A study about the course of evolution in Iran and Syria alliance from beginning of the new millennium until Arab awakening (2000-2011)
Subject Areas : International Relations
Ahmad Jansiz
1
,
Ali Esmaeili
2
1 - Political Science Department, Guilan University, Guilan, Iran
2 - Guilan University
Keywords: Middle East, Syria, institutionalization, Key words: Iran, Alliance Endurance, Ideological Solidarity,
Abstract :
The strategic alliance between Iran and Syria is among those that have endured significantly in the past few decades. However, emergence of a new environment presents new challenges for the raison d'être of alliances, which in turn, increases the possibility of their disintegration. Despite significant changes in the political environment of Iran and Syria in the early part of the first decade in 21st century, strategic alliance between these two regional players in the period between 2000 and 2011 has endured. Therefore the core question of this study is: what factors have been effective in the endurance of strategic alliance between Iran and Syria in the period between 2000 until 2011? Our findings in this study show that according to the theory of defensive realism espoused by Stephen Walt, the main factors in the continuance of Iran and Syria alliance according to importance are: ideological solidarity, institutionalization of cooperation and Preserving Credibility. However, hegemonic leadership and formation of security community had no role in this regard. The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is based on library.
منابع:
- طاهایی، جواد. (1388). خاورمیانه جدیدتر (چشم اندازهای وسیع روابط ایران و سوریه). تهران : معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی .
- مشیرزاده، حمیرا. ( 1384). تحول در نظریه های روابط بین الملل. تهران : انتشارات سمت.
- دهقانی فیروز آبادی، جلال، ( 1392). سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران. چاپ پنجم، تهران :انتشارات سمت.
- کتاب سبز سوریه. (1387). تهران: انتشارات وزارت امور خارجه.
- امیدی، علی. (1386). «چیستی و چگونگی سیاست خارجی مقایسهای: مطالعه موردی روابط ایران و سوریه». مطالعات خاورمیانه، دوره چهاردهم و پانزدهم، شماره 1-4 .
- ایزدی، جهانبخش؛ اکبری ،حمیدرضا. (1389). «برآورد دهه سوم مناسبات راهبردی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و سوریه؛ همگرایی بیش یا گسست». فصلنامه ره نامه سیاستگذاری سیاسی، دفاعی و امنیتی، سال اول، شماره 2.
- پور احمدی، حسین؛ عباسی خوشکار، امیر. (1391). «مبانی رفتار سیاست خارجی روسیه در قبال پرونده هسته‌ای جمهوری اسلامی ایران». پژوهش نامه علوم سیاسی، سال هشتم، شماره 1.
- سیمبر، رضا، اسمعیلی، علی. (1392). «علل شکلگیری و تداوم اتحاد ایران - سوریه 2000-1979»، سیاست جهانی ، دوره دوم، شماره 2.
- کرمی، جهانگیر. )1389. ( « روابط ایران و روسیه در سالهای 1368 تا 1388: بسترها، عوامل و محدودیتها». اوراسیای مرکزی، سال سوم، شماره 6.
- موسئسه بین‌المللی مطالعات دریای خزر. (1387). «روابط ایران و روسیه: همکاری در دوره پسا همسایگی». آسیای مرکزی، سال چهاردهم ، شماره 61.
- نیاکویی، سید امیر؛ اسمعیلی، علی؛ ستوده، علی اصغر. (1393). « عوامل گسترش روابط استراتژیک با ایران از صعود بشار اسد به قدرت تا نا آرامی‌های اخیر (2011-2000)». مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام، دوره 3، شماره 1.
- موسوی خلخالی، علی. (1392). «یاران موثرتر از اسد را بشناسید». قابل دسترس در سایت دیپلماسی ایرانی.
- Alexander, Yonah; Hoeinig Milton. (2008(. The New Iranian Leadership: Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambition, and The Middle East. US: Preager Security International.
- Cordesman, Anthony. (2008(. Israel and Syria, Military Balance Prospects of War. US: Praeger Security International.
- Goodarzi, Jubin. (2006). Syria and Iran. New York: Tauris Academic Studies.
- Hunter, Shireen. T. (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in The Post-Soviet Era. US: Prager
- Maltzahn, Nadia. (2013). The Syria-Iran Axis, Cultural Diplomacy and International Relations in The Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris & co Ltd.
- The International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2010).The Military Balance: The annual assessment of global military capabilities and economics. UK: TIISS.
- The International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2012).The Military Balance 2012, the annual assessment of the military capabilities and defence economics of 171 countries worldwide. UK: TIISS.
- Naji, Kasra. (2008). Ahmadinejad: The Secret History of Iran Radical Leader. UK: I.B. Tauris & co Ltd.
- Rubin, Barry. (2007). The Truth about Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Thaler, David, et al. (2010). Mullas, Guards and Bonyads. US: RAND.
- Barzeger, Kayhan. (2010). “Roles at Odds: The Roots of Increased Iran-U.S. Tension in the Post-9/11 Middle East”. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Vol.1, No.3.
- Crosston, Matthew. (2014). “Cold War and Ayatollah Residues: Syria as a Chessboard for Russia, Iran and the United States”. Strategic Studies Quarterly, Vol.8, No.4.
- Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. (2007). “Iran Politics and Regional Relation: Post–Detent”. Perception, Vol.12, No.1.
- Gelbart, Jonathan. ( 2010). “The Iran-Syria Axis: A Critical Investigation”. Stanford Journal of International Relations, Vol.12, No.1.
- Ghadbian, Najib. (2001). “The new Asad: Dynamics of Continuity and Change in Syria”. Middle East Journal, Vol.55, No. 4.
- Goodarzi, Jubin. (2013). “Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment”. Ortadogu Etudleri,Vol.4, No.2.
- Hinnebusch, Raymond. (2009). “Syrian Foreign Policy under Bashar Al-Asad”. Ortadogu Etudleri, Vol.1, No.1.
- Hinnebusch, Raymond. (2012). “Syria: from authoritarian upgrading to Revolution”. International Affairs, Vol. 88, No.1.
- Karmon, Ely. (2008). “Iran–Syria–Hizballah–Hamas: A Coalition Against Nature Why Does it Work?”. The Proteus Monograph Series, Vol.1, No.5.
- Lawson, Fred. (2007). “Syria's Relations with Iran: Managing The Dilemmas of Alliance”. The Middle East Journal, Vol.61, No. 1.
- Lyme, Rune Friberg.(2012). Sanctioning Assad's Syria. DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies), Report 13.
- Malici, Akan & Buckner, Allison. (2008). “Empathizing With Rouge Leaders: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Bashar Al-Asad”. Journal of Peace Research, Vol.45, No.6.
- Mohns , Erick & Bank, Andre. (2012). “Syria Revolt Fallout; End of the Resistance Axis”. Middle East Policy, Vol.19, No.3.
- Sun, Degang. (2009). “Brothers Indeed: Syria-Iran Quasi-alliance Revisited”. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), Vol.3, No.2.
- Tur, Ozlem. (2010). “Turkish-Syrian Relation – Where We Going?”. UNISCIDiscussionPapers, No.23.
- Walsh, David. (2013). “Syrian Alliance Strategy Interest Post-Cold War Era: The Impact of Unipolarity”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.37, No.2.
- Walt, Stephen. M. (1997). “Why Alliances Endure or Collapse”. Survival: Global Political and Strategy, Vol.39,No.1.
- Walt, Stephen. M. (2009). “Alliances in a Unipolar World”. World Politics, Vol. 61, No.1.
- Blanche , Ed. (2010). “Iran draws a line in the sand ”. Middle East, No. 410, available at: https://www.ebscohost.com
- Gaub, Florence & Popescu , Nicu. (2013). “Russia and Syria-odd Couple”. European Union Institute for Security Studies, No.28, available at: www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/
- Menkiszak, Marek. (2013). “Responsibility to protect …itself? Russia Strategy the Crisis in Syria”. FIIA Briefing Paper 131, available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/
- Tigrak, Fatih. (2012). “Conflict and Cooperation Syria-United States Relations Through 1970-2011, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University”. available at: https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/ .
- Woolsey, James, R. (2013). “Congressional Testimony : Breaking the Iran, North Korea and Syria Nexus”.(FDD) Foundation for Defense of Democracies, available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/
_||_