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Open Access Article
1 - US Defense and Foreign Policy after the September 11th
حمید HadianThis article is a study of the American compulsive and coerciveforeign policy formulation and its defence stategy on preventive war andpre-emption after the September 11/2001. The immediate application ofthis policy was a broader formulation of coercive and compulsive f MoreThis article is a study of the American compulsive and coerciveforeign policy formulation and its defence stategy on preventive war andpre-emption after the September 11/2001. The immediate application ofthis policy was a broader formulation of coercive and compulsive foreignpolicy which accepted the right of the U.S. to pursue unilateral or even multilateralsolutions, and also a doctrine permitting pre-emptive and preventivestrikes against contemporary international terrorism, terrorism and genocide(nuclear terrorism). These policies, developed during the invasion ofAfghnistan and Iraq wars. Supporters of the Bush doctrine, also described as the neo conservatives, advocate the dominance of Middle East issues by theU.S. and are involved in this plan (Greater Middle East Initiative). The authorbelives that this strategy is based on fostering economic progress and thedeveloping skill levels of the politics in this region, instead of, dealing withimplications for settlement on core issues of the Palestinian-Israeli ongoingdisputes. The new national security strategy of the united states issued afterthe September 11th, is a policy of actively ignite a new era of economicgrowth in Arab countries and finite political resources for them to meet theU.S. priorities Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Great Middle East Plan: Models of Local Modernization and Development of Regional Integration
Javad MoinaddiniIn post September 11, the Great Middle East plan has been chosen by the U.S. as a long termstrategy in the Middle East region. The aim of this plan is a shift from political, economic andsocialnature of the whole region through a link between the U.S., Europe and the Mi MoreIn post September 11, the Great Middle East plan has been chosen by the U.S. as a long termstrategy in the Middle East region. The aim of this plan is a shift from political, economic andsocialnature of the whole region through a link between the U.S., Europe and the Middle East based ona series of Commitments.It is obvious that one of the objectives of this project is protecting Israel and providing security,mainly economic security. Israel alone in economic relation with the U.S. can not have a goodeconomic system and requires to establish economic relations with other countries mainly itsneighboring countries in the Middle East. The U.S. also follows to establish a good economic andpolitical relation between Israel and other Middle East countries through an economic securityproject that is justified into the general framework of the Great Middle East plan.But there is one question: “Is this project in accordance with the needs of these societies?” In thisarticle, the Middle East has been defined from Geopolitical and Geo-economic views, and also thestatus of this region for the U.S. has been surveyed from the point of security, energy and softwareaspects. Accordingly, the nature and substance of the Great Middle East have been reasonablyexplained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Strategic Statues of Iraq’s Kurdistan in Iran-Israel Foreign Policy
Ali Reza Mousavizadeh Mahdi Javedani MoghaddamStrategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and inc MoreStrategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and increasing the political, economic and social activities ofthe Iraq’s Kurds, Israel has sought to highlight its presence in the region. Hence, Israel has newlycommenced closed cooperation with Iraq’s Kurdistan through its direct presence in the region orby interfering Kurdistan’s economic and social affairs following the formation of a new unifiedstrategy in the Middle East based on «Environmental Unity» doctrine This issue gained someopposition from the regional countries like Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey about Israel and Kurdistanrelationships and consequently prevalence of the news about the presence and interference ofIsrael in the region; as in some cases the Turkish and Arab media in the region have been keen toexaggerate. This article aims to study the mutual strategic interests of Israel and Iraq’s Kurdistanthrough examining the background relationship and its new changes, specially Israel’s attemptsto make moves in the Iraq’s Kurdistan region. Then, by means of studying the outcomes of theirinteraction both inside the region and beyond, the article tries to provide solutions to maintain thenational benefits of I.R. Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - تأثیر سوختهای زیستی بر امنیت غذایی در کشورهای خاورمیانه
ابراهیم باباخانی رضا رستمیان مصطفی گودرزی -
Open Access Article
5 - survey of Economics factors affecting the absorption in the oil producer middle eastern countries
فرهاد غفاری جابر اکبریForeign direct investment entering the country in addition to financing investment projects, Accelerate the process of technology development, education, human capital increase productivity, improve quality and standards of the domestic goods, Expand trade with other co MoreForeign direct investment entering the country in addition to financing investment projects, Accelerate the process of technology development, education, human capital increase productivity, improve quality and standards of the domestic goods, Expand trade with other countries, reducing the unemployment and increase production in the host country. Given the importance of attracting this type of investment, in this study, the analysis of FDI and Algebraic and graphing and macro-economic indicators affected by it, Paid to economic factors affecting foreign direct investment in the oil producer middle eastern countries during the period (2010-1995) in the panel data econometric methods .The study shows that the results estimate the degree of economic openness, economic Security , has a significant positive effect on attracting foreign direct investment in the countries studied but market size and labor force alone, no significant effect on attracting foreign direct investment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The effect of social capital on economic growth in the Middle East and North of Africa
زهزا میلا علمیWith the emergence of "new institutionalism" school, the role of institutions and social capital in economic growth and Economic performance has been more attention. In some countries, evidence of Aaron (2000) and Barr (1996 ) Studies showed that the economic growth had MoreWith the emergence of "new institutionalism" school, the role of institutions and social capital in economic growth and Economic performance has been more attention. In some countries, evidence of Aaron (2000) and Barr (1996 ) Studies showed that the economic growth had effectively been prevented by the weak political institutions and economic institutions. Also, based on the North Institutional idea, the return of political activities are the trust and participation and provider of social capital. Nowadays, the social capital is the main Principle for achieving to high economic growth and development, and it is difficult to access to development and economic growth without social capital.There for, in this study, the effect of social capital along with the physical capital, human capital, openness, the size of Government and the labor force on economic growth are investigated by using a panel data model for the Middle East and North Africa countries over the period 1996-2012. On the base of results, the social capital has a significant positive effect on economic growth. So governments need to pay attention to socio-economic and cultural conditions in favor of social capital formation for achieving economic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The effect of social capital on economic growth in the Middle East and North of Africa
Zahra (Mila) Elmi Mahboubeh Gorbani -
Open Access Article
8 - Evaluation of Iraq's insecurity factors and its effects on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
mohamad eisa ansarifard simin armaqan alireza estelajiwill give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For Morewill give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For this reason, geopolitical studies are particularly important. In addition to examining the relationship between geographical factors and the politics of a country, geopolitics also deals with the interpretation of eventsand predicts the future and determines the political policy of the country. Today, one of the most important issues that make countries face fundamental challenges is geopolitics versus security. The security of people in a geographical space is dependent on the security of governments, and the more powerful and stable the governments are, the more secure they can be. One of the issues that has a fundamental position in relation to the discussion of international security is the discussion of failed governments, which pose a danger not only to its subjects, but also to international security and can challenge international security and This basis in the current decade is among the countries that are among the failed governments; The country is Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Expansion of Iranian geopolitics in Arabic Middle East with a model of expansion of Eastern Middle East
Ali Bakhtiyarpour Ezzatollah EzzatiThe present article emphasizes that Iran deserves to play an active role in establishment of a regional confederation and should do it because of its peculiar characteristics of form and nature of post-Revolutionary political system, geopolitics weight and dynamic polit MoreThe present article emphasizes that Iran deserves to play an active role in establishment of a regional confederation and should do it because of its peculiar characteristics of form and nature of post-Revolutionary political system, geopolitics weight and dynamic politician. However, presence of foreign powers and the conflict between their interests and those of Iran have created obstacle laying foundations for such other regional players as Saudi Arabia. While doctrine of Iranian foreign policy is sensitive to Muslim world's affairs because of its religious nature, dominant situation of the Persian Gulf which has imposed geopolitical pressure on Iran and that Iran can not be insensitive to Palestine conflict have led Iran to ensure its presence in East Mediterranean region. Iranian strong presence in that region originates from the energy that it gained from Revolution. With a deep look at Iranian structure can see a portrait of miniature Islamic world with a little shortage. If Iran takes Islam-wanting policy instead of Shiiat- wanting, reasonable ratio of presence of Arabs, Kurd, Blouchs and other ethnic groups should be seen in higher levels of authority and government. In foreign affairs, Egypt has come to be a key to open up new scenes. It seeks to play a different role among Arab countries of Middle East which renders impossible without Iranian help. Participation of Egypt assisted by Iran can result in balance of Saudi ideologies stances and pushing Iranians to their true status. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - U.S. Strategy and Iran’s Position in Middle East
عزت اله EzzatiThe 20 thcentury with its all characteristics, finally faced with the military strategies impasse and with U.S.S.R collapsing finished, and the day after the falling of Berlin wall in 1989, strategically entered to 21st century . By this, the world security agenda has b MoreThe 20 thcentury with its all characteristics, finally faced with the military strategies impasse and with U.S.S.R collapsing finished, and the day after the falling of Berlin wall in 1989, strategically entered to 21st century . By this, the world security agenda has been formulated on the basis of new principals and actors which according to this global blue print, the world will be directed by 5 orbits which is composed of 4+1 axis.Consequently, the world’s geo-strategic divisions drastically changed and in fact the world’s map planning is on the bassis of the peace map. According to these transformations, traditional Middle East borders moved towards north, east and weast and geographically wielded. This geopolitical expansion created challenges among and for Middel Eastern countries. Moreover, besides the other changes, U.S. Security Strategy has focused on Caspian Sea basin. The considerable point in this process is locating Iran, in the centre of the Heartland of energy or in the other world, the Heart of world energy. This affair must be considered in arranging Iran’s National Strategy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Investigation of Legal Guarantees and Legal Requirements for Combating Long-Range and Trans-Boundary Pollution (In the Middle East Countries in the Form of Regional Understanding)
elham hedarzadeh ahmad varvaei Mansour Pournouri naser ghasemiIn this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the fie MoreIn this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the field of long-term and transboundary pollution (such as the precautionary principle and similar principles) are studied, along with examples of internationally accepted commitments and memoranda, and considering the problems in the Eastern region. And the requirements of the commitments and memoranda of understanding approved in this region have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach. In the end, according to the environmental situation of the region, the author makes some suggestions in the field of quantities and shortcomings in the commitments and memorandums of the region.Certainly, formulating the principles of a regional convention to prevent and curb the dust phenomenon, using the successful experience of Southeast Asian countries, is not only functionally important, but also legally helpful for critical situations. Utilizing contractual obligations in drafting regional conventions to deal with the phenomenon of particulate matter will be more efficient and enforceable than conventional obligations. The need to adopt judicial, legal and executive measures at the regional level; Including the implementation of policies prohibiting the change of use of forest, wetland and river lands; And the draft executive plan for multilateral cooperation between the countries of the region to deal with dust is one of the proposed measures.Despite the efforts of international environmental organizations; The results of this study show that without a regional convention to control particulate matter and other environmental crises, it will not be possible to solve the problem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - امکان سنجی شناسائی مسئولیت کیفری سیاست گذاران (وهابی) و مجریان حقیقی دولت های حامی تروریسم با تاکید بر رویکردهای سیاسی و حقوقی در جغرافیای سیاسی خاورمیانه
سیدمحمدرضا موسوی فرد -
Open Access Article
13 - حقوق قربانیان اقدامات تروریستی در رهیافت های سیاسی و قوانین بینالمللی با تاکید بر جغرافیای سیاسی خاورمیانه
سیدمحمدرضا موسوی فرد -
Open Access Article
14 - بررسی و تحلیل موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی کردستان عراق
عبدالرضا فرجی راد ریباز قربانی نژاد -
Open Access Article
15 - تبیین تأثیرات ژئوپلیتیکی اندیشه و کنش سیاسی داعش برای تأسیس کشور و حکومت ایدئولوژیک در منطقه خاورمیانه
فاطمه پورحسین محمد اخباری -
Open Access Article
16 - فرصتهای ژئوپلیتیکی در روابط سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و کشورهای خاورمیانه (مطالعه موردی کشور عراق از 2010 -2017)
محمد اخباری -
Open Access Article
17 - تحلیلی بر نقش قومیت (اکراد) در سازمان میادین شهرداری تهران با توجه به تحولات خاورمیانه (با تاکید بر واگرایی و امنیت غذایی
ناصر عسگری عزت اله عزتی عبدالرضا فرجی راد -
Open Access Article
18 - تحلیل جغرافیایی ژئواکونومی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در معادلات جدید منطقه جنوب غرب آسیا
مجید قصاب زاده محمد اخباری داوود حسن آبادی -
Open Access Article
19 - جامعه شبکهای و تروریسم نوین؛ بررسی منابع ژئوپلیتیکی، ژئواکونومیکی و ژئوکالچری تروریسم نوین در منطقه خاورمیانه در راستای دستیابی به یک مدیریت اجرایی برای امنیت
داود عابدینی -
Open Access Article
20 - رویکرد مقایسهای ایران و مصر درقبال گروههای جهادی فلسطین (1979 تا 2012 میلادی)
ابراهیم متقی محمد نادری -
Open Access Article
21 - تحلیل فضایی جنبشهای اجتماعی در خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا از سال 2010 تاکنون
محمد اخباری مینا آزمون مساعد -
Open Access Article
22 - بررسی و تحلیل ویژگی های ساختاری دولت ایالتی کردستان عراق
ریباز قربانی نژاد -
Open Access Article
23 - راهبرد عوامل ساختار قدرتهای برتر جنوب غرب آسیا چرایی قدرتهای فرامنطقه ای بر علل برتر جلوه دادن رژیم اشغالگر قدس
مهرعلی عباسپور کیومرث یزدان پناه عزت الله عزتی -
Open Access Article
24 - Recent developments in the Middle East and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
عباس مکرمی mohomod sotodeh araniEstablishment of National security and protecting the country from external threats, is one of the most important foreign policy goals (including Iran). While national security is affected by the internal structures and processes, in direct contact with the surrounding MoreEstablishment of National security and protecting the country from external threats, is one of the most important foreign policy goals (including Iran). While national security is affected by the internal structures and processes, in direct contact with the surrounding environment factors and regional environment. Therefore, knowledge of the local environment and its evolution, could be an important step in strengthening and maintaining the country's security. In this article in addition to I answer the main question that the most important factor for regional influence on national security mean? With using analytical_descriptive method, and inspired by the views of David. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan, on regional arrangements, first I try to express most important factors for change in the Middle East discipline. Then addition to evaluating recent developments in the Middle East, I explain the Strategy to strengthen and maintain the security of Iran. And check the hypothesis that the change in the local power structure and efforts to shape the new regional order, has the greatest impact on the Iran's security environment and by using the strategy of defense diplomacy, security threats can be controlled And to achieve an appropriate level of regional and national security. For this purpose build trust, détente and negotiations and relations between Armies, by the military diplomats, have high priority to establish order and security in the region and protect national security of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Examining the Causes of Russian Presence in the Middle East after the uprisings (with an emphasis on Syria)
Davood KianiThe Wave of popular uprisings in the Arabic countries in the Middle East led to overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen from one side and providing civil war in Syria from another side. Extension the uprisings in the region cause Russia attention to MoreThe Wave of popular uprisings in the Arabic countries in the Middle East led to overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen from one side and providing civil war in Syria from another side. Extension the uprisings in the region cause Russia attention to its Security, political and economic Preferences so at this time Russia fellow status quo approach in regard to Syria and it leads to Reciprocity and cooperation with some regional actors. This article will express the causes of expanding Russia's presence in the Middle East, especially after the revolutionary uprisings on the basis of Descriptive - analytic method and "offensive realism" theory. Results show that Russia's policy based on preventing the spreading uprisings into Eurasia, as well as play a greater role in international equations for vacuum left by the United States presence in the region and this policy shows reasons for divergence' and convergence' Russia with some regional actors Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - The Consequences of Religious Extremism in the Middle East on US Foreign Policy during the Bush and Obama Times
hosein eslami mohsen eslamiThe purpose of this study is to examine the change in US foreign policy towards the Middle East in relation to religious extremism. In order to study this trend, consideration of structuralist theory as the basis of US foreign policy is needed. After the Soviet invasion MoreThe purpose of this study is to examine the change in US foreign policy towards the Middle East in relation to religious extremism. In order to study this trend, consideration of structuralist theory as the basis of US foreign policy is needed. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, the United States created, organized and supported al-Qaeda in order to confront this. But in the aftermath of 9/11, Bush introduced a new meaning to the Kurdish international system and expressed terrorism and al-Qaeda as the real enemy of the United States, attacking Afghanistan and Iraq to deal with it, and put unilateralism in foreign policy on the agenda. ; However, this policy was revised in the Barack Obama era. Accordingly, the main question of this study is that the rise of religious extremism in the Middle East has had an impact on US foreign policy towards the Middle East? In answer to this question, it has been assumed that the spread of religious extremism in the Middle East has increased the presence and military intervention of the United States in the region; however, over time, the responsibility to counter this phenomenon has been delegated from the United States to its regional and transatlantic allies in the Middle East. Is. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Discuss Indicators for shaping and the frustration factors for Middle East People(2011-2017)
vahid khoshgoftar lame ماشااله حیدرپورIn past decade, Middle east people insurrections underlined safety, political and economic variations more than any change and event in that region. By happening the variations and lapsing some years since commencement of insurrections and its inappropriate consequences MoreIn past decade, Middle east people insurrections underlined safety, political and economic variations more than any change and event in that region. By happening the variations and lapsing some years since commencement of insurrections and its inappropriate consequences in Arabian countries, many studies were performed on discussion shaping indicators of the insurrection and its frustration factors in societies and research centers which their results are pertinent to analysis of different insights in terms of effectiveness of a special indicator or variable. In regard to studies, it was tried to answer important question that what were the most important shaping indicators and frustration factors for middle east Arabian insurrection? The documentary response is offered in terms of constructivism theory. The findings proved that shaping and forming indicators for Middle East Arabian insurrections are derived from procedure affair in terms of effectiveness of semantic and material indicators for cultural, political and economic dimensions like cultural dissatisfaction, tribal conflicts, distrust to government systems and inefficient economic structure. In fact, not a unified indicator but collection of indicators underlies people insurrection in Arabian countries of Middle East and in relation with frustration factors in order to obtain suitable aims, one sees effectiveness of different cultural, political and economic factors including extension tribal conflicts, extend cultural absolutism, integrity for political processes and to lose economic opportunities in the country. Keywords: Middle East People Insurrection, Tribal Conflicts, Cultural Absolutism, Constructivism Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Place of Middle East Energy Resources in China's Foreign Policy Strategy in the Post-Cold War (Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia)
Mohamadreza Adabi Davood Kiani Mashallah HeidarpourThe Middle East region is one of the most important areas of the world that has been at the forefront of the world for many years. The obvious feature of this region is the huge reserves of oil and gas. But the issue that was highlighted in the twenty-first century is t MoreThe Middle East region is one of the most important areas of the world that has been at the forefront of the world for many years. The obvious feature of this region is the huge reserves of oil and gas. But the issue that was highlighted in the twenty-first century is the rise of China and the efforts of this Asian nation after the reform period for a dynamic and effective presence in strategic areas of the world, including the Middle East, and as it needs its energy resources to grow its economy. It tries to increase its influence in various ways, including establishing widespread relations with the countries of the region. For the purpose of this study, the present paper seeks to answer the question of why China's presence in the Middle East has increased over the past few decades? The paper, which is based on a descriptive-analytic method based on the theoretical framework of mutual complex interdependence, has tested this hypothesis in response to its main question: Increasing the reliance of China's economy on imports of fossil fuels from The Middle East for economic and industrial development; the main shift in China's gradual evolution policy toward the Middle East, especially with two countries rich in energy such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, is from the principle of non-interference in the policy of expanding economic-political interactions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A Study of Challenges and Obstacles of Formation of Cooperative Security Model in the Middle East (2001-2020)
Saeed Amouzadeh Hossein Karimi Fard Fereidun Akbarzadeh Shahram FattahiThe purpose of the present study is to review challenges and obstacles of formation of cooperative security models in the Middle East (2001-2020). The research relies on the hypothesis that cooperative security models have requirements such as negotiation-based models, MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review challenges and obstacles of formation of cooperative security models in the Middle East (2001-2020). The research relies on the hypothesis that cooperative security models have requirements such as negotiation-based models, least disagreement in different aspects, transparency and mutual respect, not letting the interference of foreign powers in regional affairs, and having democratic governments but many of them are ignored due to various disputes and conflicts among countries in the region. The present study deals with the cooperative security model and its compatibility with the condition of countries in the Middle east within the regional security framework of Copenhagen school and a descriptive-explanatory method. The results indicate that conflicts in terms of identity, religion, and territory as well as rivalry between great powers have led to ongoing paradox and tension, arms race, lack of transparency, security puzzle, and interference of super-regional powers in the Middle East. Therefore, the cooperative security Model faces numerous challenges which need to be solved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Resistance Movements in West Asia and the Challenge of Iran's Leadership Role in the Axis of Resistance
Lotfi Mehdi Ali Shirkhani Mehdi Javadani MoghadamThis research, employing a descriptive-analytical method with a problem-oriented approach, examines the positive and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution in the West Asian region as a unique phenomenon. It has managed to transform into an identity-giving model f MoreThis research, employing a descriptive-analytical method with a problem-oriented approach, examines the positive and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution in the West Asian region as a unique phenomenon. It has managed to transform into an identity-giving model for the states and groups within the Axis of Resistance. The study adopts a developmental research approach, recognizing the Axis of Resistance as an unwritten security alliance among Shiite and non-Shiite resistance movements in West Asia and beyond, aimed at combating the Israeli regime and Western dominance in the Middle East, thereby advocating for the liberation of Palestine. From the early days of the Islamic Revolution's victory, Iran, by rejecting both Western and Eastern influences, proclaimed the formation of the "Party of the Oppressed" encompassing all the world's oppressed, positioning itself as an inspiring model for militant Muslims. Consequently, countries like Saudi Arabia, which seek to expand the Wahhabi ideology and lead the Arab world, accuse Iran of exporting the revolution and attempting to overthrow regional governments. Aligning with the West, they strive to portray Iran as a threat to regional countries, emphasizing its influence in four capitals (Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad, and Sana'a). On the other hand, the Zionist regime attempts to establish friendly relations with Iran's neighboring countries to implement its "Iranophobia" project. By infiltrating Turkey and Iraq in Iran's western borders, Azerbaijan and Central Asia in the northern borders, and the Gulf countries, especially Qatar, in the southern borders, Israel aims to encircle Iran and reduce its influence in leading the Axis of Resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Investigating the Impact of the Strategy of Exporting the Islamic Revolution of Iran on the Geopolitics of the Middle East and the Beginning of the Iraq-Iran War
Saeed Makvandi Godazhdar Lena Abdolkhani ruhollah shahabi Fereydoon AkbarzadehMore than three decades after the end of the Iraq-Iran war, and while the discourse of the new Iranian Islamic civilization is emerging as a model in international relations, especially in the Middle East Geopolitics, some analysts have sought to accuse the fonders of t MoreMore than three decades after the end of the Iraq-Iran war, and while the discourse of the new Iranian Islamic civilization is emerging as a model in international relations, especially in the Middle East Geopolitics, some analysts have sought to accuse the fonders of the Islamic Republic at the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution to pursuing a policy of interfering in the internal affairs of Iraq and exporting the revolution, and introduced it as the main factor in starting the war by Saddam. This article tries to answer the question whether the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in exporting the revolution is the main factor in starting the war by Saddam? With studying the theory of internal self-fragility as well as the overall stands of Imam Khomeini and the statements of the Ba'athist regime in Iraq, it can be seen that ,the theory of the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy in exporting the revolution is the main cause of the Iraq-Iran war, lacks scientific and convincing reasons and it is totally rejected . The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is documentary and librarian . This research is cross-sectional in terms of time, qualitative in terms of the studied variable and practical in terms of purpose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - American Democratization Project in the Greater Middle East Initiative (GMII)
Khaled Rahmani Sohrab Salahi Mareyam MoradiThe purpose of the present study is to review the American demarcation project in the Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the US as the only super power remaining from the cold war era, aimed to MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the American demarcation project in the Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the US as the only super power remaining from the cold war era, aimed to become a global hegemonic power by its domination over the strategic region of the Middle East so that the USA in the American order is at the top of the pyramid and other powers are below in a linear line. When the US attacked the region and occupied Iraq, it raised two strategies of the elimination of the weapons of mass destruction and countering terrorism. Yet this hypothesis is proposed that the US main strategy in GMEI was the American democratization project in the region. If the US succeeds in this strategy, the condition of reaching its goals in the GMEI is facilitated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Russia and the State-Nation Building Crisis in Modern Iraq
Mohammadreza HakakzadehWith the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations MoreWith the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations in this country and consequently Russian policy. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that state-nation building transformations in modern Iraq such as the emergence of Takfiri extremism, threatening the interests of Russian allies, and concerns over spreading instabilities to Eurasia, have led to changing the perception of Russians and as a result, adopting the policy of expanding the presence and penetration of Russia in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Examining the Impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Exportation of the Revolution Strategy on the Geopolitics of the Middle East and the Onset of the Iran-Iraq War
Saeed Makvandi Godazhdar Lena Abdolkhani Fereydoon Akbarzadeh Ruhollah ShahabiThe present study aims to examine the impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of exporting the revolution on the geopolitics of the Middle East and the onset of the Iran-Iraq War. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that con MoreThe present study aims to examine the impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of exporting the revolution on the geopolitics of the Middle East and the onset of the Iran-Iraq War. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that considering the internal fragility of Arab countries and the nature of the authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, which suffer from crises of identity and legitimacy, as well as the positions of Imam Khomeini, whose intent behind exporting the revolution was never to interfere in Iraq's internal affairs or to send terrorist equipment to this country, and the statements of the Ba'athist regime of Iraq, it can be concluded that the theory suggesting the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of exporting the revolution was the cause of the Iraq-Iran War is generally invalid and lacks scientific and definitive evidence. The primary reason for the fears and concerns of the Ba'athist regime in Iraq was the crisis-ridden nature of its system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - A Study of Russia's Political and Security Approaches to Cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran to Counter Fundamentalism and Terrorism in the Middle East
Jaber Monirpour Malek Zolgadr Mahdi KhoshkhatiToday the main threat to governmental actors at the international level comes from emerging non-governmental actors, so at this point, security cooperation is needed between Russia and Iran to counter fundamentalism and terrorism in the Middle East. The purpose of the p MoreToday the main threat to governmental actors at the international level comes from emerging non-governmental actors, so at this point, security cooperation is needed between Russia and Iran to counter fundamentalism and terrorism in the Middle East. The purpose of the present study is to answer how the subject of terrorism and fundamentalism has fostered cooperation between Russia and Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the theoretical approach of neorealism has been used. The research relies on the hypothesis that the common goals between two countries to counter fundamentalism have improved their cooperation and transformed bilateral ties between Tehran-Moscow. The results showed that although the level of cooperation between Iran and Russia has been improved, the complexity of globally and regionally structural and realistic approaches has removed special strategic ties between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - A Study of the Effective Purposes and Criteria of the U.S Foreign Policy in the Middle East from the View of Smart Power
Mojtaba Romouk Mashallah Hedarpour AliReza AminiThe purpose of the present research is to study effective purposes and criteria of the U.S foreign policy in the Middle East from the view of smart power. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that experiences of the past decades convinced t MoreThe purpose of the present research is to study effective purposes and criteria of the U.S foreign policy in the Middle East from the view of smart power. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that experiences of the past decades convinced the White House politicians to adopt smart power policy for collaboration and opposition as well as peaceful methods for making relations with middle eastern countries. Therefore, a new perspective was opened in western relations with the Middle East. Smart power and all its criteria made the White House politicians attempt to follow their objectives by that. Their purposes include rebuilding the U.S deteriorated foreign policy image during recent decades, public opinion management in the Middle East, improvement and betterment of its executive policies in the region, avoidance of coalition in the region against the U.S and Israel, supporting the emergence of moderate governments based on liberal democracy, sustenance of relative peace and stability in the region according to the U.S favorites, and maintenance of military bases in the U.S allies’ countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - A Study of the Backgrounds and Causes behind Iran-Russia's Strategic Coalition in Syria
Morteza Rafieibasiri Mahdi Javdani Moqaddam Davood kianiCooperation in the management of the Syrian crisis is considered a new field in the process of collaboration between Iran and Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In this regard, there are two different views about the strategic or tactical perspective of r MoreCooperation in the management of the Syrian crisis is considered a new field in the process of collaboration between Iran and Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In this regard, there are two different views about the strategic or tactical perspective of relations between two countries inside and outside Syria. Within this framework, the main research question of the present study is: what are the main reasons behind Iran-Russia cooperation in the Syrian war and what is the perspective of the strategic coalition between two countries? The research method is descriptive-analytic and it relies on the hypothesis that since Iran and Russia had long term political-economic interests and also a common enemy in Syria, operational cooperation between two countries in the level of strategic coalition started which successfully led to the stabilization of the Syrian government and provision of the common interests of Iran and Russia. Yet, their strategic coalition in Syria and globally is under the influence of historic perceptions underlying relations between two countries especially, from the view of some Iranian and Russian elites and it would create an important challenge in transition to their strategic alliance in international policy. Accordingly, the research results confirm their strategic coalition but reject their strategic alliance. Iran has always supported the stability of its neighboring countries. The most important threat to Iran is lack of government or having a weak government in the neighboring countries as the instability would penetrate into the territories of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seems that the Russian federation is also afraid of extension of the Syrian crisis to enter its southern territories. Lack of government in the neighboring countries would be a basis for the emergence of some groups such as ISIS and so on which can possibly be used by regional and trans-regional competitive powers. From this view, one of the important threats to the national security of Iran and Russia is lack of government or having weak governments in their neighboring countries because in this situation regional and trans-regional powers as well as terrorist groups can plan and organize to challenge the national security of two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - An Identity-Centered Approach to Russia’s Balanced Policy toward Islamic Countries in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia (2011-2020)
Sayed Razzagh Moghimi Davoud Kiani Mahdi Javdani MoghaddamThe purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a b MoreThe purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East during 2011-2020? Moreover, the research relies on the hypothesis that during that the above time period, Russia, on the one hand, assisted Shi’ite groups led by Iran to fight against excommunication (Takfiri) terrorism, and on the other hand, expanded its relations with Sunni Muslim countries in order to prevent stimulation of religious fundamentalism in its Muslim republics. The current study which was conducted by a descriptive analytic method in the theoretical framework of constructivism, presents a rather distinctive analysis of the essence of Russia’s relations with middle eastern Islamic countries after Arab revolutions. The results indicate that since Arabic revolutions in 2011 and formation of new groups in the regional and international level in the Middle East, especially the Syrian crisis that initiated a new stage in Russia’s relations with the Islamic world, Moscow has attempted to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East to remove the danger of Islamic extremism, avoid tension with those countries and reinforce relationship with them. Therefore, it is expected that Russia highlights the role of Islam in its foreign policy and that Russian politicians show more interest in constructive collaboration with middle eastern Islamic countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - A Study of the Downfall Causes of the Labor Party in Israel
Faramarz Salehi Reza Kaviani Masoud MotalebiThe purpose of the present study is to review causes of the downfall of the labor party in Israel’s political arena. The main research question is: what have been the most important causes of the decline of the labor party in Israel within the past 2 decades? The MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review causes of the downfall of the labor party in Israel’s political arena. The main research question is: what have been the most important causes of the decline of the labor party in Israel within the past 2 decades? The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the labor party’s support and back up of peace negotiations in the Middle East and the failure of the talks have been the most important causes of the party’s downfall. From the view of Jewish voters, the above party has ignored Zionist values by some suggestions and conditions such as division of Jerusalem, creating 2 governments, and withdrawal from the Golan heights and south Lebanon. They hold that the extension of the Palestinian groups’ attacks is the result of the labor party’s talks which decreased the votes and social status. Moreover, some reasons like the party’s indifference to socialist values such as joint farms (Kibbutzniks) and more support to the rich class made the middle-class distance from the party and tend to rightist and religious parties instead. Therefore, it declined the power and penetration of this moderate party in the political arena of Israel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - A Constructivist View of Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East (Case Study: Syria and Iraq 2018-2011)
Davood Kiani Zeinab SadoughiThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, MoreThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, the emergence of extremism, the threat to Russia's interests, as well as concerns over the escalation of uprisings in Eurasia since 2011 and political and social unrest in the Arab Middle East , has led to policy of expansion of influence and presence in the Middle East by Moscow due to change in perception of the Russian elite. The results of this descriptive-analytical study showed that Russia, by changing its regional approach, increased its role in the region and by promoting security and stability, playing an important role in managing crisis and turning threats into opportunities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - US-EU Divergent and Convergent Relations in Important Matters of the Globe
مجتبی محمدی نودهکی ابراهیم متقی محمدرضا اصغریIt seems necessary to recognize stands and functions of US and EU as to their role-plays as two major effective actors in international order. Some of the important international issues such as terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, Middle East peace process and partic MoreIt seems necessary to recognize stands and functions of US and EU as to their role-plays as two major effective actors in international order. Some of the important international issues such as terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, Middle East peace process and particularly Iran and our country’s nuclear program have found considerable amount of capacities of US-EU foreign policy and diplomacy. Both powers try to pursue in their own specific way their interests and benefits in dealing with important matters of the world. In different times, this differential method has led to differences between both powers in global issues which if not scientifically checked shall be mistaken at the surface level or deeply and in the way of approaching them. Therefore, recognizing new and old areas of differences and their causes seems necessary so that the level and scope of these differences at different times might be learned by looking into these cases and a more realistic recognition can be reached. In this way, the effective potential of each of the two powers is understood considering their tools and facilities in international issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - A further contribution to the fauna of Iranian Elampini (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Chrysidinae)
M. Fallahzadeh A. Falahatpisheh A. F. Dousti F. Strumia N. SaghaeiThe Chrysididae are a large, cosmopolitan and diverse family of wasps commonly known as cuckoo wasps or gold wasps that consists of over 3000 known species in 84 genera and many more to be discovered. In this study, the tribe Elampini (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) was stud MoreThe Chrysididae are a large, cosmopolitan and diverse family of wasps commonly known as cuckoo wasps or gold wasps that consists of over 3000 known species in 84 genera and many more to be discovered. In this study, the tribe Elampini (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) was studied in the Fars Province of Iran during 2013-2017. The specimens were collected using a standard Malaise trap from different vegetation at different places (i.e. Fasa, Lasrestan, Shiraz and Jahrom) in southern part of Fars province. The collected specimens dried, pinned, labeled, and put into collection boxes, subsequently. Eighteen species belonging to 9 genera (i.e. Colpopyga Semenov, 1954, Elampus Spinola, 1806, Haba Semenov, 1954, Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin, 1878, Hedychrum Latreille, 1802, Holopyga Dahlbom, 1845, Omalus Panzer, 1801, Philoctetes Abeille de Perrin, 1879, Pseudomalus Ashmead, 1902) were collected and identified. Three species: Haba colonialis (Mocsáry, 1911), Hedychridium hofferi Balthasar, 1953 and Holopyga inaurata Mocsáry, 1914 are new records for Iranian insect fauna. The total number of Iranian Elampini now increased to 98 species and subspecies in 10 genera. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - A new pseudoscorpion species of the genus Chthonius C.L. Koch (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from western Iran
M. Zamani R. Vafaei Shoushtari m. kahrarian M. NassirkhaniPseudoscorpion, also known as the false scorpion or book scorpion, is belonging to the arachnida class. They can be found in virtually all terrestrial habitats, but are most common in leaf litter, in soil, and under the bark of trees and logs. In spite of this widesprea MorePseudoscorpion, also known as the false scorpion or book scorpion, is belonging to the arachnida class. They can be found in virtually all terrestrial habitats, but are most common in leaf litter, in soil, and under the bark of trees and logs. In spite of this widespread, the results of pseudoscorpion fauna are still poor in Iran. This study was based on specimens collected in different localities from the province of Lorestan, during 2016-2017. The pseudoscorpionids specimens were gathered directly by hand or with an entomological aspirator from leaf litter or under stone. For their taxonomic study, the specimens were cleared in lactic acid, subsequently mounted on glass microscope slide in Hoyer’s medium (Gum Arabic 15g, Chloral Hydrate 75g, Distilled Water 25ml, Glycerin 5ml), and studied using Olympus CH-2 compound microscope. The measurements were taken using calibrated ocular micrometer (WF10X–18MM). Figures were drawn with a drawing tube attached to the microscope. The others inspected as temporary slides made by glycerin. a new pseudoscorpion species, Chthonius youtabae n. sp.is described and figured based on females collected from Lorestan province-western Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Future Study Of Women Educations Status In the Middle East With Focus On Iran
ام البنی Polab زهرا Pishgahi FardThe scientific, economic, social and political prestige and significance gained by the women are considered as one of the most important components of any country’s development. The women educations as a significant social development constituent have been permane MoreThe scientific, economic, social and political prestige and significance gained by the women are considered as one of the most important components of any country’s development. The women educations as a significant social development constituent have been permanently evaluated and taken into concern in the strategic plan. Promoting the women educations is one of the Middle East various countries competition arena that had been explicated in the developing goals of the year 1400 horizon by Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article studied the women educations established position in the Middle East countries. Descriptive and analytic procedures were employed. By implementing multiple-stage sampling and defining the present ranking; the Middle East countries’ standings for the year 2025 was estimated based on the gender development indices and via time- series design analysis techniques;. The results revealed that Islamic Republic of Iran will be ranked to the thirteenth eminence among the whole twenty two Middle East countries on 2025. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The Role Of Women In Social Political Movements In Middle East 2010 (Republic of Yemen)
Samireh Hazbave Mohammad Reza AlamThe international community in 2011 witnessed a set of popular uprisings in the Middle East region .In these developments, the world faced the presence of women in the public arena. One of the countries where women played an important and determining role in furthering MoreThe international community in 2011 witnessed a set of popular uprisings in the Middle East region .In these developments, the world faced the presence of women in the public arena. One of the countries where women played an important and determining role in furthering the uprising was "Republic of Yemen". The presence of women in such development was so significant, that some of the violent uprising media analysis called the rebels as "Bloody Friday", "Day of Rage" or "Day of Fate". In this context, the main analytical approach of the current research paper was a descriptive; that investigated the role of women in the Middle East recent movement by relying on Yemen. Research findings showed that concerning the domination of the dictatorship prior to the recent developments in Yemen and the poverty of the country compared to other countries in the region, the women, along with the men by taking part in different ways, either directly or indirectly exposed their participation in 2010 social political developments to the international community This was an example of promoting social and political participation of women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Examining the nature and consequences of Islamic Resistance Front's discourse in the Middle East
javad Bostan afrooz Hamed Mohagheghnia Rohollah Shahabi Feraydoon akbarzadehAmong the movements that are trying nowadays to have an impressive effect in the Middle East developments, can refer to the Islamic Resistance Front . This movement has been effective in the context of Middle East and international system's political, social development MoreAmong the movements that are trying nowadays to have an impressive effect in the Middle East developments, can refer to the Islamic Resistance Front . This movement has been effective in the context of Middle East and international system's political, social developments in the last few decades, meanwhile was able to be widely discussed with the inspiration and modeling of the Islamic Revolution discourse. Accordingly, the discourse of the Islamic Resistance Front has been able to develop a more serious confrontation in a growing power with the domination system through the support of Islamic Revolution of Iran, so that it can be said that this confrontation with the domination system in countries such as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Yemen has been led to a change in the challenges and the defeat of arrogant hegemony in the region. Considering the trend of global and regional developments after Islamic Revolution's victory and the spread of resistance act against the forces of anti-domineering, as well as the lack of available researches in this article has been tried to use Laclau and mouffe theory in an analytical-descriptive method and discourse analysis technique to response the question of how to explain the discourse of resistance and its consequences in the Middle East. The findings of this research indicate that the signs classified in the discourse of resistance can be classified into two categories. The first part is negative (negation) factors and the second one is affirmative (positivity) factors. The anti-dominance exists in the center of resistance discourse's negativity dimension, namely, negating domination and anti-dominance are the most important sign of negativity. But the most important affirmative forms of the resistance discourse, which are at the center of it, are some concepts like seeking justice, seeking rights, pacifism, dignity, authority, spiritualism and pragmatism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The political and social situation of Iran and its neighbors in the 20th century in the works of Sarrider Bullard
maryam sheipari Hossein mirzaeiSir Reeder Bullard, a famous English politician, is one of the most important political figures due to the many positions he held among the Muslim countries of the Middle East in the first half of the 20th century, and his works and memories can be used to understand Is MoreSir Reeder Bullard, a famous English politician, is one of the most important political figures due to the many positions he held among the Muslim countries of the Middle East in the first half of the 20th century, and his works and memories can be used to understand Islamic societies at that time. . He had various jobs and missions in the Ottoman countries (before the collapse) of Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Iran, and in addition to political reports, he also looked at the social issues of Islamic countries.Bullard's works, in which aspects of political and social history can be found, reveal a new image of Islamic countries at the threshold of the 20th century. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to re-identify Iran and its neighbors from the point of view of Bullard as an ambassador and in some cases an orientalist. The research method is a library and it is prepared based on the original and first-hand sources, which are Bullard's works and writings And the findings of the research show that from the political aspect of the German issue and the tendency of the countries of the region towards the policies of Germany as a third force other than Russia and England, it has had a great impact on the fate of these countries. From the social point of view, these societies have suffered from two cultural and social divisions, in a way, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - An overview of the origin and geographical routing of fine dust and strategies to deal with it in Iran
hamid kheyroddinIran and the Middle East are in the dry belt of the world. Due to climatic and geographical conditions, our country is prone to dust storms. Drought, insecurity and war, lack of vegetation, atmospheric instability in neighboring deserts and horizontal and vertical trans MoreIran and the Middle East are in the dry belt of the world. Due to climatic and geographical conditions, our country is prone to dust storms. Drought, insecurity and war, lack of vegetation, atmospheric instability in neighboring deserts and horizontal and vertical transfer of dust particles and its intensification due to intrusion and occupation The practice has had adverse effects on the ecosystem, health, health, production, transportation, tourism, increased pollution, increased migration, and the like. This research intends to use the method of collecting library information and using data, maps and spatial and geographical analysis to get a proper knowledge and picture of the geographical status of the fine dust phenomenon in terms of origin and direction of its creation. Then, using this information, to analyze the space and find the root of the internal and external origin of fine dust. Therefore, in this article, with a review and descriptive method, the route and the dust center are first examined outside the country, such as Iraq, Syria and the Arabian Peninsula, and then the Northeast region, Central Asia, Turkmenistan and southeast Pakistan using The map and related zoning were collected and then the internal origin in the main geographical directions of the dust and dust phenomenon from the interior of the country was studied. This phenomenon occurs throughout the year, but the frequency of occurrence and its negative effect and worse air quality It is more common in hot seasons, especially in summer and July and August. This is due to the frequent influx of dust from Iraq and the instability of the Hijaz desert climate, declining air humidity, drought, excessive use of water and natural resources, increasing temperature and speed and wind direction, and drying of wetlands and mismanagement. Various in economic, social, political, environmental dimensions. There is an institution and organization that mentions some of these consequences and strategies to deal with it from the research results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Exploring the Reasons for the Transformation of US Strategies towards Middle East Developments in Obama Era
Dariush Shahbahrami Ghasem Torabi Aliraza Razaei Dariush Shahbahrami[1] Ghasem Torabi[2] Aliraza Razaei[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power in 2008, Washington has had to reassess its foreign policy. This led to a shift in America's approach to the Middle East. One of the most imp More Dariush Shahbahrami[1] Ghasem Torabi[2] Aliraza Razaei[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power in 2008, Washington has had to reassess its foreign policy. This led to a shift in America's approach to the Middle East. One of the most important goals of changing the Obama-era approach to the Middle East was to change from unilateralism to multilateralism. In this regard, the US approach to the nuclear case, cooperation with the P5 + 1, transatlantic relations, and the adoption of a multilateral diplomatic strategy toward Iran can be seen as effects of Obama's multilateralism strategy. In fact, the main question is: what was the reason for the change in US foreign policy toward the Middle East between 2008 and 2016? In response, it can be said that the vast costs and limited benefits of the past US interventionist policy in the Middle East, shale oil economization in the US and the decline of the strategic importance of the Middle East region and US security concerns elsewhere, including in Southeast Asia, have been the causes of the shift in US strategy toward the Middle East between 2008 and 2016. But the most important signs of Obama's strategy toward Iran are: limitation of deterrence strategy against Iran, reduction in strength of multilateral sanctions and restrictions on controlling and reducing the danger of Iran. [1] - PhD Student, International Relations, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran, dariush.shahbahrami@yahoo.com [2] - Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, ghasemtoraby@yahoo.com, Corresponding Author. [3] - Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, ir.alirezarezaei@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Comparing the discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East with Saudi Arabia in terms of ideological challenges
gholamreza firoozi hamed mohagheghnia shiva jalalpour Fereydoon Akbarzade -
Open Access Article
51 - Analysis of Geopolitical Obstacles in Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia from the Perspective of Political Sociology
Mohammad Hamed Lamei Mohammad Yousefi Joybari Reza Khodaei MahmoudiIn recent years, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have become a scene of conflict in regional equations and order in Southwest Asia. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two long-standing rivals, have competed with each other in this region and the I MoreIn recent years, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have become a scene of conflict in regional equations and order in Southwest Asia. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two long-standing rivals, have competed with each other in this region and the Islamic world due to the geostrategic and geoeconomic characteristics of the Persian Gulf region as well as their specific geopolitical and ideological conditions. The security, economic, commercial and cultural-social relations of both countries are strongly affected by the foreign policy of the two countries. Many contradictions between Iran and Saudi Arabia can be seen in the form of identity and geopolitical signs. The aim of the present research is to analyze the sociological barriers of geopolitics that prevent the establishment of stable and stable relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. The research method is documentary and analytical, and documentary sources have been used to explain the problem. The intensification and strengthening of the geopolitical crisis, the expansion of the conflict and the intra-regional competition in Southwest Asia are among the geopolitical obstacles that have prevented the formation of good relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and these geopolitical obstacles cannot be resolved. He expected stable relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The role of political culture on the formation and development of the Takfiri and salafi currents in Middle East (case study: Iraq and Syria)
Nahid Moradzadeh Ehsan Shakeri KhooyiThis study aims to investigate the role of political culture on the formation and development of Takfiri and Salafi currents in the Middle East as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Variables in this study include: the traditional political culture and formation and deve MoreThis study aims to investigate the role of political culture on the formation and development of Takfiri and Salafi currents in the Middle East as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Variables in this study include: the traditional political culture and formation and developments of Takfiri and Salafi currents. The explanation of the role of political culture on the formation of Takfiri and Salafi currents in Middle East, particularly in Iraq and Syria communities; the explanation of the components of the political culture in Middle East; the explanation of the social structure of Iraq and Syria; and an explanation of the emergence of ISIL social origin are among the purposes of the study. Theoretical framework based on research study of the concepts such as political culture, political culture in the Middle East and the ideas of Takfiri and Salafi. The timing of the research related to the period after the occupation of Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003 up to now, and social and political developments in Syria, after the death of Hafez al-Assad in 2000 and the coming to power of Bashar al-Assad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - The crises of the process of government and nation building and its role on the formation of fundamentalism in Middle East (Case study: Iraq and Syria)
Sedigheh Moradzadeh Ehsan Shakeri KhoyeeThe aim of the present study is the process of the government and nation building and its role on the formation of religious fundamentalism in Middle East, as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Explanation of the components of nation building in Middle East communities, MoreThe aim of the present study is the process of the government and nation building and its role on the formation of religious fundamentalism in Middle East, as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Explanation of the components of nation building in Middle East communities, explanation of the formation and social structure of Iraqi and Syrian communities and explanation of the social origin of the emergence of ISIS are also among the aims of this study. The research hypotheses are: Incomplete government and nation building in the Middle East (Iraq and Syria) that caused the formation of religious fundamentalism, diverse structure and plural ethnic, religious and mosaic communities of Iraq and Syria, incomplete and artificial government- nation building on the basis of the Sykes-Picot agreement in Middle East countries and the process of government- nation building that caused the accumulation of debts and lack of its realization in Iraq and Syria. Case study in this research is in connection with the religious fundamentalism in Iraq and Syria. The timeframe of the research is related to the period after the occupation of Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime in years 2003 up to now, and also social-political developments in Syria after the death of Hafez al-Assad in years 2000 and coming to power of Bashar al-Assad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Content Analysis of the Supreme Leader's (Ayatollah Khamenei) view of "Relations with America" in the period 1368-1395
Soraya Vedady Mohammad Reza RasooliHeroic flexibility", a term used by the Supreme Leader (AyatollahKhamenei) in 2013, had been raised about the political interactions. BothIran and America are characterized as two powerful and effectivediscourse in the international arena and any interaction and confron MoreHeroic flexibility", a term used by the Supreme Leader (AyatollahKhamenei) in 2013, had been raised about the political interactions. BothIran and America are characterized as two powerful and effectivediscourse in the international arena and any interaction and confrontationbetween the two countries, change many regional and global equations.Therefore, the importance of recognizing the strategies and tactics and thepolitical discourse governing these two countries is essential andimportant. This research followed content analysis approach of theSupreme Leader ( Ayatollah Khamenei) about America with an emphasison what and how to "negotiate and communicate with America" during(1986-2016) years to obtain a detailed scientific understanding about hisperspective of America. According to a purposeful sampling of all hisstatements, 209 lectures related to the concept of "America" wereobtained and classified into five basic subjects: "Islam and America","Pathology of America," "America's isolation," "America Middle Eastpolicy" and "negotiation and relationship with America". The mostfrequent issues are: in the "key Words related to Categorization of Islamand America" is "American Islam"; In "Key Words related to Pathologyof America", is related to weakness and decline in American power; in"Key Words related to America's isolation", is related to America’sisolation with the world ; in "key Words related to America Middle Eastpolicy", is failure of US middle east policies; and the most frequentkeywords in the topic of "negotiation and relationship with the UnitedStates" are related to the characteristics of the United States whichinclude: Domination, tyranny, dictatorship, aggression, Warmongeringand Being cruel. In addition to these characteristics, hostility andarrogance of America was emphasized. According to research findings,America looking for unconditional talks with Iran to impose its demandsand in the context of relations, he also contemplates a contingentrelationship (the surrender of the Islamic Republic), which in the currentsituation, neither negotiation nor a relationship with the United States, theloss is more than its profit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Comparison of the discourse of the Muslim Brotherhood and ISIS from political IslamAnd its impact on developments in the Middle East
Syed Abas Hosini saeed eslamee انوش جعفریThe Middle East is one of the most conflict-ridden regions in the world, and is considered one of the major centers of influence of the superpowers in terms of strategic and economic importance.Given the tensions caused by the tendencies of the Muslim Brotherhood, as we MoreThe Middle East is one of the most conflict-ridden regions in the world, and is considered one of the major centers of influence of the superpowers in terms of strategic and economic importance.Given the tensions caused by the tendencies of the Muslim Brotherhood, as well as the description of the rise of ISIL and the effects of its expanded wars, which led to the emergence of new power relations in the region, the need for a correct understanding based on the reality of this groupAnd a proper study of the issue is necessary to find a solution to the Middle East crisis.Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to compare political Islam influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood and ISIS in the Middle East.This research is applied in terms of purpose and according to its theoretical nature, it is qualitatively based on a descriptive-analytical approach in which the issue has been studied and analyzed using the theory of political discourse analysis.In this study, it was concluded that the political Islam of ISIL, the political instruction, is based on jihad, but the political Islam of the Muslim Brotherhood from the discourse of reviving the caliphate movement and the Islamic government gradually to the democratic and secular discourse and in terms of political action from the ideal.Orientalism has evolved into pragmatism.The establishment of new nation-states is the result of exploring the future of political Islam in the Middle Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - a
عزیز جوانپور هروی سید محمدرضا موسوی rahim norouzi -
Open Access Article
57 - The Role of Oil in the Formulation of Foreign Policy and Security Strategy of United States
ابوالقاسم طاهری قاسم ترابیAmerican foreign policy, particularly with respect to the oil region of the Middle East, is highly influenced by United States need for oil. The decades’ presence of the United States in the oil rich region of the Middle East along with its high political, economi MoreAmerican foreign policy, particularly with respect to the oil region of the Middle East, is highly influenced by United States need for oil. The decades’ presence of the United States in the oil rich region of the Middle East along with its high political, economical and military costs to guarantee oil flow to the United States is indicative of how oil is important in the formulation of Macro foreign policy strategies by the United States. Thus, it is obvious that without an in depth understanding of role of oil in the politics, economy and military strategies of the United State one cannot have a clear grasp and perception of the nature of the security and military strategies formulate by this country. Hence, it is aimed in this article to understand how the goal of guaranteeing the oil flow to the United States influences the formulation of security and military strategy of this nation. Obama’s energy doctrine which is based on the reduction of United States dependence on the imported oil and search for the possibilities of finding new sources of energy and other alternative fuel efficient sources are explored and analyzed in the last part of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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Mahdiyeh heydari Hossein Daheshiar -
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MohammadReza Movahedi alireza rezaieaa -
Open Access Article
60 - Obstacles to Democracy in the Middle East
Amir SajediOne of the clear cut characteristics of the Middle East is that its components have similar politico-historical fate. This common fate, to a large extent, has been influenced by the role played by imperialism, religion and common customs and cultures that have left thei MoreOne of the clear cut characteristics of the Middle East is that its components have similar politico-historical fate. This common fate, to a large extent, has been influenced by the role played by imperialism, religion and common customs and cultures that have left their impact on the political structure of the countries in the region. The un-matching structures of the authoritarian regimes concurrent with the expansion of communications between different political unites are prone to politico-social changes. In order to overcome the crisis some of the political systems of the Middle East have tried to bring about reforms under surface in their political structures. Reforms in the Middle East have a history as old as the region itself but unfortunately these reforms, despite their needs, had neither taken roots nor had followed a forward trend. Having said that, the absence of democracy is one of the important problems of the region which has caught the attention of many experts. Although a lot of efforts have been made to resolve this problem (slow movement towards democracy), unfortunately not much success has been achieved. Manuscript profile -
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علی قاسمیان -
Open Access Article
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mojtaba ostovar amir houshang mirkoushesh ali mohammadzadehaa -
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ali gasemiany6y -
Open Access Article
64 - Evaluating Relative Efficiency of Major Cargo Ports in the Middle East: The Integrated DEA-AP Approach
Azita Hajizadeh Seyed Nasser Saeidi Amer Kaabi Homayoun Yousefi Mostafa ZaredoostThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relative efficiency of major cargo ports in Middle East over the three-year period of 2011-2013. The research data were collected from scientific resources and input and output data from statistical yearbook of the Iranian ports MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relative efficiency of major cargo ports in Middle East over the three-year period of 2011-2013. The research data were collected from scientific resources and input and output data from statistical yearbook of the Iranian ports, maritime organization and formal website of each foreignport. Initially, the relative efficiency of ports was evaluated via two basic model of DEA-technique namely CCR-O and BCC-O and the ports were ranked accordingly using the 100% efficiency Anderson-peterson method. Based on the results of output- oriented CCR modelthatrepresents overall technical efficiency, Khorfakkan Port showed the highest and Bandar ImamKhomeini the lowest coefficient of efficiency during the given period. Based on the results of output- oriented BCC modelthatrepresents pure technical efficiency, Bushehr, Jebel Ali, KhorfakkanandAlexandria were found to have the highestandBandar ImamKhomeini the lowest coefficient of efficiency. Apart from Khorfakkan and Alexandriathat were underconstantreturns to scale, other ports were under variablereturns to scale. The scrutinized ports revealed an average of 54.3%, in technical efficiency and an average of 73% in pure technical efficiency during 2011-2013. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - A study of fundamental and indices of knowledge based economy in Islamic countries of middle-east and North Africa
Alireza Bafande Gholamreza SoltanifsgndesA knowledge based economy is the one in which production, dissemination and the use of knowledge is known as main factor for growth, production and engagement in a macro-economy. This study deals with knowledge definition, knowledge based economy, pillars of knowledge b MoreA knowledge based economy is the one in which production, dissemination and the use of knowledge is known as main factor for growth, production and engagement in a macro-economy. This study deals with knowledge definition, knowledge based economy, pillars of knowledge based economy framework, knowledge networks and measurement indices of knowledge based economy in Islamic countries in Middle-East and north.Africa, using theWorld Bank data and descriptive statistics (radar charts and means). The results showed that the aforementioned countries,in comparison with world mean are in lower position,though they are higher in three indices.The imbalance in knowledge based economy index is clearly visible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Impact of Economic-Social Development on Air Quality in the Middle East Countries
masoumeh motallebi Reza Najarzade Lotfali AgheliThis research mainly aims to investigate the effect of economic-social development on air quality in Middle East countries. For this purpose, the effects of Socio-economic Development indicators and natural resource utilization indicators are examined as one of the main MoreThis research mainly aims to investigate the effect of economic-social development on air quality in Middle East countries. For this purpose, the effects of Socio-economic Development indicators and natural resource utilization indicators are examined as one of the main drivers of growth and development in the Middle East on Sulfur dioxide emission as an indicator for air quality. Since air pollution is a stable occurrence over time, the time-varying coefficient panel data model during the time period 2000-2019 is used to examine the impact of variables on Sulfur dioxide emissions. The results show that human capital, per capita income, and innovation have the greatest impact on the increase in Sulfur dioxide emissions, but resource usage indicators, especially the consumption of fossil fuels, lead to a decrease in Sulfur dioxide emissions. In fact, given the low use of renewable energy in the Middle East, energy consumption is mainly based on carbon sources. Thus, it is necessary to use environmental technologies and innovations instead of technology-based activities to control this issue in order to achieve sustainable economic growth and development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Institutions and development in the Middle East Countries
mohammad hosein fatehi dabanloo Kambiz hojabr kiani abbas memarnejad mohsen mehraraThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between institutions and development in the Middle East countries. To testing the hypotheses the Middle East countries were divided into two groups of oil exporting and non-oil-exporting, then the research MoreThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between institutions and development in the Middle East countries. To testing the hypotheses the Middle East countries were divided into two groups of oil exporting and non-oil-exporting, then the research models as systematic and three-stage least squares have been used by the data during the period 1996 to 2014 for the two groups. Wald, Kruskal-Wallis and least significant difference tests were also utilized in appraising the interaction between institutions and development. The findings show that there is a significant difference between institutions and development interaction in the oil exporting and non-oil-exporting countries in the Middle East. In both groups, the estimated coefficient for the impact of development on institutions is more than the impact of institutions on development. Therefore, pay attention to development, automatically, in addition to improving its indices, upgrades the institutions conditions and improves the indices performance. This impact is exist by institution, also, but the variation speed is more by development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Takfiri Salafism in the Middle East in the Third Millennium and the Islamic Republic of Iran
hosein nasirzadeh Mahnaz GoodarziAbstract: In the third millennium especially after 11 September 2001 events and the uprising which later happened from 2011 in North Africa and the Middle East, the world has witnessed the increasing expansion of Salafi-Takfiri groups and gaining power of extremist reli MoreAbstract: In the third millennium especially after 11 September 2001 events and the uprising which later happened from 2011 in North Africa and the Middle East, the world has witnessed the increasing expansion of Salafi-Takfiri groups and gaining power of extremist religious groups in the Middle East. The Salafi-Takfiri groups with their ideological backing are a threat to the world and the Islamic Republic of Iran particularly that Iran is located in frontline of these groups. The present paper wants to answer this question that "what have been the consequences of the rise of these Salafi_Takfiri groups for Islamic Republic of Iran? The finding of the study shows that the Salafi-takfiri groups as a factor of security threat, instability and disorder for the Middle East region and challenge to Iran on the other hand have provided some significant opportunities in certain aspects. The Methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and the collection of data is from library sources and documents. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Middle East Developments (Islamic Awakening) with an Emphasis on the Syrian Crisis
Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Soheil Soheily NajafabadiThe Arab Middle East developments that began in 2011 are a milestone in the political history of this strategic area of the world. Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has always striven to influence the Middle East but the post-2011 revolutionary developments in the M MoreThe Arab Middle East developments that began in 2011 are a milestone in the political history of this strategic area of the world. Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has always striven to influence the Middle East but the post-2011 revolutionary developments in the Middle East have provided more influence to Iran in Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, and Syria. The main question is that "The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic in relation to the developments in Islamic awakening, especially in the context of the Syrian crisis What has been the reason for increasing Iran's influence in the region? "The main purpose, which is carried out through a descriptive-analytical method based on constructive theory, is to influence the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region based on its foreign policy components To clarify how its loyalty to the principles of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic and its valorous Islamic ideals, which makes it the identity of this foreign policy, is clear. The result is that Iran wants to expand its identity values in the region, but it is trying to get more influential in the region, using the policy of unity with Russia, first of all its national security. Manuscript profile -
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70 - The United Strategy and the Regional Order of the Middle East: From Classic Hegemony to Moderate Hegemony
ali mohammadi zia mohammad sotodeAbstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world MoreAbstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world has paid special attention to this region and tries to pursue its objectives through different strategies. The present article by a documentary method and referring to documents of national security of the United States wants to know the strategy of the United States within the framework of regional orders. The underlying hypothesis is that the strategy of the United States for creating regional order in the Middle East has undergone change from classic hegemony to moderate hegemony. The finding of the study shows the new strategy of the United States is based on cooperation with the Middle East countries with minimum common interest of them. For this purpose the United States seeks legitimacy and support for the exercise of its power and actions in the region and the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - The Public Diplomacy’s Regaining Identity in the United States’ Foreign Policy after 11 September
سید اصغر کیوان حسینی Ali ArdakanianAbstract Public diplomacy, a word which entered into international relations from 1960s has been used to describe new aspects of international diplomacy. It is also part of a chain of evolution of diplomacy in different period of time. The United States is one of the b MoreAbstract Public diplomacy, a word which entered into international relations from 1960s has been used to describe new aspects of international diplomacy. It is also part of a chain of evolution of diplomacy in different period of time. The United States is one of the big powers which from the beginning of its entrance into international community made use of public diplomacy. The United States has always used new apparatus and innovative methods for achieving its ends. The present paper pays special attention to vast experiences resulted from applying public diplomacy during Cold War as well as the last decade of 20th century. But what have been more emphasized are the years after September 11th. The paper tries to focus more on qualitative as well as quantitate aspects of George Bush junior and Obama administration’s approach in applying public diplomacy in fight against terrorism. The question raised by the present article is “what has been the impact of September 11th events on development process of public diplomacy of the United States?” The underlying hypothesis is that during the Bush junior administration greater importance had been attached to public diplomacy as compared to earlier periods. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and the collection of data is from library material. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Obama's Middle Eastern Strategy: From Assigning Responsibility to Allies to Accepting limited responsibility
فرزاد محمدزاده ابراهیمی محمدرضا ملکی سید جواد امام جمعه زادهAbstract There has been much criticism about Obama’s Middle East strategy and some believe that it lacked strategic prospect. An examination of the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration from the viewpoint of neo-classic realism not MoreAbstract There has been much criticism about Obama’s Middle East strategy and some believe that it lacked strategic prospect. An examination of the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration from the viewpoint of neo-classic realism not only does not approve this view but also indicates that Obama has adopted a coherent strategy from the beginning of his presidency towards the Middle East and on this basis he has made significant efforts to promote the United States national security. So it is interesting to answer this question as to what strategy Obama adopted vis-à-vis the Middle East and what policies was pursued to achieve those goals? The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to show that the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration started with assigning responsibility to its allies within the framework of balancing from remote distance and by the passage of time moved to accept limited responsibility. Taking into consideration the closeness of Obama’s administration foreign policy to realism theory, the authors of the article believe that this theory can better explain the foreign policy of the United States under Barack Obama presidency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The Decline and Fall of the Turkish Model of Democracy in the Middle East
بشیر اسماعیلی mohammad zarezadeh محمد فلاحAbstract Turkey is having an important geographical and political position in the Middle East and has great influence on political developments of this region. Since coming into power of Justice and Development Party (AKP) Turkey has tried to have a more important plac MoreAbstract Turkey is having an important geographical and political position in the Middle East and has great influence on political developments of this region. Since coming into power of Justice and Development Party (AKP) Turkey has tried to have a more important place in the political development of the Middle East. Turkey by having a legacy of last Islamic Empire has tried to revive its influence in the Islamic World. In this direction in recent years Turkey has introduced herself as a successful political and economic model to the Islamic World and the Middle Eastern countries. The initial years of success in democracy, economic development, political stability and playing the role of a mediator in regional conflicts had been index of Turkey's model but in later stage successive failure occurred. The internal problems that Turkey is facing along with regional and international problems in political and economic fields showed that the Turkish model does not have the former attraction and in practice has failed. Manuscript profile -
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74 - The Scope and Horizon of the Relations of Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey (2011-2021)
حسین یارمحمدیان Ali Omidi Shahrooz EbrahimiAbstract: The present article first describes the ups and down of relations of Iran and Turkey and it explains how Justice and Development Party’s gradual distancing from secular Kamalist military establishment led to expansion of diplomatic relations between Iran MoreAbstract: The present article first describes the ups and down of relations of Iran and Turkey and it explains how Justice and Development Party’s gradual distancing from secular Kamalist military establishment led to expansion of diplomatic relations between Iran and Turkey after 2002. Then the article focuses its attention on Arab uprising which led to a gulf between Iran and Turkey. The article by a descriptive-analytical method and by making use of the puzzle of security theory raises the question that “ what factors and issues leads to erosion of Iran and Turkey relations and how these factors act in coming future?” The hypothesis is that from geographical aspect both are affected by the fragile political situations in the Middle East and in particular in Iraq and Syria and therefore both the countries want to influence political and security developments in Fertile Crescent of Iraq and Syria. From identity point of view each country wants to expand its own values and ideology and direct the social and political groups related to themselves residing in strategic regions and in this way they want to play an active role in the region. Manuscript profile -
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75 - Future Studies of the Middle East over the Next Three Decades; Analysis of the Trends of Fight against Terrorism at the International Level
محمدعلی بصیری زهرا آقامحمدیAbstract: The Middle East is one of the most important regions of the world that has been affected by terrorism as one of the most serious security threats for the future of the region. Although the states in the region have adopted different strategies to fight his phe MoreAbstract: The Middle East is one of the most important regions of the world that has been affected by terrorism as one of the most serious security threats for the future of the region. Although the states in the region have adopted different strategies to fight his phenomenon yet these strategies have not been able to effectively resolve the problem in the region and at the international level. The present article takes the help of English school theory of international relations and wants to answer this question as to what desirable and probable trend will exist in future for dealing with terrorism at the international level? The finding of the study shows that a scenario with characteristic like the solidarity of international community in fight against terrorism, more serious leadership of the United Nations, commitment to human rights while fighting against terrorism, formation of a coherent operational strategy, accepting the jurisdiction of International Punitive Court for punishing the agents of terrorist acts and strengthening equality and justice, will be the most favorable and probable outlook for fight against terrorism in the international arena in coming three decades. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the threats coming from terrorism and the opportunities for fighting against it with coming three decades with the cooperation of international community under the leadership of the United Nations. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and futures studies. Manuscript profile -
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76 - The Role of Identity in Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy
sedighe zare zahmatkesh ghasem torabyIt has long been argued that the controversy of identity is one of the main sources of crisis in the Middle East and international politics. That is, the existence of differences in the identity of the countries causes tension between them, while the convergence and sim MoreIt has long been argued that the controversy of identity is one of the main sources of crisis in the Middle East and international politics. That is, the existence of differences in the identity of the countries causes tension between them, while the convergence and similarity can lead to cooperation. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from the Middle East has long defied this hypothesis. The present study seeks to answer the question why does Saudi Arabia, who claims to be the leader of the Islamic world, has repeatedly opposed the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East? The research hypothesis implies that, In the case of Saudi foreign policy, similarity became particularly threatening as the distinctiveness of the Saudi identity was challenged and identity similarity is as a source of conflict. To address this paradox, this article builds on the growing literature on ontological security to explaining how similarity can generate Tension, insecurity and identity risks. The article follows with a comparison of Saudi identity risks in the wake of the Iranian revolution (1979) and the ascendance of the Muslim Brotherhood to power in Egypt (2012). Manuscript profile -
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77 - Analyzing the Failure of Deal of Century in Making Peace
Ehsan Ejazi mehdi lakziThe Trump administration has promised to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Middle East by implementing the Deal of Century. Given the lack of acceptance of this plan, not only by the Palestinians but also by the United States, the main question of this researc MoreThe Trump administration has promised to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Middle East by implementing the Deal of Century. Given the lack of acceptance of this plan, not only by the Palestinians but also by the United States, the main question of this research is: to what extent implementation of Deal of Century can be successful? The hypothesis of this study is as follows: due to lack of attention to the real roots of the conflict, special attention to Israeli interests, disregard for Palestinian rights, drafting a plan without negotiating with the Palestinian side, the inability of the United States to implement some provisions of the plan, the opposition of the Arab League and the European Union, this plan is not feasible and if some of its provisions are implemented unilaterally, it will only increase tensions in the Middle East. The authors have used the model of "resolving territorial disputes" to analyze the probability of success of this project using analytical and descriptive methods. Finally, the authors conclude that to achieve peace in the Middle East, an alternative plan must be considered that would ensure the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Manuscript profile -
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78 - The Sadrist Process and the emergence of Identity Backwardness on Iraq Resistance in both terms of Hard and Soft Dimensions
Abdolreza Alishahi Hossein Masoudnia Younes ForouzanIn this paper authors' aim to answer the question of why and how the Sadr Process, as an influential current in Iraq, has led to the emergence of divergence among the Shiites of Iraq in particular and the resistance front in general? The hypothesis of the article is tha MoreIn this paper authors' aim to answer the question of why and how the Sadr Process, as an influential current in Iraq, has led to the emergence of divergence among the Shiites of Iraq in particular and the resistance front in general? The hypothesis of the article is that the pragmatic approaches of the Sadr Process have led to the emergence of rebellion among the Shiites of Iraq and the resistance front in the region, and this problem is seen Resistance in both terms of hard and soft Dimensions. The findings of the paper, which are based on the theory of constructivism and behavioral theory of political activists, using the analytical-descriptive method and the use of written and virtual resources confirms that, in a hard dimension, the Sadr Process is interspersed with Saudi Arabia and a strategic coalition with the current Ayad Allawi, A secular Shiite and trusted America and Saudi Arabia and deep challenges with other Iraqi Shiite currents and in the soft dimension, by adopting retrograde positions towards the Islamic Republic of Iran, Syria, Saudi Shiites and Yemen, and the dual positions of the Shiite Iraqi authorities he is trying to create an independent Arab Shiite front Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Donald Trump Foreign Policy Survey in the Middle East (Objectives and Interests)
saeed jahangiri Alireza Azghandi naser garusiThe main objective of this article is to examine US foreign policy with the pioneering government of Donald Tramp and seek to rethink the presence of the United States and its interests in a region of major importance for the Middle East. The paper also examines Tramp's MoreThe main objective of this article is to examine US foreign policy with the pioneering government of Donald Tramp and seek to rethink the presence of the United States and its interests in a region of major importance for the Middle East. The paper also examines Tramp's declared policy on the Middle East and the challenges it faces. The main question of the article is that what is the foreign policy of Tramp in the Middle East based on? In response to the hypothesis of the article, there are several factors involved in US decision-making and foreign policy, and Donald Trump's government, in pursuit of the goals of the United States and its government, contrary to its propaganda slogans and its opposition to policies The former president, as well as the decisive factors such as the pressure of the Zionist lobbies, Saudi Arabia dollars and other factors, have withdrawn from their declarations and inevitably forced them to follow the policies of the past (in the Middle East) And even seeks to increase tensions in the region Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The Explanation of Reproduction of the Conflict between the I.R, Iran and the United States in West Asia in Post Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: A Return to Neorealism.
sayed amir jafari enayatollah yazdani mohammad ali basiriAbstract:After the return of conflicting parties about Iran’s nuclear program and 5+1 countries to nuclear negotiations table and the conclusion of international agreement called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), it was expected that this peaceful model o MoreAbstract:After the return of conflicting parties about Iran’s nuclear program and 5+1 countries to nuclear negotiations table and the conclusion of international agreement called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), it was expected that this peaceful model of settlement of disputes can be used for other conflicting issues. But the post JCPA developments reduced the hope and possibility of applying this model to other disputing issues. Contrary to the views of analysts, Iran has remained on top of security threat recognized by the United States and its traditional allies in the region. Besides that the entrance of extra regional actors in the region has added intensity to counter balancing in the region. Although the neo-realist theory cannot alone offer a correct perception about the developments of the Middle East yet it is having the power to simplify the explanation of events and more realistically predict the future developments. The present article tries to answer the question that “What are the causes of regenerating conflicts between Iran and the United States in post JCPA era?” the neo-realist theory helps us to explain the answer to the above question. The hypothesis is that due to continuation of balance of power in the Middle East, one can see the intensification of security competitions and regeneration of insecurity with the objective of disrupting the present balance of power. The cooperation of Iran with 5+1 countries has not been able to prevent escalation of conflicts in the Middle East. Therefore, it seems that following the model of JCPA for solving other differing regional issues will be having heavy costs for Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East
Abdolreza Yousefi Mianji Hossein daheshiar Nozar shafiee Rahmat HajiminehTrump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign polic MoreTrump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question, various factors of US foreign policy in the Middle East have been examined. The research findings show that the theory of aggressive realism, while fundamental-theoretical in nature, has a practical nature. This theory has given a good answer to the behavior of the actors of the international system. According to the study, Trump's foreign policy seeks to maintain its position in the region and prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon that could destabilize the balance of power and challenge US hegemony in the world. This study is theoretical-fundamental and has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library resources. Manuscript profile -
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82 - Opportunities, Threats and Solutions Facing the Energy Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran on Regional Political Economy (2003-2019)
Reza Shahnazi zadeh Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Hassan Khodaverdi Mohammadreza DehshiriEnergy and its importance and role in diplomacy are invisible. According to the main issue of this article, Iran's relations with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, as a case in point, look at the role of diplomacy in securing energy in the context of regional p MoreEnergy and its importance and role in diplomacy are invisible. According to the main issue of this article, Iran's relations with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, as a case in point, look at the role of diplomacy in securing energy in the context of regional political economy. "What is energy diplomacy in the context of a regional political economy with a focus on threats and opportunities?" Accordingly, the paper hypothesizes that "the implications of Iran's security-building relationship with Saudi Arabia and the UAE on energy diplomacy in the Middle East set the stage for unbalanced trends in the volume of confrontation and widespread threats to interactive situations and limited opportunities."The field of energy diplomacy has been in the context of regional political economy, which in the face of sanctions and economic pressure has led the Islamic Republic of Iran to use strategies such as purity and swap to circumvent sanctions.The paper's findings also show that Iran's relations with the Middle East, as well as traces of interaction between 2003 and 2019, are often based on a confrontation between the two sides. In this paper, descriptive-analytical method has been used by referring to the first category of library resources. Manuscript profile -
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83 - Trump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policy
azadeh olfati fereshteh bahramipoorTrump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policyAbstractPreserving the existence and security of Israel as a strategic ally of the United States in the Middle East has long been one of the main commitments of US presidents (both Republicans and MoreTrump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policyAbstractPreserving the existence and security of Israel as a strategic ally of the United States in the Middle East has long been one of the main commitments of US presidents (both Republicans and Democrats). Has made an impact.The main question of the present study is what effect has Trump's Middle East policy had on Israel's regional policy?The hypothesis underlying the descriptive-analytical approach in the context of the Copenhagen Regional Security Theory is that the US Middle East policy in the Trump administration has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive. Finally, the study concludes that Trump's Middle East policy of emphasizing radical support for Israel has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive than that of Iran, Syria, and Palestine, resulting in further tensions in the region.Keywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, IsraelKeywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, Israe Manuscript profile -
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84 - Genealogy of terrorist groups and organizations in the Middle East; A case study of al-Qaeda and ISIS
Mostafa Almasi Alireza AzghandiThis study seeks to investigate the origin of terrorist groups and organizations. Al-Qaeda and ISIL were selected as the largest study groups in the Middle East as the largest terrorist groups. Since the phenomena studied in the modern world cannot be thought of as sudd MoreThis study seeks to investigate the origin of terrorist groups and organizations. Al-Qaeda and ISIL were selected as the largest study groups in the Middle East as the largest terrorist groups. Since the phenomena studied in the modern world cannot be thought of as sudden and exotic phenomena, this study therefore considers the evolutionary process of these groups and organizations in the context of history. With this attitude, in response to the main research question, what are the root causes of the formation of terrorist groups and organizations in the Middle East? The main hypothesis of this study is that terrorist groups and organizations present in the modern world have a historical and intellectual background that can be studied from the perspective of genealogy. This research has attempted to add credible and diverse sources to the existing literature in this field. This research is a descriptive and analytical one and the method of data collection is documentary and library. Manuscript profile -
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85 - Impact of Russia- US Rivalry on Iran's Regional Status
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Amin naeeniThe Arab uprising that started in late 2011 has changed security order and impacted the political and military strategies of major powers in the Middle East. It also created a new opportunity for global powers to expand their role in the region. In such strategic change MoreThe Arab uprising that started in late 2011 has changed security order and impacted the political and military strategies of major powers in the Middle East. It also created a new opportunity for global powers to expand their role in the region. In such strategic changes, Russia intervened in Syria to protect the Bashar al-Assad regime. It has created a geopolitical rivalry between Russia and the US in the Middle East, while the ties of the two countries have been reaching the worst situation after the cold war. In this vein, Moscow has pursued to boost its relations with Iran, as an opposite actor to the role of the US in the region. Tehran has played a significant role in Russian foreign policy, as a card in dealing with the US. Meanwhile, the United States and Russia’s competition has spread in the Middle East,. Since the principles of Iran’s foreign policy toward the Middle East have concentrated to undermine what sees US order, Tehran has improved its relationship with Russia. This paper presents the relations among Iran, Russia, and the US under an interlocked cycle, and analyzes the influence of Moscow-Washington rivalry on the Iran-Russia ties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Changing approach to Turkish foreign policy: From the EU to the Middle East
Ebrahim MerajiTurkey is one of the developing and emerging countries that has been economically and politically successful among the countries of the region.The geographical location of this country in its proximity to Europe and the Middle East, has led to a mutual impact on both re MoreTurkey is one of the developing and emerging countries that has been economically and politically successful among the countries of the region.The geographical location of this country in its proximity to Europe and the Middle East, has led to a mutual impact on both regions.Turkey's growth and development path has been such that it has sought to achieve European political, economic, behavioral and value standards, and has always applied to join the European Union over the years.Today, however,we see that Turkey has chosen a different path and, with less attention to European standards, is trying to present itself as an active player in the Middle East and North Africa. The present Study seeks the reason for this change in Turkey's approach between 2000 and 2020 and tests the hypothesis by descriptive-analytical method that the policy of Turkish leaders is based on the existence of great and influential powers in the European Union,Turkey could have been a second-rate player in Europe at best, but these capabilities of Turkey in the Middle East could make it one of the most important and influential players in the first level of the region, and therefore in a strategic choice,Turkey has chosen the second path. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Changes in US Middle East Presence Methodology: Reasons and Contexts
amirhossein nemati Jalal Torkashvand alireza naeejDue to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entr MoreDue to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entry and exit and the type of action and strategy of trans-regional powers. has it. The United States has always been the most important and influential trans-regional power in West Asia since World War II. The country has always offered interest-based approaches in its foreign policy in line with the changes in politics and power in the region. Following the developments in West Asia in 2011, the foreign policy approach of US governments, as the largest intervening trans-regional power, has undergone more fundamental changes than in the past, and US leaders appear to be seeking a new methodology for US presence in West Asia. Given the importance of the country's role in the global equations, especially the equations of the West Asian region, this article is a percentage with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the theoretical framework of Randall Schuller's balance of interests to answer the important question What is the United States of America in West Asia? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Offshore Balancing and the United States Foreign Policy toward ISIS
محمود علیپور گرجی Abdul Majid seifi Sanaz YousefiIn recent years, the formation and enlargement of the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) lead to new dynamics in Middle East politics. It regards to the US foreign policy toward the ISIS impact on the new structure of relations, coalitions and disintegrations in the MoreIn recent years, the formation and enlargement of the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) lead to new dynamics in Middle East politics. It regards to the US foreign policy toward the ISIS impact on the new structure of relations, coalitions and disintegrations in the region. In the basis of offshore balancing grand strategy, the United States tries to prevent in formation any regional hegemon in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: what we can explain the United States foreign policy toward the ISIS(From 2013 to 2017) in the Middle East? The hypothesis of this article is: «the United States by using of offshore balancing grand strategy, in one hand, buck-passing the liability of control of the ISIS to Iran, Syria and Iraq, and the other hand, using ISIS as an instrument for balance of power in the Middle East». The present study is an applied research in a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study indicate that the United States in 2013-2017 is trying to curb ISIS on the one hand and increase its influence on the other hand at the expense of the government to which it has been transferred. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Explaining the Impact of Globalization on Status seeking of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Fazel Hassanzadeh amin ravanbod Ghaffar ZareiIn one hand, this research accepts the inevitable developments in international environment due to globalization and on the other hand, recognizing the state as the most important international actor, tries to explain one of the most influential state’s acts in th MoreIn one hand, this research accepts the inevitable developments in international environment due to globalization and on the other hand, recognizing the state as the most important international actor, tries to explain one of the most influential state’s acts in the globalized space. The purpose of this research is to explain the impact of globalization on dynamics of status seeking of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. This research is done with descriptive-analytical method. Findings of this research show that in lack of collective security system in the Middle East, the strategy of social competition is an attractive option for Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. The competitive relations among states in the Middle East have been an obstacle toward creating inclusive institutions and common concept of security. Consequently, the strategy of social mobility has not been a functional one in the region. Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia in order to utilize the strategy of social creativity should demonstrate more compliance with global values and norms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - A Survey of the Importance of Persian Gulf Region Energy in Political and Security Strategies of the United States
Abolghasem Taheri Mehdi ZareThe disintegration of the Soviet Union and rising of the United States as a hegemon power coincided with the change in the power structure of international system. In the international structure, economy became the center of emphasis and security preoccupation has inter MoreThe disintegration of the Soviet Union and rising of the United States as a hegemon power coincided with the change in the power structure of international system. In the international structure, economy became the center of emphasis and security preoccupation has interwoven with economic concerns. In the post- Cold War era the international politics has linked indispensably with the relations of security and economy. In this situation, the role of energy in international economy is indisputable and prominent. The United States dependence on energy despite the development and expansion of new energy sources and energy from Persian Gulf region and also the attempt of newly emerged rivals to have strategic links with the countries of the region has led the United States to adopt a strategy of controlling the region and its valuable energy sources. The increasing growth of demand for energy by European Union, China, India and Japan and also the expansive attempt by Russia to monopolize energy and use it as a lever to influence the already mentioned powers have visualized the possibility of formation of alliance and coalition out of the control of the United States hegemony. Besides these threat perception the activities of anarchist non-state actors with the support of some of the regional states of Persian Gulf threatens the existing international system which is not based on the balance of power system but on hegemony system. Thus the main mission of the United States is retaining its powerful position in a new competitive game and if need be ending the principle of competition in Persian Gulf and setting up a new structure for institutionalizing American values and fight with the elements that destabilize the situation. The United States policy is creating extreme fear about terrorism and fights against this menace and this in fact is a realistic method for achieving its objectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - A Study of the United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East after 11 September (On the Basis of Aggressive Realism theory
Ebrahim Mottaghi Khoram Baghayee Maysam RahimiTerrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the MoreTerrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the deterrence strategy. The end of the cold war meant the end of that strategy. As a result during 1991-2000 years there was a security vacuum for the United States. But the September 11 terrorist attacks created an opportunity for the protagonists of that country to adopt a new strategy in foreign policy and international affairs. The Neo-conservatives after September 11 made use of this opportunity to aggrandizement the danger of terrorism at home for gaining popular support and in international arena they could consolidate their hegemony and the leadership of the world. The United States after these incidents took up new policies and objectives. Besides that the United States pursued a new concept in security in foreign policy and in this direction the strategy of pre-emptive attack was adopted. In other words the strategy of “deterrence” gave its place to “increasing intervention”. Hence one notices that the realist approach has been strengthened by American statesmen and decision-makers and they have turned towards security policies and unilateralism in international relations. One of the new approaches which is being stressed today in analysis of international relations and the United States foreign policy is aggressive realism. In aggressive realism the emphasis is placed on the increasing of power as an aim for achieving hegemonic status in international system (as the principal behavior of big powers). The present article by making use of this theoretical framework tries to explain the United States foreign policy in the Middle East after the year 2001. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - The Impact of the Thirty-three Days War on Iran's Regional Status
Nozar Shafiee Ahmad MoradiThe vast and all-out Isreal's invasion to Lebanon in June which lasted for thirty three days can be considered as a turning point in Arab- Isreaeli conflicts. This war which is actually the sixth war between the two nations is longer, unique, and outstanding in differen MoreThe vast and all-out Isreal's invasion to Lebanon in June which lasted for thirty three days can be considered as a turning point in Arab- Isreaeli conflicts. This war which is actually the sixth war between the two nations is longer, unique, and outstanding in different dimensions when compared with other previous of Israel wars. This is due to Isreal's unattainable predetermined goals before this heavy war and within US support. It is a clear example of a very severe repetition of failure in withdrawing from South of Lebanon in . In this way, the Islamic Resistance warriors defeated the great Isreal invasion and consequently the domestic equations in Lebanon, Isreal, and the region changed, and new and fundamental developments occurred. This war has had both military and political ties impact on Iran, a country which has had close spiritual and political ties with Hezbollah. The main focus of this study is to see the effects of this thirty three- days war on Iran's regional status. The results reveal that the positive effects of this war in different dimensions have led to strengthening and promoting Iran's status in both regional and international levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - The Challenges and Obstacles of Conclusion of Regional Treaty of the Middle East Free of Nuclear Weapons
Maryam Tabaraki Hamidreza JamaliAbstract The tendency towards creation of zones free of nuclear weapon is one of the ways to move towards a world free of nuclear weapon. This trend in the Middle East goes back to 1970s and despite apparent and numerous supports for it, the practical progress was not MoreAbstract The tendency towards creation of zones free of nuclear weapon is one of the ways to move towards a world free of nuclear weapon. This trend in the Middle East goes back to 1970s and despite apparent and numerous supports for it, the practical progress was not promising. This suggestion was first presented for the first time by Iran and was supported by Egypt. The approval of resolution about the Middle East free of nuclear weapons in the NPT Review Conference in 1995 was an important progress on this issue. The conference extended the NPT for an unlimited period and approved the nuclear weapons free zone for the Middle East and encouraged persuasion of this plan. Iran, Israel and the United States are the main and determining players during these years. The question raised by the present article is “what are the most important challenges and obstacles on the way of creation of nuclear weapons free Middle East zone?” The paper by a descriptive-analytical method first describes the nuclear weapons free zones and then evaluates the creation of nuclear weapon free zone in the Middle East and the challenges and obstacles on the way of formation of such a treaty. The paper concludes that the existence of Israel nuclear weapon and non-membership of this country in NPT and adopting nuclear deterrence strategy has led to serious obstacles on the way of formation of nuclear weapons free zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - A Study of Historical Impact of Egyptian Army on Domestic Politics (with Emphasis on 2011-3013 Period)
Mohammad Reza HatamiThe army and its role in political development is one of the important ways to understand political behavior a country. In Egypt from the time of coming to power of Free Officers in the year 1952, the military officers have continuously ruled this country. Army as a pow MoreThe army and its role in political development is one of the important ways to understand political behavior a country. In Egypt from the time of coming to power of Free Officers in the year 1952, the military officers have continuously ruled this country. Army as a powerful organ controls military power as well as major economic resources and now it is at the head of government and plays an important role in the political scene of Egypt. The present paper by following these developments raises this question that what has been the impact of Egyptian army in historical context of Egypt on domestic politics of the country. The paper concludes that the army from the year 1952 till recent political developments, despite having different behavior and varied role is a strong institution in domestic political scene of Egypt. Therefore, the paper focuses on the role of army in domestic equation and the consequences of the increasing power and role of military in domestic politics. The paper after examining the present developments of Egypt gives its findings. The method used in the paper is descriptiveanalytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - The Role of Iran in Security of the Energy in the Region and the World
Elaheh KolaeiIn spite of the numerous progresses which have taken place so far in supplying the needs of man the issue of supplying energy is having the highest priority for the countries of the world. For the big powers with world status like the United States which after the disin MoreIn spite of the numerous progresses which have taken place so far in supplying the needs of man the issue of supplying energy is having the highest priority for the countries of the world. For the big powers with world status like the United States which after the disintegration of the Soviet Union is making tremendous effort to organize a hegemonic order, the security of energy supply is occupying a more important place. The emergence of economic powers that are growing and flourishing stresses the need for strategic view point about the areas where energy resources are located in the world. In these situations the Russian Federation which has succeeded the former Soviet Union with its large oil and gas resources has tried to have an active role in regional and world competitions. Presently Iran's oil and gas resources like previous decades have played as an important factor in security of energy supply. An effective presence of the United States in the Persian Gulf particularly in Iraq and also Afghanistan has added to the importance of Iran in providing the security of the energy supply in strategically important place of the world. In the present article the author examines the impact of political and security change after the end of bipolar system on the role and impact of Iran in providing security of the energy supply. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Crisis Recreation in the Middle East SecurityStructure: Towards Identifying a Super Crisis
Mehdi AbediThis article points to a permanent concern in ME's security which is called 'crisis recreation' and emphasizes on that as a central nucleus.The major focus of this study is to understand the nature of this super crisis and its recreation in other critical ME'S condition MoreThis article points to a permanent concern in ME's security which is called 'crisis recreation' and emphasizes on that as a central nucleus.The major focus of this study is to understand the nature of this super crisis and its recreation in other critical ME'S conditions. In Contrast to common approaches namely International Society the or British School of International Relations in which in spite of structural obstacles, convergence and public discipline are attainable, this article proposes a neorealistic approach within the conceptual framework of anarchy in international system. In this way, although, there are a series the common cultural-historical values and geopolitical-economic interests among ME states to materialize convergence and public discipline, the ME structure seems to be conflicting and anarchic. The theoretical approach of this study considers this anarchic structure as the consequence of the Zionist's incomplete forming regime, and categorizes the main origin of all these disputes on this political fact. It is supposed that this phenomenon in other levels of governmental and non-governmental performers is recreated and caused the genesis of disordered structures. The concept of super crisis implies realigod a central point which has a feature and can recreate other forms of challenges in the ME. The the Greater Middle East plan can not be reveals in the presence of this crisis. [Adopting a reductionist approach towards this critical structure in the region helps to understand the reasons of unfulfilled great ME project.] Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - The Impact of 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks on Bilateral Relations of Mexico and the United States
Hesamoddin Vaezzadeh Maryam Haghroosta Ali Asghar Ghare DaghiAbstract After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understand MoreAbstract After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understanding etc. were signed between the two countries. The present paper shows that after 11September terrorist attacks “security” became the prime and most important priority in the United States foreign policy agenda with its southern neighbor. Although for Mexican party problem like emigration and economy was having greater importance. The United States for improving its lost security brought Mexico into security pacts; practically Mexico was forced to accept security pacts. In the post 11September time the economic objectives of Mexico was not accomplished within the bilateral pacts with the United States, for this reason Mexico despite the United States pressure turned to the Middle East countries to fulfill its economic priorities. As a result the tension emerged in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico. One of the sign of these tensions was manifested in the opposition of the Mexican statesmen to the United States military invasion of Iraq in 2003. The present article by an analytical method examines the above issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - German-Israeli Relations during Merkel's Chancellorship Key to the Understanding of German Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Seyed Hassan MalaekehAbstract Germany is having strategic relations with three countries. In a way the comprehension of the developments of its foreign policy after the Second World War is conditioned by knowing the interaction of that country with three countries, they are the United Stat MoreAbstract Germany is having strategic relations with three countries. In a way the comprehension of the developments of its foreign policy after the Second World War is conditioned by knowing the interaction of that country with three countries, they are the United States of America, France and Israel. The factors that determine the foreign policy of Germany towards Israel consist of reducing tension from the Middle East (terrorism), establishing good relations with the Middle East countries, ensuring the security of supply of energy sources, the historical responsibility of Germany towards the Jews due to maltreatment of Jews during World War II; what is known as Holocaust, because German considered itself responsible and committed towards Jews. Along with these principal factors other factors also play role which their impact differ from time to time. They are, party affiliation of the ruling politicians, the personal political tendencies of German politicians and their orientation and who is in charge of the desk of relations with Israel. The article while examining the multi-sided relations of Germany with Israel pays special attention to the cooperation of the two countries During Merkel's tenure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - New Developments in the Middle East: The Intra-Structural Challenges & Security Processes in the Middle East (ME)
Bahram MontazeriThe middle East (ME) has witnessed the end of US hegemony. The White House, after the September has introduced Islam as the biggest challenge the West's tradition and the century's national security and the ME as a location for the armed and political Islam and hoping t MoreThe middle East (ME) has witnessed the end of US hegemony. The White House, after the September has introduced Islam as the biggest challenge the West's tradition and the century's national security and the ME as a location for the armed and political Islam and hoping to overturn the independent governments unilaterally and fullfilling reforms in dependent governments to guarantee its unobjectionable domination. Today, the political stimulating powers in ME are Islamism and Militarism. The purpose of this paper is to show that in the contemioorary ME, nowadays, some distinctive features of political and strategic disputes between the two conservative and radical explicit opposition with the West's interferences in this region gronps is evident. Thus, the West headed by the US confronts any kind ideological and political resistance of Islamists and tries to scramble the security atmosphere of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Integrative and Disintegrative Factors in Iran and Turkey’s Relations after Coming into Power the Islamist Party of Justice and Development in Turkey (2002-2009
Jalal Derakhsheh Majid DivsalarThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to MoreThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to become a regional power، the attitude of the two countries towards the Middle East، nuclear issue of Iran، the Kurdish problem in relations of the two countries، the important factors in expansion of the relations of the two countries، the impact of the United States and Israel relations with Turkey on Iran، the economic cooperation between the two countries and the interaction of these variable on each other. The question، which is raised by the article، is that، what are the factors contributing to integration and disintegration between Iran and Turkey? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - A Review of the Efficiency of Relative limitations Theory of Ted Gurr in Analyzing the Phenomenon of Terrorism in the Middle East
Seyed Abbas Hashemi Hamid Jan nesar Fatemeh Karbalae AhmadAbstract: The relative deprivation theory of Ted Gurr was introduced to explain the conditions in which some citizens (or groups) avail themselves facilities, privileges and advantages more than others which consequently lead to deprivation and exclusion of second grou MoreAbstract: The relative deprivation theory of Ted Gurr was introduced to explain the conditions in which some citizens (or groups) avail themselves facilities, privileges and advantages more than others which consequently lead to deprivation and exclusion of second group. The emergence of the feeling of deprivation is a modern phenomenon originating from changes and fundamental developments of human societies which existed more in societies with traditional structure which of course this feeling gets aggravated once the people compare themselves with their counterparts in the society. On the whole Ted Gurr in his theory claims that disappointment and frustration of the people in achieving their goals leads to unconventional behavior by them. In the same manner this continued dissatisfaction prepares the ground and motivation for mass violence which terrorism is the sign of it. In recent years the Middle East is one of the strategic regions and at the same time the center of crisis and hotbed of growth and emergence of terrorism. The present article by making use of Ted Gurr’s theory as its theoretical framework tries to examine the efficiency of this theory in explaining and analyzing the phenomenon of terrorism in the Middle East. The finding of the study shows that the emergence and growth of terrorism in the Middle East region is not merely due to relative deprivation. In fact this factor is one of the factors which along with other factors i.e. inter-regional and extra-regional; leads to the growth of terrorism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - An Analysis of the Popular Uprising in the Middle East from the Viewpoint of Oil Political Economy
Seyed Saeed Mirtorabi Abstract The present article tries to study the popular uprising in Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa by a political economy of oil approach. The article makes use of a multi-variable analytical model that can both explain causes of uprising an More Abstract The present article tries to study the popular uprising in Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa by a political economy of oil approach. The article makes use of a multi-variable analytical model that can both explain causes of uprising and different directions and outcomes of the events in popular revolt that started in Arab countries from late 2010. The article shows that all the countries of the Middle East and North Africa have similar characteristics that can explain them as dependence on foreign rents. Kind and level of these rents and the extent of dependency on them vary among the countries of the region but the presence of rents is common among them nevertheless that affects the political stability in different ways. The most important question of the article is how political economy of the Middle East oil has affected the popular uprising of the Arab countries and its process of the developments. The underlying hypothesis is that the political economy of oil of the Middle Eastern countries has created a rigid rentier structure and this particular structure has played an important role in popular uprisings. A different mix of oil revenue along with mediatory socio-political variables has led to different directions of political development of the uprisings of the people of the region. The article makes use of new theoretical framework in studies of oil and politics and by the help of it explains different directions of different countries uprisings. The article by the help of descriptive analytical method has analyzed qualitative and quantitative data to test the hypothesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - A Study of the Internal Challenges and Obstacles of Democracy in the Middle East with Emphasis on Bahrain
Mohammad Sadegh Koshki Maryam NazempourThe topic of the present article is a study of the challenges and obstacles of democracy in the Middle East with emphasis on Bahrain. The main question of this article is what are the most important internal challenges and obstacles of democracy in Bahrain? The hypothes MoreThe topic of the present article is a study of the challenges and obstacles of democracy in the Middle East with emphasis on Bahrain. The main question of this article is what are the most important internal challenges and obstacles of democracy in Bahrain? The hypothesis of the article is that the main challenge to democracy in Bahrain is the traditional authoritarian rule which this itself prepares the ground for other obstacles and challenges. The present article is theoretical and by a descriptive-analytical method wants to examine the above issue. The finding of the study shows that the root of authoritarianism lies in culture and economy of the Middle East countries. In fact the political culture of the Middle East countries is authoritarian and this itself is a serious and basic obstacle on the way of democracy and free and independent civil society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The Role of Social Networks in the Middle East Developments with Emphasis on Facebook
Ebrahim AnoshehNowadays the communication and interaction of individuals have to a great extent expanded to cyber space. The sphere of these interactions and communication are something more than exchange of emails, chat rooms or web log writings. At present the cyber social networks MoreNowadays the communication and interaction of individuals have to a great extent expanded to cyber space. The sphere of these interactions and communication are something more than exchange of emails, chat rooms or web log writings. At present the cyber social networks are doing these interactions in a more comprehensive and broader ways. The cyber social networks with their exclusive abilities and potentials like informing, awaking, strengthening the expansion of relations between individuals, the power to mobilize in different spheres (social, cultural and political) play an important and undeniable role. The aim of the present article is examining and evaluating the role of cyber social networks in recent developments of the Middle East and North Africa. How far the cyber social networks, particularly Facebook have been able to influence shaping, continuation and success of recent Middle East countries developments? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - The Impact of Iranian Nuclear Program on Regional Security System of the Middle East (Persian Gulf) with Emphasis on Offensive Realism Theory
Masoud Jafari Nejad Fidafeh MadabadiAbstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the MoreAbstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the nuclear issue. The position of the United States and the Arab countries of the south of the Persian Gulf is opposition to peaceful Iranian nuclear program. The question raised by the present article is why the United States tried to emphasize that the nuclear program of Iran is a threat to the countries of the region and there existed security problem? The underlying hypothesis is that the securitization of the nuclear issue of Iran along with Iran phobia project can ensure the United States strategic interests in the Middle East particularly the Persian Gulf region. The impression of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region has also shaped on the basis of these propagandas. The present article examines the above issue within the framework of aggressive realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The Strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Developments of the Middle East and North Africa: Egypt and Strategic Mistake
Bashir Esmaeili Behroz Mokhtari Somayeh Malek Jamshidi Khane ZenianiThe unexpected developments in the Middle East which occurred in 2011 have attracted the attention of many experts. The long standing dictatorships of the region were caught in the domino of crisis. Some faced regime change; others faced widespread unrest or civil war. MoreThe unexpected developments in the Middle East which occurred in 2011 have attracted the attention of many experts. The long standing dictatorships of the region were caught in the domino of crisis. Some faced regime change; others faced widespread unrest or civil war. These developments took place at a time that few years ago during George Bush junior presidency in the United States of America, a plan was introduced with the name of “the Greater Middle East” which envisaged mechanism for political changes in the region. On the basis of this plan the inefficient governments of the Middle East which generally have undemocratic political system and are deeply affected by corruption and mismanagement at all levels will eventually create dangerous crises for the region. In fact the chaotic situation of some of the countries of the Middle East region not only lead to widespread migration of people to Western countries but in the long run result into growth and formation extremist anti-West groups. Therefore, it is better that democratic model of government substitute the existing form of government and the Western countries should reconsider their support for the dictators of the region. The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the United States foreign policy vis-à-vis the Middle East and North Africa developments particularly Egypt (as an important actor of the region) within the framework of the greater Middle East plan. The underlying hypothesis is that the United States policy in connection with Egypt conforms to broad framework of the Greater Middle East plan, although the Egypt’s later developments after the fall of Mubarak which led to coming to power of Muslim Brotherhood was contrary to the United States’ objectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - امکان سنجی شناسائی مسئولیت کیفری سیاست گذاران (وهابی) و مجریان حقیقی دولت های حامی تروریسم با تاکید بر رویکردهای سیاسی و حقوقی در جغرافیای سیاسی خاورمیانه
سیدمحمدرضا موسوی فرد -
Open Access Article
108 - حقوق قربانیان اقدامات تروریستی در رهیافت های سیاسی و قوانین بینالمللی با تاکید بر جغرافیای سیاسی خاورمیانه
سیدمحمدرضا موسوی فرد -
Open Access Article
109 - بررسی و تحلیل موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی کردستان عراق
عبدالرضا فرجی راد ریباز قربانی نژاد -
Open Access Article
110 - تبیین تأثیرات ژئوپلیتیکی اندیشه و کنش سیاسی داعش برای تأسیس کشور و حکومت ایدئولوژیک در منطقه خاورمیانه
فاطمه پورحسین محمد اخباری -
Open Access Article
111 - فرصتهای ژئوپلیتیکی در روابط سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و کشورهای خاورمیانه (مطالعه موردی کشور عراق از 2010 -2017)
محمد اخباری -
Open Access Article
112 - تحلیلی بر نقش قومیت (اکراد) در سازمان میادین شهرداری تهران با توجه به تحولات خاورمیانه (با تاکید بر واگرایی و امنیت غذایی
ناصر عسگری عزت اله عزتی عبدالرضا فرجی راد -
Open Access Article
113 - تحلیل جغرافیایی ژئواکونومی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در معادلات جدید منطقه جنوب غرب آسیا
مجید قصاب زاده محمد اخباری داوود حسن آبادی -
Open Access Article
114 - جامعه شبکهای و تروریسم نوین؛ بررسی منابع ژئوپلیتیکی، ژئواکونومیکی و ژئوکالچری تروریسم نوین در منطقه خاورمیانه در راستای دستیابی به یک مدیریت اجرایی برای امنیت
داود عابدینی -
Open Access Article
115 - رویکرد مقایسهای ایران و مصر درقبال گروههای جهادی فلسطین (1979 تا 2012 میلادی)
ابراهیم متقی محمد نادری -
Open Access Article
116 - تحلیل فضایی جنبشهای اجتماعی در خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا از سال 2010 تاکنون
محمد اخباری مینا آزمون مساعد -
Open Access Article
117 - بررسی و تحلیل ویژگی های ساختاری دولت ایالتی کردستان عراق
ریباز قربانی نژاد -
Open Access Article
118 - راهبرد عوامل ساختار قدرتهای برتر جنوب غرب آسیا چرایی قدرتهای فرامنطقه ای بر علل برتر جلوه دادن رژیم اشغالگر قدس
مهرعلی عباسپور کیومرث یزدان پناه عزت الله عزتی -
Open Access Article
119 - A comparative survey on the usage rate of the online Scientific Social Networks by Middle East countries' researchers
Mohammad Reza Niazmand Saeideh Ebrahimy Abdolrasool JowkarPurpose: The aim of this study was to identify the rate of using online social networks by researchers of Middle East countries and purpose of them to join these networks. Methodology: The study approach was survey-comparative performed by non-percent stratified random MorePurpose: The aim of this study was to identify the rate of using online social networks by researchers of Middle East countries and purpose of them to join these networks. Methodology: The study approach was survey-comparative performed by non-percent stratified randomized sampling. The statistical population consisted of all researchers of Middle East countries; then, according to the sample, we sent the questionnaire to 728 of them. This questionnaire was researcher-made and so, 444 of the researchers replied it. Reliability of the questionnaire was tested by the Cronbach's alpha method and the result was 0.79. We used descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, Chi-squared test, and One-way ANOVA to answer the research questions. Finding: Scholars of Kuwait, United Arabic Emirates, and Qatar had the most rate of using interconnected online social networks. Also, researchers of Bahrain, the United Arabic Emirates, and Syria showed the highest rate of presence in social networks. Visibility, increased citation, and sharing of articles by researchers of Middle East countries have been the major goals of using scientific social networks. Conclusion: Totally, it can be inferred that the rate of using scientific social networks by researchers of Middle East countries is not satisfactory and these networks have still not found their deserved place among these researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - چالش های حقوق بین الملل معاصر در حمایت از حقوق زنان (مطالعه موردی : منطقه خاورمیانه)
پگاه صحبایی سید باقر میرعباسی -
Open Access Article
121 - بررسی تاثیر بهبود محیط کسب و کار بر رشد اقتصادی(مطالعه موردی کشورهای منتخب منطقه خاورمیانه)
بیژن باصری میثم شاه حسینی -
Open Access Article
122 - تحلیل ژئوپلتیکی ،نقش آمریکا درایجاد موانع و چالش های سیاسی - امنیتی منطقه خاورمیانه
فرهاد حمزه محسن چوپانی رستمی -
Open Access Article
123 - Scenarios of order in the Middle East until 2030 with emphasis on the activism of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Zahed Ghaffari Hashjin Ayub NikunahadAfter the Islamic Revolution, one of the most stable models of regional order in the Middle East, has been the competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, one cannot speak of fully establishing this pattern of bipolar order in the Middle MoreAfter the Islamic Revolution, one of the most stable models of regional order in the Middle East, has been the competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, one cannot speak of fully establishing this pattern of bipolar order in the Middle East. And the Middle East regional order may change dramatically over the next ten years. The present study seeks to answer the main question of what the future scenarios of regional order in the Middle East will be like by 2030,and what is the favorable scenario for the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia under these patterns of regional order?In order to provide answers to the questions with a futuristic approach, the method of identifying and analyzing the impulses affecting the formation of regional order and identifying weak surprises and weak markers was used through interviewing experts using Mick Mac software. The research findings consistent with the effect of key drivers and analysis of power blockades in this region indicate that a wide range of scenarios can be proposed regarding the Middle East regional order,but the most desirable order for Iran is the hegemony of the revolutionary order and the most probable scenario for the Islamic Republic is the continuation of the balance of power scenario in this region. In contrast, the most favorable scenario for the pro-Western order is the hegemony of the Western-Salafi order and the most probable scenario for the pro-Western order is the continuation of the balance of power scenario. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - India's Multilateral and Multilateral Commitment to Iran and Israel: Reasons and Consequences
reza simbar danial rezapoour sedighe azin ali eskandarinasabsuccess in rapid development with economic practice has led india to become one of the most dynamic countries in the global economy and secondly to be regarded as a new powerhouse of wealth and power in the world . The necessity of the country's economic development one Moresuccess in rapid development with economic practice has led india to become one of the most dynamic countries in the global economy and secondly to be regarded as a new powerhouse of wealth and power in the world . The necessity of the country's economic development one hand and the broad change in the international system imposes a new orientation on the foreign policy of this country in the Middle East and to Israel and Iran. , for changing the policy of the Middle East policy, the policy adopted in the Cold War era was defined in the light of the principle of non - commitment to a policy that was redefined by the new urgency of the Indian national interest. therefore , according to the above arrangements , the main question of this paper is that , considering the alternatives to india , the foreign policy of india with regard to israel and iran has changed . the hypothesis of the paper is that india's foreign policy in the Middle East region from ideological policy and the third world based on non - commitment principles is based on policies based on the necessity of access to energy and gas resources, markets, military weapons. The present paper is based on the descriptive - analytic method and by the use of virtual resources , specialized publications , and in terms of subject territory of this paper examines the policy of India 's multiple commitments towards the countries of Iran and Israel Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Patterns of Russian Foreign Policy Behavior in the Middle East after the Arab Uprisings
Seyed Hassan MirfakhraeiAs the wave of uprising of the masses raised in Middle East since 2011, we have seen an evaluation in Russian foreign policy behavior. The behavior that could be analyzed thorough Offensive realism. In this regard, Russia showed a passive behavior in Libya and Tunisia, MoreAs the wave of uprising of the masses raised in Middle East since 2011, we have seen an evaluation in Russian foreign policy behavior. The behavior that could be analyzed thorough Offensive realism. In this regard, Russia showed a passive behavior in Libya and Tunisia, and the experience then lead to forming a triple soft, hard and smart approach toward Syria. The approach that included political negotiations as well as military intervention all together. At the same time, special skill was shown by Moscow on interactions with conflicting-interest regional actors such as Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The skill was interpreted on a balancing approach. All these approaches led to the patterns of Russian foreign policy behavior in Middle East, that was shown in Qatar political crisis. The vacuum left by the United States presence in the region was also a key element. This paper aims to study the Russian foreign policy behavior in Middle East thorough descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Foreign policy strategy of Mohammed bin Salman and its security requirements for Iran
Omid Azizyan Hossein Rafie Ali Akbar JafariAfter entering the power system in Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, made great changes to the Saudi foreign policy strategy. By leaving the traditional strategy of defensive policy, he conducts an offensive strategy against Iran and the middle east and north Africa re MoreAfter entering the power system in Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, made great changes to the Saudi foreign policy strategy. By leaving the traditional strategy of defensive policy, he conducts an offensive strategy against Iran and the middle east and north Africa regions. Meanwhile, changing the coalition patterns in the region in the form of alliance with Israel, the NATO plan and trying to retain American military in the region has threatened national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, the present study aims to answer the question of what requirements the foreign policy strategy of Mohammad bin Salman in the region has created for the foreign policy and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In this paper, "the security of the Copenhagen school" and "aggressive constructivism" have been used as a theoretical framework. Research methodology and data collecting are descriptive-analytical and library-documentary approaches. The findings indicate that the increasing closeness of Saudi to Israel, trying to create an Arab front along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, Riyadh 's attempt to move closer to the United States and bring this country to a wide contrast with Iran, has touched Iran 's national security at two levels of confrontation and detente. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Russia's approach to the Islamic world after the Arab revolutions: Continuation or change of policies
sayed razzagh moghimi Davoud Kiani Mahdi Javdani moghaddamFollowing the Arab revolutions of 2011 and the formation of new arrangements in the political and security equations of the Middle East, Russia tried to pursue a balanced policy towards Islamic countries while avoiding tensions with them. The main purpose of this study MoreFollowing the Arab revolutions of 2011 and the formation of new arrangements in the political and security equations of the Middle East, Russia tried to pursue a balanced policy towards Islamic countries while avoiding tensions with them. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting Russia's foreign policy towards the Islamic world after the Arab revolutions of 2011 and to answer the question: What are the main components of Russia's foreign policy towards the Islamic world, especially in relation to Countries of the Middle East region? The main hypothesis that has been tested is Russia's foreign policy towards the Islamic world, especially after the Arab revolutions in the Middle East, to fight religious fundamentalism, to avoid entering the Shiite-Sunni religious divide, and to try to improve Russia's image. Among Sunni Islamic societies, religion has taken root. In the present paper, a descriptive-analytical method and in the form of a theoretical framework of constructivism, a relatively different analysis of the nature of Russia's relations with the Islamic world in the period after the Arab revolutions in 2011-2020 was presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The European Union’s Anti Terrorism & Extremism Norm-building Strategy Within the International Order
Ramsin Beit Jam Mohammad Ali Khosravi Reza Jalali didokht sadeghi hagigiThe present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism h MoreThe present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism has the potentiality to train a group of individuals which have no consideration for tolerance and for a peaceful coexistence of different nations. The most tangible contact of the European countries with the brutal aspects of terrorism regards the different conflicts in the Middle East where a note vole group of European terrorists that are actually the native citizens of these mostly western European countries that at the end of conflicts could try return to their native countries bring inning with them the extremist ideologies that could destabilize the above mentioned European countries. Inconsideration of such danger the anti terrorism policy of European Union represents a priority for this important international structure and because of that the collaboration with the other countries and between Parliaments of different countries is extremely important especially in consideration of fact to block the financial resources of terrorist organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - French arms trade in Middle East and its impact on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
MohammadReza Movahedi Alireza Rezaei ghasem torabiHistorically and politically, France has always been closely related to the issues of the Middle East. With the announcement of America's strategy in this region, a more suitable opportunity was provided for the entry of middle powers to expand its relations, and F MoreHistorically and politically, France has always been closely related to the issues of the Middle East. With the announcement of America's strategy in this region, a more suitable opportunity was provided for the entry of middle powers to expand its relations, and France is trying to expand its relations in Middle East according to its foreign policy goals. In this research, the question is that how the French arms trade in Middle East affect the security of the Iran? The expansion of France's military and security relations with the Arab countries of Middle East is, on the one hand, to establish a balance of power between the Arab countries and Israel and prevent the tendency to use weapons of mass destruction with the aim of ensuring the security of the parties. On the other hand, it causes the expansion of the arms race in the region, the expansion of the regional gap and tension between the Arab countries and Iran.Referring to the theory of neoclassical realism, this article states that the continuation of the strengthening of relations between the countries of Middle East with France will intensify insecurities which have negative and destructive effects on the security of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Russia's Middle East Policy and Conflict Management Tehran-Riyadh Relations
Reza Ekhtiari Hossein Rafie Atieh Bulbul AmiriWith the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Repub MoreWith the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, has been one of Russia's foreign policy priorities. But Tehran and Riyadh are pursuing conflicting interests in the region, which poses a challenge to Russia's diplomatic apparatus. Given this issue, the research question is based on how Russia, while maintaining relations with Tehran and Riyadh, has managed the conflict in their relations in line with its regional interests? The hypothesis of the article is based on the fact that Russia has tried to establish independent relations with both countries simultaneously based on a completely realistic and pragmatic approach, in order to serve its regional as well as global interests. The research method is analytical-explanatory and the theoretical approach of realism has been used to explain the subject. Findings show that in relation to the issue of Iran's nuclear activities, regional influence and its presence in Syria, the confrontation of the Resistance Front with the Arab-Hebrew coalition and Iran's support for the Yemeni Houthis in the war With Saudi Arabia, Kremlin leaders ignored the Saudis' demands and instead pursued a policy of coordination with Tehran in the national interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Influences of Arabic Spring and Color revolutions in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Habibollah Abolhassan ShiraziAbstract Arabic uprisings which began from Tunisia and developed to Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Libya, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain, there was some questions to mind that the uprising could spread to other parts of the world? Possibility of long-term instability into Eurasia in MoreAbstract Arabic uprisings which began from Tunisia and developed to Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Libya, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain, there was some questions to mind that the uprising could spread to other parts of the world? Possibility of long-term instability into Eurasia in general and in the Caucasus and Central Asia in particular have created serious concerns about the occurrence of similar uprisings against the political regimes in the region. Arabic uprisings leading to the establishment of authoritarian regimes and prevent their societies form any development conditions. There are some similarities between the communist societies of the Soviet Union and the Arabic societies such as widespread corruption, lack of atmosphere of competitive politics and the gap between rich and poor class. Appearance of some colored revolutions in the CIS countries have also considered as an unexpected event in the third millennium. This paper attempts to answer these questions that why and how Arabic Spring happened? How we can analysis influences of Arabic Spring in Central Asia and the Caucasus? This paper also investigates the formation of color revolutions in the Eurasia, causes and factors which influenced in Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan developments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Iran’s Foreign Policy Approach towards Middle East Regional Order and Security under 11th Government
Malektaj KhosraviAbstract: The Middle East region and its sub-system, i.e. the Persian Gulf, are known as a unique region enjoying international importance for possession of energy resources on the one hand and for its outstanding geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic position on MoreAbstract: The Middle East region and its sub-system, i.e. the Persian Gulf, are known as a unique region enjoying international importance for possession of energy resources on the one hand and for its outstanding geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic position on the other. History of developments in the Middle East over the past decades shows that provision of order, security and stability, has been the main priority of the countries in this region and trans-regional powers. The Islamic Republic of Iran in different periods has adopted different approaches vis-à-vis the Middle East region and the question of order. The main goal of this research is Iran’s Foreign Policy Approach towards ME Regional Order under 11th Government. With the coming to power of the 11th government, the outlook of Iran's foreign policy apparatus towards order changed from one of opposition to one of interaction. The Rouhani administration has tried to reshape the regional sustainable order within the framework of a policy of détente and constructive interaction. This research with using descriptive-analysis method is seeking to respond to one main question: What is Iran’s foreign policy approach towards the regional order in the Middle East under the 11th government? Also by analyzing data to conclude that the 11th government has adopted a policy of sustainable regional order based on détente. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Russia and the New Middle East; Strategies and Challenges
Seyed Asadollah Athary Shuaib Bahman Abstract: Russia and the Middle East have had along-standing historical relations. This relationship has continued over the centuries and in every period has had its peculiarities. So that Russia's relations with the Middle East can be divided into different pe More Abstract: Russia and the Middle East have had along-standing historical relations. This relationship has continued over the centuries and in every period has had its peculiarities. So that Russia's relations with the Middle East can be divided into different periods. The Arab Spring has created a completely new situation and new imbalances in the Middle East. It has caused great powers to fear that they will see their regional influence decline, which will affect global stability. Russia is no exception in this regard. After the popular uprisings in the Arab, the Russian leadership sought to formulate a policy to deal with the new situation. The present article seeks to investigate the strategies and challenges of Russia in the new Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - U.S. Interventions in the Middle East Uprisings or Revolutions of 2011 and U.S. Intervention Scenarios in Syria
Mohammad Ali Khosravi رقیه مهاجریAbstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bah MoreAbstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. which except for Bahrain, all were overthrown. Although U.S. type of intervention varied in the above mentioned countries, the essential goal behind was to misdirect the national revolutions and maintain U.S. political benefits of the Middle East strategic region. Efforts to survive Bahraini government via repressing of revolutionists, penetrating in Yemen’s revolution and retaining its current political structure by only replacing Abdullah Salih with a pre-selected politician, military intervention in Libya, preventing active participation of Islamists in Tunisian politics, taking advantage of the Egypt overthrown regime’s political survivors in the current structure, etc. has been the major US actions in response to recent revolutions in Middle East. Syria-which has been confronting unrests and crisis in the last two years- has been the only Arab country playing a center-oriented role against Israel. Since Russia and China have been strongly supporting Syria in the UN security council, it may seem the unites states cannot militarily penetrate in Syria. Hence, U.S. options for intervening in Syria are: feed the oppositions with monetary and military aids, Applying harder economic sanctions on Syria and its allies, Stimulating and expanding religious and political differences and finally Penetrating in opposition groups and identifying individuals who will later help US future plans in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The strategic position of Yemen in foreign policy and security
Hamid Dorj ُSeyed Davoud AghaeiThese days,Tramp's actions are at the top of the region's and the world's news.His new contracts for the sale of military weapons have created a wave of worries about the growing crippling of warfare in the world. Tramp's government has attracted attention since it came MoreThese days,Tramp's actions are at the top of the region's and the world's news.His new contracts for the sale of military weapons have created a wave of worries about the growing crippling of warfare in the world. Tramp's government has attracted attention since it came up with frequent claims that it has entered the military arena in the region.He initially sought to justify the direct presence of the US in the West Asian region, with opposition from both Russia and Iran, creating modifications to his plan by introducing a safe area in Syria.Tramp has chosen a new option for the United States in the region, given the many problems that Washington faces to enter the Syrian military arena,in which Tramp ordered the use of American drone to bombard Yemen's various areas under the pretext of fighting.With al-Qaeda.The main question of the research is that what is the strategic importance of Yemen in foreign policy and security of Tramp?The findings of the study indicate that Tramp has adopted a rigorous and power-hungry approach to Yemen's developments with goals such as tearing down the axis of resistance,removing Iran from regional equations,and preventing the spread of Shiite waves to Saudi Arabia,Is.He does not complain about taking American action in the region to take a dramatic action,and with a comforting, profit-oriented view of the developments in Yemen,the stockpile of Western weapons is flooding the oil dollars of the Arab reactionaries into the region.The research method is descriptive-analytic and based on invasive realism. Manuscript profile -
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136 - New World Order and Its Impact on the Middle East Region between 1991 and 2000
Reza Jalali Mehdi MajdAbstract The changes which occurred in late 1990s had considerable impacts on the world geopolitics and international system as well. After the end of the cold war, the world order has undergone some changes and a new world order has emerged. This paper examines the wh MoreAbstract The changes which occurred in late 1990s had considerable impacts on the world geopolitics and international system as well. After the end of the cold war, the world order has undergone some changes and a new world order has emerged. This paper examines the whiteness of these developments and their impacts on the Middle East in 1990s. American victory in the Persian Gulf paved the way for the United States to unilaterally expand its influence in the Middle East and to promote the idea of new world order. In the American perception, coordination and military power are equal and a world obedient to the U.S is considered as a world having both coordination and order. This is the case in the Middle East. America’s influence in the region lets the Americans manage the conflicts and forge order and coordination as well. The main question is that what was the impact of adopting the new world order policy by the U.S.A in the Middle East from 1991 to 2000 and the hypotheses will be as following: adopting the policy of the new world order after the cold war caused the expansion of America’s influence in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - A study about the course of evolution in Iran and Syria alliance from beginning of the new millennium until Arab awakening (2000-2011)
Ahmad Jansiz Ali EsmaeiliThe strategic alliance between Iran and Syria is among those that have endured significantly in the past few decades. However, emergence of a new environment presents new challenges for the raison d'être of alliances, which in turn, increases the possibility of th MoreThe strategic alliance between Iran and Syria is among those that have endured significantly in the past few decades. However, emergence of a new environment presents new challenges for the raison d'être of alliances, which in turn, increases the possibility of their disintegration. Despite significant changes in the political environment of Iran and Syria in the early part of the first decade in 21st century, strategic alliance between these two regional players in the period between 2000 and 2011 has endured. Therefore the core question of this study is: what factors have been effective in the endurance of strategic alliance between Iran and Syria in the period between 2000 until 2011? Our findings in this study show that according to the theory of defensive realism espoused by Stephen Walt, the main factors in the continuance of Iran and Syria alliance according to importance are: ideological solidarity, institutionalization of cooperation and Preserving Credibility. However, hegemonic leadership and formation of security community had no role in this regard. The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is based on library. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Russia and America's Foreign Policy toward the Syrian Crisis
Akbar Ashrafi Amirsaeid Babazadeh JudiWith the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. MoreWith the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. Each of these powers has taken different approaches toward Syria that America and Russia approach as the global superpower is very important. In the views of most analysts, America's foreign policy against the Syrian civil war has been very passive and obscure. The root of the confusion has created an ambiguous foreign policy for the American Strategy dealing with the Islamic awakening in relation to the overall result of confusion on foreign policy, regional and international levels. Russia has supported the Assad government in Syria and almost with a little swing trajectory has followed its position. Russia's position regarding the political developments in the Arabic region has been kind of doubt and the replacement of governments in the region in the current situation is not in favor of his Middle Eastern policy and considers it destabilizing the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Political Islam and the West Asian Security Order
Jahanbakhsh Izadi Hamidreza AkbariAbstract To draw Security horizon ofWest Asian region- after Arabic revolutions in 2011- it is imperative to analyze variables and important elements such as political Islam. On this basis, the main currents of political Islam and discourses of recent developments affec MoreAbstract To draw Security horizon ofWest Asian region- after Arabic revolutions in 2011- it is imperative to analyze variables and important elements such as political Islam. On this basis, the main currents of political Islam and discourses of recent developments affecting the region. In this context, the Islamists behavior can be studied in three main categories: 1. extremism and violence in the Middle East, with the advent of emerging trends Takfiri like ISIL. 2. Inability to maintain power and sovereignty by the genuine political Islam movements like the Muslim Brotherhood. 3. Change activism in the resistance movement. The situation of West Asian region is in a period full of tension and chaos with war, Violence and religious and ethnic division’s experiences.The main question is what is the position of political Islam in the development of security order in the Middle East? This article attempts to explore by exploring trends, driving forces and scenarios of political Islam and Islamic movements, and their role in shaping the regional security order in Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Obama and the Continuity of America's Foreign Policy toward Egypt
Mahdi Habibollahi Seyyed Javad Emam Jomeh Zadeh Hosein MasudniaAbstract: America relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washingt MoreAbstract: America relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cairo have close and continuous cooperation to meet common strategic interests in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring developments and overthrow of Mubarak, America's policy toward Egypt was faced with challenges. However, the United States has tried to manage these developments, and Obama administration, regardless the type of Egyptian government, maintained its continuous relationship with this key Middle East country. Despite widespread developments after the Arab Spring in Egypt, the United States maintained the same policy aims from its relationship with Egypt. What are the reasons for the continuation of US foreign policy towards Egypt, especially under Obama's presidency? This research by using descriptive and analytical method and with the use of library and internet resources intends to study and explore the reasons for the continuation of relations between the two countries. Manuscript profile -
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141 - Impact of Insecurity on Development of Neoterrorism in the Middle East An Approach to Iran and Saudi Arabia
Amir Heshmati Alireza RezaeiAbstract Over the recent years, expansion of neo-terrorist groups in the Middle East has shaped a wave of various security threats in the area. Although credible news has been published on downfall and destruction of organizational and logistical cores of these groups i MoreAbstract Over the recent years, expansion of neo-terrorist groups in the Middle East has shaped a wave of various security threats in the area. Although credible news has been published on downfall and destruction of organizational and logistical cores of these groups in Iraq and Syria, there are valid documents suggesting that scattered actions still continue by currents depended on ISIS. Various researches were carried out focusing on root causes of development of neo-terrorism and several measures were taken to confront terrorist acts. Nevertheless, at regional level, there is no effective experiment available on investigations and measures taken to identify the nature of insecurity. This is a qualitative research conducted with descriptive-analytic approach aimed at finding how did identity insecurity of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia influence the development of neo-terrorism in the Middle East? According to the researcher, unrestrained prevention of biographic narration by Iran and Saudi Arabia , added to creating identity insecurity for both countries, triggered or exacerbated the anxiety caused by shame in credence and regional behavior of these actors, prevented earning honor policy, and in an unplanned manner, led to development of neo-terrorism in the region. Manuscript profile -
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142 - Middle Eastern Immigrants and Europe Security
Reza Ekhtiari Hosein Rafie Esmat ArefiIn recent years the Middle East has been facing with Intense crisis that is resulted of geopolitics rivalries and identical and ideological confrontation, Interventions and rivalry of the Great powers and growth of terrorism and fundamentalism. Outcome of such a situati MoreIn recent years the Middle East has been facing with Intense crisis that is resulted of geopolitics rivalries and identical and ideological confrontation, Interventions and rivalry of the Great powers and growth of terrorism and fundamentalism. Outcome of such a situation was different wars and struggles that have been continuing so far and given rise to Displace of millions of people and immigrants to Europe. With regards to that, the present research is amid at to study different security consequence of enter of the Middle Eastern immigrants to Europe. The research method is analytical- explanatory and Copenhagen School is utilized for analyzing the research. The research findings reveal that immigrants’ tsunami to Europe, has threatened security indexes of this region in different sections of political, economic, social and cultural. In other words, flood of the Middle Eastern immigrants to Europe led to increase of terrorist threats, disassemble of ethical combination and consequently national unity, cultural confrontation and multiculturalism, empowering of radical right parties and weakening of political stability of European countries. Also, entry of the immigrants in addition to imposing financial costs for the countries, it has been challenging process of strengthening of European Union as an international institution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Constructivism analysis of Turkish new foreign policy and competition with the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammadmansour Azimzadeh Hossein Masoudnia Javad EmamjomezadehAbstract: By Turkey's Islamists coming to power in 2002 and the victory of Justice and Development Party, a model of foreign policy making has been formed by political leaders of this country titled "Neo-Ottomanism". Components ruling this policy-making were "zeroing pr MoreAbstract: By Turkey's Islamists coming to power in 2002 and the victory of Justice and Development Party, a model of foreign policy making has been formed by political leaders of this country titled "Neo-Ottomanism". Components ruling this policy-making were "zeroing problems with neighbors" on one hand, and efforts to provide new face of Muslim Turkey as "model of democracy, freedom and human rights" in Middle East and other peripheral regions of this country. The aim of Neo-Ottomanism was revival of the cultural, political, economic and even military influence of the country on regions that were considered part of Ottoman Empire in near historical past. Adopting and persuasion of this policy led to increase in influence of this country in Middle East, especially in Arabic revolutions and faces Iranian traditional and strategic areas and interests in Middle East to create major issues in bilateral relations of two countries. Investigation of why and how this meeting of interests that are mainly affected by foreign policy of Neo-Ottomanism of Turkey is the aim of this study. The research findings gathered by cross-sectional study, and using library resources and documents in constructivism theory suggest that the norms and identity of Turkey's Islamist government policy makers are in conflict with Iranian policymakers, so, it is observed that Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism would meet of interests between the two countries in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - A New Cold War in Russian-US Relations
Jahanbakhsh Mohebbinia Mansour SalehiAfter two decades of the Cold War between Russia and America, we can see also the rigorous arena of competition between the two powers over various issues which has rooted from competing view in the cold war that is not at the interaction and cooperation but also confli MoreAfter two decades of the Cold War between Russia and America, we can see also the rigorous arena of competition between the two powers over various issues which has rooted from competing view in the cold war that is not at the interaction and cooperation but also conflict idea to look at the issues surroundingand how to manage international politics. With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, America launched the world's lone Greyhound and showed itself as the only power in the world to impose on other nations. Russia because of its nuclear power, its huge human capital, its skills in cyber technology, its proximity to Europe and potential alliance with China, as well as the resources at hand will be against the power of defiance to America. While issues such as the Syria issue and Iran's nuclear case, the "Magnytsky" and the "Dymayakvlvf" and Snowden case in recent years made challenges in relations between Russia and America and faced them in a critical point. These events increased differences between the two countries in broader aspects. Differences in the persistence of Cold War mistrust and rivalry between the two countries will rise. Russian officials in response to America's missile defense shield in Eastern Europe,the suspension of Russian membership in CFP, English diplomats expelled from Britain in retaliation, With America's competitiveness over the Arctic and start transcontinental Russian aircraft fleet, Show all new Russian policy toward global developments. Some explain these developments both inside and outside as a New Cold Warand of course, others disagree with this thinking. Some of these measures are a response to America's efforts to make the fundamental changes in the strategic balance between America and Russia. But whether the public relations can work toward a new arms raceand Strategic confrontation of the Cold War bring? Due to theabsence ofconflictingideology, RussiaandAmerica, an eraof competition andcooperation invarious fieldswill experienceacrisis 2 Email: mohebbinia@yahoo.com inUkraineis oneof them.With the onset ofthe crisisin Ukraine(March 2014) andoutofgovernmentcontrol andthe rule ofthe Crimean Peninsulabags,witnessinga new round ofpoliticalconflictbetween theWest, led by AmericaandRussiaare. According to the head of a MoscowWashington rivalry opening on such topics of missile shield plan, Libya, Syria, etc., some believe that the crisis in Ukraine should be divided as Berlin after World War II and the cold war as the vanguard of the new. In such a situation a global paradigm shift in control system and Russia play a major role in the formation of new international relations undertaken so that this article is trying to make Russia policy in conformity with the United States in the fields of policy reviews. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Power Vacuum and it's Impacts on the Middle East Security
Mokhtar Salehi Rahman ZareSituation of Middle East's Security is being Complex, Uncertain and Ambiguous. Notwithstanding, there are many Reasons that have Created this Situation, the Great Power Vacuum in Middle East has an Important Role in the Region's Instability. the Main Subject of this Ess MoreSituation of Middle East's Security is being Complex, Uncertain and Ambiguous. Notwithstanding, there are many Reasons that have Created this Situation, the Great Power Vacuum in Middle East has an Important Role in the Region's Instability. the Main Subject of this Essay is what Does the Power Vacuum Has Impacted on the Middle East Security? Hypothetically, the Influence of United States in the Middle East Specially in the Era of Obama's Presidency has been Reduced and Simultaneously the Main Actors in the Region Such as Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia tries to increase their Powers and Influences in the Region. With According to this Situation, there isn't Great Power as a Regulator in the Region and its leads to the Divergent Situation in the Middle East. Reduction of Insecurity and Promote of Stability in the Region Are Depend on Cooperation Among Middle East Countries for Achieving Regional Sustainable Security. Theoretically, this Paper is Based on the Offensive Realism. Methodologically, in this Essay We Use Descriptive, Analytical and Explanatory Methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Tension Development and Transition from Turkish strategical balancing in the Middle East
Ebrahim Mottaghi Fatemeh Nekoolal Azad Amir RamezaniAbstract Transition from balancing can be regarded as the advent of neo-Ottomanize strategies. Neo-Ottomanize has found new ties with the realities of Caliphate and rule-oriented groups. Since the Justice and Development Party has close ideological ties with the rule-or MoreAbstract Transition from balancing can be regarded as the advent of neo-Ottomanize strategies. Neo-Ottomanize has found new ties with the realities of Caliphate and rule-oriented groups. Since the Justice and Development Party has close ideological ties with the rule-oriented Society of the Muslim Brothers, it has exerted notable influence on the mechanisms concerning political and security roles it can play in Turkey and the Middle East. The new assessment of the elements of power and the political role played by Turkey goes back to the time when the Justice and Development Party made an attempt to follow a new model of neo-Ottomanize in the structure as well as the regional strategic goals of Turkey. Although Ahmet Davutoğlu brought forward the theory of Strategic Depth: Turkey’s Position in International Relations”, the approach could not pave the grounds for regional balancing in Turkey’s security- policies. The strategic ties of Turkey and Saudi Arabia have affected the balancing process. The present study shows the “balancing strategy” has failed in its function to minimize the contradictions between Turkey and its surrounding including the Arabic Middle East and the East Mediterranean. The key question posed by the article is “Why the strategic balancing in the Justice and Development Party’s foreign policy has undergone a change?” Our hypothesis stresses that regional crises and emergence of new security contradictions in the Middle East has made it inevitable for Turkey to support regional Caliphate in its foreign policy while Turkey’s strategic balancing is inclined towards developing the interaction-cooperation-competition model with regards to the necessities of international policies as well as the strategic necessities of Turkey in its regional and international treaties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - The evolution of military-economic relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia, 1943- 2019
morteza karimi mohammadjavad aghajeri mohammad mojaver sheykhanWashington-Riyadh Defense Cooperation has a long history. Relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have two different goals. The most important goal of the Saudi government to strengthen its relationship with the United States is "security," calling for Wash MoreWashington-Riyadh Defense Cooperation has a long history. Relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have two different goals. The most important goal of the Saudi government to strengthen its relationship with the United States is "security," calling for Washington to support Al Saud in Saudi Arabia and at the level of the West Asian region, but the United States continues to have a relationship with Saudi Arabia, in addition to its defense From the Zionist regime, he pursues most of the "economic" goals. This article looks at the causes of the evolution of this collaboration. The authors are trying to show that the defense cooperation between the two countries was essentially due to the formation of a patron-to-follow relationship between them in the 1940s and then to the development of this relationship in the decades to come. In fact, what we are seeing is that, with the deepening and expansion of the patronage relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States during the period under review, military cooperation between them has seen considerable quantitative and qualitative growth so that at this time of Saudi Arabia after Israel and Pahlavi Iran became the third US military partner in the Middle East. The important question is, how does the United States play a major role for Saudi Arabia in the Middle East? The hypothesis is that the United States is not only providing weapons, military training, and building military infrastructure for Saudi Arabia, but also defining its defense strategy. As a result, the United States has played a major role in the formation and modernization of Saudi military forces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Mohammad SohrabiAppearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars wh MoreAppearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars which during the uprising has changed its approach to the region and in each of the countries has risen due to the benefits of its instruments, has adopted a different policy. Middle East and focus on the various issues, one of the important issues to Moscow, especially in the second term of Putin presidency, have paid much attention to it. Top diplomatic traffic between the Middle East to Moscow and back, it reflects the kind of mobility in Russia's Middle East policy is different from past decades. It seems that in the wake of developments since September 11, 2001, and particularly in America's military efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq that led to the proliferation of religious fundamentalism and anti-American sentiment in the Middle East, Russia has a greater interest among state and local communities, governments and the public have been mentioned, a situation of this country, it thinks itself to welcome advantage. The paper suggests that the popular uprisings in the Middle East as "Arabic revolutions" led the first Russian politics with the revolution in the form of cooperation with the West in advance but later due to concerns about increasing America's presence in the region and extend this process to Eurasia, policy trends and revolutionary opposition to support governments in the form of confrontation with the West followed. This paper considers Russia's approach to the popular uprisings and revolutions in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Precedence of Israel Foreign & Security Policy in New Regional Area
Mohammad Sohrabi Ehsan JannatiAbstract: From the preliminary of creating the Zionist regime, the approach of foreign policy and security of Israel, based on factious religious teachings, strategy of extend pending territories and building town, obtain to strategic depth, dominance on challenges and MoreAbstract: From the preliminary of creating the Zionist regime, the approach of foreign policy and security of Israel, based on factious religious teachings, strategy of extend pending territories and building town, obtain to strategic depth, dominance on challenges and internal splits and in extreme gain to ideal of the greater Israel in order to realization the promises of the old testament. New, after passage the sixty years from the creating this regime and passage the several wars and 33day war between Hizbullah and Israeli army- also knowledge toward internal splits and challenges and the will of public opinion on creation and secure the safety, Israel decided to change its foreign policy and security to obtain the permanent security. This vicissitude is inclusive the decision of this regime for withdrawal from the occupied territories, redefinition of borders and rectification of regional strategies instead of occupied and mastery. It is evident that this vicissitude will have affects and consequences on area of regional and Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Russia’s Balancing Behavior in Middle East: Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia (2012-2018)
Seyed Hasan MirfakhraeiAbstract Considering the first signs of shaping of a new regional order in the Middle East since 2011, Russia has taken new approaches toward this critical region. The approaches which show regaining Moscow’s role in this area. However, due to the new complexitie MoreAbstract Considering the first signs of shaping of a new regional order in the Middle East since 2011, Russia has taken new approaches toward this critical region. The approaches which show regaining Moscow’s role in this area. However, due to the new complexities, the current Middle East is basically different to the past. The states are more independent and inter-connections in various areas has led to shaping complicated fronts; that each of them requires particular patterns of relations between the players. These complexities caused emergence of an empirical balancing behavior by Moscow toward regional states. The behavior based on specific approaches such as direct military intervention, counter terrorism, shaping anti-West coalitions and following up international energy strategies. The main components of Russia's balancing behavior can be summarized in emphasis on functional dimensions, playing with all state actors, task division without confrontation and interaction with non-state actors. This approach has been adopted Russia’s relations with Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two key regional actors with opposite and sometimes contradictory interests, and has resulted in well and balanced relations with the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - The Rise OF ISIS and Its Impact on Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran
Ardeshir Sanaie Mona KaviyanporAbstract Beginning of every crisis has different causes and factors, such as historical, geopolitical, economic, social and cultural. Sometimes, governments tend to bane their relation not only on formal grounds, but also they sometimes limited their compliancy from ter MoreAbstract Beginning of every crisis has different causes and factors, such as historical, geopolitical, economic, social and cultural. Sometimes, governments tend to bane their relation not only on formal grounds, but also they sometimes limited their compliancy from terrorist groups in international relation of countries. ISIS is the most brutal terrorist organization among all armed groups in Middle East region. After America attacked, Al-Qaida in Iraq was the founder of the formation of the Islamic state. After Syria unrest intensifies, ISIS came from Iraq to Syria. Rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria has different consequence in the Middle East and in most part of word. Several Countries have also been involved with ISIS phenomenon and inevitably in contrast of it they had various measures. Islamic Republic of Iran was directly at odd with ISIS, because its territorial integrity and political regime has challenged Iran’s regional allies. It was also a threat for Iran in terms of its ideology and security. Therefore, Iran's foreign policy is influenced by the emergence of the Islamic State was forced to apply strategies to deal with it. This article attempts to use the framework of constructivism to check the rise if ISIS and its impact in the foreign policy of Islamic republic of Iran in regional and international level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Formation of ISIS at the center of Globalization
Mohammadreza HatamiRise of terrorism group in the Middle East shows a new chapter in security problems in region. The faster act of spreading ISIS in Iraq and Syria explain this point that terrorism movement isn’t tradition form but inexpert is globalization process and relation sys MoreRise of terrorism group in the Middle East shows a new chapter in security problems in region. The faster act of spreading ISIS in Iraq and Syria explain this point that terrorism movement isn’t tradition form but inexpert is globalization process and relation system. The main question is that how do globalization cause growth ISIS. Hypothesis is that globalization process agency creation relation system and reduces influence of state cause rise ISIS. This research using descriptive and analytical methods and the use of authentic documents and social identity approach to this conclusion that open communication system in addition to increasing social consciousness to the formation of a new anti-government entities in the region that ISIS also taking advantage of this opportunity and weaken governments emerged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Micro Strategy of the U.S. in the Middle East: A Sense for Interaction of Soft Power and Hard Power
Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Yousef SayfiAbstract Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behavior MoreAbstract Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behaviors and the manner of governments in the domain of international affairs. This is to say that the contrast exists in this theory on power concept, could be considered as a scale for the governments facing with interests and aspirations that they have defined it before for themselves. Now, if we consider the United States main strategy in the Middle East with this view and the U.S. soft and hard power, we can find three special periods since new century up to now. During these three periods, gradually the importance of soft power has been increased against the hard power. The reason for the hard power declines is because of the limitations that U.S. has had in the Middle East from the beginning of his presence in this region. Therefore, the U.S. is left with no choice but to use soft power as a tool to overcome the hard power limitations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Al Qaeda and America, Threat or Pretext for the War
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Abstract Currently, there are different assumptions about scenarios or interaction contrast between America and Al Qaeda there. Some analysts believe that bin Laden's death will eventually lead to the destruction of al-Qaeda network. This group of people who b More Abstract Currently, there are different assumptions about scenarios or interaction contrast between America and Al Qaeda there. Some analysts believe that bin Laden's death will eventually lead to the destruction of al-Qaeda network. This group of people who believe that al-Qaeda, is an organization that rooted in different parts of the world, since the network is expected to avenge the blood of bin Laden to America. For years the pretext for the war and bloodshed will continue. But some other analysts have considered the opposite of their view of America has made al-Qaeda and bin Laden directly or indirectly, whatever they say Americans can provide. Hence the creation of new threats to America, will move to eliminate bin Laden. The current critical situation in the Middle East that America is setting aside the issue of so-called war on terrorism, to confidently deal with the issue of the popular uprising in the Arab world to pay. They believe that the U. S. is not interested to fight against terrorism anymore. In this regard, popular uprisings in the Middle East is more dangerous than terrorism for Americans and Washington have become shabby affair with close combat terrorism directed their energy to make a new threat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - The Role of Human Rights as a Soft power in America's Foreign Policy
Leila Reisi Maryam DerakhshandehChanges in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the d MoreChanges in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the deepening of human rights in foreign policy of countries in a vertical position and consequently, the absolute sovereignty of States is crystallized in the meaning of States responsibility. In the meantime, according to the liberalist themes and doctrines rooted in the traditions and values of the USA, human rights are institutionalized as critical component in the foreign policy of this country. With this approach in the analysis of foreign policy of the USA based on soft power, the Middle East is in the top of human rights policy of this country. In other words, given the history of the Middle East and its paradoxes, the cradle of civilization and the centre of cultural and religious discourse as intellectual, theoretical and philosophical capitals of human rights, and on the other hand, political sovereignty and foreign colonialism put an old wound on the body of human society of the region due to lack of respect for human rights and this is a good pretext to put pressure on the region by the major powers. In this context, the Middle East as the main audience of human rights policy of the USA is addressed in the form of Wilsonism tradition with liberal approach and the use of soft power in the context of public diplomacy as a governing principle of US foreign policy is emphasized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Applying the political economy approach to analyze geopolitical crises and achieve regional convergence in the Middle East
Ismail Makrami Haider Lotfi Majid Wali Shariat Panahi Ali Asghar Ismailpour RoshanThe Middle East is a crisis-prone region in various political, military, social, cultural and, of course, economic dimensions. Naturally, many researches have been done on these crises and their explanations from different angles. The main goal of the current research i MoreThe Middle East is a crisis-prone region in various political, military, social, cultural and, of course, economic dimensions. Naturally, many researches have been done on these crises and their explanations from different angles. The main goal of the current research is to analyze and investigate the economic and political characteristics of geopolitical crises in the Middle East from the point of view of political geography experts. The research question is, what are the most important political economic characteristics of geopolitical crises in the Middle East from the point of view of political geography experts? This research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of nature, and in terms of results, it is developmental research. In order to identify the characteristics of geopolitical crises in the Middle East, the meta-analysis method will be used from the results of 13 researches identified in Iran. The meta-analysis results of these researches will lead to the identification of geopolitical crises in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Presenting Halal Tourism Marketing Model in Middle East (Case Study: Kish Island) with qualitative approach
seyede fatemeh abdollahi bahnemiri vahidreza mirabi Ali Norouzi mobarakeThis Research has been conducted with the aim of providing the Halal tourism model presentation in 2019 in Kish Island. The samples of this Research included 10 persons. After interview and coding, totally, 227 frequencies were obtained from 10 interview files. After th MoreThis Research has been conducted with the aim of providing the Halal tourism model presentation in 2019 in Kish Island. The samples of this Research included 10 persons. After interview and coding, totally, 227 frequencies were obtained from 10 interview files. After the study, very short meaningful keywords were assigned to a part of the text. After classifying the subcomponents, the category of strengths included 8 subcomponents of varied foods and high quality and diversity of the product with the greatest frequency and appropriate climate with the least frequency. The Weaknesses with eight subcomponents of lack of accurate and efficient advertisement had the greatest frequency and too much non-native people without specialty and low number of specialized non-native people, hot weather in the spring and summer had the lowest frequency. The Opportunities with 8 subcomponents was observed where being marine and coastal with the greatest frequency, the cost effectiveness of goods price with the lowest frequency. The Threats was observed with 7 subcomponents of expensiveness and price of flights with the greatest frequency and weak and inefficient management and overtaking of foreign competitors with the least frequency. Totally, 254 frequencies were obtained for categories. Finally the tree model was presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Sociologicalstudy on the process of political science educationin Iran and Egypt from Constitutional Revolutionto 1391
seyf alah seyf alahi arash reza dost -
Open Access Article
159 - Investigating the Impact of Terrorism on Economic Growth in the Middle Eastern Countries: A Panel Data Approach
Mehrzad Ebrahaimi Mojtaba Kefayat Hashem Zare Abbas AminifarTerrorism is a complex phenomenon without a comprehensive definition of it, as many scholars have defined the term terrorism based on their own understanding of it. Terrorism and its consequences go beyond the aspects of fear, terror and loss of life and property. The l MoreTerrorism is a complex phenomenon without a comprehensive definition of it, as many scholars have defined the term terrorism based on their own understanding of it. Terrorism and its consequences go beyond the aspects of fear, terror and loss of life and property. The link between security and economic growth is essential, because economic development cannot happen without security, and peace and security without growth may not be sustainable. According to the literature, terrorism has a direct impact on economic growth. Terrorism, conflict and violence destroy direct foreign and human capital and weaken political and social institutions that have a positive impact on economic growth. With this in mind, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of terrorism on economic growth in Middle Eastern countries during the period 2018-2000 using the combined data method. The results of this study showed that the number of terrorist incidents and those killed in terrorist attacks had a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of the studied countries. According to other results, it has been observed that human development index, foreign direct investment, bank credit and foreign trade have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Inflation rate has a negative and significant relationship with economic growth Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Effect of Oil Revenues on the Military Burden in Oil-Rich Countries of Middle East
Aboulghasem Gol khandanThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of oil revenues on the military expenditures in nine oil-rich countries of Middle East during the years 1995-2018. For this purpose, a general model of military expenditures designed for these countries and t MoreThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of oil revenues on the military expenditures in nine oil-rich countries of Middle East during the years 1995-2018. For this purpose, a general model of military expenditures designed for these countries and to estimate it the generalized method of moments (GMM) is used in the form of dynamic panel data. The results of the model estimation show that the oil revenues have a positive and significant effect on the military expenditures in the studied countries. So that with an increase of 1 percent in the share of oil revenues to GDP, the ratio of military spending to GDP (military time) increased in this country about 0.16 percent. On this basis, it can be said that the oil plays a significant role in providing military expenditure and security in the oil-rich countries of Middle East Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Understanding the Cultural Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East: The Need for a Coherent Approach to Constructivism and Discourse Analysis
parisa pourali Mohamad reza Dehshiri Mohammadreza Ghaedi hasan khodaverdiAlthough the Middle East has always been one of the main focuses in the evolving international system, its role and importance in theories of international relations, especially the so-called mainstream theories, have been neglected. The Islamic Republic is one of the l MoreAlthough the Middle East has always been one of the main focuses in the evolving international system, its role and importance in theories of international relations, especially the so-called mainstream theories, have been neglected. The Islamic Republic is one of the leading countries in cultural diplomacy in this region. Understanding the cultural diplomacy of Iran's foreign policy in the context of mainstream theories is not possible. Therefore, the use of new theories in a combined way can provide the basis for a deep understanding of the foreign cultural policy of the Islamic Republic in the Middle East. Now, based on the main concern of this article, by criticizing this deliberate expulsion of the region and its actors from the theory of international relations, the question arises that “why and how constructivism can it provide a basis for understanding the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East?" The findings of this theoretical-strategic article show that according to the social, cultural and identity approach of constructivist theories and discourse analysis, as well as special features of the foreign cultural policy of the Islamic Republic focusing on the social construction of reality, it is possible to build an integrated framework. The research method in this article is qualitative with a descriptive-historical approach and the research data has been collected in a library manner by taking notes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Ethnicity and Diplomacy; Necessity in Continuous and Expand the Position of Ethnic Groups in Iran’s Diplomacy in the Era of Globalization
azam molaee reza shafiee ardestaniChanging in international relations content، new perspectives and availability of information technologydue to globalization is reason of the importance of ethnicity and religious-ethnic minorities during this time especially in politics. Under the influence of changing MoreChanging in international relations content، new perspectives and availability of information technologydue to globalization is reason of the importance of ethnicity and religious-ethnic minorities during this time especially in politics. Under the influence of changing in the approaches and factors in international relations، diplomacy is also not far from these developments and changing. The important things about this matter are two issues; first،perception of the security issues in the Middle East that is under the influence of ethnic diversity and second، the need for a new approach to content and tools in the diplomatic process. For these two issues، choosing a diplomatic approach by ethnic and cultural homogeneity is required، the thing that constructivism school has especial ability to analyze and explain. Because according to this theory what people want is “who has relation whit them and how much is rate of affiliation and similarities identity whit them and their ethnic”. So choosing a person with the same ethnic and religious identities in today's Middle East for an efficient diplomacy is necessary and effective. This manner helps some country like Iran who has Strong historical identity، in foreign affair and national solidarity. In brief، taking into account today's realities of globalization ،ethnic and cultural identity and internal conditions، choosing new approach for greater participation of ethnic groups in foreign policy and diplomacy seems to be necessary and useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Analysis of the geographical-cultural causes of tension and conflict in Middle East
Rebaz Ghorbaninejad abdolrezo farajizadehTension and conflict between political-spatial units in different local, regional, national, and global levels have been a part of the human beings governance history. This issue has been increased from the time of formation and recognition of nation-states which was th MoreTension and conflict between political-spatial units in different local, regional, national, and global levels have been a part of the human beings governance history. This issue has been increased from the time of formation and recognition of nation-states which was the result of Westphalia, and then the states have experienced relations based on tension and conflict with their neighbors. Meanwhile, geographic and cultural values have been one of most important factors caused tension and conflict between the political units. Middle East region has experienced wars and conflicts in national and regional levels due to the continuation of the geopolitical causes of tension and conflict, cultural and ideological competitions of the states, newly established states and lack of experience and artificial borders created by France and Britain colonial states. The article using descriptive- analytic method and using library findings is intended to analysis the geopolitical causes of tension and conflict in this strategic region. The research findings show that geopolitical factors play an important role in this strained and inflamed geographic space in three national, regional and global levels Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Studying the Impact of War and Terrorism on the Image of Middle Eastern Sport
hamidreza jalili ali hematiafif nima majedi mehdi naderinasabThe present study aimed to study the impact of war and terrorism on the image of Middle Eastern sport. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts in the field of sport and politics. Pu MoreThe present study aimed to study the impact of war and terrorism on the image of Middle Eastern sport. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts in the field of sport and politics. Purposeful sampling was used to identify these samples. The sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 52 individuals were identified as the sample. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were assessed. Structural equation method was used for data analysis. All data analysis was done in SPSS and PLS software. The results of the study showed that military warfare has an effect of -0.198 on the Middle East sport aspect. Also, psychological warfare has an effect of -0.387 on the Middle East sport. The results of the present study showed that terrorism has an effect of -0.540 on the Middle East sport aspect. The present study found that economic warfare and cyber warfare had no significant effect on Middle Eastern sport. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Investigating the Impact of Regional Wars on the Validity of Middle Eastern Sports
hamidreza jalili ali hemati nima majedi mehdy naderinasabThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of military conflicts and regional killings on the credibility of Middle Eastern sports. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study also included e MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of military conflicts and regional killings on the credibility of Middle Eastern sports. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study also included experts in sports and politics. In order to identify these samples, purposive sampling method was used which continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 52 people were identified as the final sample. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were examined. Structural equation method was used to analyze the data of the present study. Data analysis of the present study was performed based on SPSS and PLS software. The results showed that military conflicts have an effect on the image of Middle Eastern sports of -0.198. Psychological conflicts also have an effect on the credibility of Middle Eastern sports of -0.387. The results of the present study showed that regional killings have an effect on the image of Middle Eastern sports by -0.540. Finally, the present study found that military-economic conflicts and cyber-military conflicts do not have a significant effect on the image of Middle Eastern sports. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Russia's approach to the Middle East security order (2018-2010)
Mahrokh Shahraki Mehdi HasanRaji Mahdi TusiThe geopolitical and geostrategic importance of the Middle East has made the region a special place in Russia's strategic thinking. Vladimir Putin, the most prominent politician in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, declares his desire to restore Russia to a MoreThe geopolitical and geostrategic importance of the Middle East has made the region a special place in Russia's strategic thinking. Vladimir Putin, the most prominent politician in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, declares his desire to restore Russia to a position of great and constructive power, and regional dynamics and disasters are a good opportunity to prove his claims.Meanwhile, the beginning of Arab Spring developments since late 2010 and the emergence of signs of transition in the regional and international security arrangements have provided a good basis for the arrival of Moscow into the Middle East's equations of power.In this regard, the main question of the present study is that the Russian Federation has adopted an approach to the Middle East security order in the period after the Arab Spring?The findings of the research show that the Russian approach to the Middle East after the Arab Spring based on signs of Russian realism, including soft balance, balanced relations with all actors, including strategic and tactical alliances with regional actors, and finally, the direct equilibrium And has played a balanced role against the United States. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic based on qualitative method and data collection method is library and internet resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - بررسی سیاست منطقه گرایی روسیه در خاورمیانه
ساناز رستم جبری دکتر سیدجواد امام جمعه زادهبرمبنای رویکرد رئالیسم تهاجمی قدرتهای بین المللی به صورت دائم در پی افزایش قدرت خود هستند و این می تواند با توجه به مشکلات امنیتی و مشکلات نظام بین الملل تغییر کند،به این معنی که دولتی به سمت تغییر وضع موجود حرکت یا خواهان حفظ وضع موجود باشد. روسیه به عنوان یک قدرت برتر Moreبرمبنای رویکرد رئالیسم تهاجمی قدرتهای بین المللی به صورت دائم در پی افزایش قدرت خود هستند و این می تواند با توجه به مشکلات امنیتی و مشکلات نظام بین الملل تغییر کند،به این معنی که دولتی به سمت تغییر وضع موجود حرکت یا خواهان حفظ وضع موجود باشد. روسیه به عنوان یک قدرت برتر (سابق)، خواهان تغییر وضع موجود برای بازگشت به وضعیت سابق و دست یافتن به امنیت منطقه ای و جهانی خود می باشد. به این ترتیب این نظریه می تواند تحلیل مناسبتری از سیاست خارجی روسیه در خاورمیانه ارائه، و این درحالی است که خاورمیانه برای روسیه از اولویت بالایی در سیاست خارجی برخوردار است. به این ترتیب این سوال مطرح می شود که سیاست روسیه در خاورمیانه چه روندی را طی می کند؟ مقاله پیش رو با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی در تلاش است نشان دهد روسیه برای بازگشت به عرصه بین المللی به عنوان یک قدرت مطرح،نگاه به خاورمیانه و ارتباط با کشورهای مختلف آن را به خصوص در دوره دوم ولادمیر پوتین در اولویت سیاست خارجی خود قرار داده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - An analysis of Iran's position in the Middle East with an emphasis on smart power
Ali Mohamadian هانی عابدیFrom a realistic perspective, how to earn, retain, and increase power is always the most important goal of countries in the international arena. Regardless of other domestic considerations, the Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this general rule. Power, beside MoreFrom a realistic perspective, how to earn, retain, and increase power is always the most important goal of countries in the international arena. Regardless of other domestic considerations, the Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this general rule. Power, besides being a goal, can be considered as an instrument of the foreign policy device of our country. In this study, with emphasis on Intelligent Power Theory, Susan Nassl, is concerned with how smart power plays a role in increasing Iran's position in the Middle East? And how can it be used to promote the status of Iran in the region.According to the hypothesis of the article, according to the content of the 20-year vision document and the major targets for Iran in the year 1404, the application of intelligent power as a way of converting goals to desired results can be in the twentieth-century international conditions. And the first one that exercising power "with others" has replaced the exercise of power "against others", is also effective and effective in increasing the dignity of Iran. The present research, while analyzing the theoretical foundations of intelligent power and its dimensions, uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain Iran's position in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Translate دگردیسی در ساختار نظام بین الملل و تحلیل مناقشات خاورمیانه 60/5000 Transformation in the structure of international and analysis of Middle East conflicts
sohrab enami alamdariOne of the main factors affecting the structure of the international system and influence the behavior of governments and indeed understand the evolution of international politics is the main focus. Because with the change in the shapes and forms of the international sy MoreOne of the main factors affecting the structure of the international system and influence the behavior of governments and indeed understand the evolution of international politics is the main focus. Because with the change in the shapes and forms of the international system requirements and possible disadvantages of the new that can impact the behavior of States other hand, the Middle East due to its diverse structure, identity and the complex has always been one of the international sub-systems influenced the international system. in this sense, trends, processes, cooperation, competition and conflict in this complex area also influenced the structure. In this format, the main question of the paper on which are formed, what effect on the structure of international conflicts in the Middle East? that in this area because of the different configuration of power, [22] Brzezinski, Zbigniew, (2012), Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power, Basic Books [23] Haass, Richard N.(May/June2008), ”The Age of Nonpolarity: What will Follow U.S Dominance”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.87, No.3, [24] Rosecrance. Richard N. (1969),“Bipolarity, Multipolarity and the Future” In James N. Rosenau (ed.). International Politics and Foreign Policy: A Reader in Research and Theory. (New York: The Free Press [25] Zakaria, Fareed, (2008), "The Post-American World", New York: Norton Company Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - An Investigation of the Role of Israel’s Parties in the Process of the Middle East Peace (2014-1993)
Mahdi Tusi ali azadThe conflict existing between Arab and Jewish in the Middle East is of longer lifespan than the history of Israel establishment. Despite passage of more than 6 decades from the inception of occupying, today, peace is not yet arrived at in the Middle East and no bright h MoreThe conflict existing between Arab and Jewish in the Middle East is of longer lifespan than the history of Israel establishment. Despite passage of more than 6 decades from the inception of occupying, today, peace is not yet arrived at in the Middle East and no bright horizon is predicted for this region. Investigating reasons of failure in the pace file of the Middle East; various reasons are counted, including disbelief of Israeli leaders on the prosperous destiny of peace. Attention paid to values and ideology is of special stance among leaders arising from Israeli parties and this way, until the time that parties are value-centered, the peace which could guarantee benefits of the other party won’t be reached. According to the school of constructivism, somewhat fixed identities and expectations were formed; making both sides to count each other as the first priority enemy. Moreover, this paradigm reminds that the determining factor in behavior of political parties against Arabs is not materialistic one, but it is norms which directly affect the identity and benefits of Jews. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Study of the status of regional power of Iran and Turkey within the framework of the vision document (2003-2015)
Mohammad Reza Movassagh محمد ستوده آرانیMore than half of the time has passed since the announcement of the 20-year vision document for Iran and Turkey. According to the objectives of the document, the Islamic Republic of Iran should reach the first power of the region in the year 1404, economically, socially MoreMore than half of the time has passed since the announcement of the 20-year vision document for Iran and Turkey. According to the objectives of the document, the Islamic Republic of Iran should reach the first power of the region in the year 1404, economically, socially, scientifically, technologically and politically; at the same time, Turkey should also be the first region and one of the top 10 economies in the world. However, the study of effective factors in the social, technological, and economic areas of ecology and political, in the framework of trend analysis method and Steep method from derivatives of the Steep model (v), which is based on the library-document method and the comparative analysis of information, shows that Iran It is far from the foreseen goals of gaining regional power. With the current trend, it is very difficult and far from reachable for Iran to reach the first place in the region. In contrast, Turkey, Iran’s rival, according to the 2023 prospect, that has made significant strides in gaining regional power. It is expected at the end of the document Turkey will reach the most predicted goals. Therefore, in order to offset the backwardness and reach the first place, Iran needs to make revision in different sectors and do multi-level efforts in different fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Change and continuity in America's Middle East policy in 2001-2017
Zahra Bagheri Hosein Daheshyar Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Mohammad Yousefi JooybariAbstract The focus of this article is on the change and continuity in US policy in the Middle East during the Bush, Obama and Period of Trump presidency until 2017. His approach is too far from realism and is nationalist from foreign policy dimension. Trump’s view MoreAbstract The focus of this article is on the change and continuity in US policy in the Middle East during the Bush, Obama and Period of Trump presidency until 2017. His approach is too far from realism and is nationalist from foreign policy dimension. Trump’s views show that he has a different approach in international arena compared with two former presidents, Georg W. Bosh and Barak Obama. While Georg W. Bush focused on US superpower aspect with emphasis on some elements such as Unilateralism, Pre-emptive attack and even changing the government in Middle East, Obama considered Multilateralism, enjoying smart power and usage of diplomacy as an important tool to maintain American leadership in the Middle East; but Trump practically has focused on disregarding of US responsibility by negation of main past approaches and among them says:” I am just the American president and no the leader of the world. There is a dominant and primary idea from the “first US” slogan that is return to its own borders and a kind of isolationism possibly. Therefore, the idea of the superiority of America can reflect in political and strategic pattern space of Donald Tramp. In this regard, it is considered the change and continuity of US policy in the Middle East based on Realistic approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Establishment of a missile defense shield in the Persian Gulf region and its impact on the security of the region 2001-2017
Hassan Khodaverdi Aliasghar GhaffariThe gradual deployment of the United States missile defense shield plan from Europe to the Persian Gulf region over the past decade and the establishment of radar and defensive components of this plan, in the whole Persian Gulf region both in its land and floating zone, MoreThe gradual deployment of the United States missile defense shield plan from Europe to the Persian Gulf region over the past decade and the establishment of radar and defensive components of this plan, in the whole Persian Gulf region both in its land and floating zone, has implications and also plenty consequences for regional and international systems and has aggravated the fragile security of the Persian Gulf Region. Topics such as the beginning of the arms race, the collapse of the balance of power, the blurred relations, regional instability, and the most important one the trilateral Arab, Israeli, and American alliances can be seen as the security implications of establishing the plan in the Persian Gulf region. Accordingly, the purpose of this research, by using descriptive-analytical method and collecting data with library tools, is to examine the reasons for the formation of the missile defense shield, to analyze accurately its expanding to the Persian Gulf region and its impact on the security of the region. The implementation of this project in the Persian Gulf region will have tremendous impacts on the international system at the head of the Middle East and Persian Gulf and will affect the security of this region and will be sensitive to many countries in the region, including Iran It brings about the nature and final fate of this plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Struggle for Regional Power Position: Iran-Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
mahdieh heydariIran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always MoreIran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always faced many challenges due to the inconsistency of national requirements and international requirements. For example, before the Islamic Revolution, with the backing of the United States, Iran succeeded in asserting its power in the region; Could not. Now, with this descriptive-analytical research method, this research seeks to answer the question of what are the requirements of the Saudi-Iranian competition for a regional power plan in the Middle East? The provisional hypothesis is that gaining regional status in the Middle East requires both actors to have both material and immaterial power, as well as the behavior and policies of other regional and transnational governments. The findings of the study, by applying neoclassical realism theory, and analyzing the requirements of the power plan, at two levels of micro and macro analysis, suggest that the existence of different national capacities, relying on, or opposing the existing order, prevents one of these two states from topping. Over the Middle East's power equations. The method of gathering data and data is based on the library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Prospects for Iran-US political, economic and security relations in the Middle East by 2026
asghar rajabi dehborzoei Mohammad BidgoliUndoubtedly, the Middle East is one of the most important regions that has attracted the attention of many international actors. The United States has been one of the most important trans-regional actors involved in the political, security and economic equations of the MoreUndoubtedly, the Middle East is one of the most important regions that has attracted the attention of many international actors. The United States has been one of the most important trans-regional actors involved in the political, security and economic equations of the region. The purpose of this study is to answer the fundamental question of what is the direction of the political, economic and security relations between Iran and the United States by 2026? In this article, we study this issue with a descriptive-analytical method, relying on written library resources and online articles. The results of the present study, taking into account the view of Alexander Went, confirm the dominance of the Hobbesian view or hostility over the Kantian view or friendship. Among the issues that have affected Iran-US relations and made the Hobbesian view of hostility or hostility prevail are the existence of fundamental ideological conflicts between the ideals of the Islamic Revolution and the American liberal system, the position of Israel and the Zionist lobby against Iran, the influence of the Gulf countries. Fars and led by Saudi Arabia, economic sanctions, threats of regime change, support for opposition groups, the martyrdom of Sardar Soleimani, Iran's isolation in the international arena and the US unilateral withdrawal from the Borjam agreement, which could improve relations between Iran and America is inconceivable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia and its impact on the security of the Persian Gulf based on offensive realism
Nader MolaeianThis article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the wor MoreThis article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the world is of great importance due to the route of energy passage and estimation of more than 90% of fossil energies (in 2030). The geography of the Persian Gulf, which is separated from the Sea of Oman by the Strait of Hormuz, consists of the following countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar, which are important and vital for the world in terms of economy and fossil energy production. Is. Britain's withdrawal from this region and its replacement by the United States in 1970 has caused many ups and downs in this region of the Middle East. This year, the United States used the two countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as two pillars of regional security to reduce the tension between the two countries and a barrier against communism in a plan called the Nixon-Kessinger doctrine (two-pillar security). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Intra-regional security and hegemonic stability of the Middle East countries
mohama javad reshidi fakhredin soltani مریم مرادیConsidering the special and different characteristics of the Middle East countries, the issue of intra-regional security and hegemonic stability in this region can be considered as one of the important concerns in the analysis of the nature of the relations between the MoreConsidering the special and different characteristics of the Middle East countries, the issue of intra-regional security and hegemonic stability in this region can be considered as one of the important concerns in the analysis of the nature of the relations between the countries of the region. The main goal of the current research is intra-regional security and hegemonic stability in this region, which is important for government actors. The main question is how does intra-regional security affect hegemonic stability? The main hypothesis is that; The development and deepening of intra-regional security can lead to hegemonic stability and the development of sustainable security through convergence and de-escalation in the field of relations between governments. In addition to this, the division of power between the powers of the region on the one hand and the all-round growth of economic, political and security relations on the other hand can be a solution to the problems faced by the countries of the region. The research method is a descriptive-analytical qualitative method, and the method of collecting information is library-based and analyzing the collected data using the qualitative analysis method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - The issue of the power and active activism of the clergy in the Middle East, , A case study of clergy activism in the nationalization of the oil industry in Iran
Mohammad Sadegh Golmohammadi Siamak BahramiWithout considering the activism of religious institutions,including Shia and Sunni clergy,or even Jewish religious figures, studying the political and social history of the Middle East will be imperfect.The clergy within any religious or social group has had a signific MoreWithout considering the activism of religious institutions,including Shia and Sunni clergy,or even Jewish religious figures, studying the political and social history of the Middle East will be imperfect.The clergy within any religious or social group has had a significant impact on these groups’ internal and external developments. The focus of the present research has been whether this activism is solely aimed at defending a particular ethical or religious purity,or if it is in a close relationship with the power-seeking motives of these activists.In this regard,an attempt has been made to explore and investigate the activism of Shia clergy in Iran during one of the most crucial periods in Iran’s political history, i.e.the nationalization of the oil industry in the 1940s.The primary question of this study is what was the role of Shia clergy in the nationalization of the oil industry and what were the objectives they pursued in doing so? According to the research results, if we categorize Shia clergy into three groups:conservative,revolutionary and pragmatic,the pragmatic movement has been the dominant force in the nationalization of the oil industry.Through accepting balancing role for itself, it sought to create alliances and temporary coalitions,sometimes conflicting with other social activists in the course of nationalization of the oil industry to provide the grounds for the emergence and empowerment of activists who could better contribute to the consolidation of their power and position.In this path, the defense of religious values was on the sidelines or just served as a means to their ultimate goal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - ی
احسان یاری حسین غضنفری -
Open Access Article
180 - Human Rights and Citizen Rights on the Opinion of the Middle Eastern Islamic States with Emphasis on the Iranian Constitution
Amir SajediHuman rights and Citizen Rights are both derived from natural and inherent rights of all people and historically have been uniquely addressed among the various world thinkers and by the various schools of religious thought. It is unfortunately true however that un MoreHuman rights and Citizen Rights are both derived from natural and inherent rights of all people and historically have been uniquely addressed among the various world thinkers and by the various schools of religious thought. It is unfortunately true however that until the end of the Second World War the idea of human rights did not find a place in a wider arena of thought. Although with the declaration of human rights in 1948 and owing to other related conventions, human rights became a world-wide phenomena and many governments in the Middle-East still have not accepted all its clauses. These governments having stated that some aspects of the world human right laws are at odds with the Koranic teachings balk at carrying out their duties with respect to human and citizen rights. Citizen’s rights are those class of people’s rights which are given as national rights according to the constitution of relevant countries and as such cover only the citizens of the relevant nations. The passage of the constitution of the I.R.I encompassing sections 19, 23, 24, 26, 32, 47, ... which had contained the equal rights and citizen’s rights had generated great hope that the people of Iran will again after much time regain their human rights and citizen’s rights. The manner that these rights are accepted and are made to coexist with the Sharia and the way the populace of the nations in the Middle East are taught and informed on their quest for human rights and citizen’s rights are among the most noteworthy guides of their governments in carrying out its relevant duties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - America's Triple Approach, Support, Mediation and Intervention: Compare the New Egypt and Iran
Mahdi Habib Allahi Hosein MasoudniaAmerica relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cair MoreAmerica relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cairo have close and continuous cooperation to meet common strategic interests in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring developments and overthrow of Mubarak, America's policy toward Egypt was faced with challenges. However, the United States of America has tried to manage these developments. Historical example of such an approach can be viewed in the direction of America to Iran during Prime Minister Mosaddegh. Accordingly, considering the fact that America's foreign policy developments in Egypt and the fall of Mubarak to General al-Sisi presidency consists of three phases; support, mediation and intervention in affairs of this country, this research by using descriptive and analytical method and with the use of library and internet resources intends to study America's approach toward developments in Egypt and toward Iran under Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Foreign Policy, Hollywood and Middle Eas Representationt after September 11
Seyd Abdol Ali Ghavam Bashir EsmaeiliMedia diplomacy as a branch of public diplomacy is considered as a effective tool to enforce the foreign policy U.S. foreign policy based on it’s realative monopoly of culture making was successfull to fortify it’s soft power accros the world . T MoreMedia diplomacy as a branch of public diplomacy is considered as a effective tool to enforce the foreign policy U.S. foreign policy based on it’s realative monopoly of culture making was successfull to fortify it’s soft power accros the world . The Hollywood represnation trend in the Cold War era, has been analysed by many of neo- leftist scholers .The main idea of the peresent article is that ofter September 11 untill date , hollywood projects a proccess of Islamophobia in it’s political movies to craet a new consept of enemy in the foreign policy .But there is no fundemental study or critical approach around the Middle East and hollywood political movies at all .In this article will be focused on representation of Islam an Middle East in hollywood after Septeber 11 and also potical movies which are produced in mantiond period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Environmental Instability in the Middle East, Managerial and Cultural Challenges; A Case Study: of Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia
Iran Ghazi Azam MalaeeTwo recent report "environmental performance" Yale University in the years 2014 and 2016 has been published showing that the number of Middle Eastern countries in these two periods with the downward trend faced. This study examines three important reasons for environmen MoreTwo recent report "environmental performance" Yale University in the years 2014 and 2016 has been published showing that the number of Middle Eastern countries in these two periods with the downward trend faced. This study examines three important reasons for environmental policy setback and instability in the Middle East, Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Review development programs, management system and cultural and political systems of the three countries suggest that several factors may have been in an unstable environment. In Iran's Fifth Development Plan and the Ninth Plan of the Republic of Turkey, the status of the environment has quite marginal position and The place is very brief account. Of course, this does not apply in the case of Saudi Arabia. Embossed characters and not the structures and rules on environmental management and the power of government in these countries versus, The weakness of environmental civil society is other issues that dysfunction in all three countries has been a lack of improvement and environmental sustainability. Although the Saudi Arabia situation in these two areas is worse than the other two. The oil-rich Middle East and energy subsidy also leading to the production of toxic gases and air pollution. Iran and Saudi Arabia in this area have had a poorer performance than Turkey and with continued energy subsidies, have a greater role in polluting the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - س
Fatemeh Ghayyemi Bshno Seyed Mrhosseini -
Open Access Article
185 - Arab Spring Developments Domino in the Globalization and Development of Communications, and Farzad Mohammad Zade Ebrahimi
Seid Javad Emam Jome Zade Sanaz Rostam Jabri Farzad Mohammad Zade EbrahimiInternational developments in the first decade of the twentieth-first century, globalization, development of communications, and expand the scope of contacts between peoples in cyber space have caused more awareness of civil rights in the Middle East, comprehensive stru MoreInternational developments in the first decade of the twentieth-first century, globalization, development of communications, and expand the scope of contacts between peoples in cyber space have caused more awareness of civil rights in the Middle East, comprehensive structural backwardness, and increasing range of demands for fundamental changes and developments in various fields. Unprecedented crisis in the Arab countries as domino swept across the Middle East and North Africa and even has overshadowed some non Arab countries. What is the role of globalization of communications in the Arab spring developments? Based on liberalism principles, citizens who are aware of the world usually are demanding reform. Globalization through public awareness and providing technologies enable citizens to communicate with the rest of the world, thus led the peoples of the Middle East and North Africa to revolt against their rulers and to create enormous changes. Due to the importance of the Middle East region and also the fact that recent unprecedented developments will have significant impacts, this paper examines the developments with regard to globalization of communications and technologies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Longitudinal study of the social progress of Middle East oil countries in the years (2011-2020)
Seyedeh Maliheh Hosseini احسان رحمانی خلیلی Ali BaghaeisarabiThe countries of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and the United Emirates are among the top oil countries, and according to their billions of oil revenues and similar average investments, they have not had the same social Progress. In this research, the social progress in these MoreThe countries of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and the United Emirates are among the top oil countries, and according to their billions of oil revenues and similar average investments, they have not had the same social Progress. In this research, the social progress in these countries has been compared with the secondary and descriptive-comparative analysis method. The social progress variable data is extracted from the social progress site. SPSS software was used for data analysis. According to the obtained results, in the variable of social progress and its dimensions (basic needs, welfare foundations and opportunities), the United Emirates, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq were placed in the order of ranking. In terms of opportunities, Iraq is higher than Saudi Arabia, and in 2020 it also surpassed Iran.Compared to other countries, Iran has been ranked higher in the indicators of environmental quality, access to advanced knowledge, shelter, and health, and has been ranked lower in the sub-indices of access to information and communication, individual rights, choice, and individual freedom.Since the biggest weaknesses of Iran are in the dimension of opportunities, it can be improved by reforming and improving cultural laws, as well as the participation of minorities in the country's political issues, and by raising the quality of the index of access to information and communications, as well as following the example of the country of Iraq, which grows in the dimension of opportunities. It has been good to take important steps in the direction of growth, development and social progress. Manuscript profile
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