Key words: Iran

Open Access Article

1 - Evaluation of the effect of Flupyradifurone20% (Sivanto®) and the trunk injection method to control red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. in Iran
J. Abbasi H. dabiri M. zargari Y. b. taheri Sh. zare

Date palms are one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. Red palm weevil (RPW)Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. (Col,: Dryophthoridae) is the most important and most dangerous pest under the internal quarantine law in Iran. larvae cause the death date palms More

Date palms are one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. Red palm weevil (RPW)Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. (Col,: Dryophthoridae) is the most important and most dangerous pest under the internal quarantine law in Iran. larvae cause the death date palms by feeding the tissues (vines) and emptying the trunk. Pest control chemical methods (spray, injection, fumigation and soil, irrigation pesticide application) are part of integrated pest management (IPM) programme. This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy insecticide Flupyradifurone20% with trade names Sivanto® and injection device (5cc automatic syringe, initiated and re-designed by the author) and injection trunk technique for controlling red palm weevil in randomized complete block design with four treatment and four replications. The results showed there was a significant difference between the treatments for the dead and live larvae and adult at 1% level. So Flupyradifurone20% treatments with concentration of 100ml (20gr active ingredient) injection with 100ml water and Flupyradifurone20% with concentration of 100ml (20gr active ingredient) injection rates the average of 9/7 and 8/3 per palm tree, respectively had the most effect on controlling the larvae in compared to Confidor35% injection and spray Flupyradifurone20% on the trunk. Experimental results showed that injection of the pesticide into a trunk is a suitable and effective method for controlling RPW and injection device (5cc automatic syringe, initiated and re-designed by the author) can be used for injection into the trunk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Evaluation of the effect of Flupyradifurone20% (Sivanto®) and the trunk injection method to control red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. in Iran
J. abbasi H. dabiri M. zargari Y. taheri Sh. zare

Red palm weevil (RPW)Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. (Col,: Dryophthoridae) is the most important and most dangerous pest under the internal quarantine law in Iran. larvae cause the death date palms by feeding the tissues (vines) and emptying the trunk. Pest control ch More

Red palm weevil (RPW)Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. (Col,: Dryophthoridae) is the most important and most dangerous pest under the internal quarantine law in Iran. larvae cause the death date palms by feeding the tissues (vines) and emptying the trunk. Pest control chemical methods (spray, injection, fumigation and soil, irrigation pesticide application) are part of integrated pest management programmes. This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy insecticide Flupyradifurone20% with trade names Sivanto® and injection device (5cc automatic syringe, initiated and re-designed by the author) and injection trunk technique for controlling red palm weevil in randomized complete block design with four treatment and four replications. The results showed there was a significant difference between the treatments for the dead and live larvae and adult at 1% level. So Flupyradifurone20% treatments with concentration of 100ml (20gr active ingredient) injection with 100ml water and Flupyradifurone20% with concentration of 100ml (20gr active ingredient) injection rates the average of 9.7 and 8.3 per palm tree, respectively had the most effect on controlling the larvae in compared to Confidor35% injection and spray Flupyradifurone20% on the trunk. Experimental results showed that injection of the pesticide into a trunk is a suitable and effective method for controlling RPW and device 5cc automatic syringe can be used for injection into the trunk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Factors influencing the formation of Historical Geography of Ardalan Emirate in Safavid era
nasrollah mohamadi boromand soreni

Every government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal More

Every government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal and external revolutions in their governments. In this regard, one can say that Ardalan Emirate changed from a passive position to a dynamic situation in Safavid era which place it at the heart of events occurred in this era, because it was at the intersection between the two great empires, Safavid and Ottoman Empire. Vigilance and formation of Ardalan borders and its involvement to events of this era, was to some extent, the effect of its geographic position and geopolitical weight which was influenced by contracting and expanding factors. With this specific position, political, military, religious, and linguistic factors contributed to the promotion of the position of this emirate in Safavid Era. These factors put the emirate on a very rough way to its development.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - ROLE OF GERMAN INDUSTRIES IN RENOVATION OF IRAN INDUSTRIES IN REZA SHAH PAHLAVI’S REIGEN
ali voshmeh soheyla torabi naser jadidi

The Germans were transformed into one of the important economic powers in Reza Shah Pahlavi’s terms of office. Looking for selling their products and preparing raw materials for their factories, they selected Iran as their target market, despite influence of the w More

The Germans were transformed into one of the important economic powers in Reza Shah Pahlavi’s terms of office. Looking for selling their products and preparing raw materials for their factories, they selected Iran as their target market, despite influence of the world superpowers that were the main obstacles for them. Iranian government that wanted to reduce British and Soviet Union influence, and wanted to renovate its traditional industry, welcomed the relations. Political nationalism and common racial interactions between the two countries used to help this relationship. The Germans were eager in selling their different products, including industrial factories, and Iran was also interested in that. It was the reason that a lot of light and heavy German factories were sold to Iran; various industries such as: textile industries, steel industries, communication, food industries and many other large or small firms that were owned by the government or private sector. Along with these industries, technical schools started work with German instructors, who had the duty for instructing technical forces and could be effective in transfer of technology. This style of political-economic relations were experienced a little by the Iranians. In conducting descriptive/analytical method and using archive documentations, publications and books for the research period, the present research deals with analyzing the activities of German industries in Iran during Reza Shah Pahlavi era. The aim of this study is investigating the importation and deploying light and heavy German industries and their effects on Iran’s industrial renovation during the first Pahlavid dynasty king. We are trying to find the answer to the question regarding qualitative and quantitative transformations in renovating Iranian traditional industries, by importation of German industries in Reza Shah Pahlavi era. To find the answer to the question, Iran and Germany situations before holding these relations are explained briefly. After considering the studying period for the importation of different German industries, the concluded contracts, motivations and international hindrances for these activities shall be investigated.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Identity Explanation about Structure of Conflicts in Relation of U.S & I.R.Iran
fazel feizi

DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1399.13.4.3.9

Identity Explanation about the Conflicts Structure in the Relation of United State of America and Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract The occurrence of the Islamic revolutionary of Iran in 1357, it was a occurrence that its identity discourse in foreign policy ( discourse More

Identity Explanation about the Conflicts Structure in the Relation of United State of America and Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract The occurrence of the Islamic revolutionary of Iran in 1357, it was a occurrence that its identity discourse in foreign policy ( discourse of revolutionary idealism) was based on discourse elements such as autonomy, fighting against imperialism and colonial powers and support of liberator movements. Basically creation this kind of discourse in a country and region that was regarded as a stable island for United State of America was not concerted with aim and interests of U.S. conquering the embassy of U.S. by the students of follower of Imam Line, U.S disconnected its diplomatic relation with Iran as well as undertake a wide range of hostile actions against Iran that was continued in past four decade up to this time. In this research meanwhile we study on the obstacle of the evolution of two state relations, we try to study the conflict of their interests from the viewpoint of identity and norms that appraise their identity, as it is emphasized on constructive theory of international relations. Finally we conclude that although in some certain and defined cases were holed limited negotiations between two states, because of coflictual identity ,there is not any possibility to fundamental change the relation of Iran and United State of America. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Crisis in Yemen and the Regional Security Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Farzad Rostami Kamran Lotfi Saeid Pirmohamadi

Often, in studies related to international relations, the security of activists, especially in the regional arena, is considered as one of the most important principles in the foreign policy of countries. Especially since the political-security issues after the Arab Spr More

Often, in studies related to international relations, the security of activists, especially in the regional arena, is considered as one of the most important principles in the foreign policy of countries. Especially since the political-security issues after the Arab Spring in the region, have made common interests among the regional actors, and added to the growing concern of Middle East about security. For this reason, today, the regional counterparts in the Middle East who have common interests have generally focused on regional security assemblies in order to maintain their survival. In this regard, the security agenda in the Middle East concerns the crisis in Yemen, which may extend to other areas and challenge the other players' interests. That’s why, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as an active actor and regional hegemony, has been struggling to adopt a protective approach for the Yemeni nation-state in order to secure its regional security since the beginning and growth of the crisis in Yemen. Therefore, the focus of this study is on the efforts of the Islamic Republic of Iran to maintain the axis of resistance, the geopolitical security of Yemen, and to maintain its ideological and regional influence. So, the main question of the present research focuses on the issue which is "what approach of the foreign policy can be relied on for the analysis of the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the crisis in Yemen. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A comparative Analysis of Diplomatic Relations between Iran and Russia during the Administrations of Presidents Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Zohreh Balazadeh Fahimeh Ghaibi

Abstract The relations between two administrations of Iran and Russia have been always accompanied by ups and downs in the last few years. Sometimes they have been so close that strategic co-operations have been issued, and some other they have been breaking in relatio More

Abstract The relations between two administrations of Iran and Russia have been always accompanied by ups and downs in the last few years. Sometimes they have been so close that strategic co-operations have been issued, and some other they have been breaking in relations so as they have had frosty and strained relations. At the moment, there are some different and influential issues on the relations of the two countries among which are nuclear co-operation, military collaboration and economic terms. This paper aims at not only discussing the relations of the two countries after the Revolution of Islamic Republic of Iran, but also studying and analyzing their relation comparatively during the administrations of Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from 1998 to 2010 (1376-1389)     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A study about the course of evolution in Iran and Syria alliance from beginning of the new millennium until Arab awakening (2000-2011)
Ahmad Jansiz Ali Esmaeili

The strategic alliance between Iran and Syria is among those that have endured significantly in the past few decades. However, emergence of a new environment presents new challenges for the raison d'être of alliances, which in turn, increases the possibility of th More

The strategic alliance between Iran and Syria is among those that have endured significantly in the past few decades. However, emergence of a new environment presents new challenges for the raison d'être of alliances, which in turn, increases the possibility of their disintegration. Despite significant changes in the political environment of Iran and Syria in the early part of the first decade in 21st century, strategic alliance between these two regional players in the period between 2000 and 2011 has endured. Therefore the core question of this study is: what factors have been effective in the endurance of strategic alliance between Iran and Syria in the period between 2000 until 2011? Our findings in this study show that according to the theory of defensive realism espoused by Stephen Walt, the main factors in the continuance of Iran and Syria alliance according to importance are: ideological solidarity, institutionalization of cooperation and Preserving Credibility. However, hegemonic leadership and formation of security community had no role in this regard. The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is based on library. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Identity Discourse from the View of Constructivism in Nuclear Talks between Iran and the International System
Seyed Ali Mortazaviyan Lena Abdolkhani Mostafa Hette

Abstract Among several causes of the conflict between Iran and the international order, the most important factor is Iran's nuclear activities. Since Iran's nuclear program has affected all the economic, political, social and cultural realms of the society to address t More

Abstract Among several causes of the conflict between Iran and the international order, the most important factor is Iran's nuclear activities. Since Iran's nuclear program has affected all the economic, political, social and cultural realms of the society to address this issue is considered to be a remarkable effort. In this paper, we try to present a solution to the conflict between Iran and the U.S. to provide for an inter-subjective understanding so that the present conflict between Iran and the international order would be transformed into interaction. This article draws on a constructivist approach with an emphasis on identity as the constitutive element of relations among countries especially from the view point of values and norms. Although the failure of nuclear talks between Iran and the international institutions is influenced by several variables, it is the “self” perception of the “other” as well as a rigid and inflexible identity that renders any session to solve the dilemma into failure. In fact, through a comprehensive statement of the values and norms governing the nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it is expected that the present conflict situation may convert into interaction.   Key words: Iran's nuclear activities, Conflict, Interaction, Identity, Norm     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Iran and Turkey in Central Asia Security Complex
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Peyman Kaviani Far

DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1398.12.45.6.7

During last 25 years, Central Asia’s stability has permanently witness with increasing difficult and complicated situation. All the countries of the region have experienced low or high pressures of nationalistic trends. Meanwhile appearance of domestic challenges, More

During last 25 years, Central Asia’s stability has permanently witness with increasing difficult and complicated situation. All the countries of the region have experienced low or high pressures of nationalistic trends. Meanwhile appearance of domestic challenges, difficulties of the ear of independence, weakness in state- building and nation- building, spread of peripheral problems in the region, geopolitical vacuum, and finally activities of regional and international players especially after 9/11, have made very complicated the security sphere of Central Asia. In a such condition of cooperation and competition of foreign players, intervention of trans regional powers have a very deep impact on the regional security that could have positive or negative effects on these developments. This paper focus on this question that, “what are the opportunities for Iran and Turkey to play their role in the Central Asian security complex?” To answer this question, the authors first describe the security sphere pf Central Asia and use the theory of “Security Complex”. Then by analyzing Iran’s and Turkey’s capacities to play role in this context. The method of this research is descriptive- analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Effect of Crop Rotation on the Diversity and Abundance of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Potato Fields
ESMAEIL MAHMOUDI ALIREZA JALALIZAND SHAHRBANOO JAHANGIRI

10.30486/roce.2022.697320

Manuscript profile

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