks in a tectonic back-arc setting in the Middle-Upper Eocene. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Ancient Gold Mining Activities in India - An Overview
A.K. Grover M.K. PanditGold was obtained through washing or panning of the river sands during initial periods of civilisation. With the advent of knowledge of metallurgical processing of ores it was recovered through mining of in-situ quartz reefs, and then from auriferous sulphide ores. The MoreGold was obtained through washing or panning of the river sands during initial periods of civilisation. With the advent of knowledge of metallurgical processing of ores it was recovered through mining of in-situ quartz reefs, and then from auriferous sulphide ores. The metal mining activities are evidenced in the form of large number of ‘ancient metal mines’ or ‘old workings’ and ‘placer mining sites’ almost in all the States of India. Gold artefacts have been found in Early Harappan sites. Some of the ancient gold mines are found to be more than 200 metres deep, probably the deepest of that period in the world. Geological surveys, investigations and explorations initiated during nineteenth century, are being continued mainly by the field officers of Geological Survey of India in different parts of the country to locate the gold prospects i.e. past and the future. Ground geological and archaeological findings related to gold have been brought out by several workers. The voluminous data existing on the ancient gold mining activities has been synthesized here for an overview. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Prospection of Iron and Manganese Using Index Overlay and Fuzzy Logic Methods in Balvard 1:100,000 Sheet, SE Iran
Misagh Mirzaei Peyman Afzal Ahmad Adib Masoumeh Khalajmasoumi Afshar Zia ZarifiThe aim of this study is prospecting of iron and manganese in the Balvard 1:100000 sheet which is situated in Sanandaj - Sirjan structural zone utilizing Index Overlay and Fuzzy Logic methods in the GIS. In this study, the layers for integration, alterations, geological MoreThe aim of this study is prospecting of iron and manganese in the Balvard 1:100000 sheet which is situated in Sanandaj - Sirjan structural zone utilizing Index Overlay and Fuzzy Logic methods in the GIS. In this study, the layers for integration, alterations, geological, geophysical, geochemical and structural data based on stream sediments, airborne magnetometeric and remote sensing studies. Based on results obtained by both of methods, Fe and Mn prospects exist in the NE and northern parts of the area. The prospect areas derived via the Fuzzy Logic method are larger than those of gained from the Index Overlay method because the method used in the range from 0 to 1 value. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Mafic Dykes of Moyar Shear Zone, North Kerala, India: Emplacement History and Petrogenetic interpretation based on Structure, Geochemistry and Magnetic Fabric
P. Pratheesh V. Prasannakumar K.R. PraveenCretaceous mafic dykes in the Moyar Shear Zone (MSZ) area, north Kerala, India, provide signatures to probe into the nature of their source and thereby the evolution of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the South Indian Granulite Terrain (SIGT). Bulk of the dykes MoreCretaceous mafic dykes in the Moyar Shear Zone (MSZ) area, north Kerala, India, provide signatures to probe into the nature of their source and thereby the evolution of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the South Indian Granulite Terrain (SIGT). Bulk of the dykes in northern parts of Kerala is broadly in spatial association with the shear system. Mafic dykes striking NE-SW, NWSE, NNW-SSE and ENE-WSW are widespread in the MSZ and surrounding areas. Width of these dykes varies from 30cm to 5m in general, while dykes wider than 10m also occur. These mafic dykes are olivine/quartz normative tholeiites showing strong correlation to N-Type MORB and within plate basalt affinity. Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) data imply normal magnetic fabrics nearly parallel to dyke trends, but with highly variable plunge of magnetic lineation. The compositions of the least altered and least metamorphosed dykes help to define the properties of their mantle source region, as well as the nature of the crust through which the magma traveled. The present contribution on the mafic dyke swarms in Moyar Shear Zone (MSZ) provides new interpretations on the temporal relations of magmatism and tectono-metamorphic evolution of the south Indian high grade terrain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Tectonical history of Arabian platform during Late Cretaceous An example from Kurdistan region, NE Iraq
کمال حاجی کریم زردشت. ا طاهاNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The depende MoreNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The dependent tools are petrography, field study and the concept of drowning phases. This concept is relatively new and accurate in explanation of development of carbonate sequences growth and termination. The columns of both carbonate and clastics rocks of the area are divided into three phases of drowning: 1- Pre-drowning phase of reefal limestone which is represented by Qamchuqa Formation which is equivalent to Mauddud and Shuaba formations (Early Cretaceous) in the south Iraq and in the Gulf. 2- Transitional phase of pelagic limestone and marl deposition which is transitional to post drowning phase during which Gulneri Shale and Dokan limestone Formations (Cenomanian- Turonian) are deposited. 3- Post drowning phase of deep carbonate sedimentation during which Kometan Formation (Santonian-Campanian) and 4- Burial Phase in which Shiranish and Tanjero Formations (Maasstrichtian) are deposited by which Arabian Platform was covered by siliciclastics sediments and main carbonate sedimentation was ended during Campanian. These phases, as resulted from tectonics of Zagros, can replace the complex previously assigned tectonic and depositional history of the area during Later Cretaceous. The application of the phases revealed nearly a continuous history of deposition in foredeep during Early Cretaceous and foreland basin during later ages. This continuous sedimentation is opposite to previously cited episodic sedimentation in the Cretaceous basins. Moreover than that, the occurrences of the previously mentioned subaerial cycles of erosion (unconformities) are not ascertained. The previous cycles had segmented the rocks and history of the area into several separated and unrelated tectonic events that occurred in different basins. According to the above cycles and unconformities the tectonic setting and depositional history of the whole northwestern Iraq assumed be violent during compete time span of the Late Cretaceous by which basin isolation and uplift and erosion occurred. The above ideas are amended and the unconformable boundaries are changed to conformable ones. Consequently, in the present study, a new tectonic history and model are established for Cretaceous which agree with field observation and existed lithofacies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Sustainable Ground Water Development in Hard Rock Aquifers in Low-Income Countries and the Role of UNESCO _ IUGS - IGCP projec -GROWNET-
S. D. LimayeHard rock aquifers for the purpose of this Paper mean the non-carbonate, fractured rock aquifers in the terrain covered by crystalline basement complex, metamorphic rocks and also by extensive effusive volcanic rocks like the basalts of western India (Deccan traps. Grou MoreHard rock aquifers for the purpose of this Paper mean the non-carbonate, fractured rock aquifers in the terrain covered by crystalline basement complex, metamorphic rocks and also by extensive effusive volcanic rocks like the basalts of western India (Deccan traps. Ground water development in hard rock aquifer areas has always played a secondary role compared to that in the areas having high-yielding unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediments and carbonate rocks. This has been due to the relatively poor ground water resources in hard rocks, low specific capacity of wells, erratic variations and discontinuities in the aquifer properties, and difficulties in exploration and assessment of the resource. It should, however, be remembered that for the millions of farmers in developing countries, having their small farms in the barren landscape of fractured hard rock terrain, whatever small supply available from these poor aquifers is the only hope for upgrading their standard of living by growing irrigated crops or by protecting their rain-fed crops from the vagaries of rainfall. It is also their only source for drinking water for the family and cattle. In many developing countries, hard rock hydrogeologists have therefore, an important role to play. In the developed countries, the interest in hard rock hydrogeology, apart from drinking water supplies to small communities, is recently promoted by the prospects of using these low permeability rocks for the storage of hazardous nuclear and chemical wastes. The study of ground water flow through faults, fissures and fractures is also of interest to scientists studying the migration of contaminants. Hard rock hydrogeologists, the world over, are therefore divided into two main groups: Those interested in obtaining ground water for domestic, irrigational or industrial use by exploring fractured and permeable zones in a relatively less permeable matrix of hard rock and those interested in locating impermeable or the least permeable zones for storage of hazardous nuclear waste. Ironically, for the first group even the most permeable zones are often not good enough to yield adequate water supply, while for the second group even the least permeable zones are often not good enough for safe storage of hazardous nuclear waste over a prolonged period of a few hundred years. This Paper discusses the occurrence of ground water and the precautions for sustainable development of ground water in arid and semi-arid regions, in view of the forthcoming climatic changes. It emphasizes the need for recharge augmentation hand-in-hand with development of new wells, so that the new development does not harm the traditional practices. In India, the neglect of recharge augmentation has caused lowering of water table and drying-up of old dug-wells of 12m to 15 m depth, which used to provide irrigational and drinking water supply for last several centuries. In Iran, many Qanats have dried up because of lowering of water table due to heavy pumping of ground water from newly developed deep tube-wells in their vicinity. The goal in many countries has, therefore, shifted from ground water development to ground water management which includes management of the quantity on Supply side and Demand side and also the management of ground water quality, especially with respect to pollution and salt water intrusion. Pollution of ground water in urban environment is becoming a cause of worry because in many developing countries there is a heavy migration of population from rural areas to urban centers and providing safe quality of drinking water to this population and managing the waste water generated in the cities and towns, is a major problem. The role of UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP Project GROWNET (Ground Water Network for Best Practices in Ground Water Development in Low Income Countries) is also described towards the end of this Paper. The Author is the Project Leader for GROWNET. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Representative Sampling for Elaboration of the Alumina Manufacturing Process (Theory and Practice )
George KomlÛssySampling of any geological formation needs comprehensive knowledge of the rock genesis, through the dia- and epigenetic processes (secondary alterations) up to the physical properties and the chemical and mineralogical composition of the rock. Well established theoretic MoreSampling of any geological formation needs comprehensive knowledge of the rock genesis, through the dia- and epigenetic processes (secondary alterations) up to the physical properties and the chemical and mineralogical composition of the rock. Well established theoretical knowledge should be complemented by practical experience. Besides the geological exploration of a raw material, its representative sampling is the most responsible task of the expert. Elaboration of the technology of the mineral processing i.e. the operating cost of the plant highly depends on reliable sampling which is essential for an optimal utilisation of the deposit. Nowadays, when green-field plants below 1 Mt/a capacity are rarely set up, proper sampling is even more important than before. Several million USD/annum can be saved in operating cost with a well-established sampling procedure which, according to the experience of the author, is often neglected by the investors or project management. In this paper the author clarifies the terminology of the characteristic and representative samples and introduces several typical cases both for karst and laterite bauxites.Distinction is made between technologically homogenous and heterogeneous type deposits. Examples are taken from Iranian, Indian, Vietnamese, West African, and South American deposits. Proposals are given for sampling procedures in different stages of the exploration, when the first samples are to be taken for technological tests. The question is investigated whether the bauxite is necessary for an already operating plant (when the bauxite should be fitted to the plant) or when a green- field refinery technology is to be fitted to the deposit(s). In conclusion, it is established that no reasonable economy may exist for mining and alumina processing separately. The economy of the mine and the plant is to be regarded as a single economic unit. For achieving this purpose reliable representative samples are necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Identifying Hydrothermal Alteration: Geochemical Particulars based on Lithogeochemical Data from the Kahang Cu Porphyry Deposit, Central Iran
Hamid Harati Ahmad Khakzad Nematollah Rashidnejad Omran Peyman Afzal Marzieh Hosseini Simin HaratiKahang Cu Porphyry deposit is situated in the central part of a major Iranian magmatic belt, Urumieh-Dokhtar, in central Iran.There are several sub-volcanic stocks (e.g., porphyric granitoids rocks, quartz monzonite, diorite and monzodiorite-monzogranite)within Eocene v MoreKahang Cu Porphyry deposit is situated in the central part of a major Iranian magmatic belt, Urumieh-Dokhtar, in central Iran.There are several sub-volcanic stocks (e.g., porphyric granitoids rocks, quartz monzonite, diorite and monzodiorite-monzogranite)within Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic rocks consisting of basaltic, trachy-andesite and dacitic rocks. Hydrothermal alterations at the Kahang deposit have an extended range and exhibit a concentric zoning pattern including potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic from the center to the margin. The aim of this study was to identify geochemical particulars by geochemical applications in 184 rock samples in these potassic, phyllic and argillic alteration zones. The results of this study show that there are high values of K, Mg and Cu in the potassic zone (located in the central part), main Mo anomalous parts and high Cu values can be found in the phyllic zone (eastern part), and high values of Au, Ti and Al are concentrated in the argillic zone (western part) . Overall, the Kahang deposit hosts Cu, Mo and Au mineralization in these three zones Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Comparison of bauxite resources – geo-economical considerations
G. Komlóssy W. B. MorrisonIn order to meet the significantly increased metal demand of the world market, it has been decided to expand the capacity of the existing alumina refineries and to set up new plants (more than 2 Mt/a each). The selection among the bauxite sources is based on previous ex MoreIn order to meet the significantly increased metal demand of the world market, it has been decided to expand the capacity of the existing alumina refineries and to set up new plants (more than 2 Mt/a each). The selection among the bauxite sources is based on previous exploration data, such as: tonnage, grade, mineralogy, etc., the geographical position of the deposit, existing natural and constructed infrastructure and the distance from deep water ports. Environmental and political risks are also investigated. Decision making is a complex task in which the close co-operation of professionals of the bauxite-alumina industry is needed. The authors specify the most determinant factors which are investigated for decision making and call attention to the fact that, in many cases, inconsistent data are compared as if they were equal in value or identical such as: the reliability of explorations made for deposits in various countries, and at different times is also different, the methods applied in reserve calculation and resource estimate are different, the qualitative criteria used for commercial grade ores are different, no numeric data are available showing the possible error in reserve calculation the terminology used for bauxite categories is also different.Adequate attention is never given for the further development of possible prospects; their investigation may be neglected in the selection. As a consequence, when different resources are compared, the geological risks (stability in bauxite production) cannot adequately be taken into account. For minimizing the transport costs (either the bauxite supply to the alumina plant or the alumina shipping to the smelter or both) the geographical position of the raw material is one of the most significant economic factors in the value of the deposit. There are several regions in the world which are so rich in bauxite potential (West Africa, edge of the Guyana Shield in Venezuela and Brazil, the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Weipa Gove in Australia, Eastern Ghats in India, etc.) where new deposits should be explored as a function of their geographical position. The landsat interpretation has proved to be an excellent tool for establishing priorities among the options. The authors give a short review and comparison of the most significant regions and deposits focusing their interests on the: tonnage, grade and mineralogy, further prospects (undiscovered) deposits, infrastructure, distance from mine/deposits to the deep water ports, available alumina content (for a low or a high temperature procedure) for estimating the bauxite consumption per ton of alumina, soluble silica content for estimating the caustic soda consumption per ton of alumina, beneficiation cost in some cases, risk factors (geological, environmental, political and national) The authors conclude, that in spite of the fact that about 30 - 35 billion tons of bauxite have been registered so far as proved + probable reserves and a further 55 – 60 billion tons can be estimated as possible resources in the world, finding new resources in better geographical locations and their exploration may be advantageous. The new exploration data must be more reliable, as well. The costs of reconnaissance and exploration may be far below the haulage costs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Mesozoic paleogeography and facies distribution in the Northern Mediterranean Tethys from Western Carpathians view
J. MichalÌkWest Carpathian Mesozoic paleogeographic development indicates the effect of a left lateral shift of the Alpine- Carpathian microcontinent along the European shelf since the Early Jurassic. The evolution during Late Triassic/Early Jurassic was controlled by convergence MoreWest Carpathian Mesozoic paleogeographic development indicates the effect of a left lateral shift of the Alpine- Carpathian microcontinent along the European shelf since the Early Jurassic. The evolution during Late Triassic/Early Jurassic was controlled by convergence along the border of the Meliata Ocean and by contemporaneous divergence along the Middle Atlantic/Penninic rift. During Mid-Cretaceous, the convergence between Africa and Paleoeurope started, which finally resulted in collision of Alpine-West Carpathian microcontinent with the Paleoeuropean margin and in the formation of the Alpine Orogen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Miocene Surma Succession in the Well Rashidpur # 04 of Bengal Basin Using Log Facies Interpretation
Md. Ahosan Habib Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul IslamDetailed log facies studies of Miocene succession in the well Rashidpur-04, Rashidpur structure, Surma Basin were carried out by integrating wireline log and limited core sample data in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironments of deposition. Based on the analysis of t MoreDetailed log facies studies of Miocene succession in the well Rashidpur-04, Rashidpur structure, Surma Basin were carried out by integrating wireline log and limited core sample data in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironments of deposition. Based on the analysis of the log motifs, grain size, sand/shale ratio and major change in gamma ray log motifs, two major depositional sequences were identified in the well Rashidpur-04 which consists of 17 para-sequences sets and 22 para-sequences. Serrated bell, funnel, cylindrical, egg/bow and linear log facies were recognized in the study well. Lithology indicates that the whole well interval consist of alteration of sandstone, siltstone, shale and prodelta facies. The Rashidpur sequence-2 inferred to be deposited in tidal flat to shallow marine conditions in prograding and retrograding delta front condition whereas the Rashidpur sequence-1 assumed to be deposited under tidal channel, distributary channel, tidal flat, mudflat, marine inter-distributary bay to shallow and deep marine conditions. The Rashidpur sequence-2 was deposited in comparatively deep water condition while the Rashidpur sequence-1 was deposited in relatively shallow water condition. The present study can be concluded that Miocene succession was coarsening upward in nature and might have deposited under prograding deltaic system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Methods for Production of Metallogenic-Prognostic Map of Red Karst Bauxite in the Region of Nikiãka upa,Montenegro (Europe)
Marko Pajovi„ Slobodan Radusinovi„Production of Metallogenic-prognostic map (MPM) was preceded by the preparation of instructions that define three phases of work: preparation (with preparation of the Project), realization of field and laboratory research and data processing with production of different MoreProduction of Metallogenic-prognostic map (MPM) was preceded by the preparation of instructions that define three phases of work: preparation (with preparation of the Project), realization of field and laboratory research and data processing with production of different maps and, finally, production of the prognostic map with the accompanying instruction book. During the Project realization, the main task was construction of high-quality structural-geologic map at the scales of 1:25,000 and 1:50,000. Particular attention was paid to facial (lithological-stratigraphic) characteristics of geological formations in the hanging wall and footwall of Jurassic bauxites, including a detailed survey of numerous geologic columns. Besides, up to four geologic columns with detailed sampling for chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses were measured in each deposit and occurrence of bauxite. Production of special-purpose maps of the bauxite-bearing area was based on the geologic map and geologic cross-sections at the same scale. In order to produce these maps, particular criteria were defined and worked out, including classification and scoring according to the class. The next phase involved the production of the Basic map for MPM, with basic geographical ang geological contents. Isolines and scoring data were transferred to the MPM from the special-purpose maps. After that, points were gathered into six classes. Isolines were constructed by the perspectivity classes with the following scores: I: 4-6; II: 7-11; III: 1214; IV: 15-19; V: 20-22; VI: 23 points. In this way, regional zonation of the bauxite-bearing area was made according to the level of perspectivity, i.e. the Metallogenic-prognostic map of the investigated area was produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Demarcation of Groundwater Prospective Zones in Humid Tropical River Basin: A Geospatial Approach
Sreela Reghu Girish Gopinath Reji Srinivas Rajesh Regunath Kurian SajanGroundwater, being a vital resource, needs to be developed with proper understanding about its occurrence in time and space. Unscientific sand mining is a dominant environmental issue in this humid tropical river basin namely Bharathapuzha river basin geographically on MoreGroundwater, being a vital resource, needs to be developed with proper understanding about its occurrence in time and space. Unscientific sand mining is a dominant environmental issue in this humid tropical river basin namely Bharathapuzha river basin geographically on central part of Kerala state, southwest part of India. The sandy layers along the river course declines its water holding capacity due to indiscriminate sand mining throughout the river basin. For a sustainable development of water resources, it is imperative to make a quantitative estimation of the available water resources. The purpose of the study is to identify the groundwater potential zones in the Bharathapuzha river basin in Kerala state, India based on Remote Sensing and GIS technology. Thematic layers considered in the study are geomorphology, land use, and lineament derived from IRS P6 LISS IV digital data; drainage network contour and slope maps are generated using toposheets; geology from GSI geology maps, with the help of Arc GIS Software and Erdas Software. Storativity and transmissivity of the study area was prepared using pumping test data. The thematic layers were over layered by weighted overlay method using Arc GIS. Four groundwater potential zones were identified in the study area represented as very good, good, moderate and poor potential zones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Assessment of Anthropogenic Activities on the Water Quality of Froumad Plain Based on Qualitative Indicators
Majid Otari Rahim DabiriTested water samples taken from the ophiolite region of Forumad show that most of the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, potassium, bicarbonate, and nitrate elements are in the standard range. Hydrogeochemical studies of the water samples show the ex MoreTested water samples taken from the ophiolite region of Forumad show that most of the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, potassium, bicarbonate, and nitrate elements are in the standard range. Hydrogeochemical studies of the water samples show the existence of magnesium sulfate, chloromagnesium, and chlorosodium. Results of measuring the physical properties of the water shows that the above values were lower than the 1053 standard of Iran and water hardness is higher than the standard in only some cases. Water pH in the studied region is within the alkaline range. Assessing the distribution of heavy metals through statistical methods (Pearson coefficient and cluster graph), two different origins (anthropogenic and lithological origins) have been identified that are responsible for the entry of heavy metals into the water resources of the studied region. The anthropogenic origin of the distribution of heavy metals in the region is due to local mining of the chromite and ophiolitic rocks and the lithological origin is a result of local mining of conglomerate and volcanic rocks. Evaluating the metal index of MI and HPI shows the water contamination by heavy metals. The zoning map shows that the metallic contamination surrounding Forumad village is low and reaches its maximum amount around the chromite Forumad mine. The qualitative index of GQI (non-metallic cations and anions including calcium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfate, and dissolved solids in water) shows that the water quality is within the acceptable range. Based on the zoning map, the water quality GQI index is higher in the downstream around Forumad village. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Geology and geochemistry of skarn deposits in the northern part of Ahar batholith, East Azarbaijan, NW Iran
Habib Mollai Abdol Majid Yaghubpur Reza Sharifiyan AttarPrincipal Skarn deposits along the northern margin of the Ahar batholith from west to east include Mazraeh, Vine and Gowdoul skarn deposits. Among these skarn deposits, the Mazraeh Cu-Fe Skarn deposit is the most typical skarn deposit in the NW Iran. This skarn deposit MorePrincipal Skarn deposits along the northern margin of the Ahar batholith from west to east include Mazraeh, Vine and Gowdoul skarn deposits. Among these skarn deposits, the Mazraeh Cu-Fe Skarn deposit is the most typical skarn deposit in the NW Iran. This skarn deposit is located 5 km. north of Mazraeh village and 20 km north of Ahar town. The origin and development of the skarn can be related to the granitic intrusion of Oligo- Miocene age which has intruded a sequence of calcareous rocks. On the basis of petrological considerations the skarn can be subdivided into Exoskarn, Endoskarn and Ore skarn. The main mineral constituents of the skarns are garnet, magnetite, calcite, chalcopyrite, epidote, hematite and pyroxene, accompanied by quartz, pyrite, bornite, coevalite, chalcocite, plagioclase and chlorite. The bulk chemistry and spatial variation characteristics indicate that the endoskarn was the result of interaction between Mazreah granodiorite with crystalline limestone and metasomatic alteration through hydrothermal fluid enriched in Mg, Fe, Cu, P, Ag, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mo, Mn, etc. These elements point toward a magmatic source, and have been contributed to the system from the magma as well as the host rock. The crystalline limestone was the source for Ca and Mg in case of endoskarn. The transformation of granodiorite into endoskarn was accomplished by addition of 1.4 to 15% CaO along with 7.17% of total iron into the granodiorite was accompanied by depletion of about 15.5% SiO2 (average 53.5%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Sea-level change and deep sea sequence stratigraphy: A Middle Jurassic siliciclastic strata (Kashafrud Formation), NE Iran
Mehdi Reza PoursoltaniThe Upper Bajocian- Lower Bathonian succession in the Kopet-Dagh Basin of NE Iran represents fluvio-deltaic to turbidite deposits. The Kashafrud Formation provides an excellent opportunity to study the interplay between deep-water sedimentation and syndepositional tecto MoreThe Upper Bajocian- Lower Bathonian succession in the Kopet-Dagh Basin of NE Iran represents fluvio-deltaic to turbidite deposits. The Kashafrud Formation provides an excellent opportunity to study the interplay between deep-water sedimentation and syndepositional tectonic subsidence (or uplift) in the region. The effects of these processes caused sea-level changes, variation in depositional sequences, and formation of different types of sequence boundaries. The Kashafrud Formation is recognized as a super-sequence and is overlain and underlain by type 1 sequence boundaries. Based on sedimentological analysis, twelve lithofacies and three facies associations have been identified in the Kashafrud Formation. The succession is represented by parasequences formed as part of a second order super-sequence, and a fourth order regression. The thickness variations indicate a strong influence of basin-floor topography on the location of depositional successions. High rates of sea-level fall led to the development of a limited number of major incised channels; in contrast the major thick-bedded mudstone indicates high rates of sea-level rise for prolonged periods. The interpreted sea-level curve during deposition of the Kashafrud Formation can be correlated with the world sea-level curve for the Middle Jurassic, with differences mainly related to local structural events in the basin. Tectonism, compaction and rate of deposition were the main factors that controlled the vertical facies transitions in these parasequences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Principal Component Analysis for Soil Conservation Tillage vs Conventional Tillage in Semi Arid Region of Punjab Province of Pakistan
Ijaz Rasool Noorka Shabir A Shahid Saeed RoufPrincipal component analysis is a valid method used for data compression and information extraction in a given set of experiments. It is a well-known classical data analysis technique. There are a number of algorithms for solving the problems, some scaling better than o MorePrincipal component analysis is a valid method used for data compression and information extraction in a given set of experiments. It is a well-known classical data analysis technique. There are a number of algorithms for solving the problems, some scaling better than others. Wheat ranks as the staple food of most of the nations as well as an agent of poverty reduction, food security and world peace. Due to limited sowing time and conventional cropping pattern the wheat yield suffers. Efficient tillage methods maintain soil health and crops response. The present investigations were carried out to study the effects of different tillage systems on yield and yield contributing traits, using Randomized Complete Block Design. Two tillage systems i.e. conservation tillage and conventional tillage were used. Three principal components were sufficient to explain the variations. The traits plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, peduncle length, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and grain yield were affected significantly under conservation tillage as well as conventional tillage systems. The graphic representation showed that yield contributing traits behaved best in conservation tillage practice. The present study revealed that conservation tillage method produced optimum yield for wheat production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Using remote sensing data and GIS to evaluate air pollution and their relationship with land cover and land use in Baghdad City
B. Mohammed Hashim M. Abdullah SultanThe research used the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM ) within the thermal infrared sixth band (TIR6) and geographic information system (GIS) to determine the air pollution and its relationship with the land cover (LC) and land use (LU) of Baghdad city. Concentration of MoreThe research used the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM ) within the thermal infrared sixth band (TIR6) and geographic information system (GIS) to determine the air pollution and its relationship with the land cover (LC) and land use (LU) of Baghdad city. Concentration of total suspended particles (TSP), lead (Pb), carbon oxides (CO, CO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were obtained from 22 ground measuring stations, where the stations are classified into industrial, commercial and residential and are distributed within the city of Baghdad. The digital number (DN) corresponding to the sites of groundtruth stations for measuring air pollutants was converted to the values of the spectral radiation (Lr), brightness temperature sensor (T) and land surface temperature (LST) of the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM +) within TIR6. The results indicated a significant correlation between air pollutants and satellite image data have also shown results of the spatial analyst air pollutants and the satellite image data by using GIS and supervised classification results. They show a relationship between the concentration of air pollutants and land surface temperature with the land cover and land use classification (LC, LU) for Baghdad city. The results of the research gives evidence of a link between air pollutants derived from the measurement stations of ground and satellite data within the range of Thermal IR. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Assuring Sustainable Economic Benefit for Farmers by Using Ground Water in Semi-Arid, Hard Rock Areas in India & the Role of UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP Project 523
Shrikant Daji LimayeOut of about 1.2 billion people in India, 68% people live on agriculture as their main occupation. Ground water is therefore an important resource which provides over 70% of rural drinking water supply and about 50% of water used for irrigation. Rains in Monsoon season MoreOut of about 1.2 billion people in India, 68% people live on agriculture as their main occupation. Ground water is therefore an important resource which provides over 70% of rural drinking water supply and about 50% of water used for irrigation. Rains in Monsoon season from June to September, provide the main source of water but they last only for four months and the rest of the year is dry in most of the hard rock region. About 67% of India is occupied by hard rock terrain and about 30% of the hard rock area falls within semi-arid, drought-prone zone receiving less than 500 mm rainfall per year. In semi-arid, hard rock terrain in India and in many other low-income countries, the surface water resources are scarce and polluted. Ground water occurs in this area in the shallow weathered zone up to about 15 meters depth and in the deeper fractures and fissures up to about 100 m depth. Bore wells reaching up to 60 to 100 meters depth, installed with hand-pumps, are very common for providing safe drinking water supply to villages. This causes a positive improvement in the health of villagers and an economic advantage by reducing the number of working days lost due to illness. Agricultural production in these semi-arid areas is just marginal because the rain-fed crops suffer from the vagaries of Monsoon rains. The average farm-size per family of 5 persons is about 2 Ha. There are 3 to 5 drought years within a span of 10 years, which leave the dry-land farmer in perpetual poverty. In the past 3 years, over 4,200 farmers have committed suicide due to continued crop failures. Ground water, therefore, forms a very important and reliable resource which, if available in a farmer’s plot of land and if utilized prudently for irrigation by digging or drilling a well, could transform the farmers lifestyle. Even if the farmers are able to save one rainy season (Monsoon) crop through protective irrigation from dug well, and if possible take winter and summer crops on small plots, they would stabilize in the rural scenario. Otherwise, the farmers would migrate to nearby cities and stay in slums. Many cities in India and other low-income countries are suffering from an ever-increasing flux of rural population thereby chocking and polluting the urban environment and putting stress on urban infrastructure. Ground water development for irrigation is the lifeline for rural economy. However, in many watersheds in semi-arid, hard rock areas, the pumping of ground water is increasing and in some watersheds it is more than the recharge available from rainfall. In these over-exploited watersheds, the yields from the wells are not sustainable. Still, farmers in hard-rock area of peninsular India are taking all risks to develop ground water for irrigational and domestic supply because of the economics underlying its use. This paper discusses the economics of ground water use and gives guidelines for sustainable development, such as availability of soft loans to farmers, insurance for failed wells and people’s participation in augmentation of recharge to ground water. Some of these guidelines have been included on the website www.igcp-grownet.org of UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP Project GROWNET, (Ground Water Network for Best Practices in Ground Water Management in Low-Income Countries) for which the Author of this paper is the Project Leader. Reverse migration from cities to villages is possible only if sustainable ground water development is done in these semi-arid areas, through watershed protection and recharge augmentation activities, as advocated by the GROWNET project. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Synthesis of Zeolites, Merlinoite Minerals of Damavand’s Natural Clinoptiloite Zeolites Mineral in Hydrothermal Conditions, under the Influence of Alkaline
Majid PourmoghaddamIn the present research synthesis of zeolites, merlinoite minerals of natural clinoptiloite mineral in the presence of alkaline mediums, was investigated. The analyzed variants are a result of a concentration of Na+ and K+ ions, temperature and time. Phase transition of MoreIn the present research synthesis of zeolites, merlinoite minerals of natural clinoptiloite mineral in the presence of alkaline mediums, was investigated. The analyzed variants are a result of a concentration of Na+ and K+ ions, temperature and time. Phase transition of clinoptiloite was conducted in the presence of an 8 molar potash solution (KOH) and a 4 molar soda solution (NaOH). Results indicated that merlinoite phase occurs at a temperature of 200 degrees centigrade and the presence of highly concentrated ions of Na+. With the passage of reaction time, the concentration of the synthesized merlinoite is increased accordingly. XRD studies suggest orthorhombic synchrony with the dimensions of c = 9.45 Aº, a = 14/12 Aº, d = 2/19 Aº, n = 1/494 Aº for merlinoite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Testing the Exactitude of Estimation Methods in the Presence of Outliers: An accounting for Robust Kriging
Shahrokh Paravarzar Nasser Madani Abbas Maghsoudi Peyman AfzalEstimation of gold reserves and resources has been of interest to mining engineers and geologists for ages. The existence of outlier values shows the economic part of the deposits subject to the fact that don’t depend on the human or technical errors. The presence MoreEstimation of gold reserves and resources has been of interest to mining engineers and geologists for ages. The existence of outlier values shows the economic part of the deposits subject to the fact that don’t depend on the human or technical errors. The presence of these high values causes a pseudo dramatically increment in variance estimation of economical blocks when applying conventional methods as such as kriging. Conventional approach such as replacing the upper limit (capping), log-normal and Median-indicator kriging have been somehow resolved the problem of estimations but they still have numerous drawbacks. The Zarshuran gold deposit is one of the nominated gold deposits in Iran that choosing the appropriate method is a great chance in the estimation procedure. Robust kriging is a method that is able to reduce the allocated pseudo kriging weights to the blocks surrounding with high value data, and correct them in a manner that not only enhance the accuracy of the estimation but also reduce the estimation variance to the reasonable level. In this method, the estimation can be implemented in the presence of outlier and do not need to eliminate, reduce or transfer the data to another space (normalization). In this paper an attempt has been made for estimating the gold in the ore used to be compared with capping high value method. Results showed that this method has a high efficiency and is able to run estimation properly and produces high precision due to the high value reduction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Application of glauconite and fossil palynomorphs in reconstructing the Liassic paleogeography just before the opening of the Gulf of Mexico (Part II)
Jaime Rueda GaxiolaIn (Part I), it was stated that red beds, conglomerates and salt were considered azoic and problematic rocks, but Paleopalynology and Inorganic Geochemistry proved to be useful for placing them in time and space. In the early last century, in Mexican NE region, only thr MoreIn (Part I), it was stated that red beds, conglomerates and salt were considered azoic and problematic rocks, but Paleopalynology and Inorganic Geochemistry proved to be useful for placing them in time and space. In the early last century, in Mexican NE region, only three Mesozoic red bed units were differentiated, dated as Late Triassic to Late Jurassic. It was important stratigraphically to place them properly as they were considered to be the basement of the marine petroliferous sequence in some Mexican Gulf of Mexico sub-basins. Palynostratigraphic studies since 1969, and X- ray analyses since 1989 allowed to place, in time and space, the Cahuasas, Huizachal, La Joya, and La Boca red bed units, outcropping at the Huizachal-Peregrina and Huayacocotla anticlinoria and, recently, the Rosario, Conglomerado-Prieto and Cuarcítica-Cualac units at the Tlaxiaco Anticlinorium. In this (Part II) it is described the method used for reconstructing the paleogeographic distribution of these red beds. Their correlation permitted to place the Liassic units as deposited in a half- graben connected to an Epicontinental Sinemurian Sea. This sea, during the Middle Jurassic, was invaded by the Tethysian waters through the Hispanic Corridor formed across the new Gulf of Mexico, which was originated by a hot spot with a triple junction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Asbestos Presence in a Factory that Produced Asbestos-Containing Products
H. FajkovićIn 2007, research was carried out to determine the type and amount of asbestos fibers in a Croatian factory with a long history of making asbestos-containing products.Since the 1970s, asbestos fibres have been considered carcinogenic in humans i.e as a known cancer-caus MoreIn 2007, research was carried out to determine the type and amount of asbestos fibers in a Croatian factory with a long history of making asbestos-containing products.Since the 1970s, asbestos fibres have been considered carcinogenic in humans i.e as a known cancer-causing agent. In the environment, asbestos fibres are inactive and naturally resist biodegradation. In time, fibres can only be ground into smaller particles by mechanical force. These small particles in the air present a health hazard. Because of their small size, shape and durability, asbestos fibres can easily be inhaled and stick to the lung tissue, causing serious respiratory problems. Among these are diseases with long latency periods of 10 to 40 years such as: asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer. Asbestos is the generic, industrial name for a group of six minerals determined by common size and inherent physical properties. Crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite are all asbestos minerals from the amphibole mineral group. The sixth mineral, chrysotile, is a mineral from the serpentine mineral group. Asbestos fibres are particles longer than, or equal to, five μm with a length to width ratio greater than or equal to 3:1; however, the ratio can be higher than 20 or even 1000. They are inflammable, thermally stable, resistant to biodegradation, chemically inert to most chemicals and have low electrical conductivity. Because of these attributes, asbestos was heartily embraced in industrial production.Different methods are used to determine the type and quantity of asbestos fibres in the air. Some of the most common methods and instruments are: polarizing light microscopy (PLM), phase contrast optical microscopy (PCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), analysis with electron diffraction spectra (SAED) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Some of above-mentioned methods (PCM, PLM, XRD) are currently popular due to their low cost, but using these methods exclusively could lead to false estimates of asbestos levels. It is hard to distinguish asbestos fibres from certain other fibres like artifacts, organic or inorganic. Therefore, it is important to observe not only the habit of minerals, but also the chemical composition of them. A combination of SEM and EDS gives information about both the habit and the chemical composition of the observed fibers, and so is suitable for asbestos analysis. Different methods of analysis are displayed and compared in this paper. Analyses were made using SEM with EDS and XRD. All samples were collected in working areas of a factory which used asbestos in production. Presence of different types of asbestos was confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Use of Sawdust of Aspen Tree for the Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution
M.T. Hamed Mosavian I. Khazaei M. AliabadiAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto sawdust of aspen tree and activated sawdust, was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH , temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle MoreAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto sawdust of aspen tree and activated sawdust, was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH , temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle size. Cr (VI) removal is pH dependent and caused to be maximum at pH 2.0. The amounts of Cr(VI) adsorbed increased with increase in dose of both adsorbents and their contact time. Experimental results show that the low cost biosorbent was effective for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies of agrowaste. Freundlich isotherm shows better fit than Langmuir and Temkin isotherm in the temperature range studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - A study of different zoning types in clinopyroxenes of sodic and potassic alkaline volcanic rocks from North Lahrud, NW Iran
Gholamreza Ahmadzadeh Reza ZamaniClinopyroxene phenocrysts and microphenocrysts in potassic and sodic Eosen alkaline volcanic rocks from the northern Lahrud (NW Iran) record various stages in the crystallization and evolution history of the alkaline melt as well as its origin. The rock series hosting t MoreClinopyroxene phenocrysts and microphenocrysts in potassic and sodic Eosen alkaline volcanic rocks from the northern Lahrud (NW Iran) record various stages in the crystallization and evolution history of the alkaline melt as well as its origin. The rock series hosting the clinopyroxene phenocrysts is phonolitic tephrite and tephritic phonolite composition. Theses rocks generally show porphyritic texture and have a variable phenocryst-rich nature (25–50%), with phenocryst assemblages characterized by Cpx ± An ± Pl. The studied clinopyroxenes have relatively high Mg-numbers (0.66-0.90), variable Al2O3 (3.77-7.31 wt%), low TiO2 (<2.02 wt%) and Na2O (<1.23 wt%) contents and low AlVI/AlIV ratios (mostly <0.25), suggesting relatively low-pressure crystallizing conditions of the magma in the magma chamber. The calculated pressures for the clinopyroxenes in these rocks vary in the range of 4–5.5 kbars. Oscillatory reverse zoning of clinopyroxenes related to the different crystallization paths under a variable oxygen fugacity and different oxidation conditions and sudden pressure differentiation and magma mixing processes. Normal zoning related to the differentiation and fractional crystallization of the magma. The resorption texture of core parts of some clinopyroxenes are attributed to the changes of crystallization pressure though such textures have been ascribed to magma mixing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Geochemical and Sedimentary Changes of the Mighan Playa in Arak, Iran
Feridon Ghadimi Mohammad GhomiThe Mighan Playa is the largest playa in Markazi Province. Sedimentary and soil structures show that during all phases the playa was ephemeral. The duration and frequency of flooding varied causing variations in the relative amounts of accumulation, and soil formation. MoreThe Mighan Playa is the largest playa in Markazi Province. Sedimentary and soil structures show that during all phases the playa was ephemeral. The duration and frequency of flooding varied causing variations in the relative amounts of accumulation, and soil formation. The clastic fraction of the playa sediment consists of quartz, mica and chlorite while the non-clastic evaporite fraction is dominated by gypsum, calcite, glauberite, thenardite and halite. Using the principle of chemical divides, such variations in mineralogy have been explained in terms of a change in brine chemistry from Na-Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl to Na-SO4-Cl type. It is also suggested that at an earlier stage, Mighan playa brine underwent evaporation under the conditions of Ca>alkalinity whereas in more recent times, the evaporite mineralogy has developed with alkalinity>Ca. The shallow depth cores are divided into distinct geochemical units based on elemental ratios. Units I and III reflect high chemical weathering whereas the middle unit, II, indicates relatively low weathering and enrichment in evaporates Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Organic Geochemical Evaluation of Madbi Source Rock, Al-Jawf Basin, NE Central Yemen
Abdulwahab S. Alaug Khaled A. Al-WosabiOrganic geochemical evaluation of the Madbi Formation as the main source rock of the Al-Jawf Basin, NE Central Yemen was the main objective of this study. The organic geochemical methods used in the study include: rock-eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon, and optical m MoreOrganic geochemical evaluation of the Madbi Formation as the main source rock of the Al-Jawf Basin, NE Central Yemen was the main objective of this study. The organic geochemical methods used in the study include: rock-eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon, and optical measurements as the vitrinite reflectance and thermal alteration index. In this study, 67 well core and side-well core samples of the H-1 and K-1 exploratory wells of the Al-Jawf Basin were analyzed to calculate the several organic geochemical and optical parameters. The obtained results show the presence of strong source rock probabilities within the Madbi Formation in this basin. The results are classified into three categories: poor, fair, and good source rocks, with a mixed marine Kerogen type II/III and continental Kerogen type III. The maturation of source rocks was affected by heating and re-cycling of heat events during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. This interpretation is strongly related to the breakup of the southern Gondwanaland and the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Based on the evaluation of the source rocks, the shale, calcareous shale, and claystones of the Madbi Formation are considered the main source rocks in this basin. According to the present study, the hydrocarbon potential ity is good to fair grade in the Al-Jawf Basin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Petrological and geodynamical constraints of Chaldoran basaltic rocks, NW of Iran: evidence from geochemical characteristics
Farhad Moharami Issa Azadi Mirsaleh Mirmohamadi Javad Mehdipour Ghazi Mohammad RahgoshayChaldoran area in NW of Iran has Mesozoic oceanic crust basement. The studied rocks of this region can be divided into three groups: ophiolitic gabbros and pillow lavas, ophiolitic volcanoclastics and Eocene lava flows. Ophiolitic mafic rocks show continental volcanic a MoreChaldoran area in NW of Iran has Mesozoic oceanic crust basement. The studied rocks of this region can be divided into three groups: ophiolitic gabbros and pillow lavas, ophiolitic volcanoclastics and Eocene lava flows. Ophiolitic mafic rocks show continental volcanic arc natures and Eocene lava flow shows OIB-like nature. During the Mesozoic,the Chaldoran region was situated in the active continental margin of the Iranian plate due to Neotetyhan subduction beneath the SSZ (Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone). As the Neo-Tethyan subduction regime changed, a rift in the Chaldoranareagenerated, which caused a continental back arc basin during the Upper Cretaceous. Along with spreading basin in the oceanic ridge, in the surface of new formed oceanic crust, some oceanic island were active and formed volcanoclastic rocks in the Chaldoran Oceanic crust. They were result of ascending continental arc nature plumes that formed in the sub-oceanic crust and up on Neo-Tethys subducted slab in the mantle wedge. After of finishing of spreading this basin in early time of Paleocene, sedimentation followed up to the Middle Eocene. In the Upper Eocene, alkaline and OIB-like volcanism was active in the Chaldoranareadue to breaking off the Neo-Tethyan subducted slab in the sub-oceanic crust of Chaldoran area and developed an asthenosphric window. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - A New Hydrological Method for Estimating the River Bed and Drainage Basin Components of Erosion and Suspended Sediment Fluxes in River Basins
A.V. GusarovThis paper uses the results of river suspended sediment flux (SSF) analysis to propose a new hydrological method for quantitatively estimating the river bed and drainage basin (sheet erosion, rill and gully erosion) components of total erosion intensity in river basins. MoreThis paper uses the results of river suspended sediment flux (SSF) analysis to propose a new hydrological method for quantitatively estimating the river bed and drainage basin (sheet erosion, rill and gully erosion) components of total erosion intensity in river basins. The suggested method is based on the establishment of the functional power connection between mean monthly water discharges (WD, Q i ) and suspended sediment fluxes (r i ) calculated for the low-water-discharge phases of a river’s hydrological regime in various (on mean annual water discharges) years: r i = a×Q i (where a, ì are some empirical coefficients), and further extrapolation of this connection for other phases of the hydrological regime. Thus, the extrapolation allows us to calculate (in a long-term annual SSF) the proportions of sediments originating in river beds and drainage basins. The proposed method is tested using a long-term (not less than 10 years) series of observations for WD and SSF of 124 chiefly small and midsize rivers of the East-European plain, the Urals, the Eastern Carpathians, the Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus, and Central Asian mountains, containing data on the mean monthly values of WD and SSF. The paper also compares the method with other methods for estimating the components of erosion intensity and SSF.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Intelligent prediction of heating value of coal
A. K. Verma T. N. Singh M. MonjeziThe gross calorific value (GCV) or heating value of a sample of fuel is one of the important properties which defines the energy of the fuel. Many researchers have proposed empirical formulas for estimating GCV value of coal. There are some known methods like Bomb Calor MoreThe gross calorific value (GCV) or heating value of a sample of fuel is one of the important properties which defines the energy of the fuel. Many researchers have proposed empirical formulas for estimating GCV value of coal. There are some known methods like Bomb Calorimeter for determining the GCV in the laboratory. But these methods are cumbersome, costly and time consuming. In this paper, multivariate regression analysis and Co-active neuro-fuzzy inference system (CANFIS) backed by genetic algorithm technique is used for the prediction of GCV, taking all the major constituents of the proximate and ultimate analyses properties as input parameters and the suitability of one technique over the other has been proposed based on the results. Correlations have been developed using multivariate regression analysis that are simple to use based on the proximate and ultimate analysis of data sets from 25 different states of USA because a very through study has been done and the data available is less variable. Also, CANFIS backed by genetic algorithm model is designed to predict the GCV of 4540 US coal samples from the abovementioned datasets. Optimization of the network architecture is done using a systematic approach (genetic algorithm). The network was trained with 4371, cross validation with 100, predicted with rest 69 datasets and the predicted results were compared with the observed values. The mean average percentage error in prediction is found to be negligible (0.2913%) and the generalization capability of the model was established to be excellent. A useful concept of sensitivity analysis is adopted to set the hierarchy of influence of input factors. The results of the present investigation provide functional and vital information for prediction of GCV of any type of coal in USA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - A Robust Methodology for Prediction of DT Wireline Log
Sh. Maleki A. Moradzadeh R. Ghavami F. SadeghzadehDT log is one of the most frequently used wireline logs to determine compression wave velocity. This log is commonly used to gain insight into the elastic and petrophysical parameters of reservoir rocks. Acquisition of DT log is, however, a very expensive and time consu MoreDT log is one of the most frequently used wireline logs to determine compression wave velocity. This log is commonly used to gain insight into the elastic and petrophysical parameters of reservoir rocks. Acquisition of DT log is, however, a very expensive and time consuming task. Thus prediction of this log by any means can be a great help by decreasing the amount of money that needs to be allocated for acquisition. Support vector machine (SVM) is one of the best artificial intelligence techniques proven to be a reliable method in the prediction of various real world problems. The aim of this paper is to use SVM to predict the DT log data of a well located in the southern oilfields of Iran. By comparing the results of SVM with those obtained by a Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) we were able to verify the accuracy of SVM in the prediction of P-wave velocity. Hence, this method is recommended as a cost effective tool in the prediction of P- wave velocity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Preliminary Petrological Studies of Basement Rocks, Thar Coal Basin, Thar Parkar District, Sindh, Pakistan
Yasmin RizviThe basement rocks encountered in exploratory boreholes drilled for exploration and evaluation of coal deposits in Thar Parkar district, Sindh Pakistan have formed the basis for present studies. The basement complex was penetrated through eighteen boreholes at drill dep MoreThe basement rocks encountered in exploratory boreholes drilled for exploration and evaluation of coal deposits in Thar Parkar district, Sindh Pakistan have formed the basis for present studies. The basement complex was penetrated through eighteen boreholes at drill depth range from 112 to 279 meters. These rocks were identified in field as Pink and Grey Granites.. The basement rocks are of Igneous as well as metamorphic origin. The Igneous rocks identified petrographically are Alkali-feldspar Granite, Granodiorite, Rhyolite, Rhyodacite and Aplite while that of metamorphic origin is Plagioclase Hornblende Gneiss. These rocks are termed as Thar Granitoids. The chemical data plotted in various binary and ternary diagrams suggests that the Thar Granitoids are (1) in general peraluminous in nature (2) restricted to psuedoternary minimum at moderate water pressure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using cousinia eryngioides boiss and activated carbon
م.ت حامد موسویان I خزایی M علی آبادیAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto cousinia eryngioides boiss, activated carbon was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle s MoreAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto cousinia eryngioides boiss, activated carbon was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle size. Cr (VI) removal is pH dependent and found to be maximum at pH 2.0. The amounts of Cr (VI) adsorbed increased with increase in dose of both adsorbents and their contact time. A contact time of 30 min was found to be optimum. Experimental results show low cost biosorbent were effective for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies of agrowaste. Freundlich isotherm shows better fit than Langmuir and Temkin isotherm in the temperature range studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Normative calculation of mineral composition in Cr ores of the ophiolite complexes from SE Iran
Jamal TarrahSpecific elements (Cr, Al, Ca, and Si) and loss on ignition (LOI) were used for semi-quantitative determination of the normative mineralogical composition of naturally occurring chromium ores in ophiolite complexes. By far the occurring ore minerals are complex both fro MoreSpecific elements (Cr, Al, Ca, and Si) and loss on ignition (LOI) were used for semi-quantitative determination of the normative mineralogical composition of naturally occurring chromium ores in ophiolite complexes. By far the occurring ore minerals are complex both from the mineralogical and chemical viewpoints. The secondary minerals serpentine and Cr-containing chlorite (kaemmererite) form next to the spinel, the most abundant mineral in the ores. As a secondary formed mineral, Cr-containing garnet (uvarovite) is very rare. Among the primary minerals olivine occurs most often. Diopside plays a subordinate role. The amounts calculated for mineral associations of chromium ores occurring in south-eastern Iran are sufficiently accurate. The sum of calculated mineral contents varies from 83 to 108 wt. %. In the application of the normative procedure, Mg, Fe, Mn and Ni were not used for the calculation. Therefore, tests could be performed by comparing the measured Mg, Fe, Mn and Ni contents with the amounts of these elements deriving from normative calculation. The results are satisfactory, considering of the general problems of quantitative phase analysis of mineral associations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Gatan Mud Volcanoes, Oman Sea Coast in Southwestern Hormozgan, Iran
Mohammadsadegh Dehghanian Zahra Abedpour Seyed Mohammad MirhosseiniIran's mud volcanoes are clearly visible on the coastal plains of the Oman and Caspian Seas. There are 30 Gatan Mud Volcanoes located in the southeast of Iran: 15 of which are located between Jask and Minab in Hormozgan province, nine are between Chabahar and Jask Ports MoreIran's mud volcanoes are clearly visible on the coastal plains of the Oman and Caspian Seas. There are 30 Gatan Mud Volcanoes located in the southeast of Iran: 15 of which are located between Jask and Minab in Hormozgan province, nine are between Chabahar and Jask Ports, and another six are between Chabahar and the Iran-Pakistan border in Sistan and Balouchestan Province. After some studies and investigations, research was performed on some of the mud volcanoes in the western Jask city located in the west of lower Gatan village. Gatan is located in the eastern coast of Hormozgan Province between the counties of Jask and Minab and on the coastal region of Makran. Being located on the entrance of the Strait of Hormuz and due to marine currents, it has certain sedimentology circumstances. Formation of Gatan Mud Volcanoes is a result of rising muddy water along the faults and cracks in the crust to the earth's surface. Results of mineralogical studies indicate that clay and limestone samples contain fossils and abundant minerals include quartz, albite, illite, calcite and dolomite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - New Approach for Estimation of Natural and Anthropogenic Components in the Recent Tendencies of Erosion Intensity and Suspended Sediment Yield Changes in River Basins
A.V. GusarovThe offered approach is based on the establishment of the functional dependence between river water discharge (Q) and suspended ms ,in a number of observations, which noticeably differs from the mean value (R) of subsequent allocated period(s). The earliest period anthr MoreThe offered approach is based on the establishment of the functional dependence between river water discharge (Q) and suspended ms ,in a number of observations, which noticeably differs from the mean value (R) of subsequent allocated period(s). The earliest period anthropogenic component during the subsequent period(s) is the difference between an actual suspended sediment yield and its hypothetical value, which is connected only with changes of natural (mainly, hydro-climatical) factors without any anthropogenic changes of geographical (erosive) conditions in a river basin. This hydro-climatical component is calculated by extrapolation of an me for subsequent period(s). Approbation of the offered approach is made on the examples of some rivers (Zapadny Bug (Ukraine), Magdalena (Colombia), Bei-Nan (Taiwan, China), Sanchuanhe (China) and Indus (India, Pakistan, China). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Geochemical Investigation of Davarzan Surface Soils, West of Sabzevar, NE Iran
S.A. Mazhari A.R. Mazloumi Bajestani R. Sharifiyan AttarThe geochemical composition of surface soils and potential bedrocks in Davarzan area has been investigated to determine soil origin and evaluate environmental aspects. Davarzan plain is composed of soils and deposits derived by weathering and transportation of different MoreThe geochemical composition of surface soils and potential bedrocks in Davarzan area has been investigated to determine soil origin and evaluate environmental aspects. Davarzan plain is composed of soils and deposits derived by weathering and transportation of different bedrocks from northern mountains. The bedrocks consist of Eocene (andesitic to basaltic lavas and volcano-sedimentary rocks composed of alternating beds of marl, sandstone and tuffaceous lime stone) and ophiolitic (peridotites and serpentinites) units. Davarzan soils have high concentration of Mg (22000-28000 ppm), Cr (693-1353ppm), Co (31-51ppm) and Ni (486-1105 ppm) and low Al (28000-51000 ppm), K (3000-10000 ppm), Na (1700-7900 ppm), Ce (10-22 ppm), Li (9-16 ppm) and Zn (19-30 ppm). These characteristics are very similar to composition of serpentinite and peridotite rocks and completely different from other lithologies. It could be inferred that these rocks are the major parental materials for Davarzan soils. The strong correlation between major and trace elements of soil samples indicates identical geogenic origin for their production. Anthropological processes do not have significant effect on the soil composition so that all samples (include natural, agricultural and residential) show the same geochemical particulars. The content of Ni, Cr and Co is higher than maximal permissible concentration for environmental issues and could be regarded as potential risk in related topics Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Development of an Index of Aquifer Water Quality within GIS Environment
Hussain Musa Hussain H. Joshi D.C. Singhal S. Kumar M.S. RaoThe changes in human population often correspond with change in land use, including expansion of urban areas, agriculture and increasing industrialization, which necessitate increasing the available amount of drinking water. As the surface water sources are under the pr MoreThe changes in human population often correspond with change in land use, including expansion of urban areas, agriculture and increasing industrialization, which necessitate increasing the available amount of drinking water. As the surface water sources are under the pressure of pollution, it has become necessary to use groundwater at an increasing rate. Groundwater recharge can be abundant in the alluvial plains where the urban areas are often located. Such areas can face danger of pollution of groundwater and the changes in land use are likely to result in change in groundwater quality. Keeping these aspects in view, it was planned to development a groundwater water quality index in the Ganga-Yamuna interfluve area of northern India, The objective of the present study is to develop the Index of Aquifer Water Quality (IAWQ) inside the Geographic information system (GIS) environment, which can be used by the field investigators and modeler’s in assessing the groundwater vulnerability. The formula to estimate the IAWQ index is adopted from the procedure suggested Melloul and Collin (1998). The procedure developed for this involves weights assigned to these 8 parameters as per their analytical hierarchy in violating the (drinking water) standards and not as an arbitrary means (as taken by Melloul and Collin). The suggested procedure can be extending to include more number of chemical parameters as necessitate in individual case studies. In the modified procedure presented in the present study, the number of measured chemical parameters n is taken as 8 (Cd, Mn, Pb, Fe, NO3-, Total Alkalinity, TDS and Ca2+) as against n=2 (chloride and nitrate) as taken in the Melloul and Collin’s work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Tsunami Vulnerability Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Kollam District, Kerala, India
Ajin. R. S Mathew. K. Jacob Vinod. P. GTsunamis are caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a sea. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water have the pote MoreTsunamis are caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a sea. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water have the potential to generate a tsunami. The coastal areas of Kollam district, the present study area was seriously affected by the catastrophic Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004. The present study aims to demarcate tsunami vulnerable areas in Kollam district using Remote Sensingand GIS techniques. A multi criteria decision analysis was carried out using GIS techniques. The factors selected for this study were Land use/land cover, Slope, Elevation, Geomorphology and Distance from shore line. The thematic maps were prepared by using ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine software tools. Knowledge based weight assessment method was used to prepare the weightage maps. After weighting and ranking, the vulnerability map was prepared by combining these thematic layers by ArcGIS weighted overlay analysis. The prepared vulnerability map was classified into five zones, viz; safe, rather safe, moderate, rather vulnerable and vulnerable. The village boundary was overlaid on the vulnerability map in order to highlight the vulnerable villages. This study provides an interactive method to identify the tsunami affected areas after the disaster and mapping the tsunami vulnerable areas before the disaster, which will be helpful in managing future disasters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Soil Liquefaction Hazard Zonation Map for Kordkuy County, Golsetan Province Using Model SWM
Mahtab Forootan Esmaeil Silakhori Ehsan AlvandiLiquefaction is one of the most determinant factors in the collapse of transportation infrastructures. This is especially true for roads and railroads located on saturated, fine-sand substrates under seismic conditions. The damage and human casualties resulting from liq MoreLiquefaction is one of the most determinant factors in the collapse of transportation infrastructures. This is especially true for roads and railroads located on saturated, fine-sand substrates under seismic conditions. The damage and human casualties resulting from liquefaction highlight the importance of understanding and mapping this phenomenon. Soil liquefaction occurs as a natural hazard in saturated, loose sand due to increased pore pressure and low shear strength. The purpose of this study was to prepare a soil liquefaction hazard zonation map for Kordkuy County, located in Golsetan Province, using data collection, basic digital mapping (soil deposits map, ground water depth and earthquake acceleration map), three parametric Stanford Watershed Models (SWM) and ArcGIS software . An empirical liquefaction model as a function of the three studied variables was used to model liquefaction in four hazard classes using ArcGIS software. According to the results, most areas fall into the nonhazardous and moderately hazardous risk classes. A portion of the Eastern County was classified as highly hazardous due mostly to its close proximity to an earthquake focal point. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Gold Bearing Conglomerates in some Molasse Basins of Iran
Elkhan A. MamedovThis article lists a number of geological data on the conditions of formation of some major gold deposits in the conglomerates of the Earth\'s crust. We analyze the metallogenic, tectonic, stratigraphic and other factors controlling the formation of gold-bearing conglom MoreThis article lists a number of geological data on the conditions of formation of some major gold deposits in the conglomerates of the Earth\'s crust. We analyze the metallogenic, tectonic, stratigraphic and other factors controlling the formation of gold-bearing conglomerates in certain fields, such as the Witwatersrand (S. Africa) and Darwaz (Tajikistan). The following tectonic factors play the leading role in controlling the formation of deposits of gold-bearing conglomerates in the Earth\'s crust: Epochs of mountain building of different ages in folded belts; Epochs of mountain building in activation of consolidated gold ore provinces in the domed uplifts of ancient shields, median areas and in areas with complete folding; The role of lithogenesis of the molasse cycle, transgressions and angular unconformity in the formation of gold-bearing conglomerates in a large area; Synchroneity with mountain building in gold ore provinces of different, intermountain molasse and marginal basins of various ages; and imposed volcanic and terrigenic conglomeratic molasse basins in activated gold ore provinces Volcanic belts and deep faults. There are three industrial types of gold-bearing conglomerates: ancient Precambrian (indurated) sedimentary-metamorphosed placer, Phanerozoic cemented placer, and younger, weak, friable Pliocene-Pleistocene placers. We give some details about the methods for their exploration and financial costs for the development of selected industrial types of gold-bearing conglomerates. In this article, it is noted that during the Sassanian and the Mongolian Empire a certain amount of native gold was extracted from the Late Alpine molasse conglomerates which formed during the activation of gold ore area of the major Iranian middle massif. By analogy with the geological conditions of formation of deposits of gold-bearing conglomerates in the Earth\'s crust, the geological search criteria for deposits of gold-bearing conglomerates in some orogenic and widespread activated imposed conglomeratic molasse basins of Iran are given. A number of promising molasse conglomeratic basins are indicated: Mashhad intermountain deflection, as well as a number of superimposed molasse basins in the active superimposed volcano- plutonic belt of Iran, in particular Lut Block, middle massif, Tabriz , Ahar , and other superimposed molasse basins in the large Sabalan ring structure. In conclusion, we propose the development of selected areas and the establishment of new major resources of the gold - placer industry of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Calcareous nannofossils from chalky limestone intervals of the Abderaz formation in the Kopet Dagh range, NE Iran
Somayeh Sanjary Fatemeh Hadavi Marziyeh Notghi Moghaddam Mohsen AllamehA biostratigraphic study based on calcareous nannofossils was performed on the chalky limestone from the Abderaz Formation in the Mozduran section (Kopet Dagh basin, NE Iran). Semiquantitative estimates of total nannofossil and single species abundances showed that calc MoreA biostratigraphic study based on calcareous nannofossils was performed on the chalky limestone from the Abderaz Formation in the Mozduran section (Kopet Dagh basin, NE Iran). Semiquantitative estimates of total nannofossil and single species abundances showed that calcareous nannofossil assemblages are common and their preservation is good. In this study 37 species have been identified in chalky limestone beds. The following biohorizons were identified: the first occurrence (FO) of Broinsonia parca parca; the last occurrence (LO) of Marthasterites furcatus; the FO of Ceratolithoides aculeus; and the FO of Uniplanarius sissinghii. Based on nannofossil assemblages' four biozones were determined in this section which is the time equivalent of UC14 to UC15cTP of (Burnett 1998), and CC18 to CC21 of (Roth et al. 1986). According to present biozones, early Campanian to early late Campanian ages are suggested. Calcareous nannofossils allow the detailed reconstruction of paleoecological trends in the chalky limestone beds. The chalky limestone of the Abderaz Formation was deposited in a shallow-marine environment, at relatively low latitude with low primary productivity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Structural overview of the Halab-Gheydar area, southwest of Zanjan, NW Iran
Rasoul Esmaeili Ali Faghih Mahnaz Rezaian Mohammad EbrahimiUnderstanding the folding style of a fold-thrust belt is crucial to understand the nature and structural history of structures that may trap natural resources within the belt. In this research, the geometry and mechanism of a number of fault-related folds has been inves MoreUnderstanding the folding style of a fold-thrust belt is crucial to understand the nature and structural history of structures that may trap natural resources within the belt. In this research, the geometry and mechanism of a number of fault-related folds has been investigated based on field data and satellite image interpretations. The main study areas are: the Sohrevard and Ushtaniyan anticlines, Bahman and Halab synclines, and Gharahdagh, Halab, and Gheydar thrust faults, which have a NW-SE direction. These thrust faults control the morphology and structural framework of the Halab-Gheydar area. Geomorphic features of the folds suggest that they are fault-related folds. The structural style of the faults and associated folds indicate that these faults were reactivated during the Alborz deformation event. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The Geotourism Potential Investigations in Kashmar Area, Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, NE Iran
Morteza Taherpour Khalil Abad Mohammad Ibrahim Fazel Valipour Habib Allah Torshizian Vida Taherpour Khalil Abad Shushanik AsmaryanThe remains of the natural and human activities in some parts of the earth register as geopark. Actually, geopark is one or more geological phenomenon which is important from ecology, history, culture and archeological view. The aim of the geotourism description in an a MoreThe remains of the natural and human activities in some parts of the earth register as geopark. Actually, geopark is one or more geological phenomenon which is important from ecology, history, culture and archeological view. The aim of the geotourism description in an area and creating a geopark is trying to keep the earth\'s inheritance and locality the economic of the area. Iran with an old history, diversity of the environment and a lot of geological phenomenon has a great potential in creating geoparks. From this point of view, we can divide it into the five geotourism areas which are as follows: North, South, East, West and Central part of Iran. The Kashmar township is an area which is located in the south part of the Khorasan-e-Razavi province in the Northeast of Iran. This area because of the nearness into the desert, is hot and dry. The area is rich of mines, hot-water springs and geological landscapes. In this research, we tried to introduce some examples of the geotourism features in the study area such as faults, mines, hot-water springs, Bejestan playa, Asyab-e-Khooshab valley, Kavir-e-Lut salt desert, Bijvard entrance, Sar-e-Borj waterfall, Sir and Ahoo Bam caves and Natural glacier. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Microbiostratigraphy of the Qom Formation in south and west of Tafresh, Central Iran
I. Maghfouri Moghadam S. Borji E. Amini S. Azadbakht M. Taherpour Khalil AbadThe Qom Formation, a series of shales, sandstones and carbonate deposits, is the last transgression of the sea in Central Iran sedimentary basin. Foraminifera are one of the most important and numerous fossil groups present in the Qom Formation. In this study, the micro MoreThe Qom Formation, a series of shales, sandstones and carbonate deposits, is the last transgression of the sea in Central Iran sedimentary basin. Foraminifera are one of the most important and numerous fossil groups present in the Qom Formation. In this study, the micropaleontology of the Qom Formation in three measured stratigraphic sections in south and west of Tafresh (Rakin, Band-e-Ali Naghi Beig and Hezar Abad) are discussed. Except of the Rakin stratigraphic section, the lower and upper boundaries of the Qom Formation with Lower and Upper Red formations are conformable from the stratigraphy point of view. But, there is no outcrop in the upper boundary of the Rakin stratigraphic section. The study of 78 samples which were taken from the studied sections led to the identification of 34 genera and 39 species of benthonic foraminifera, 2 genera and 2 species of planktonic foraminifera, 4 genera of red algae and 3 genera of bryozoan. Based on the recognized foraminifera such as Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina), Miogypsioides sp., Meandropsina anahensis, Ammonia beccarii the age of the Qom Formation in the Rakin stratigraphic section is determined as Chatian-Aquitanian and in the Band-e-Ali Naghi Beig stratigraphic section as well as the Hezar Abad stratigraphic section is determined as Aquitanian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Cretaceous rocks based on calcareous nannofossil in Sarayan section, East Iran
Fatemeh Hadavi Marziyeh Notghi Moghaddam Lida KhodadadiCalcareous nannofossil assemblages recovered from a long, continuous section have been described from the Sarayan region in Lut Block in east Iran. The marine Upper Cretaceous sediments of this section yield medium diverse and well-preserved calcareous nannofossil assem MoreCalcareous nannofossil assemblages recovered from a long, continuous section have been described from the Sarayan region in Lut Block in east Iran. The marine Upper Cretaceous sediments of this section yield medium diverse and well-preserved calcareous nannofossil assemblages. A structural analysis of Upper Cretaceous calcareous nannofloras has revealed 30 nannofossil species. A revised zonation for the Cretaceous is used to subdivide the Cretaceous deposits in this section into five zones (CC21-CC25). Finally, the paleoecological applications of Upper Cretaceous nannofossils are considered in this section. Surface water temperature, productivity, and fertility are believed to have been the principal factors controlling species distribution. Warm water indicators such as Uniplanarius sissinghii, Uniplanarius trifidus, and Micula murus suggest warm surface water conditions in the studied thickness. In the Sarayan section, based on Lithraphidites carniolensis and Watznaueria barnesae, lower fertility conditions with low productivity at the Campanian to Maastrichtian were suggested for this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Geochemical Evaluation of Drinking Water in Arak City, Iran
Feridon Ghadimi Mohammad GhomiThis paper presents results of an assessment of dominant hydro-geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemical composition, using an integrated application of cluster analysis and factor analysis. The area is located in south of saline playa and in Arak city. Clu MoreThis paper presents results of an assessment of dominant hydro-geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemical composition, using an integrated application of cluster analysis and factor analysis. The area is located in south of saline playa and in Arak city. Cluster analysis classified samples into two main clusters according to their dominant chemical composition: cluster A (dominant composition: Ca, Cl and SO4) and cluster B (dominant composition: Ca–HCO3). These clusters were in turn described by factor analysis. Results of factor analysis and geochemical interpretation suggest that spatial variation of groundwater quality in the area is influenced by different processes: Analyses revealed three major sources of variation in groundwater composition: carbonat and silicate mineral weathering, saltwater intrusion and anthropogenic contamination. Factor 1 shows processes of dissolution of C and SO4 evaporative salts (for samples close to Arak playa). Factor 2 exhibits strong positive correlation in Zn and Cu and show anthropogenic or industrial sources. Factor 3 exhibits HCO3 and NO3 and is resulted from weathering of carbonate and silicat minerals by percolating water and disposal of domestic wastes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Object-Oriented Method for Automatic Extraction of Road from High Resolution Satellite Images
I. Ali Rizvi B. Krishna MohanAs the information carried in a high spatial resolution image is not represented by single pixels but by meaningful image objects, which include the association of multiple pixels and their mutual relations, the object based method has become one of the most commonly us MoreAs the information carried in a high spatial resolution image is not represented by single pixels but by meaningful image objects, which include the association of multiple pixels and their mutual relations, the object based method has become one of the most commonly used strategies for the processing of high resolution imagery. This processing comprises two fundamental and critical steps towards content analysis and image understanding i.e. image segmentation and classification. This paper proposes a robust object based segmentation algorithm using multi-resolution analysis technique and object based supervised image classification using modified cloud basis functions (CBFs) neural network algorithm to identify road features from high resolution satellite remotely sensed images . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Pierced salt domes in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros mountain ranges in southern Iran and their relationship to hydrocarbon and basement tectonics
J. Rahnama-Rad G. Farhoudi H. Ghorbani Sh. Habibi Mood R. DerakhshaniThe most enigmatic problems with the nearly 200 salt domes pierced in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges (ZMR) in southern Iran, a unique morphology in the world, have been the matter of this study, which is based on a combination of field work, enhancem MoreThe most enigmatic problems with the nearly 200 salt domes pierced in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges (ZMR) in southern Iran, a unique morphology in the world, have been the matter of this study, which is based on a combination of field work, enhancement of satellite and aerial photographs etc. In the ZMR, structural anomalies are frequently associated with similar facies distribution patterns. In the eastern portion of the region, emergent salt plugs of Infra-Cambrian age exhibit the same alignment patterns. Such trends bear no apparent genetic relationship to the Tertiary folding responsible for the present Zagros fold belt, but rather indicate their affinity with linear basement features which are readily observable on Land sat imagery and aerial photographs. Bending of anticlines in the competent cover rock, combined with minor strike-slip faults and horizontal displacements of parts of folded structures, strongly point to the presence of these basement faults. The salt plugs, which have pierced cover rocks of up to 10000 m thick, are distributed on the Arabian Platform along regional basement faults. The area of diapir outcrops is bounded by the Oman Line to the east and by the Kazerun fault to the west. Pieces of the basement have been brought up to the surface on some of the salt domes. The fragments were transported by rotational ascent of the Hormuz Salt Formation to the present and former land surfaces. The recognition of features related to basement tectonics and realization of their implication in the control and modification of geological processes are important adjuncts to the search for hydrocarbon accumulations in this region. To our best knowledge, data of basement faults in the study area are scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine basement faults and their relation to salt dome distribution. Considering the fold axes bending, the trend of the salt plugs and also the distribution of epicenters of the last century, numerous new basement faults are introduced in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Fluvial Facies and Provenance of the Early Permian Warchha Sandstone Salt Range, Pakistan
Shahid Ghazi Nigel P. MountneyDeposits of the Warchha Sandstone in the Salt Range, Pakistan are characterised by a range of fluvial facies and architectural elements that together preserve a record of both the proximal and distal parts of a meandering river system that drained the northern margin of MoreDeposits of the Warchha Sandstone in the Salt Range, Pakistan are characterised by a range of fluvial facies and architectural elements that together preserve a record of both the proximal and distal parts of a meandering river system that drained the northern margin of Gondwanaland. Several fining-upward cycles are recognised and completely preserved cycles can be divided in to three parts; a lower part composed of an erosive base with gravel- and coarse sand-grade trough cross-bedded facies, a middle part composed of planar cross-bedded, ripple cross-laminated and horizontally laminated sandstone facies, and an upper part composed predominantly of horizontally laminated and massive mudstone facies. Nine architectural elements are recognised within these cycles and these record the presence of channels, downstream and laterally accreting barforms, laminated sand sheets, crevasse splays, levees, over-bank floodplain units and shallow lakes. A broad range of sedimentary structures is recognised, including different forms of bedding, cross bedding, ripple marks and stratification, channels, flute casts, load casts, desiccation cracks, rain prints, conein- cone structures, a variety of concretions and bioturbation. The occurrence and abundance of these structures varies in a systematic manner throughout the vertical thickness of the succession. Cross bedding is the most prominent and consistent sedimentary structure, including various trough and planar varieties. The clasts are mainly of plutonic and low-grade metamorphic origin, with an additional minor sedimentary component. Textural properties of the sandstone are fine- to coarse-grained, poorly to moderately sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded and with generally loose packing. Based on modal analyses, the sandstone is dominantly a sub-arkose to arkose. Detrital constituents of this formation are mainly composed of monocrystalline quartz, feldspars (more K-feldspar than plagioclase) and various types of lithic clasts. XRD and SEM studies indicate that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral. Detailed palaeocurrent analysis reveals a broad unimodal palaeocurrent pattern within each cycle but significant changes in local migration direction between each vertically stacked cycle, supporting the notion of a high-sinuosity system with an overall dominant flow direction to the north-northwest. Petrographic analysis indicates the provenance of the Warchha Sandstone to have been the Aravalli Range to the southeast and the Malani Range to the south of the Salt Range, suggesting northward transport across a broad alluvial plain towards the margin of the Tethys Ocean in the north. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Kinematics of Transpressional Deformation Zones in the Urmia Fault Zone, Northwest Iran
Hassan Haji HosseinlouMetamorphic and various intrusive rocks in the Urmia area are located in a transpressed active continental margin. These complexes in the Zagros orogen were deformed during an oblique convergence scenario between the Arabian and Sanandaj–Sirjan blocks in NW Iran. MoreMetamorphic and various intrusive rocks in the Urmia area are located in a transpressed active continental margin. These complexes in the Zagros orogen were deformed during an oblique convergence scenario between the Arabian and Sanandaj–Sirjan blocks in NW Iran. The Urmia area contains both NW-SE striking dextral strike-slip and SW verging NE dipping ductile reverse shear fabrics. Ductile shear fabrics are overprinted by subsequent younger thrust and strike-slip fault systems. Abundant syn-tectonic granitoides have been intruded into the Urmia area during convergent. Shear deformation fabrics are well identified in both deformed intrusive and metamorphic rocks. The geometry and kinematics of shear fabrics indicate a deformation partitioning in both ductile and brittle conditions during a progressive transpression tectonic regime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Apatite Application to Investigate Magmatic Evolution of Zouzan Granites, NE Lut Block
S.A. Mazhari R. Sharifiyan AttarApatite minerals of I-type Zouzan granitoids and typical garnet-bearing S-type granites have been analyzed by electron microprobe to define trace element concentrations and compare them in different granites. Zouzan granites are composed of apatites with lower Fe, Mn, N MoreApatite minerals of I-type Zouzan granitoids and typical garnet-bearing S-type granites have been analyzed by electron microprobe to define trace element concentrations and compare them in different granites. Zouzan granites are composed of apatites with lower Fe, Mn, Na and HREE and higher REE and ∑REE relative to S-type ones. Trace elements abundances of apatite often vary with some parameters of the host rock, especially aluminum saturation index (ASI). Strontium content of apatite is very sensitive to whole-rock composition and binary diagrams of SrO- trace elements could be used to discriminate different granites and realize magmatic evolution in a single phase. The apatite concentration of Fe, Mn, Na and HREE increases during magmatic fractionation in Zouzan pluton, while Sr and REE decreases. The difference of REE concentrations in apatites of mafic and felsic rocks of Zouzan granitoids relates to the coeval or earlier crystallization of amphibole and titanite, respectively. Acicular apatites which are present in granodiorites and mafic microgranular enclaves show exceptionally dissimilar composition in comparison with other apatites in the same sample and host rock geochemistry. Extraordinary high levels of Fe, Mn, LREE, (Sr apatite /Sr bulk-rock )>1 and unusual low HREE indicate that a more mafic magma was involved in magma genesis of Zouzan pluton and confirms magma mixing Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - CO2-H2O, Highly Saline and Carbonic Fluids from the Mesozoic Mashhad Granitoids, NE Iran
C. Srikantappa M. R. Kalantari M. N. MalathiThe Mesozoic Mashhad granitoid plutons have intruded into ophiolite complexes, meta-sediments and pyroclastics in the Binalood region, located SW of Mashad city in the NE part of Iran. Based on petrography and geochemistry, the Mashhad granitoids have been classified in MoreThe Mesozoic Mashhad granitoid plutons have intruded into ophiolite complexes, meta-sediments and pyroclastics in the Binalood region, located SW of Mashad city in the NE part of Iran. Based on petrography and geochemistry, the Mashhad granitoids have been classified into 1) grey granite, 2) pink granite, 3) muscovite granite, 4) granodiorite and 5) pegmatite and quartz veins. Granitoids show typical igneous micro-textures with the mineral assemblage of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, muscovie, amphiboles, clinopyroxene and garnet. Based on two-feldspar thermometry and hornblende-plagioclase thermometry / barometry, igneous temperatures of 750 to 770oC and pressures of 4.6 to 5.5 kbars for the emplacement of granitoids have been estimated. The granitoids of Mashhad area have been classified as moderately peraluminous, S to I type granitoids of sub-alkaline to calcic type. Fluid inclusion study on Mashhad granitoids shows the presence of Isolated Fluid Inclusions (IFI) as well as Trail Bound Inclusions (TBI). Four types of fluid inclusions viz., Type I CO2-H2O inclusions, Type II Low salinity aqueous inclusions, Type III, high salinity inclusions and Type IV Carbonic inclusions have been recorded in Mashhad granitoids. Fluid inclusions occur as rounded, oval and negative crystal shape varying in size from 5 to 16 μm. CO2-H2O fluids are the most common fluids in Mashhad granitoids. CO2 in CO2-H2O inclusions varies from 20 to 80 percent. Minor bi-phase, low salinity aqueous inclusions occur. Presence of Type III, Halite bearing fluids are found mainly in quartz veins in granodiorite. Type IV, carbonic fluids occur along late fractures which cross-cut the early Type I, CO2-H2O fluids. CO2 in CO2-H2O inclusions shows Tm around -56.8 oC, indicating almost pure carbonic inclusions. TmClath vary from 4 to 8oC. Th of CO2 in liquid phase ranges from - 9 to 22o C with densities of 0.92 to 0.68 g/cc and the total homogenization of CO2-H2O ranges from 205 to 320oC, indicating XCO2 valuesof 0.75 to 0.20 mole fraction. The bi-phase fluid inclusions show low salinity values of 4 to 8 wt. % NaCl equivalent to 1.03 to 0.96 g/cc. Type-IV, late carbonic inclusions show Th ranging from 20 to 25°C with densities from 0.82 to 0.78 g/cc. Tye III, halite bearing fluids show temperatures of melting from 315 to 335oC with salinity values of 38 to 40 wt. % NaCl equivalent. The density data of fluids in Mashhad granitoids indicates entrapment temperatures of 590 to 650oC at pressures of 4.1 to 5.2 Kbar. This data nearly coincides with the mineral P-T estimates. There are strong evidences of “fluid-present” partial melting process during the formation of S-type and I-type granitoids in Mashhad area. The low density carbonic fluids are chronologicaly late fluids trapped in granitoids, formed due to the peferential leakage of water from the early CO2-H2O inclusions. Fluid leakage is related to ductile shear deformation along thrust zones in Mashhad granitoids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - The Petrology and Geochemistry of Granitoid Rocks of Troud Area in South-West of Shahrood
Elham Shah Hosseini Afshin Ashja Ardalan Mohammad Hashem Emami Mohammad Hossein RazaviThe area of study is located 120 Km north-east of Shahrood city. In terms of structure and geological classification, this area is located in the northern part of central Iran zone. Granitoids of Troud ranging from monzonite to granite. The main minerals of granitoids a MoreThe area of study is located 120 Km north-east of Shahrood city. In terms of structure and geological classification, this area is located in the northern part of central Iran zone. Granitoids of Troud ranging from monzonite to granite. The main minerals of granitoids are quartz, plagioclase, and orthose. The accessory minerals are biotite, hornblende, sphene, and opaque minerals. Various textures of granular, graphic and prethite are observed in these rocks. Based on various diagrams of major and trace elements, this rock is I-type arc calk-alkaline, Meta to para-aluminous with continental origin form at subduction zone. All these characteristics, combined with low Al2O3/(FeO + MgO + TiO2) and (Na2O +K2O)/(FeO + MgO + TiO2) ratios and high Mg# values, suggest an origin through dehydration melting of alkaline mafic of lower crustal source rocks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Delineation of enriched zones of Mo, Cu and Re by concentration-volume fractal model in Nowchun Mo-Cu porphyry deposit, SE Iran
Lili Daneshvar SaeinThe purpose of this study is to identify the enriched zones of Cu, Mo and Re in Nowchun Mo-Cu porphyry deposit (SE Iran) based on subsurface data and using of concentration–volume (C–V) fractal model. The C-V model illustrates four and five geochemical zones MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the enriched zones of Cu, Mo and Re in Nowchun Mo-Cu porphyry deposit (SE Iran) based on subsurface data and using of concentration–volume (C–V) fractal model. The C-V model illustrates four and five geochemical zones based on Mo and Cu distributions respectively and there are three geochemical populations for Re. The main mineralization for Mo, Cu and Re commence from251 ppm, 0.2% and 2238 ppb respectively, based on the C-V fractal modelling. However, elemental enriched zones contain Mo ≥ 501 ppm, Cu ≥ 0.4% and Re ≥ 4466 ppb. Based on a correlation between results derived via the C-V and geological models, the supergene enrichment zone with Cu≥ 0.4% occurs in very small area of NE part of the Nowchun deposit within chalcocite accumulation. The enriched zones for Mo and Re derived via the C-V model are located in the NE, central and SW parts of the deposit. Mo and Re enriched zones correlate with molybdenite in the deposit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Oligocene-Miocene Microfacies Study of Asmari Formation(NW - SE of Shiraz, Iran)
Mohammad Sadegh Dehghanian Borzu Asgari Pirbalouti Hamidreza MasoumiIn this research, totally 610.4 meters of the Asmari Formation are studied in two stratigraphic sections on Bavan Mountain an Sarvestan section in Fars province, Iran. The indexed microfacies are carefully determined through studying of 230 thin sections.This research s MoreIn this research, totally 610.4 meters of the Asmari Formation are studied in two stratigraphic sections on Bavan Mountain an Sarvestan section in Fars province, Iran. The indexed microfacies are carefully determined through studying of 230 thin sections.This research shows that the indexed microfacies are mudstone, wackestone, packstone, prainstone and the amount of microfacies elements such as bioclasts, pellets, extraclasts and intraclasts. They are varied in different parts of the studied sections and the total amount of bioclasts in the section is more than other elements. The abundance of benthic bioclasts represents the regression of the basin from the open sea into the sub tidal and intertidal zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Paleoecology of Early to Middle Miocene Deposits (Guri Member) and Sedimentary Environment, SE Zagros Zone, Roydar, Iran
Roya Fanati Rashidi Seyed Hamid Vaziri Keyvan Khaksar Hossein GholamalianThis research focusses on the facies distribution, paleoenvironment and paleoecology of the foraminifera of the Guri Member in the northern Bandar Abbas Hinterland located in the Roydar area of southern Iran. The Guri Member is 570 meters thick and composed of limestone MoreThis research focusses on the facies distribution, paleoenvironment and paleoecology of the foraminifera of the Guri Member in the northern Bandar Abbas Hinterland located in the Roydar area of southern Iran. The Guri Member is 570 meters thick and composed of limestone, argillaceous limestone and marl. The distribution of the foraminifera in the study area indicates the existence of three biozones ranging from early to middle Miocene in age. Based on petrographical studies, depositional textures and fauna, eight microfacies were identified. The paleoecology, lithology and environmental interpretations were characterized by an open marine environment with an upward, gradually shallowing trend. Additionally, three distinct depositional settings were identified: tidal flat, inner ramp and middle ramp. Microfacies (MF) 1, representing a distal middle ramp setting, was characterized by the occurrence of hyaline, benthic and planktonic foraminifera. MF2 and MF3 were characterized by the occurrence of Miogypsina, Elphidium and red algae. They represent a deeper low energy in the wave base of a middle ramp setting. MF4 was characterized by an abundance of rotaliids and red algae representing a proximal middle ramp environment. MF5 and MF6 were identified by the occurrence of large and small porcelaneous benthic foraminifera representing a shallow-water inner ramp setting. MF7 and MF8 were characterized by the occurrence of gastropods and bivalves in a shallow-water setting of tidal flats influenced by both wave and tidal processes. Palaeolatitudinal reconstructions based on skeletal grains suggest that the Guri Member existed in tropical waters within a carbonate ramp. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Geochemical evolution and petrogenesis of the eocene Kashmar granitoid rocks, NE Iran: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes
Rahim Dabiri Mohsen Akbari-Mogaddam Mitra GhaffariKashmar granitoids of Taknar zone, in north part of Lut block, intruded into volcanic rocks and consist of granites, granodiorites, monzodiorite and gabbrodiorites. They are composed of mainly plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, quartz, amphibole, biotite and pyroxene mineral MoreKashmar granitoids of Taknar zone, in north part of Lut block, intruded into volcanic rocks and consist of granites, granodiorites, monzodiorite and gabbrodiorites. They are composed of mainly plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, quartz, amphibole, biotite and pyroxene minerals. Harker diagram variation, including negative correlations CaO, MgO, FeO, TiO2 and V and positive correlations K2O, Rb, Ba, and Th, with increasing SiO2 and chondrite-normalized REE patterns, suggest that fractional crystallization of gabbrodioritic rocks could have played a significant role in the formation of granites. Their chondrite-normalized REE patterns are characterized by LREE enrichment and show slight negative Eu anomalies. Chondrite-normalized REE modelling indicates that the magma of Kashmar gabbrodiorites were generated with 3–5% of partial melting of a a spinel-lherzolite source. Melting of parental magma located at ~53 km. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Sedimentary structures and depositional environment of the Ashin Formation in Nakhlak area, Central Iran
S. H. VaziriMiddle to Upper Triassic (Upper Ladinian to Lower Carnian) deep-sea sedimentary rocks crop out across a large area west of Nakhlak village, Central Iran and have been named Ashin Formation. The up to 304m thick, turbiditic, siliciclastic Ashin Formation consists of alte MoreMiddle to Upper Triassic (Upper Ladinian to Lower Carnian) deep-sea sedimentary rocks crop out across a large area west of Nakhlak village, Central Iran and have been named Ashin Formation. The up to 304m thick, turbiditic, siliciclastic Ashin Formation consists of alternating turbiditic, thin- and medium-bedded calcareous sandstones, purple, fine-grained volcaniclastic sandstones, and mostly green and violet, very thin-bedded volcaniclastic shales that can be subdivided into three members. Ammonoids collected from members 1 and 3 of the Ashin Formation indicate a Late Ladinian to Early Carnian age for the formation. These alternations fine upwards and exhibit sedimentary structures such as graded bedding, parallel lamination (with parting lineation) convolute bedding, small-scale cross-bedding, load casts, groove casts, prod casts, flute casts, bounce casts, chevron casts, brush casts and chips and protraction traces indicating A to E parts of the Bouma cycle. Septarian nodules occur repeatedly. The lower surfaces of sandstones contain abundant trace fossils belong to the deep-sea Nereites ichnofacies. Numerous signs of strong current activity such as groove casts, flute casts and prod marks associated with trace fossils such as Paleodictyon, Protopaleodictyon, Megagrapton and Lorenzinia indicate that the Ashin Formation represents a deep marine environment. The field and petrographic studies show that the Ashin Formation was deposited in distal parts of submarine fans, on the abyssal plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Razei region in Northwest Ardabil, Iran
Yousef VasighThe Razei region in the northwest of Ardabil is considered a part of West Alborz-Azerbaijan. Rocks in this area were created by Eocene volcanic activities. These rocks range from andesite to olivine basalt. The common texture of these rocks is Porphyritic with microlith MoreThe Razei region in the northwest of Ardabil is considered a part of West Alborz-Azerbaijan. Rocks in this area were created by Eocene volcanic activities. These rocks range from andesite to olivine basalt. The common texture of these rocks is Porphyritic with microlithic matrix. The phenocrysts of these rocks are often clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine. The texture is made of microlithic plagioclase and fine crystals of pyroxene. The studied rocks have clear desire to alkali basalts in terms of chemical nomenclature. Disequilibrium factors between liquid and crystal show the processes of magmatic evolution in an open thermodynamic system. The mixed climate in this region has probably contributed the most to changing the chemical composition of these rocks. In the spider diagrams, enrichments often include some LIL elements and depletions usually include some HFS elements. Enrichment of LILE is probably accompanied with the contamination of the basic magma with materials from continental lithosphere. The volcanic rocks in Razei have mainly geochemical characteristics of back arc basin, and the magmas that created the rocks in this region have an origin of lithospheric mantle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - LITHOTHEQUE knowledge system about world-s mineral deposits supported by miniaturized sample sets: call for international adoption, networking and exchange
Our civilization is based on metals, among other life supports. The existing ore deposits are becoming rapidly depleted by almost exponentially increasing demand and production and major new ore discoveries are needed. Mineral exploration is supported by modern tools an MoreOur civilization is based on metals, among other life supports. The existing ore deposits are becoming rapidly depleted by almost exponentially increasing demand and production and major new ore discoveries are needed. Mineral exploration is supported by modern tools and scientific ideas, but geological characteristics of orebodies and their rock associations have still to be visualized.The time-tested exploration search for (near)-analogs of important model deposits is still the basic approach and it will be around for a long time, even as the future ores will be found under increasingly thick cover. The skills of visual recognition of geological features indicative of ore presence can best be gained in the field, but the second best experience comes from examination and study of the real geological materials assembled in systematically organized geological sample sets. The Lithotheque knowledge system of recording and interpreting mineral deposits is based on sets of miniaturized rock/ore samples permanently attached to rigid plates and stored like books for instant access. It has been designed to bridge the gap between written text or a lecture and a field visit with minimum demand on space and servicing. The sample images and supplementary materials are transmitted via internet. The existing Data Metallogenica and Lithotheque systems, now based in Australia, could be adopted internationally and established in a number of regional centers contributing local knowledge to global metallogeny and exchanging material. This would enhance the practical component of mineral resources education and ore finding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Primary analysis for enhancing the iron oxide and alteration minerals, using ETM+ data: a case study of Kuh-e-Zar gold deposit, NE Iran
S. Saadat M. GhoorchiDifferent types of iron oxides deposits have been identified along the Khaf – Dorouneh volcanic and plutonic belt in north east of Iran. Kuh-e-Zar is one of these ore deposits known as Fe- oxide gold deposit. The main purpose of this paper is to detect and discrim MoreDifferent types of iron oxides deposits have been identified along the Khaf – Dorouneh volcanic and plutonic belt in north east of Iran. Kuh-e-Zar is one of these ore deposits known as Fe- oxide gold deposit. The main purpose of this paper is to detect and discriminate the iron oxide minerals in this area based on the ETM+ data. Data processing has been done by ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) software. Color Composites, Band Ratios, Principal Components (PC) analysis were used to delineate the associated zones of hydrothermal alteration and iron oxide minerals. Based on both field observations and the results of this satellite data processing, the area covered by secondary iron oxide (hematite, goethite and limonite mainly in soil) was enhanced very good, but the primary iron oxides (specularite) which are very fine grain and have a linear structure (mainly in mineralized veins) are not very clear in detail in these images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - The Microbiostratigraphy and Depositional History of the Turonian–Santonian Surgah Formation at the Northern Flank of the Kuh-e Sepid Anticline, Lorestan Basin
Iraj Maghfouri MoghaddamIn this research, the microbiostratigraphy and depositional environmental implications related to the Surgah Formation at the northern flank of the Kuh-e Sepid anticline in the Lorestan Basin are discussed. A study of small planktonic foraminifera from the 101-m-thick S MoreIn this research, the microbiostratigraphy and depositional environmental implications related to the Surgah Formation at the northern flank of the Kuh-e Sepid anticline in the Lorestan Basin are discussed. A study of small planktonic foraminifera from the 101-m-thick Surgah Formation led to the identification of three Turonian–Santonian biozones: (1) Helvetoglobotruncana helvitica, (2) Marginotruncana sigali, and (3) Dicarinella concavata. The age of the Surgah Formation in the study area is determined as Turonian–Santonian. The Surgah Formation overlies the Sarvak Formation and underlies the Ilam Formation in the studied stratigraphic section. Based on an analysis of pelagic foraminiferal assemblages and microfacies features, seven different microfacies have been recognized. These can be grouped into three depositional environments: the inner, middle, and outer ramps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Microbiostratigraphy of Middle Eocene ShahbazanFormation at the southeastern flank of Chenar Anticline,Lurestan Basin, Sw Iran
I. Maghfouri Moghadam M. Taherpour Khalil AbadIn this research, biostratigraphy related to the carbonate succession of the Shahbazan Formation at the southeastern flank of Chenar anticline, Lurestan Basin, is discussed. A study of large benthic foraminifera from the 294 mthick Shahbazan Formation led to the identif MoreIn this research, biostratigraphy related to the carbonate succession of the Shahbazan Formation at the southeastern flank of Chenar anticline, Lurestan Basin, is discussed. A study of large benthic foraminifera from the 294 mthick Shahbazan Formation led to the identification of two Middle Eocene biozones: Somalina sp. Zone, Nummulites-Alveolina Assemblage Zone. The age of the Shahbazan Formation in the study area is determined as Middle Eocene. The Shahbazn Formation overlies the Pabdeh Formation and underlies Asmari Formation in the studied stratigraphic section. The lower part of Asmari Formation is characterized by thick – bedded of limestone, with Nerpherolepidina sp., which reflects deposition during Chattian age. In this study, we introduced a paraconformity between Shabazan and Asmari Formations which is attributed to the PriabonianChattian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Tectonic Setting of Metabasites of the Neo-Tethyan Oceanic Remains in Sanandaj-Sirjan Structural Zone West of Isfahan, Central Iran
Ali-Khan Nasr-EsfahaniThe study area is located in the western portion of Isfahan, in Shahrekord-Dehsard Terrene. This area is part of the Sanandaj- Sirjan structural Zone. In this area, metamorphosed igneous outcrops contain greenschist and metabasite rocks. These rocks have metamorphed int MoreThe study area is located in the western portion of Isfahan, in Shahrekord-Dehsard Terrene. This area is part of the Sanandaj- Sirjan structural Zone. In this area, metamorphosed igneous outcrops contain greenschist and metabasite rocks. These rocks have metamorphed into greenschist facies and belong to the Triassic-Jurassic age. The etabasite is mainly composed of plagioclase, amphibole, epidote and chlorite. Geochemical data shows that the parent rocks are of basalt to andesitic basalt composition with sub alkaline and tholeiitic trends. In the REE and trace elements spider diagrams, these are similar to MORB and adapted with E-MORB. These results indicate a metabasite enerated back arc basin volcanic subduction environment. The Metabasite in Sahrekord - Dehsard terrene shows remnants of a Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere with a back arc basin environment that was subducted and uplifted to the surface. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Biostratigraphic Correlation of Elikah Formation in Zal Section (Northwestern Iran) with Ruteh and Type Sections in Alborz Mountains Based on Conodonts
Nazanin BadriKolalo Bahaeddin Hamidi Seyed Hamid Vaziri Seyed Ali AghanabatiConodonts are the most important fossil remains from the largest Phanerozoic extinction as well as the mass extinction of the late Paleozoic and could be used for exact dating during this period. Triassic deposits located in the Elikah Formation contain exposures in mos MoreConodonts are the most important fossil remains from the largest Phanerozoic extinction as well as the mass extinction of the late Paleozoic and could be used for exact dating during this period. Triassic deposits located in the Elikah Formation contain exposures in most of the Alborz sections as well as the Zal section in northwestern Iran. In this study, the Elikah Formation was investigated from a biostratigraphy point of view in the type section and Ruteh section of the Alborz Mountains and Zal section in the Jolfa region based on the existing conodonts. Biostratigraphy study of more than 300 samples taken from these three sections, resulted in the identification and introduction of the following conodont biozones: Taxone Range Zone Hindeodus parvus and Pachycladina symmetrica – Pachycladina Oblique Assemblage Zone in the type section, Hindeodus parvus Taxon Range Zone, Hadrodontina –Pachycladina Assemblage Zone and Parachirognathus – Furnishius Assemblage Zone in the Ruteh section and finally Hindeodus parvus Taxon Range Zone, Isracicella staeschei Taxon Range Zone and Arachirognathus – Furnishius Assemblage Zone in the Zal section. These biozones indicate that the Elikah Formation, in the three previously defined sections, is Early Triassic (Griesbachian). Additionally, comparison of the biozones in these sections illustrates a biostratigraphic correlation of Early Triassic deposits in the Zal, Ruteh and type sections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Experimental, Franc2d, and DDM simulation to determine the anisotropic tensile strength of brittle material
Vahab Sarfarazi Hadi HaeriIn this paper, a compression-to-tensile load converter device is developed to determine the anisotropic tensile strength of brittle material. A cubic sample with an internal pore was used as the test specimen, and a series of finite element analysis and DDM simulations MoreIn this paper, a compression-to-tensile load converter device is developed to determine the anisotropic tensile strength of brittle material. A cubic sample with an internal pore was used as the test specimen, and a series of finite element analysis and DDM simulations were performed thereafter to analyse the effect of pore dimensions on the stress concentration, as well as to render a suitable criterion for determining the anisotropic tensile strength of concrete. The results obtained by this device show that the tensile strength of concrete is similar in different directions because of the homogeneity of bonding between the materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - The effect of estimation methods on multifractal modeling for mineralized zone delineation in the Dardevey iron ore deposit, NE Iran
Peyman Afzal Shahab Shahbeik Parviz Moarefvand Amir Bijan Yasrebi Renguang Zuo Andrew WethereltThe purpose of this study is to identify the effect of Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) estimation methods for the delineation of mineralized zones based on subsurface data using concentration–volume (C–V) multifractal modeling in th MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the effect of Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) estimation methods for the delineation of mineralized zones based on subsurface data using concentration–volume (C–V) multifractal modeling in the Dardevey iron ore deposit, NE Iran. Variograms and anisotropic ellipsoid were generated for the Fe distribution by the above estimation methods. Continuity of ore and waste, the number of points involved, discretization factor for ore and waste boundaries and block model were generated for reserve estimation purposes. In addition, the C-V log–log plots based on the estimation methods represent the various mineralized zones fromexisting thresholds, and error estimations in both methods were compared. The comparison and interpretation of themineralized zones based on the C–V fractal modeling show that the error is less in the OK method, although the volume of extremely, highly and moderate zones resulting from the OK method is greater than the IDW method. The thresholds considering C-V fractal modeling for extremely, highly, moderately and weakly mineralized zones are 60.37%, 55.27% and 45.66%respectively for the OKmethod and 55.14%, 50.12% and 41.48%respectively for the IDW method. According to the threshold values, the error in the OK methodis less than 20% while the error estimation resulted from the IDW method increases to 60%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Soil as a Source Contributor in Mineral Dust Fallout at Urban Industrial Residential Area
Gurugubelli Balakrishna Shamsh PervezThe components and quantities of atmospheric dusts fallout has been reported to be the pollution indicator of large urban areas. The multiplicity and complexity of sources of atmospheric dusts in urban regions (e.g. industrial complexes composed of a variety of industri MoreThe components and quantities of atmospheric dusts fallout has been reported to be the pollution indicator of large urban areas. The multiplicity and complexity of sources of atmospheric dusts in urban regions (e.g. industrial complexes composed of a variety of industrial processes, automobiles, construction activities etc.) has put forward the need of source apportionment of these sources indicating their contribution to specific environmental receptor. The study presented here is focused on investigation of source contribution estimates of dusts fallout in an urban-industrial area, Raipur, India. Six sampling sites have been identified on the basis of land use for development plan of anthropogenic activities and factors related to the transportation and dispersion pattern of atmospheric dusts. 12 samples of dusts fallout has been collected from each site (one in each month) and subjected to chemical analysis of selected chemical constituents known as markers of selected major dust emitting sources(Steel making average, Road traffic-borne dusts, construction activities, municipal waste burning, and soils). Chemical profiles alongwith SPECIATE of USEPA has been used for the preparation of source profiles. Source apportionment has been done using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB 8). Good fit parameters and relative source contribution has been analyzed and documented. Variations in source contribution estimates of selected indicator species has been occurred and justify the significant contribution of local area and line sources of dusts emission in various parts of the study region. Soil has shown different contribution for different radical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Nomenclature Review of the Rock Units in the StratigraphicLexicon of Yemen
Hamed A. El-Nakhal Abdulwahab S. AlaugThe nomenclature. development of the Phanerozoic rock units mentioned in the stratigraphic lexicon of Yemen is revised. Forms violating the nomenclature rules are corrected in accordance with the nternational rules of the stratigraphic nomenclature. The concerned forms MoreThe nomenclature. development of the Phanerozoic rock units mentioned in the stratigraphic lexicon of Yemen is revised. Forms violating the nomenclature rules are corrected in accordance with the nternational rules of the stratigraphic nomenclature. The concerned forms are categorized as: informally introduced, dropped, named or re-named units, all of these categories are discussed in detail. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - A comparison between geochemistry of metapelites of Hindoli and Jahazpur Groups: Two Precambrian low-grade metasedimentary sequences in NW India
A. Saxena M.K. Pandit B.S. BaliThe Bundelkhand-Aravalli craton is the most important lithotectonic unit in the central and western India where Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supracrustal sequence has been deposited over an Archaean basement, the latter also known as the Banded Gneiss Complex (BGC). A NE-t MoreThe Bundelkhand-Aravalli craton is the most important lithotectonic unit in the central and western India where Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supracrustal sequence has been deposited over an Archaean basement, the latter also known as the Banded Gneiss Complex (BGC). A NE-trending linear metasedimentary sequence, designated as the Jahazpur Belt occurs along the eastern fringe of the Aravalli Supergroup. This belt comprises low-grade metasedimentary assemblages of Hindoli (lower unit) and Jabhazpur (upper unit) Groups. Although predominantly pelitic in composition, both the groups show subtle variations in geochemical characteristics, such as in SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2 etc. and critical trace element (Th, Sc, Rb, etc.) characteristics. CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) values vary from 73 to 79 in Hindoli metapelites and from 71 to 81 in Jahazpur metapelites indicating moderate to high degree of weathering and alteration in both the cases. The CIA data underline a granodioritic to tonalitic source composition for Hindoli metasediments and a relatively more felsic source (granitic) for Jahazpur metapelites. A probable and likely provenance for the Hindoli metapelites could be analogous to the Banded Gneiss Complex (BGC) which includes TTG gneisses as a major component. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Remote Sensing and Land Use Extraction for Kernel Functions Analysis by Support Vector Machines with ASTER Multispectral Imagery
E. Akbari N. Amiri H. AziziLand use is being considered as an element in determining land change studies, environmental planning and natural resource applications. The Earth’s surface Study by remote sensing has many benefits such as, continuous acquisition of data, broad regional coverage, MoreLand use is being considered as an element in determining land change studies, environmental planning and natural resource applications. The Earth’s surface Study by remote sensing has many benefits such as, continuous acquisition of data, broad regional coverage, cost effective data, map accurate data, and large archives of historical data. To study land use / cover, remote sensing as an efficient technology, is always desired by experts. In this case, classification could be considered as one of the most important methods of extracting information from digital satellite images. Selecting the best classification method and applying the proper values for parameters extremely influence the trust level of extracted land use maps. This research is an applied study which attempts to introduce Support Vector Machines (SVM) classification method, a recent development from the machine learning community. Moreover, we prove its potential for structure–activity relationship analysis on Aster multispectral data of central county of Kabodar-Ahang region in Hamedan, Iran. Accuracy of SVMs method is varied by the type of kernel functions and its parameters. The purpose of this research is to find the accuracy of Land use extraction by SVM method by Polynomial and radial basis functions kernel with their estimated optimum parameters in addition to compare the results with Maximum Likelihood method. Most of the scientists imply that Maximum Likelihood method is suitable for classification. Therefore, we try to compare SVM with ML method and to deliberate the efficiency of this new method in classification progress on Aster multispectral data. The accuracy of SVM method by Polynomial and radial basis functions kernel with optimum parameters and ML classification methods achieved 93.18%, 91.77% and 88.35 % respectively as an overall accuracy. By comparing the accuracy of these methods, SVM method by Polynomial kernel was evaluated as suitable. Therefore, we can suggest using SVM method especially with the use of Polynomial kernel to determine land use. In general, the results of this research are very practical in natural resources conservation planning and studies. Also, this study verifies the effectiveness and robustness of SVMs in the classification of remotely sensed images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Petrochemical Characteristics of Neogene and Quaternary Alkali Olivine Basalts from the Western Margin of the Lut Block, Eastern Iran
S. Saadat M. H. Karimpour Ch. SternThe Nayband strike-slip fault forms the western margin of the micro-continental Lut block in Eastern Iran. Neogene and Quaternary mafic volcanic rocks collected near Tabas, along the northern part of the fault (NNF; 15 Ma), and further to the south, along the middle par MoreThe Nayband strike-slip fault forms the western margin of the micro-continental Lut block in Eastern Iran. Neogene and Quaternary mafic volcanic rocks collected near Tabas, along the northern part of the fault (NNF; 15 Ma), and further to the south, along the middle part of the fault (MNF; 2 Ma), are within-plate sodic-series alkali olivine basalts with high TiO2 and up to >16% normative nepheline. Their high MgO, Ni and Cr contents indicate that they crystallized from relatively primitive magmas. Their low La/Nb and Ba/Nb ratios are similar to oceanic island basalts (OIB) and unlike convergent plate boundary arc basalts (IAB). These alkali olivine basalts show enrichment in LREE relative to HREE and limited variation in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic values which all plot in the range of OIB. Ce/Pb (>39), Nb/U (44-120) and P2O5/K2O (~0.4) ratios suggest that crustal contamination was not significant for MNF basalts. The data may be interpreted as indicating the participation of upwelling mantle asthenosphere and the deeper continental mantle lithosphere in the generation of these basalts. They formed by generally low, but variable degrees of partial mantle melting, which decreased with time from 15 Ma NNF relative to2 Ma MNF basalts. The small volume of melts that formed the MNF basalts rose to the surface along the deep Nayband strike-slip fault with no interaction with the continental crust. The larger volume of NNF basalts interacted to some degree with the crust and are associated with basaltic andesites and andesites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Mineralogy and Geochemistry Studies of the Sorkheh Sediment-hosted Stratiform Copper (SSC) Deposit, NW Iran
Shohreh Hassanpour Saeedeh SenemariThe Sorkheh deposit in northwestern Iran exhibits several readily visible general characteristics of sediment-hosted stratiform copper (SSC) mineralization. It consists of fine-grained disseminated base-metal sulfides within gray sandstones (gray beds, the basal whitish MoreThe Sorkheh deposit in northwestern Iran exhibits several readily visible general characteristics of sediment-hosted stratiform copper (SSC) mineralization. It consists of fine-grained disseminated base-metal sulfides within gray sandstones (gray beds, the basal whitish Miocene sandstone and shallow-water) that overlie a thick sequence of red beds (Miocene Upper Red Formation). The host gray beds are the basal sandstone and are intercalated with red bed sandstones, which are shown from textural studies to be carbonaceous and to have initially contained very fine-grained, disseminated, syndiagenetic pyrite. The sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposit of the Sorkheh area formed in a location where basinal fluids passed through a series of highly oxidized rocks and could obtained copper, which was then precipitated as the fluids encountered a reductant that destabilized the complexing ability of the fluid. According to the proposed model, the Sorkheh deposit appeared to have begun formation during diagenesis when mineralizing fluids became focused into constrained areas by stratigraphic and/or structural architecture. To form the Sorkheh sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposit, a number of major features must be present: abundant, highly oxidized metal source rocks, highly reduced strata in a position favoring interaction with significant amounts of fluid that previously passed through the oxidized strata package, and significant thicknesses of evaporates capping the reduced strata to serve as a hydrologic seal and a source of high-salinity (and possibly sulfur-rich) brines. Ore-stage sulfides are zoned vertically and obliquely through the mineralized zones, from cupriferous sulfides at low stratigraphic levels to copper-rich mineralization above, with unreplaced pyrite remaining within the upper Miocene. The zoned sulfides and their replacement textures, configuration of the mineralized zones, and the position of ore stage mineralization adjacent to a stratigraphically defined redox transition from red beds upward into graybeds indicate an overprint of copper (and accompanying ore-stage metals) on originally pyritic gray beds. The influx of ore-stage metals, presumably in an oxidized low-temperature brine, terminated with a silicification event that effectively sealed the host sandstones. Consequently, these observations and the overall genetic interpretation are consistent with the general deposit-scale genetic model for early diagenetic SSC mineralization. The regional geologic context is also consistent with its classification as a SSC deposit and is hosted by sediments that were formed in association with evaporates at a low latitude in a Sabkha environment. Source of Sorkheh deposition has been indicated as a sedimentary arid type. Sandstones of the Sorkheh area tectonic settings are obtained in a passive continental margin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Discrimination of Iron High Potential Zones at the Zaghia Iron Ore Deposit, Bafq, Using Index Overlay GIS Method
Behnam Sadeghi Masoumeh Khalajmasoumi Peyman Afzal Parviz MoarefvandGIS is considered an important technique as well as a prerequisite for cost effective mineral exploration and determination of high potential areas. The purpose of this research is to determine high potential iron zones for detailed exploration using index overlay GIS m MoreGIS is considered an important technique as well as a prerequisite for cost effective mineral exploration and determination of high potential areas. The purpose of this research is to determine high potential iron zones for detailed exploration using index overlay GIS method. Index Overlay was used to combine the geology, topography (scale: 1:1,000), lineaments, remote sensing (ASTER and ETM+) and geochemical data. Appropriate weights were allocated to each layer based on the significance of each data layer. Concentration-area fractal method was applied to data acquired from trenches in order to isolate iron anomalies and add them to the geochemical layer. Evaluation of the information layers along with fractal analysis, differentiated three geochemical iron populations. By combining the information layers obtained from GIS, high potential zones were determined. Regions with codes 1, 2 and 3 are the most promising areas, respectively, and are proposed for more detailed exploration and drilling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Admixture-elements and their use as geochemical indicators for search of buried pyrite ores in the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan)
Novruz A.NovruzovHeterogeneous pyritaceous-polymetallic and copper-zinc-pyrrhotine deposits on the South slope of the Greater Caucasus are located in the Lower-Middle Jurassic terrigenous sediments. They were formed under a wide variation of physico-chemical parameters of mineral format MoreHeterogeneous pyritaceous-polymetallic and copper-zinc-pyrrhotine deposits on the South slope of the Greater Caucasus are located in the Lower-Middle Jurassic terrigenous sediments. They were formed under a wide variation of physico-chemical parameters of mineral formation and are characterized by specific mineralogical-geochemical peculiarities. Ore-formation occurred in three stages. In the first stage, massive hydrothermal-sedimentary sulphurous-pyrite ores were deposited. The formation of the second stage of hydrothermal-metasomatic pyrite-polymetallic ores was prior to the intrusion of constant differentiated formation dikes. In the third stage hydrothermal-metamorphogenic copper-pyrrhotine ores were formed. Stratiform pyrite deposits can be characterized by a large variety of textural -mineralogical types of ores and mineral associations, by rich mineral composition and a rather wide geochemical spectrum. As a whole, among the studied admixture-elements (Tl, Ag, Hg as well as B, Li, Rb) one can find accumulating tendency in the above-ore series, near ores with pyrite-polymetallic composition. Other group of elements (Co, Sn, Mn, Mo and Bi) shows accumulation in the under-ore series. Deeper horizons of sandy-clayey rocks are enriched in uranium and potassium while the higher horizons are enriched in thorium above the ore deposit. Distribution peculiarities of such components (Tl, Ag, Hg, Sn and also Mo, Bi, K, U, Th) in the host the rocks of pyrite deposits of Greater Caucasus of South slope allows one to consider them along with ore forming components (Zn, Pb, Cu) as indicator elements for search of buried ore accumulations in the Lower-Middle Jurassic sandy-clayey deposits of region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Tectonics movements of Kuhbanan fault system in Bahabad region, Central Iran
A. Shafiei BaftiKuhbanan fault system, as one of the intracontinental faults of central Iran, is recognized by considerable seismogenic activities and modern morphotectonics evidences with a strike-slip (reverse component) motion. According to the geometric and kinematics data, Kuhbana MoreKuhbanan fault system, as one of the intracontinental faults of central Iran, is recognized by considerable seismogenic activities and modern morphotectonics evidences with a strike-slip (reverse component) motion. According to the geometric and kinematics data, Kuhbanan fault has been divided into 5 segments (S26, S27, S28, S29, S30) in Bahabad region. Measured geomorphic indices of ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf) and morphology of the valley (V) manifest the maximum denudation rate for the S28 segment. The mean calculated values of mountain-front sinuosity (Smf) and %facet parameters for different segments of the fault are 1.1 and 83.16, consequently. Regarding to these geomorphic indices, a denudation rate of about 2-4 mmyr-1 is suggested for this region. According to reconstruction of Kuhbanan fault since 360 ka, minimum horizontal cumulative displacement of 750 m and minimum slip rate of about 2-1.4±0.1 mmyr-1 is inferred from well preserved geomorphology in the northern segment of the fault. Applying this horizontal cumulative displacement causes reconstruction of geomorphic markers such as drainages and shuttered ridges. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Relations between Deep and Shallow Stratigraphic Units of Northern Iraq during Cretaceous
Kamal H Karim Rabea K Al-Hamadani Sirwan H. AhmadThe studied area includes Sulaimani, Erbil and Dohuk Governorates where Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in the High Folded Zone of North and Northeastern Iraq. This area is part of the northwestern boundary of Arabian platform near to Iranian border. In these governor MoreThe studied area includes Sulaimani, Erbil and Dohuk Governorates where Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in the High Folded Zone of North and Northeastern Iraq. This area is part of the northwestern boundary of Arabian platform near to Iranian border. In these governorates, the study tries to clarify the relations between deep and shallow stratigraphic units (formation or facies) during Cretaceous. The result of the present study is mainly depended on the field lateral tracing of the lithologic changes and paleontological evidences for indicating the new age termination of the units. The result showed as a generalized and simple model of temporal and special relations between Cretaceous deep and shallow water formations. The Balambo (Kazhdumi in Iran), Kometan (Ilam), Shiranish-Tanjero (Gurpi) Formations (as deep facies) are indicated as lateral equivalent of shallow facies of Qamchuqa (Sarvak and Dariyian), Bekhme (has not equivalent in Iran yet) and Aqra Formation (Seymare or Tarbur) respectively. On the model, the transition zone is indicated where the deep facies, from the east, change to shallow ones at the west. The shallow facies consist of coarse grain limestone with fossils skeletons, bioclasts and intraclasts. The deep facieses are fine grain pelagic limestone with microfossils (panktonic forams and nanofossils) whiles the transitional facies (zones) generally consist mixture of the two as interfigering relation between the deep and shallow facies. As the changes of the lithology of transitional zones are relatively sudden, therefore, they are not designated as formation and not defined previously. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Relationship between River Flow, Rainfall and Groundwater pumpage in Mikkes Basin (Morocco)
K. BelhassanThis paper investigates the relationship between river flow, rainfall and groundwater pumpage in the Mikkes stream during the period 1968-2009. The Mikkes basin is located in the north center of Morocco and consists of three different zones that represent diversified ge MoreThis paper investigates the relationship between river flow, rainfall and groundwater pumpage in the Mikkes stream during the period 1968-2009. The Mikkes basin is located in the north center of Morocco and consists of three different zones that represent diversified geologies. This basin includes a phreatic and confined aquifer in Saïs basin and a shallow aquifer in the Tabular Middle Atlas. Analysis of monthly medium flows between 1968 and 2009 shows an approximate oceanic system which is characterized by two hydrological seasons. First a period of high waters in winters which is conditioned by the pluviometric contributions and the second is a low water period in summer which is conditioned by evapotranspiration. The mode of this River can be called a pluvio- evaporal type. The high deficit of the Mikkes stream (between 1968-1979 and 1980-2009) is about 76% and could be the combined effect of drought and groundwater pumpage. Water table variations could be conditioned by climatic changes and regional geology. Actually, the annual water table variations show a drop in ground water levels, which is due to the combined effect of reduction in precipitation that has reduced the natural recharge of groundwater, and the increase in pumping which is increasing year by year for more than 80 years in this region. In addition, free-water tables are much more susceptible to pumpage when compared to the confined aquifer. Thus, the water table and piezometric heads of the Mikkes basin do not demonstrate a uniform sensitivity to the drought. High rainfall between 1995 and 1997 had affected the groundwater levels of Mikkes with an increase in piezometric level. The monthly piezometric variations of free-water table are characterized by a seasonal operation: groundwater recharge and discharge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Determination of Travertine Outcrop Types in Tazerj (Northern Hormozgan) using Mineralogical and Geochemical Data
Jamal Tarrah Zahra Abedpour Seyed Mohammad MirhosseiniThe Tazerj travertine deposits are located 25 km northwest of Haji Abad and 5 km northeast of Tazerj Village in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. This area is part of the Folded Zagros Zone. The studied travertine deposits are located on Eocene deposits and were most l MoreThe Tazerj travertine deposits are located 25 km northwest of Haji Abad and 5 km northeast of Tazerj Village in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. This area is part of the Folded Zagros Zone. The studied travertine deposits are located on Eocene deposits and were most likely formed through the dissolution and re-deposition of groundwater and atmospheric waters onto the Asmari limestone. The petrographic evidence shows calcite to be the dominant mineral forming the microscopic sections of the Tazerj travertine deposits. The textural characteristics of the sediments confirm that microbial and biological activity was present at the time of deposition. XRD results confirm the existence of calcite-type calcium carbonate. In addition, XRF results confirm low levels of strontium and relatively high levels of magnesium. Finally, the geological evidence indicates that the rocks were created as a result of tectonic activity. The circulation of atmospheric deep water and its reappearance on the ground as hot springs through fractures and faults, formed meteogenic travertine deposits in Tazerj along large faults and fractures. The temperature of the hot springs responsible for creating the travertine deposits is estimated at approximately 30 °C. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Separation of Geochemical Anomalies Using Factor Analysis and Concentration-Number (C-N) Fractal Modeling Based on Stream Sediments Data in Esfordi 1:100000 Sheet, Central Iran
Peyman Afzal Afshar Zia Zarifi Behnam SadeghiThe aim of this study is separation of Fe2O3, TiO2 and V2O5 anomalies in Esfordi 1:100,000 sheet which is located in Bafq district, Central Iran. The analyzed elements of stream sediment samples taken in the area can be classified into 5 groups (factors) by factor analy MoreThe aim of this study is separation of Fe2O3, TiO2 and V2O5 anomalies in Esfordi 1:100,000 sheet which is located in Bafq district, Central Iran. The analyzed elements of stream sediment samples taken in the area can be classified into 5 groups (factors) by factor analysis. The Concentration–Number (C-N) fractal model was used for delineation of the Fe2O3, TiO2 and V2O5 thresholds. According to the thresholds, the distribution of elemental concentration for Fe2O3 and TiO2 were divided to four lassifications and V2O5 has five geochemical populations in the area. Based on correlation between obtained results with geological and remote sensing data, the results show that the major anomalies of Fe2O3, TiO2 and V2O5 and related factor are mostly situated around granitic/rhyolitic rocks, iron alterations and along faults. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Ichnotaxonomic analysis and depositional controls on the carbonate ramp ichnological characteristics of the Deh-Sufiyan Formation (Middle Cambrian), Central Alborz, Iran
Aram Bayet-Goll Reza Moussavi-Harami Asadollah MahboubiThe trace fossil assemblages from the Unit 2 of Deh-Sufiyan Formation are described for the first time from The Central Alborz Range of northern Iran, improving the record of the assemblages in the Cambrian of the Middle East. Twenty-one ichnogenera have been identified MoreThe trace fossil assemblages from the Unit 2 of Deh-Sufiyan Formation are described for the first time from The Central Alborz Range of northern Iran, improving the record of the assemblages in the Cambrian of the Middle East. Twenty-one ichnogenera have been identified in the Deh-Sufiyan Formation, namely Arenicolites, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Circulichnus, Cruziana, Diplichnites, Didymaulichnus, Diplocraterion, Halopoa, Helminthopsis, Gordia, Gyrophyllites, Lockeia, Monomorphichnus, Palaeophycus, Phycosiphon, Planolites, Rosselia, Rusophycus, Skolithos, and Treptichnus. Characteristics of the facies, lateral and vertical relations between these facies, associational types of the facies and the depositional profile of the shelf transect examined show deposition on a wave-dominated carbonate ramp. Integration of ichnologic data with sedimentologic information supports a firm interpretation of the depositional systems and their evolution. Ethological grouping of the trace fossils resulted from the physico-chemical depositional constraints which defines the proximal-distal ichnofacies gradient pattern of the wave-dominated successions of the Deh-Sufiyan ramp. Considering the obvious deepening of the shallow marine depositional systems of wave-dominated parts of the carbonate ramp, the succession of archetypal ichnofacies can display a bathymetric trend from deeper to shallower parts, and from lower-to-higher hydrodynamic conditions, from the bottom to the top of the Unit 2 of the Deh-Sufiyan Formation. The identification and interpretation of the archetypal ichnofacies are employed to further refine the sedimentary interpretations of parameters such as wave energy, substrate properties, nature of available food supply, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, and variability in sedimentation rates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Evaluation of the Paleocene-Eocene deposits, Jahrum Formation, base on 2-D seismic data, Central Persian Gulf
Naser Abdi Hossain Rahimpour-Bonab Sayyed Reza Moussavi-Harami Iraj Abdollahi Fard Davood Jahani Ali ChehraziThe Persian Gulf is part of an asymmetric foreland basin related to the Zagros Orogen. It has been episodically flooded for much of its history which are reflected in sedimentary successions. The evaluation of this succession from depositional trend view, in central Per MoreThe Persian Gulf is part of an asymmetric foreland basin related to the Zagros Orogen. It has been episodically flooded for much of its history which are reflected in sedimentary successions. The evaluation of this succession from depositional trend view, in central Persian Gulf during Paleocene-Eocene, is the aim of this article. The sedimentary rocks physical characteristics effects on seismic data, gives an appearance to the data, which can be a key factor for their evaluation. The reflectors geometry and terminations have been used for their interpretation. The current study the uses seismic data beside drilling wells data, including cutting description and logs. The study result shows progradation toward northeast, the direction in which the accommodation space is increasing. The sedimentary environments changes to lagoon, platform and basin which affect the deposits. These environments demonstrate suitable condition for carbonates and evaporites precipitation, in Jahrum Formation, which are approved by cutting ription. The sediments extension and its trend show high thickness of Paleocene-Eocene deposits in north west of the study area, where the basin is deeper. In some intervals the thickness of sediments is decreased in deep basin, due to sediment starvation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Morphotectonics investigations of the Garehbagh basin area based on morphometric indices, NW Iran
Hassan Haji HosseinlouMorphotectonic investigations were carried out by the use of morphometric indices which serve as a tool of identification in regions with active tectonic warp. Landforms in active deformation area are produced from relations of tectonic and surficial processes. One of t MoreMorphotectonic investigations were carried out by the use of morphometric indices which serve as a tool of identification in regions with active tectonic warp. Landforms in active deformation area are produced from relations of tectonic and surficial processes. One of the most significant landforms underground is rivers that are extremely responsive to tectonic movements mainly uplift and tilting. Accordingly, based on investigation of the rivers and interrelated drainage networks by the use of morphometric indices, we will be able to achieve valuable information about tectonic record of the study area. In this study, in order to find out the tectonic activities of the study area, geomorphic indices were surveyed in Garehbagh basin. In order to determine tectonic movement of Garehbagh basin area, six different morphometric indices including Mountain Front Sinuosity (Smf), Valley Floor Width to Height Ratio (Vf), Index of drainage basin shape (Bs), Stream Length Gradient Index (Sl), Hypsometric integral (Hi), Drainage basin asymmetry (Af) were applied to the study area. According to generated results, SL values change between Smf value according to generated outcome; the most active mountain fronts faults of the study area.. Deep and narrow valleys show low Vf values <1.0, these valleys can be classified as V-shaped valleys and Vf values between 1 and 1.5 indicate moderately active regions and Vf values greater than 1.0 can be classified as ―U‖ shaped valleys. According to generated outcome, in the study area, the Hi value is 0.86. High values of the hypsometric integral specify deep incision and rugged relief. Intermediate low values of the integral are related with more evenly dissected drainage basins. Asymmetry factor extensively greater than 50 suggest tectonic tilt.Results from the analysis are accumulated and expressed as an index of relative active tectonics (Iat), which is divided into one class from relatively high tectonic activity. The study area relatively high rates of active tectonics are associated with indicative values of Iat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Comparison Analysis of Particulate Matters in a Micro Environment
Balakrishna Gurugubelli Shamsh PervezDifferent approaches of source apportionment of dust fractions have been reported world-over. Predicting source categories within receptor chemical profiles using regression and factor analysis using PCA has been reported to evaluate possible source/routes of air pollut MoreDifferent approaches of source apportionment of dust fractions have been reported world-over. Predicting source categories within receptor chemical profiles using regression and factor analysis using PCA has been reported to evaluate possible source/routes of air pollution mass. The present study is focused on the application of all three approaches to investigate higher degrees of significance in source apportionment of indoor dust fallout in the Raipur city district, Raipur, India, which is located at 21°14’22.7” N latitude and 81°38’30.1” E longitudes. Modeled source categories obtained from regression and factor analysis (using PCA) has shown potential support in the selection of source profiles in CMB. About 65-78% agreement has been obtained between results of source signatures of dust fallout obtained from the three approaches. The application of the combined approach has been extended to respirable fine particulates measured indoors. Both fractions have shown a different dominance of selected source of emissions. Major approaches of source signatures has been investigated in combination with the hypothesis that prediction and modeled source profiles will support the selection and inclusion of field based source profiles in source apportionment of indoor dust fractions using CMB. A stratified random sampling plan using the longitudinal study design has been adopted for dust fallout source apportionment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Application of glauconite and fossil palynomorphs in reconstructing the Liassic paleogeography just before the opening of the Gulf of Mexico
J. Rueda –GaxiolaRed beds, conglomerates and salt were considered azoic and problematic rocks, but Paleopalynology and Inorganic Geochemistry proved to be useful for placing them in time and space. In the early last century, in Mexican NE region, only three Mesozoic red bed units were d MoreRed beds, conglomerates and salt were considered azoic and problematic rocks, but Paleopalynology and Inorganic Geochemistry proved to be useful for placing them in time and space. In the early last century, in Mexican NE region, only three Mesozoic red bed units were differentiated, dated as Late Triassic to Late Jurassic. It was important tratigraphically to place them properly as they were considered to be the basement of the marine petroliferous sequence in some Mexican Gulf of Mexico sub-basins. Palynostratigraphic studies since 1969, and X- ray analyses since 1989 allowed to place, in time and space, the Cahuasas, Huizachal, La Joya, and La Boca red bed units, outcropping at the Huizachal-Peregrina and Huayacocotla anticlinoria and, recently, the Rosario, Conglomerado-Prieto and Cuarcítica-Cualac units at the Tlaxiaco Anticlinorium. For reconstructing the paleogeographic distribution of these red beds, their correlation permitted to place the Liassic units as deposited in a half-graben connected to an Epicontinental Sinemurian Sea. This sea, during the Middle Jurassic, was invaded by the Tethysian waters through the Hispanic Corridor formed across the new Gulf of Mexico, which originated by a hot spot with a triple junction origin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Classification of Coking Coals in C1 Seam of East-Parvadeh Coal Deposit, Central Iran Using Multifractal Modeling
Peyman AfzalThe objective of this study is to identify the most suitable portions of the C1 coking coal seam in the North Block of the East-Parvadeh coal deposit (Central Iran), according to ash and sulfur values, using C-N fractal modeling. Based on the C-N log-log plots, differen MoreThe objective of this study is to identify the most suitable portions of the C1 coking coal seam in the North Block of the East-Parvadeh coal deposit (Central Iran), according to ash and sulfur values, using C-N fractal modeling. Based on the C-N log-log plots, different geochemical populations were evaluated based on their sulfur and ash content. They were then divided into five populations each according to their sulfur and ash percentages. The first sulfur containing population, located in the northern and western sections of the area, contains the best quality coking coal. The sulfur content ranges from 0-1.51%, known as “very low”. Situated primarily in the western and northeastern sections of the North Block are two ash populations with ash values between 0 and 12.88%. Known as “very low” and “low”, they are also of suitable quality for coking coal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Depositional History and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Tirgan Formation (Barremian – Aptian) in the Zavin section, NE Iran
M. Javanbakht R. Moussavi Harami A. MahboubiThe Tirgan Formation (Barremian – Aptian) is exposed in the Kopet Dagh in northeast Iran. One stratigraphic section in Zavin was measured with a thickness of 110 meters. This Formation in section consists of three parts (including lower carbonate, limy shale &ndas MoreThe Tirgan Formation (Barremian – Aptian) is exposed in the Kopet Dagh in northeast Iran. One stratigraphic section in Zavin was measured with a thickness of 110 meters. This Formation in section consists of three parts (including lower carbonate, limy shale – marl and upper carbonate rocks). Based on the study of 94 thin sections, 10 carbonate and 2 siliciclastic lithofacies have been identified. Carbonate lithofacies were deposited in a ramp platform in fore-shoal, shoal, lagoon and tidal flat environments. Sea level changes during the early Cretaceous time led to the formation of different large scale depositional sequences Zavin (two). The present data can help in the reconstruction of the tectonic history of the area during early Cretaceous time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Geochemistry, Paleoclimatology and paleogeography of the Northeast Region of the Persian Gulf( Case Study from outhern Hormuzgan, Iran)
Mojtaba Taghizade Khosro Khosrotehrani Razieh Lak Seyed Ali Aghanabati Hamidreza PeyrowanThe Wisconsin glaciation was started a approximately 125,000 years ago and reached its lowest extend between 20,000 to 21,000 years ago during which the sea level fell 120 to 130 meter. At the end of the ice age, about 18,000 years ago, the sea level increased and reach MoreThe Wisconsin glaciation was started a approximately 125,000 years ago and reached its lowest extend between 20,000 to 21,000 years ago during which the sea level fell 120 to 130 meter. At the end of the ice age, about 18,000 years ago, the sea level increased and reached its present level about 5,000 years ago. The Persian Gulf was exposed in the last glacial moment (LGM). After this moment, the sea level prograted toward the Persian Gulf Basin and reached 1 to 3 meters higher than present levels 4,000 to 6,000 years ago. This study was focused on paleoecology, sedimentation and sea level changes in the northeastern portion of the Persian Gulf and shallow marine area in southern Hormuzgan, Iran near the ports of Bandar Abbas and Shahid Rajaee. Hormuzgan Province is located to the north of Strait of Hormuz. In this study, a core with a length of 10 meters was taken from late Holocene sediments in the northeast marine region of the Persian Gulf using a rotary drilling system. Then different sedimentary types were studied and separated and samples were sent for ICP and XRD elementary analysis and dating. As is already known, increasing and decrease of sea levels are related to moist weather and arid conditions respectively. Additionally, it is proved that variation of elements such as Al, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ti, and Zn have a direct relation to sea level changes. It is shown that the variations of Sr and Ca having a reverse relation to sea level changes. Geochemical study and dating on sediments shows that although the sea level rose 10,000 years ago in the studied region, 3,700 to 6,800 and 7,900 to 9,300 years ago, the sea level and rate of precipitation in this area was higher than the mean. This illustrates an increase in rain and humidity during these two periods Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils around of Khash Cement Plant, SE Iran
Mohammad Elyas Moslempour Sara Shahdadi20 soil samples collected from the vicinity of the Khash Cement plant, Iran, were analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn using ICP-OES. The results revealed that the metal distribution were in a fluctuating manner considering various distances and direct More20 soil samples collected from the vicinity of the Khash Cement plant, Iran, were analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn using ICP-OES. The results revealed that the metal distribution were in a fluctuating manner considering various distances and direction from the cement facility. However, it was observed that the mean concentration of the soil samples has no special trend with respect to distance and direction from the facility for most metals. However, the cement plant is a major source responsible for metal distribution, but it seems that uniformity in topography and vegetation is major factor to control this kind of distribution pattern. According to the index of geoaccumulation, the soils of the study area are considered to uncontaminated with respect to As,Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb and Zn. Cd and Ni shows uncontaminated to moderated contaminated characteristics. The result of enrichment factor show that, with the exception of Cd and Ni enrichment, all the metals were deficiency to minimal enriched in all the distances and directions considered for the study. The results of the metal analysis indicated that the environment under study is not at risk seriously.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Mineralogical and geochemical investigations of chromite ores from ophiolite complexes of SE Iran in terms of chrome spinel composition
Jamal Tarrah Zahra Abedpour Karl Strauss Thomas Schirmer Kurt MengelTen chromite ores from ophiolite complexes in SE Iran were analyzed mineralogically by XRD, chemically by XRF, and mineral chemistry by EPMA. The identified paragenesis of silicate minerals of chromite ores with the X-ray diffraction is pronounced differently. It consis MoreTen chromite ores from ophiolite complexes in SE Iran were analyzed mineralogically by XRD, chemically by XRF, and mineral chemistry by EPMA. The identified paragenesis of silicate minerals of chromite ores with the X-ray diffraction is pronounced differently. It consists of secondary phases formed as serpentine, Cr-containing chlorite (kaemmererite), chromic garnet (uarovite) with preserved partly primary minerals of peridotite parent rocks such as olivine and diopside. From the total chemical analysis by XRF results, a good correlation exists between the Cr2O3 and SiO2 content (as an index of the sum of the silicate minerals). This allows an easy decision for mine ability of chrome ores. In a relatively good correlation are also the Mg and Fe oxide contents. The mineral chemisty (EPMA analysis ) of spimel mineral provides valuable information about the the octahedral layer of the spinel,. The results of the microprobe analysis show a variation in the chemical composition of the spinel phase of a mixed crystal formation consisting of: chromite (Fe2+Cr2O4), magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4), spinel (MgAl2O4), and hercynite (Fe2+Al2O4). This becomes even more complex by the mixed crystal relationship with picotite [(Mg, Fe2+)(Cr,Al,Fe3+)2O4], which contains Fe3+ in the tetrahedral position. The chrome spinel vary inCr-numbers [100 ×(Cr / Cr + Al) = 75-92] and Mg-numbers [100 * (Mg / Mg + Fe2+) = 38-57]. The partition of iron between Fe3+ und Fe2+ was made by assuming normal spinel structure, using the formula AB2O4. Correlations of microprobe analysis indicate that the mineral chemistry of the studied spinel is characterized mainly by the divalent elements of Mg and Fe2+ in the A position and trivalent elements Cr and Al in the B position. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Microbiostratigraphy of the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation, Kuh Siah Anticline (Izeh Basin), SW Iran
Iraj Maghfouri Moghaddam Zahra KhanjaiThis research focusses on the biostratigraphy and paleoecological implications of the carbonatesof the Asmari Formation. The Asmari Formation is located in the Siah Kuhanticline of Izeh, Zagros Basin, SW Iran. It is of Late Oligocene (Chattian) - Early Miocene (Burdigal MoreThis research focusses on the biostratigraphy and paleoecological implications of the carbonatesof the Asmari Formation. The Asmari Formation is located in the Siah Kuhanticline of Izeh, Zagros Basin, SW Iran. It is of Late Oligocene (Chattian) - Early Miocene (Burdigalian) age. In this stratigraphic section, the Asmari Formation overlies the Pabdeh Formation and underlies the Gachsaran Formation. It consists of cream-colored limestone intercalated with marl. 182 thin sections were prepared and the benthic foraminifera distribution analyzed. Examination of large benthic foraminifera from the 228 m-thick Asmari Formation led to the identification of 3 biozones: the Lepidocyclina- Operculina- Ditrupa Assemblage Zone, Miogypsina-Elphidium sp. Assemblage Zone and the Borelis melocurdica- Meandropsina iranica Assemblage Zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Evaluation of Groundwater Chemistry of a Central Kerala River Basin, India using Multivariate Analysis
Girish Gopinath Resmi T. R.Statistical processing of data was necessary to arrive at a reasonable conclusion regarding the chemical behavior of groundwater in a river basin. Multivariate analysis was done to elucidate the groundwater chemistry of a Central Kerala River basin. Hydrochemical parame MoreStatistical processing of data was necessary to arrive at a reasonable conclusion regarding the chemical behavior of groundwater in a river basin. Multivariate analysis was done to elucidate the groundwater chemistry of a Central Kerala River basin. Hydrochemical parameters like EC, pH, TDS, TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, F, HCO 3 +CO 3 , SO 4 , total Fe were estimated in the pre- monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Factor and cluster analysis differentiated two distinct contributing components to the groundwater in the basin indicating that there is considerable mixing of the groundwater and surface water in the post-monsoon season whereas such a process is not significant during the pre-monsoon period. Different geochemical controls of the investigated parameters were also assessed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Fistulipora Microparallela (Yang and Lu, 1962) from Lower Permian Bryozoans of Lut Block, Central Iran
H. Yarahmadzahi A. Ernst M.N. GorgijThe Fistulipora microparallela (Yang and Lu, 1962) species is described for the first time from the Sakmarian deposits of the Sarab section in Lut Block, Central Iran. This species has been reported only from the Permian (Cisuralian-Guadalupian) of the Qilianshan and Ka MoreThe Fistulipora microparallela (Yang and Lu, 1962) species is described for the first time from the Sakmarian deposits of the Sarab section in Lut Block, Central Iran. This species has been reported only from the Permian (Cisuralian-Guadalupian) of the Qilianshan and Kankerin formations, and the Baliqliq Group (Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian) of Western Xinjiang, China. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Landslide Risk Assessment for Baba Heydar Watershed, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran
Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Abdolhossein Arami Hasan Rezaii Moghadam Zainab Khodabakhshi Roya JafariLandslides are among the most damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions. In this study, landslide hazard zonation was conducted in the Baba Heydar Watershed using logistic statistical regression to determine landslide hazard areas. First, a landslide inventory map MoreLandslides are among the most damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions. In this study, landslide hazard zonation was conducted in the Baba Heydar Watershed using logistic statistical regression to determine landslide hazard areas. First, a landslide inventory map was prepared using aerial photograph interpretation and field surveys. Next, ten landslide conditioning factors including altitude, slope percentage, slope aspect, lithology, distance from faults, streams, villages and roads, land use, and precipitation were chosen as effective factors on landslide occurrence in the study area. Then, a landslide susceptibility map was constructed using a logistic regression statistical model in a geographic information system (GIS). Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Pseudo R2 indices were used for model assessment. Finally, a risk map was created based on a risk equation using a combination of the susceptibility map, elements at risk and vulnerability. Results showed that the logistic regression statistical model provided slightly higher prediction accuracy of landslide susceptibility in the Baba Heydar Watershed with ROC equal to 0.876. The results revealed that about 44% of the watershed area was located in both the high and very high hazard classes. Additionally, 35% of the surveyed watershed was located in the high and very high-risk classes. This information is critical for the risk management, landslide risk and land planning of this mountainous area.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Assessment of type and usage of thermal water in Mahalat, Markazi province, Iran
Feridon GhadimiIn this study, water samples were collected from 10 thermal and non-thermal springs of Mahalat setting during four periods in 2011. The discharge rates of these springs vary from 2 l/s to 45 l/s and their temperature range from an average minimum of 18oC to maximum 47oC MoreIn this study, water samples were collected from 10 thermal and non-thermal springs of Mahalat setting during four periods in 2011. The discharge rates of these springs vary from 2 l/s to 45 l/s and their temperature range from an average minimum of 18oC to maximum 47oC. Spring water is high in SO4-Cl and this is related to gypsum dissolution. Correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and isotopic data of samples showed there was mixing of young and old water and meteoric water in springs. The quality of water for irrigation was assessed by parameters such as SAR, SSP, RSC, PI, MAR and Kelly’s index for major elements (SO42-, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and K+). All water quality indices have shown that the water is suitable for irrigation. The metal index of heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Co, As, B, Cu, Mn, Mo and Ni) was compared to the Standard Iranian Guideline values for irrigation and was also used to determine the contamination index. The calculated values have shown that almost all samples are above the threshold of warning and most of the water samples are contaminated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Shrimp Culture Impact on the Surface and Ground Water of Bangladesh
A. K. M. Munirul Haque M. Sarwar Jahan Md. Abul Kalam AzadA case study was carried out to see the impacts of shrimp culture on the surface (pond) and ground water (tube-well) quality in three coastal sub-districts of Bagherhat Sadar, Rampal and Morrelganj of Bangladesh. The people of Rampal (100%), Morrelgonj (87.5%) and Baghe MoreA case study was carried out to see the impacts of shrimp culture on the surface (pond) and ground water (tube-well) quality in three coastal sub-districts of Bagherhat Sadar, Rampal and Morrelganj of Bangladesh. The people of Rampal (100%), Morrelgonj (87.5%) and Bagherhat (75.5%) expressed that salinity of both surface and ground water increased after shrimp culture, and water becomes more turbid, odorous and less tasty compared to pre-shrimp culture scenario. The ground water pH was foo be slightly acidic (6.07– 6.71) but the surface water was mildly alkaline in nature (7.00–7.46). Ground water was more saline (1893–2673ppm) than surface water (513-2253ppm). Potassium level of surface water was very high (97-242ppm) compared to the ground water (11.73-27.37 ppm). This exceeds the WHO Guideline Value (10ppm) and the Bangladesh Standard for Drinking Water (12ppm). The pollution levels of phosphorous and iron were found to be a little higher but other pollutants like nitrate, boron and zinc were found to be very low in surface and ground water in the shrimp culture area of Bangladesh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Constraints on the Petrogenesis of Nosrat-Abad Ophiolite Extrusives, SE Iran
Mohammad Elyas Moslempour Morteza Khalatbari-Jafari Rahim Dabiri Sara ShahdadiNosrat-Abad ophiolitic extrusive sequence, located in the Sistan Suture Zone, in south eastern Iran. The extrusive sequence, contains pillow lava, sheet flow and related volcanic-clastic breccias which have undergone low-grade metamorphism. This association shows calc a MoreNosrat-Abad ophiolitic extrusive sequence, located in the Sistan Suture Zone, in south eastern Iran. The extrusive sequence, contains pillow lava, sheet flow and related volcanic-clastic breccias which have undergone low-grade metamorphism. This association shows calc alkaline to tholeiitic affinities. Interpretation of the geochemical data and behavior of the elements in different diagrams reveals two distinct domains in the Nosrat-abad ophiolitic extrusive sequence. The sheet flows are depleted in HFSE similar to those of SSZ. However, the enrichment of the pillow lavas in LILE could be attributed to an enriched mantle source or melting of metasomatized sediments above the subducted slab. It appears that two subduction components (fluids-melt), caused the diversity seen in the chemical composition of the study rocks. The MORB to subduction chemical characteristics of the Nosrat-Abad ophiolitic extrusive sequence could be explained by a shift in the tectonic settings from the mid-ocean ridge to the marginal basin in Sistan during the Late Cretaceous period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Using Wind Data to Predict the Risk of Volcanic Eruption: An Example from Damavand Volcano, Iran
M. Mortazavi R.S.J. SparksDamavand volcano is located 60 km to the East North- East of Tehran. It is a dormant stratovolcano outcrop in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran and is the highest mountain (5670 m) in the Middle East and West Asia. Mazandaran Province, one of the most populous provi MoreDamavand volcano is located 60 km to the East North- East of Tehran. It is a dormant stratovolcano outcrop in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran and is the highest mountain (5670 m) in the Middle East and West Asia. Mazandaran Province, one of the most populous provinces by population density, Semnan and Gorgan provinces further east are neighbours of the Damavand. Volcanism in Damavand goes back to at least 1 Ma year ago and the latest eruption occurred 7000 years ago. Tephra dispersal in volcanoes strongly depends on atmospheric information in particular wind direction and velocity in stratospheric and tropospheric levels. We present an analysis of wind data to assess the hazards that would result from tephra fall in the cities and provinces neighbouring Damavand. Atmospheric data were provided from the Meteorological stations at Mehr-Abaad airport, Wyoming University and global data sets. We examine wind data from 17 standard pressure levels which cover from 5700 meter (Damavand peak) to 31 km above sea level. If Damavand moved into a state of unrest then a major explosive eruption is a plausible scenario that should be planned for. The results confirm that the area to the south and east of volcano will be affected by tephra. Communities around the southern and eastern flanks of the volcano also have high hazard. Wind data also shows the effects of season on dispersal of tephra from a 25 km high eruption column. Tephra dispersal is dominantly towards the east in all seasons for eruption columns up to 20 km above sea level. Mazandran, Semnan and Gorgan providence could be affected in this case. At 25 km- high eruption column and during the summer there are easterly winds; therefore, the tephra would disperse toward the east. In this case Tehran could experience a tephra fall deposit Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - A Seismic Factor of Radon Danger on a Case Study of Armenia
E. Saghatelyan A. Saghatelyan A. Petrosyan H. AsmaryanFor the first time, on the basis of Spitak earthquake experience (Armenia, December 1988), it was found that an earthquake causes intensive and prolonged radon releases that are quickly dispersed in the open air and that is why they are not usually registered but contra MoreFor the first time, on the basis of Spitak earthquake experience (Armenia, December 1988), it was found that an earthquake causes intensive and prolonged radon releases that are quickly dispersed in the open air and that is why they are not usually registered but contrastingly displayed in covered premises (such as dwelling houses, schools, kindergartens) even if they are at a considerable distance from the epicenter of the earthquake. The duration of the release includes the period starting from the first foreshock and ending with the last aftershock, i.e. several months. The radiation intensity and duration of the influence are in direct correlation with the intensity of the earthquake. The area affected by radiation is larger than the territory of Armenia. The scale of this impact on the effected population is twelve times higher than the number of people injured in the Spitak earthquake. Data collation from the 2000–2005 time period indicates that a contrasting increase in indoor radon concentrations in Yerevan (several times excessive vs. the sanitary norm) is predetermined not only by strong earthquakes (M ≥ 4.5), but also by the weak (M <4.5), small-depth (H-5-15km), regional (R ≤ 200 km from Yerevan) earthquakes and earthquake swarms occurring in the territory of Armenia, as well as in Iran and Turkey. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Petrogenetic Evolution of Plio-Quaternary Mafic Lavas in Nehbandan (East Iran)
Mohammad Reza Ghasempour Javad Mehdipour Ghazi Habib Biabangard Rahim DabiriBoth the Sistan Suture Zone of eastern Iran and the Nehbandan Fault contain Plio-Quaternary Nehbandan mafic lavas. Positive anomalies in the large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and negative anomalies in Nb (niobium) exist in these mafic lavas. This indicates the occurr MoreBoth the Sistan Suture Zone of eastern Iran and the Nehbandan Fault contain Plio-Quaternary Nehbandan mafic lavas. Positive anomalies in the large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and negative anomalies in Nb (niobium) exist in these mafic lavas. This indicates the occurrence of subduction magmatism and post-collision volcanism. Petrologic and geochemical analyses distinguished two groups of lava. Group I contains alkaline basalts with a slight depletion in Nb while Group II contains sub-alkaline basaltic andesite to andesite with a sharp depletion in Nb. Geochemical studies show that fractional crystallization and crustal contamination played an important part in the evolution of the Nehbandan lavas. Group II, however, was more greatly affected than Group I. Geochemical studies also indicate that these lavas may have been generated due to a low degree of partial melting (<5%) of garnet and the spinel-bearing lithospheric mantle; Group I shows more garnet than spinel while Group II shows the opposite. The research carried out for this paper suggests that the Plio-Quaternary Nehbandan mafic lavas were formed as a result of slab detachment or delamination and domination, an extensional condition correlated to the thinning of the crust and lithosphere in the Sistan Collision Zone. These conditions are concomitant with localized stretching along the Nehbandan Fault and the upwelling of magma forming mafic lavas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Application of multifractal modeling for separation of sulfidic mineralized zones based on induced polarization and resistivity data in the Ghare-Tappeh Cu deposit, NW Iran
Keyvan Karami Peyman AfzalThe aim of this study was to identify various sulfidic mineralized zones in the Ghare-Tappeh Cu deposit (NW Iran) based on geo-electrical data including induced polarization (IP) and resistivity (RS) using the concentration-volume (C-V) and number-size (N-S) fractal mod MoreThe aim of this study was to identify various sulfidic mineralized zones in the Ghare-Tappeh Cu deposit (NW Iran) based on geo-electrical data including induced polarization (IP) and resistivity (RS) using the concentration-volume (C-V) and number-size (N-S) fractal models. The fractal models were used to separate high and moderate sulfidic zones from low sulfidic zones and barren wall rocks. Both the N-S and C-V fractal models confirm that there is a high sulfidic mineralized zone in the NW part of the studied area. Moreover, the application of multifractal modeling based on the geo-electrical data is considered to be a proper approach for delineation of various mineralized zones at depth for optimization of mineral exploration operations. Finally, the results can be useful for proposing grid drilling in a detailed exploration stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Source Rock evaluation, Modelling, Maturation, and Reservoir characterization of the Block 18 oilfields, Sab’atayn Basin, Yemen
A.S. Alaug D. Leythaeuser B. Bruns A.F. AhmedA total of 183 core and cutting samples from seven exploratory wells were selected to be analyzed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. These cores have been drilled through the Lam and Meem Members of the Madbi Formation and contain the major source rocks of Yemen´s sedimentar MoreA total of 183 core and cutting samples from seven exploratory wells were selected to be analyzed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. These cores have been drilled through the Lam and Meem Members of the Madbi Formation and contain the major source rocks of Yemen´s sedimentary basins. Contents of total organic carbon were measured and Rock-Eval pyrolysis was performed to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of Block 18 oilfields in central Yemen. Most of the studied samples have fair to excellent petroleum generation potential as shown by the results of PP, PI, HI and TOC. They have also sufficient TOC values with an average value of 1.48 wt% and a maximum value of 12.34 wt% with a good petroleum potential averaging 4.54 kg HC/ton of rock and a maximum value of 44.78kg HC/ton of rock. HI values of the Madbi Formation in its full thickness range from 16 mg to 1114 mg HC/g TOC with an average value of 273 mg HC/g TOC. Kerogen types II and III, and a small amount of type I can be observed. These kerogens are thermally mature and mostly within the hydrocarbon generation zone. In a numerical simulation approach the thermal and burial history of the Alif-1 well, which is representative for this area was modelled. Using vitrinite reflectance data, as means of calibration, the modelling results were subjected to a sensitivity analysis concerning paleo-heat flow, radiogenic heat production, basement thickness and eroded overburden or maximum burial, respectively. The calculated temperature during deepest burial of the source rock layers of the Madbi Formation reached 158 °C for the Lam Member and 182 °C for the Meem Member. Compliance with the measured R0 values, used as calibration parameter, could be achieved by assuming an erosion of 1100 m of the Upper Tawilah Group. The heat flow is maximized at the onset of basin rifting in Late Jurassic to 90 mW/m2 having a base level of 60 mW/m2. Thus, the Lam Member has reached the main oil to wet gas window at its deepest burial whereas the Meem Member has undergone the wet gas window in its full thickness. The isopach map of the Alif Member, as the main reservoir in the studied area, indicates thickening of the sandstone unit towards the eastern and western parts of Block 18 around the Dostour Al-Wahdah gasfield in the east and at the Alif oilfields in the west. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - An Algorithm for Modeling and Interpretation of Seismoelectric Data
Ehsan Golmakani Torghabeh Mohammad Ebrahimi Dabbagh Hooman LatifiGenerally speaking, seismoelectric modeling is a prospecting method based on seismic and electromagnetic waves, in which waves generated by a seismic source at the boundary of the two environments generate a relative fluid-solid motion formed as a result of antagonism b MoreGenerally speaking, seismoelectric modeling is a prospecting method based on seismic and electromagnetic waves, in which waves generated by a seismic source at the boundary of the two environments generate a relative fluid-solid motion formed as a result of antagonism between the elastic properties of the environment with the saturated fluid. This research has as its objective, a study of the effect of an electric field due to DC current on the propagation of seismic waves by pseudo spectral time domain method, or the more general concept of seismoelectric coupling effect. In this research, poroelastic equations were used for seismic waves and Maxwell’s equations for lectromagnetic waves. Additionally, the seismoelectric effect or charge density, electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity function, fluid viscosity and zeta potential were determined. DC electric field variations were compared with results of a physical experiment conducted in a modeled environment. The results revealed that DC electric significantly affected the propagation of elastic energy through seismoelectric coupling in a wide range of seismic frequency widths. Additionally, the boundaries of the substrata were specified using the horizontal component of the electric field of the magnetic wave Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Moalleman, Iran by Remote Sensing and Index Overlay Technique in GIS
Shayan Ghodratabadi Faranak FeiziWater plays a vital role in the development of activities in an area. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properl MoreWater plays a vital role in the development of activities in an area. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properly exploited. Keeping this view, the present study attempts to select and delineate various groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Moalleman, using the remote sensing and GIS technique. Satellite images such as Landsat 8, Aster and SRTM DEM data have been used in the present study to prepare various thematic maps for the study area, such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use/land cover, and drainage maps. According to the relative contribution of each of these maps towards groundwater potential, the weight of each thematic map has been selected. Furthermore, within each thematic map ranking has been made for each of the features. All the thematic maps have been registered with one another through integrated step-by-step using the normalized aggregation method in GIS for computing groundwater potential index. Based on this final weight and ranking, the groundwater potential zones have been delineated. Thus from the present study it has been observed that an integrated approach involving remote sensing and GIS technique can be successfully used in identifying potential groundwater zones in the study area. Five categories of groundwater potential zones: excellent, very good, good, moderate and poor have been demarcated. Major portions of the study area have “good” or “moderate” prospects, while a few scattered areas have poor prospects. The excellent potential areas are mainly concentrated along the shore line. This groundwater potential information is useful to effectively identify suitable locations to extract water. Lastly, the final map has been overlaid with the map of springs and qanats for comparison and rolling as a checkpoint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Folding Geometry Surveys of Asef Mountain, Northern Shiraz (Southwestern Folded Zagros Belt)
Neda Rezazadeh Ramazan Ramazani OomaliIn this paper the geometrical relationship of the folds which exist in the Folded Zagros Mountains, including Asef Mountain (northern Iran), were studied. The southern and western zones of the Zagros Mountains are called the Folded Zagros. These zones extend approximate MoreIn this paper the geometrical relationship of the folds which exist in the Folded Zagros Mountains, including Asef Mountain (northern Iran), were studied. The southern and western zones of the Zagros Mountains are called the Folded Zagros. These zones extend approximately 1,375 km in length with a width ranging from 120 to 250 km. Asef Mountain is located in northern Shiraz (from northern Sarda to the vicinity of Zarghan) and is part of the southwestern zone of the Folded Zagros. In this area, Cenozoic formations are folded due to the effects of the tectonic process. This study was done in order to identify these folding features. The results of this research indicate that the axial surface of the folding has a dominant northwest-southeast trend which does not conform to the general trend of the Zagros. The folds are placed into the classes: upright gently plunging, steeply inclined gently plunging, steeply inclined moderately plunging, upright moderately plunging, upright sub horizontal, moderately inclined sub horizontal and moderately inclined gently plunging with respect to their geometry and floating divisions (Fluety,1964), on the basis of axial surface and hinge line trends of the Cenozoic formations. Additionally, these folds are categorized in close and open fold classes on the basis of limb inclination (Fluety, 1964). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Hydro-Geological Context of Mikkes Springs and Different Variations of their Flows (Morocco)
K. BelhassanThe Mikkes basin is located at the north center of Morocco. It comprises three different zones which represent diversified geologies which shelter a phreatic and confined aquifer in the Sais basin and a shallow aquifer in the Tabular Middle Atlas. The springs in the Sai MoreThe Mikkes basin is located at the north center of Morocco. It comprises three different zones which represent diversified geologies which shelter a phreatic and confined aquifer in the Sais basin and a shallow aquifer in the Tabular Middle Atlas. The springs in the Sais phreatic aquifer have suffered a maximum depletion. The springs with a deep or mixed origin are known as low flow variation springs. Actually, the variations of the fall of spring’s flows could be linked to a different hydro-geological context of these springs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Combating Climate Change: The Role of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
E. Uyigue O. A. Ediang A. A. EdiangClimate change and its possible impacts on the environment and socio-economic systems now constitute the most important environmental problem facing mankind in the 21st century. Climate change will increase poverty and hardship, endanger food security, destabilize econo MoreClimate change and its possible impacts on the environment and socio-economic systems now constitute the most important environmental problem facing mankind in the 21st century. Climate change will increase poverty and hardship, endanger food security, destabilize economies, decrease food and water and create social insecurity in many countries and undermine our goals for achieving sustainable development. An in-depth analysis was carried out on the nature and characteristics of climatic changes and the roles of renewable energy and energy efficiency in combating the threat of climate change especially in relation to mitigation measures. Energy policy is therefore becoming an increasingly important tool for medium and long term planning to mitigate GHG emissions and to adapt to climate change especially in the developing countries. This paper highlights the fact that research efforts for the rest of the 21st century be directed towards harnessing renewable energies like the solar, wind and geothermal energies to replace the present day burning of fossil fuel energy for lighting, heating, cooling, manufacturing, cooking, transport, entertainment, etc. This will help to reduce the emission of green house gases (GHGs) and ozone depletion and in the long run the global warming effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Role of Mineralogy and Geochemistry in the Beneficiation of Jajarm Bauxite from North East Iran: Comparison with some other Bauxite Deposits of the World
Habib MollaiTwo types of bauxite occur in the Jajarm Bauxite deposit, the first one is the hard bauxite and the other is the shaly bauxite or soft bauxite. The Al 2 O 3 content ranges from 30% to 60% and SiO 2 varies between 5% to 39%.The total tonnage is more than 22 million tons MoreTwo types of bauxite occur in the Jajarm Bauxite deposit, the first one is the hard bauxite and the other is the shaly bauxite or soft bauxite. The Al 2 O 3 content ranges from 30% to 60% and SiO 2 varies between 5% to 39%.The total tonnage is more than 22 million tons with a mean value of Al 2 O 3 content between 47% to 48% , SiO 2 around 10% and Fe 2 O 3 ranges between 6.95 to 27% . The Jajarm bauxite deposit shows high concentration of active SiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 in comparison with other bauxite deposits of the world. Efforts have been made in this research to delineate the characteristics of the Jajarm monohydrate bauxites, consisting of a diaspore and chamosite mixture, to improve their chemistry by different beneficiation techniques and optimize their processing, grinding and digestion conditions for alumina production The Jajarm bauxite shows politomorphic and micro- granular texture with several secondary textural elements. The size of diaspore grains (which is the main mineral component) are generally below 10 microns, with a homogeneous matrix. In addition, for the very hard bauxite we can not do any separation between the crystal grains and the matrix because of similar hardness for both with closely packed space filling and in consequence of the absence of well- defined grain boundaries. Based on the above studies, the Jajarm bauxite can be enriched neither by grain analysis nor by magnetic separation. In this research hard bauxite was crushed between 2 to 3 inches and then samples were washed with 5% HCl. The result of this laboratory studies shows that the silica modulus has improved from 1.05 to 2.56 which indicates an increase of 29% in the Al 2 O 3 content. Jajarm laboratory s study shows that Jajarm bauxite deposit partially can be improved only by water treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Determination of the Geological Conditions During the Formation of Kaolinite and Bentonite Deposits in NW Alborz Mountains (Pirkoh-Deylaman) of Iran and the Study of Its Practical Properties for Use in the Porcelain Industry
Farzad Asadi Ali Darvishzadeh Ali MontezeriThe area under study is located in northern Iran at 36° 47’ latitude and 50° 12' longitude. It is 15 km from southeastern Deylaman. Petrological study of the kaolin mother rock (Eocene age) under a microscope shows that the rock is vitric tuff with a rhyol MoreThe area under study is located in northern Iran at 36° 47’ latitude and 50° 12' longitude. It is 15 km from southeastern Deylaman. Petrological study of the kaolin mother rock (Eocene age) under a microscope shows that the rock is vitric tuff with a rhyolitic combination containing falcated and embowed glass shards. The thickness of the layer is approximately 20 meters, formed unconformably on a layer of conglomerate with a thickness of approximately 400 meters. Because the shards have a falcated and embowed shape and the percentage of reworked material within them is low, the tuff can be considered a type of pyroclastic airfall. The results of the study prove that ash falling occurred in the water. The stratabound layers show syngenetic deposits to be the main factor in the formation of the clay, bound as a result of alterations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Geology and Mineralization of Bikilal phosphate deposit, Western Ethiopia, implication and outline of gabbro intrusion to East Africa zone
W. Mammo GhebreThe Bikilal layered gabbro-complex is composed of zones/layers of olivine/ pyroxene gabbro and hornblende gabbro. Within the hornblende gabbro, repeated lens-like thin and elongated bodies of hornblendite are found intimately associated with massive and disseminated ilm MoreThe Bikilal layered gabbro-complex is composed of zones/layers of olivine/ pyroxene gabbro and hornblende gabbro. Within the hornblende gabbro, repeated lens-like thin and elongated bodies of hornblendite are found intimately associated with massive and disseminated ilmenite-magnetite bodies, in places with apatite. Petrological examination of the hornblende gabbro shows 50-55% hornblende, 40-45% plagioclase, 5-7% opaque minerals/ilmenite + magnetite/, and 5-15% apatite and that of hornblendite shows 75% hornblende, 10-15% apatite, 10-15% ilmenite and rare sulphides, and traces of Uranium. Regardless of the type of lithological units, two main zones of phosphate mineralization ,the upper and lower zones, were identified and delineated entirely based on phosphate (P2O5) assay values of chip, channel and, core samples,The strike length of the upper zone is 1600m. There are two main layers of phosphate mineralization in the upper zone; the average thickness of each layer is 30m and 40m respectively. The strike length of the lower zone is 3000m having a thickness of 60m ─ 200m. The mineable reserve of Soji-Bikilal phosphate deposit is estimated to be 181 million tons, at a grade of 3.5% P2O5. Preliminary beneficiation trial reveals commercial grade concentrate, at which the overall weight recovery, is in the range of 3-5%. The Radioactivity of Uranium has not been determined and hence re-evaluation of the phosphate rock for Uranium content should be carried out. Similar Gabbro intrusions occur in Western Ethiopia and in East Africa which should be assessed for phosphate potential to develop the fertilizer potential of the East Africa Region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Upper Cretaceous Petroleum System of Northwestern Persian Gulf
Ali Amirkhani Marziyeh Mirzakhanian Susan Sepahvand Sadoni SadoniThree well - known source rocks of the Zagros basin and the Persian Gulf are Mesozoic in age.The Jurassic Sargelu, Albian Kazhdumi and Neocomian-Coniacian Garau formations have charged the Cretaceous reservoirs of this area. The northwest part of the Persian Gulf is str MoreThree well - known source rocks of the Zagros basin and the Persian Gulf are Mesozoic in age.The Jurassic Sargelu, Albian Kazhdumi and Neocomian-Coniacian Garau formations have charged the Cretaceous reservoirs of this area. The northwest part of the Persian Gulf is strongly influenced by two major N-S trending paleohighs (Hendijan- Bahregansar-Regesafid-Izeh and Kharge- Mish) and surrounding plaeotroughs that play the most important role in the reservoir and source rock development. The most important reservoirs are the Cenomanian- Turonian Sarvak and Santonian Ilam formations which locally separated by a thin shaly unit of the Coniacion Laffan Formation. The reservoir facies are dominated by benthic and rudist debris on the paleohighs which laterally grading down to the basinal Cenomanian Ahmadi and Santonian Gurpi pelagic marls. In order to study the petroleum system of the northwest Persian Gulf, several 2D seismic lines and six wells were interpreted. Based on the interpreted seismic profiles the best locations for the reservoir facies could be within the pinch-out geometries around the plaeohighs which occasionally sealed by the baisn-type Campanian- Maastrichtian Gurpi marls at the top, Laffan shale at the middle and Albian Kazhdumi shale at the base as stratigraphic traps. A large hiatus exists between the top of the Cenomanian Sarvak Formation and Eocene Pabdeh Formation in the Tangue and Rage- Safid paleohighs, where these facies change could form stratigraphic traps. Toward the Nowrooz, Bahregansar Hendijan, structures, this hiatus is much shorter where Campanian- Maastrichtian Gurpi Formation directly has coverd the Sarvak Formation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Paragenesis and geochornological studies of Asnawa Iron Ore by the isotope and mineral chemistry in Penjween Area, Zagros Suture Zone Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq
Kamal H. Karim Nabaz R.H. Aziz Al-Bidary Mayssa A.A.AThe Asinawa iron ore is located about 3km to the southeast of Penjween town, Sulaimaniya Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq near the Iraq-Iran border. The exposed iron ore deposit is about 60 and 400m wide and long respectively. The present study is the re MoreThe Asinawa iron ore is located about 3km to the southeast of Penjween town, Sulaimaniya Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq near the Iraq-Iran border. The exposed iron ore deposit is about 60 and 400m wide and long respectively. The present study is the re-study of the geology and geochemistry of the Asnawan Iron ore deposit and concluded that the country rocks are consist of hornfels in which the original lamination or banding of the parent rocks (calc-silicate low grade metamorphic rocks) are preserved and inherited from its laminated sedimentary precursors. Moreover, the facies that is associated with host rocks is hornblende-hornfels facies with temperature range of 550-650 oC. This range is confirmed through thermo barometry. There are evidences of localized pyroxene-hornfels and sanidine hornfels facies too. Additionally, the detail of the different stages of the iron ore paragenesis is shown by discussion with the aid of suitable graphical drawing and geochemical variation diagrams. By these methods, the sedimentary stratigraphic unit of the parent rock (protolith) was found for the first time which consists of Qulqula Radiolarian Formation (Kermanshah Radiolarites in Iran). The bedded chert, limestone and calcareous shale is the main lithology of the latter formation and after burial and deformation, it is regionally metamorphosed to banded and lamiated calc-silicate rocks of green facies rocks. At a later stage, these rocks, remetamorphosed (polymetamorphism pattern) again to hornfels with concurrent changing to iron ore by basic iron rich hydrothermal solutions during Eocene (37-40Ma). This age is calculated using Ar39/Ar40 method of dating. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Artificial Intelligence for prediction of porosity from Seismic Attributes: Case study in the Persian Gulf
A. Hosseini M. Ziaii A. Kamkar Rouhani A. Roshandel R. Gholami J. HanachiPorosity is one of the key parameters associated with oil reservoirs. Determination of this petrophysical parameter is an essential step in reservoir characterization. Among different linear and nonlinear prediction tools such as multi-regression and polynomial curve fi MorePorosity is one of the key parameters associated with oil reservoirs. Determination of this petrophysical parameter is an essential step in reservoir characterization. Among different linear and nonlinear prediction tools such as multi-regression and polynomial curve fitting, artificial neural network has gained the attention of researchers over the past years. In the present study, two-dimensional (2D) seismic and well logs data of the Burgan oil field were used for prediction of the reservoir porosity. In this regard, broad-band acoustic impedance was first extracted from 2D seismic dataset, as the attribute most related to porosity. Next, other optimum seismic attributes were selected using stepwise regression and cross validation techniques. At the end, three types of neural network were used for inversion of seismic attributes and prediction of reservoir porosity. The results show that probabilistic neural network (PNN) is the best one for prediction of the reservoir porosity using seismic attributes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Determination of a Conceptual Model for the Structural Features and Pb–Zn Mineralization in the North of Behabad Fault Zone, Central Iran
Ahmad Adib Shapour Mirzaei Ilani GholamReza Shoaei Peyman AfzalThe Behabad region is located within a tectono–sedimentary zone in southeast Yazd province, Central Iran. The tectonic activities have deformed and faulted the Mesozoic and Quaternary formations in this area. The faults in Kuhbanan and Behabad have played a key ro MoreThe Behabad region is located within a tectono–sedimentary zone in southeast Yazd province, Central Iran. The tectonic activities have deformed and faulted the Mesozoic and Quaternary formations in this area. The faults in Kuhbanan and Behabad have played a key role in the evolution of geological events, mineralization, and the formation of Behabad–Kuhbanan horst. These faults have separated the Posht-e-Badam block from the Tabas block and the Behabad zone from the Abdoghi–Ravar tectonic zone, respectively. Remote-sensing techniques and field observations show that the Pb–Zn veins share similar trends with the structures. The compressional system induced by the activities of the Behabad-1 and 2 fault systems have caused the formation of thrusts, drag, and sigmoidal folds, the North Behabad horst, and shear zones containing Pb–Zn mineralization. The Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits and strata band mineralization types are present in the study area. In terms of the temporal phase controller, it is consistent with the tectonic-magmatic model of the Late Paleozoic–Triassic period; in terms of the spatial controller, mineralization is situated in the tectonic–metallogeny province of Central Iran and the ore deposits that mainly follow the geometry of the thrust faults’ crushed zones. The thrust fault that drives the dolomite unit over the limestone is the main cause of the ore solutions migration. According to the MVT mineralization and the correlation between structures and mineralization, the sulfide deposits can be potentially found at the base of the Permo–Triassic units in the studied area. There are several active and non-active Zn–Pb mines such as Abheydar, Rikalaghi, and Tapesorkh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Genetic Issues of Some of the Non Metallic Minerals in Lesser Himalaya
R. Sharma P. Joshi P. VermaA brief account of the representative and workable industrial minerals namely magnesite, talc and barite in Lesser Himalaya, is presented here emphasizing their genesis. Deposits of magnesite and talc are found associated with Neoproterozoic, plateform type, shelf-slope MoreA brief account of the representative and workable industrial minerals namely magnesite, talc and barite in Lesser Himalaya, is presented here emphasizing their genesis. Deposits of magnesite and talc are found associated with Neoproterozoic, plateform type, shelf-slope limestone-dolomite host rocks from inner Lesser Himalayan sequences. Field, textural, geochemical signatures and fluid inclusions trapped in dolomite and magnesite reveal within basin processes, in an increased burial- diagenetic environment responsible for formation of magnesite replacing dolomite. Talc is formed at the expense of magnesite and silica, and with limited dolomite involvement at transition conditions from diagenetic to metamorphism. Barite deposit is hosted within Neoproterozoic Nagthat quartzite rocks of outer Lesser Himalaya, wherein its textures, fluid inclusion, sulfur and strontium isotopic studies helped in genetic understanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Estimation of erosion and sediment yield of Ekbatan Dam drainage basin with EPM, using GIS
S. Amini B. Rafiei S. Khodabakhsh M. HeydariSoil conservation and control of erosion is a basic problem in all countries. The goal of this research is to estimate erosion and sediment yield in Ekbatan Dam drainage basin by Erosion Potential Method (EPM), using Geographic Information System (GIS). The basin is loc MoreSoil conservation and control of erosion is a basic problem in all countries. The goal of this research is to estimate erosion and sediment yield in Ekbatan Dam drainage basin by Erosion Potential Method (EPM), using Geographic Information System (GIS). The basin is located in Hamedan Province, west of Iran, in a cold and semi- arid region, with an average annual rainfall of 334mm. The study area is about 218 km2 and is divided into 8 sub- basins. Sub- basins 1 and 6 are the largest (49.14 km2), and smallest (9.92km2), respectively. Elevation ranges between 1960 to 3580 m. The litho-units include schist, granite, hornfels, limestone, sandstone, (Pre- Jurassic to Neogene in age), conglomerate, and recent alluvium. Most sediment in the basin is generated from erosion of schist. The main factors in the EPM (slope average percent, erosion, rock and soil erosion and land- use) were evaluated using GIS software. Data layers used in this study were created from topographic, homorain, homotemp, geology, lithology maps, landsat TM digital images, and field observations. According to calculated results, the coefficient of erosion and sediment yield (z) for this basin fall into moderate and heavy erosion classes. For avoiding soil erosion in this basin, therefore, soil conservation operations should be performed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Geochemical Exploration of the Tareek Darreh Gold Deposit, North of Torbat-e Jaam, East Iran
K. Shabani N. Nezafati M. Momenzadeh I. RassaThe Tareek Darreh gold deposit is located 40km north of Torbat-e Jaam in the Khorassan-Razavi province, NE-Iran. The study area mainly comprises slightly metamorphosed, sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age including alternation of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. These roc MoreThe Tareek Darreh gold deposit is located 40km north of Torbat-e Jaam in the Khorassan-Razavi province, NE-Iran. The study area mainly comprises slightly metamorphosed, sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age including alternation of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. These rocks have been intruded by plutonic rocks such as gabbro-norite, diorite, quartz-diorite, and rhyodacite. The ore bodes are exposed by trenching and pitting .In this study, all trenches and pits were systematically sampled and analysed by XRF, XRD, and ICP methods as well as petrological mineralogical studies. The alteration minerals of quartz, chlorite, albite, and sericite are mostly observed on the top or margin of the stocks. Alteration is more intensive at the contacts of the stocks where vein type mineralization has occurred. The veins are mainly composed of silica type and calcite type, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite main ore minerals. Four promising mineralization zones were selected for further studies. The analytical results for the zones No. 2 and No. 4 confirm high gold, copper, bismuth, tellurium, and silver. In zone No. 2 (50 x 80 m2) an average of 3.5ppm gold was recorded for one of the trenches, while in zone No. 4 (50 x 250m2) the average gold content is 1.35ppm. According to our studies, The Tareek Darreh gold deposit is considered to be similar to the \"intrusion-related gold systems\". Manuscript profile