• List of Articles Salinity

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Evaluation of the sunflower yield, water productivity and soil salinity simulation under water and salinity stresses using the AquaCrop model
        moazam khaleghi
        The AquaCrop model is a powerful tool for the simulation of crop response to the different quantitative and qualitative management of irrigation that advanced by FAO. In this study, the latest version of this model (v. 6) was evaluated for simulating sunflower yield, wa More
        The AquaCrop model is a powerful tool for the simulation of crop response to the different quantitative and qualitative management of irrigation that advanced by FAO. In this study, the latest version of this model (v. 6) was evaluated for simulating sunflower yield, water productivity and soil salinity under different irrigation management using saline water. Field data were collected in order to calibration and validation of model during two crop years (2014 and 2015). The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in completely randomized blocks including two factors: the quantitative irrigation management in two levels (full irrigation and partial root zone drying irrigation in 75%) and the qualitative irrigation management in three levels (non-saline water, saline water and non-saline and saline water alternation), with three replications. While a significant reduction of 3.1-32% in grain yield were observed under water-saving irrigation treatments compared to FI (4706.7 and 4367.2 kg ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), the PRD1 treatment resulted in a slight reduction of 3.1% and 5% in grain yield, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. FI had the highest WPET (0.90 and 0.89 kg m-3 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), and PRD1, PRD3, FSI, SI and PRD2 treatments ranked next. Sensitive analysis result showed that the model sensitivity to the volumetric soil water content at soil saturation and field capacity point, maximum canopy cover, HIO, time to flowering, time to CCx and CGC is more than other input parameters. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - The effect of different levels of salinity on germination and growth indices of two cultivars of Quinoa
        Saber jamali Hossein sharifan Aboutaleb hezarjaribi Niaz Ali sepahvand
        In the present study, the effect of different levels of salinity on germination and growth indices Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in two types of cultivars Sajama and Titicaca under 5 salinity levels (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 percent of the mixing sea water and tap wate More
        In the present study, the effect of different levels of salinity on germination and growth indices Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in two types of cultivars Sajama and Titicaca under 5 salinity levels (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 percent of the mixing sea water and tap water). This experiment laboratory was conducted as a factorial experiment in the basis of randomize complete design with 3 replications with two factors at department of irrigation, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2016. Measured characteristics were germination velocity, vigor index, radicle and plumule length, seedling growth fresh and dry weight and mean germination time. According to the results, different levels of salt stress had significant effects on germination velocity, radicle length (p ≤ 0.01) and plumule length, seedling growth fresh weight (p ≤ 0.05) while the effect of cultivar type was significant on vigor index, radicle length, seedling growth fresh weight and mean germination time (p ≤ 0.01). The interaction between salinity and cultivar type had significant effect on germination velocity, mean germination time, plumule length, seedling growth dry weight (p ≤ 0.05) and vigor index, radicle length (p ≤ 0.01). The results showed that with increase in salinity level, all measured characteristics were significantly decreased. According to the results, the germination stage of Quinoa has a good tolerance to elevated levels of salinity and it seems that a good stand establishment in saline soils and water conditions could be insured, if proper management is exerted in farms. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Study of salinity changes in parts of Turkman Sahra lands using interpolation methods
        Parastou Nazari shahla mahmoudi Ebrahim Pazira
        Assessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years More
        Assessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years of 1355, 1368 and 1392. For this purpose, two geostatic methods (ordinary kriging and cokriging) and four algebra methods (Inverse distance weight, Radial basis function, Global polynomial interpolation and local polynomial interpolation) were used for estimating the amount of salinity in depths of 0-50, 100-50 and 150-100 cm. The results showed the percent of land with more salinity than 32 dS/m has increased from 8.95 percent in 1976 to 45.22 percent in 2013. It seems during the 37- year management period, the improper utilization and collection from water and soil resources have led to increase in salinity of the soil. Therefore, so it is suggested to use various methods and appropriate management proceedings to monitor and control the process of increase soil salinity in the region. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Modeling Desalination of Brackish Water with the Electrodialysis Method, Using the Design of Experiments and the GMDH neural Network
        Maryam Sharafi Mahmood Akbari
        10.30495/wsrcj.2022.20322
        Background and Aim: Desalination of saline and brackish water as a relatively permanent resource is a reliable solution to compensate for water shortages. The Electrodialysis process, as one of the desalination methods, separates almost unsalted water from saline water More
        Background and Aim: Desalination of saline and brackish water as a relatively permanent resource is a reliable solution to compensate for water shortages. The Electrodialysis process, as one of the desalination methods, separates almost unsalted water from saline water and is becoming a solution for water scarcity all over the worldworldwide. Modeling methods allow provide the study of desalination of saline and brackish water by the Electro Dialysisdialysis, as well as predicting the behaviors and process patterns of these systems.  The purpose of this study is to model the Electrodialysis process by Design of Experiments and to evaluateing the GMDH neural network method in estimating the separation percentage and the output flux of the brackish water Electrodialysis cell.Method: The volumetric flow values in six levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL min-1), solute concentration in three levels (200, 500, and 1000 mg L-1), temperature in three levels (50 , 60, and 70°C), voltage at three levels (10, 20, and 30 V) and pressure at three levels (200, 400, and 800 Pa) were extracted. In order to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells, The full factorial design and the GMDH neural network were are used to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells. In modeling the output of the Electrodialysis cell output using the GMDH neural network, after determining the input variables, randomization, normalization and segmentation of input and output variables were performeddone. For modeling, 90% of the data (437 samples) were randomly assigned for training and 10% of the data (49 samples) were are used for validation. On the other hand, due to having specific levels for each of the inputs, it was possible to use a Full Factorial experimental design.Results: The linear results of statistical regression analysis table results showeshowd that there is a significant difference between all simple and interaction effects of the treatments for the response variable of separation percentage and flux at the one percent level. With decreasing volume flow and solute concentration, and increasing temperature, voltage, and pressure, the separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increase. The results of modeling with the GMDH neural network showed demonstrates that in the training step, the prediction accuracy of separation percentage (R2=0.90, MBE=-0.16 and RMSE=7.48) and flux (R2=0.79, MBE =0.001 and RMSE=0.08).  The These criteria same values in the testing step were are 0.85, -3, and 9.37 for separation percentage and 0.78, -0.008, and 0.07 for flux. Correlation of target and output data, proximity of target and output values to y = x diagram, low transgression of error values from zero value and proximity of error distribution (histogram) to normal distribution were obtained. Conclusion: After determining the significant differences of all simple and interaction effects of treatments for response variables, the means were compared. It is ideal to Hhaveing more separation percentage and output flux response variables was ideal. Therefore, the results of comparing the means showed illustrate that the best volumetric flow level equal to 1 ml / min, input flow concentration of 200 mg / l, temperature of 70 ° C, input voltage of 30 volts and pressure of 800 Pascals, lead to the highest separation percentage and output flux. In addition, with decreasing volumetric flow,  and decreasing solute concentration, and increasing temperature, increasing voltage and increasing pressure, separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increaserise. Also, according to the statistical indicators for the whole data, appropriate correlation, slightly underestimation, and small error were are obtained. ThereforeThus, using the Design of Experiments and GMDH neural network has suitable accuracy for modeling desalination of brackish water using the Electrodialysis process. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Assessing the Relationship between the Shadgan Wetland Fluctuation levels and Water EC in Time Duration, Using Satellite Images and Geostatistical Methods
        Bahman Yargholi Yasaman Samaei
        Introduction: Wetlands are highly beneficial to human societies due to their positive environmental functions, direct and indirect functions, as well as their value as an asset. It has led to an increase in the attention given to their restoration and maintenance in dif More
        Introduction: Wetlands are highly beneficial to human societies due to their positive environmental functions, direct and indirect functions, as well as their value as an asset. It has led to an increase in the attention given to their restoration and maintenance in different societies. Shadgan Wetland contains fresh-salty, and brackish water, and approximately 900 million cubic meters of Jarahi water resources enter Shadgean every year. The wetland is at risk of serious harm as a result of the developmental activities occurring around it, which are causing pollutants to enter the wetland and reducing the quantity of fresh water coming in. A number of factors contribute to the destruction of this wetland, including over-exploitation from its water resources, the discharge of urban waste within its limits, the fragmentation of the wetland as a result of road construction, the construction of stations to increase the pressure on electricity, gas and oil pipelines, as well as effluents from industries such as bread making, alcohol production, sugarcane cultivation and industry. The economic value of wetlands and climate regulation, flood prevention, protection of plant and animal diversity, beauty and inherent visual attractions of wetlands, tourist attractions, as well as creating an opportunity for migratory birds to nest and a place for scientific research are among the most important considerations in the design of a wetlands. The development of water resources schemes and the regulation of river flows are often recognized as the most serious threats to the ecological sustainability of rivers and wetlands. Method: This study attempts to determine the change in water salinity of Shadegan wetland in the last five decades using the electrical conductivity index due to the importance of Shadegan wetland in various ways. Finally, a relationship has been established between the area and the salinity of this significant wetland. Also, by using electrical conductivity data from 23 stations in the lagoon and with the help of satellite images and remote sensing techniques and interpolation methods (IDW), the changes of this index in the mentioned period were investigated, leading to a mathematical relationship. Results and Discussion: According to the research results, upstream human activities, especially dam constructions and agricultural development projects, have had a great impact on the quantity and quality of the wetland. With climate change and drought, these effects have intensified, resulting in a reduction of the wetland level as well as an increase in the salinity of the wetland water. These changes can be observed both in terms of their temporal and spatial dimensions. Consequently, the results show the trend of increasing salinity from the southern parts to the north and also the greater manifestation of the increase in salinity in the southern parts due to the decrease in the incoming fresh water flow (more than twice). According to the results, there are three salinity levels in the wetland: saline, brackish water, and super salinity, and a salinity increase is observed in all three zones The present results and equations are used as an achievement by water and environment managers and they can estimate the EC of water in key and indicator stations and finally at the level of the wetland by measuring the size of the wetland using different technologies. So over time, the levels and zones of saline and super salinity have expanded, and the levels of brackish water have decreased. It is expected that this process will continue over time, resulting in the sea salt water advancing towards the wetland and increasing the amount of salinity within it. Conclusions: According to this study, based on the relationship between salinity and the level of the wetland, as well as the water area of the wetland, it is possible to estimate its salinity in three zones. By measuring the salinity of water at several key stations within each of the three zones, the wetland's water level can be estimated. In monitoring, managing, and qualitatively protecting the wetland and consequently its species, this equation and its relationships can play an important role. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Estimation of Inherent Soil Erodibility against Wind Using Genetic Algorithm in Combination with Artificial Neural Network
        Sayna Jafarian Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Abbas Ahmadi Nazanin Khakipour Maryam Marashi
        Background and aim: inherent soil erodibility against wind (SIWE) is the inherent sensitivity of soil constituent particles against uprooting and transport, against erosion. Measuring the inherent erodibility of soil against wind can be done by a wind tunnel device, whi More
        Background and aim: inherent soil erodibility against wind (SIWE) is the inherent sensitivity of soil constituent particles against uprooting and transport, against erosion. Measuring the inherent erodibility of soil against wind can be done by a wind tunnel device, which is generally expensive, difficult and time-consuming. On the other hand, this feature has significant temporal and spatial changes and depends on the measurement method. Estimating SIWE by artificial intelligence tools can be an important step in planning areas under wind erosion. In this research, the estimation of this index was investigated with the help of genetic algorithm model in combination with artificial neural network. Methods: Seventy two samples were taken from 10 cm of the soil surface in the studied area, which is a part of Allah Abad desert in Qazvin province, adjacent to Alborz province. In the samples, the soil wind erodibility (EF) index, which is the percentage of soil aggregates with a diameter smaller than 0.84 mm, was measured. Also, soil texture (percentage of clay, sand and silt), pH, EC and equivalent calcium carbonate (CCE) were measured. After air-drying, the soil samples taken from the field were passed through a 4.75 mm sieve and poured flat on the tray of the wind tunnel machine. Then, the wind tunnel device created a wind with a constant speed of 18 meters per second for 10 minutes. Using the weight of sediments collected at the end of the tunnel after the test, SIWE was determined. The genetic algorithm model in combination with the artificial neural network was prepared and analyzed according to the Levenberg-Marquardt educational algorithm according to the variables having positive correlation with SIWE as the input of the model. Results: The pH value of the soil varied between 7.00 and 8.81. Electrical conductivity values varied from 0.84 to 49.3 dS/m. The data of the soil texture components show a higher amount of clay compared to the silt and sand in the soils. The minimum lime (CCE) in the soil was 3.15% and the maximum was 30.52%. The inherent erodibility of soil against wind had a significant correlation with only two variables, electrical conductivity and EF. Hybrid genetic algorithm model was prepared with artificial neural network with two input variables EF and EC. The accuracy and precision of the model showed that the value of R2 in the data of the training series was 9% different from test series data and the error value (RMSE) was 1.62 kg s m-4. Conclusion: In the data of the training series, R2 of the results obtained from the model (0.805) was higher than the data of the results obtained from the test series (0.714). Although the training data had more R2, therefore, the error (RMSE) of the training data was higher than the test and in the test series, the model with dispersion (GSDER) was less. Comparing the error, precision and accuracy of the model in estimating the inherent erodibility of the soil against the wind in comparison with different studies of soil erosion and soil physicochemical properties, the integrated model of the genetic algorithm and the neural network of almost appropriate accuracy and precision in predicting and estimating the erosion. The soil has inherent flexibility against the wind. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Effect of deficit irrigation and water salinity on soil salinity distribution and date plants vegetative growth
        Majid Alihouri Abd Ali Naseri Saeed Boroomand-Nasab Alireza Kiani
        Deficit irrigation and suitable usage of saline water resources is such as optimization ways in water consumption and increasing water productivity. This experiment was carried out in factorial method based on randomized complete design with three replications for inves More
        Deficit irrigation and suitable usage of saline water resources is such as optimization ways in water consumption and increasing water productivity. This experiment was carried out in factorial method based on randomized complete design with three replications for investigation of deficit irrigation and water salinity effects on Barhee date palm juvenile plants vegetative growth. The treatments were three irrigation depths of 100%, 85% and 70% water requirement and three irrigation water salinities of 2.3, 8 and 12 dS/m. The plant water requirement was determined based on soil moisture deficiency. Soil salinity was measured with sampling from soil different depths. The results showed soil salinity had a direct and significant connection with irrigation water salinity. The soil salinity in irrigation water salinity of 12 dS/m was 1.73–1.84 times greater than water salinity of 2.3 dS/m. The soil salinity was reduced with increasing soil depth. The irrigation depth had significant effect on leaf number, leaf length and leaflet number, while irrigation water salinity had significant effect on leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaflet number and truck perimeter. Interaction of irrigation depth and irrigation water salinity had significantly effects on all vegetative characteristics except leaf chlorophyll and leaflet width. Increasing growth characteristics of I1S1 treatment were 1.3-3.6 times greater than I3S3 treatment. The highest Barhee date palm juvenile plants vegetative growth obtained from I1S1 treatment that was on significant with I2S1 treatment. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - Temporal and spatial variability of groundwater salinity in Urmia plain
        Reza Sokouti Oskoee
        The intensify process of lowering Urmia lake level has led to reduce water quality, making it brackish and unusable in wells of Lake Marginal Lands. The present study investigated changes in groundwater salinity in Urmia plain using geostatistical models, and More
        The intensify process of lowering Urmia lake level has led to reduce water quality, making it brackish and unusable in wells of Lake Marginal Lands. The present study investigated changes in groundwater salinity in Urmia plain using geostatistical models, and compares the results of the mapping in three time periods. To assess salinity of the groundwater, data from 57 wells in the period of 1380, 1384 and 1387 were analyzed, using Kriging in GIS, GS+ and ARCVIEW8 softwares. The results indicated that application of Kriging, experimental semi-variogram with spherical model provided better predictions with correlation coefficient of 0.99. According to the obtained groundwater salinity maps, land area with more than 2 dS/m groundwater salinity in 1380 was equal to 1924 hectares that has increased to 8331 hectares in 1387. During these years, in the study area the groundwater salinity with less than 1 dS/m was decreased about 14675 hectares. The observed maximum salinity value in 1380 has increased from 1.91 to 5.8 dS/m in 1387. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Effect of irrigation with different salinities on some soil characteristics and salt concentration factor (Case study: Bighard, Khonj)
        Ehsan Kamali Maskooni Seyed Fakhadin Afzali
        10.22034/jest.2019.24499.3370
        Background and Objective: Existence of water and soil salinity resources in arid and semiarid areas is an issue that affects agriculture and poses many problems. The adverse effect of water and soil salinity on growth and function of various crops in arid areas is a ser More
        Background and Objective: Existence of water and soil salinity resources in arid and semiarid areas is an issue that affects agriculture and poses many problems. The adverse effect of water and soil salinity on growth and function of various crops in arid areas is a serious concern. The main objective of this study was to survey the impact of irrigation with different salinities on the changes in some soil properties in top soil. Method: For this purpose, 10 land transects in farmlands with different quality of irrigation were sampled at intervals of 6 m (15 samples). Parameters of electrical conductivity, field moisture content and saturation water content were measured for each sample, and then the salt concentration factor (SCF) was evaluated. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant relationship (R2>90) between ECe and ECw and between saturation water content and field moisture content in the whole lands which underwent transect sampling. The results also indicated that there is a significant relationship (R2>90) between the SCF and saturation water content in the whole lands that underwent transect sampling. Discussion and Conclusion: In general, the results of this study indicated that soil salinity was mainly influenced by water quality and poor water quality could change the physical properties of soil. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Estimation of Shadow Price and External Cost of Groundwater Salinity in Agricultural Sector
        Fatemeh Abolghasemi Hamed Najafi Alamdarlo Seyed Abolghasem Mortazavi
        10.22034/jest.2019.44167.4654
        Background and Objective: The use of groundwater resources for agricultural purposes has led to an excessive withdrawal of aquifers and a reduction in groundwater levels in Iran. This issue has increased the salinity and has seriously threatened the agricultural product More
        Background and Objective: The use of groundwater resources for agricultural purposes has led to an excessive withdrawal of aquifers and a reduction in groundwater levels in Iran. This issue has increased the salinity and has seriously threatened the agricultural production farms. Therefore, it is important to measure the cost of pollution caused by the production of different products and determine their shadow value. For this purpose, the shadow price of groundwater salinity in different provinces has been estimated during the period of 1964-1999. Method: In this study, directional output distance function in the quadratic form was used to determine the environmental efficiency and shadow price of groundwater salinity. Findings: The technical inefficiency and shadow value of salinity of the provinces was estimated in the agricultural activity. The results show that the provinces of the country have different conditions in terms of technical inefficiency. The average value of the directional output distance function of Iran is 0.228. Also, the average shadow value of salinity in the groundwater of Iran is 0.278 billion Rials per μS⁄cm. Discussion and Conclusion: It is suggested that policies should be developed to control the salinity of groundwater, taking into account the characteristics of each region, and priority should be given to provinces with less shadow prices. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - Investigation of the Relationship Between Soil Salinity Trend, Land Use and Climatic Factors Change (Case Study: Shadegan, Khuzestan)
        Donya Amini Mohsen Tavakoli Marzban faramarzi
        10.22034/jest.2021.21834.3089
        Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trend of soil salinity, land use and climatic factors in the region of Shadegan, Khuzestan. Method: In this study, using principal component analysis and 54 samples of soil, s More
        Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trend of soil salinity, land use and climatic factors in the region of Shadegan, Khuzestan. Method: In this study, using principal component analysis and 54 samples of soil, soil salinity maps were prepared for the years 1990, 2006 and 2015. In the next step, land use maps of the region for the mentioned years have been prepared using satellite images and trend changes are determined. On the other hand, changes in climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) for the period of 1990-2015 were evaluated. Findings: Results showed that, reducing precipitation and increasing temperature caused increasing soil salinity during 25 years and also agricultural land and irrigation by saline water increases the salinity of the soil. Discussion and conclusion: Locating Hoor al-Azim wetland in the western part of the region, although it has fresh, brackish and saline water, it may have negative effects on soil salinity of the area because of using in agriculture irrigation. Finally, it can be concluded that soil salinity of the land might change land use and it can cause desertification in the region. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - Investigation effect of the developing salinity water on the quality of irrigation water and soils physicochemical characteristics of pistachio cultivation of Sirjan area
        Ali Neshat Ali Zeinadini
        Sirjan area is one of the important agricultural areas in Kerman province. Sirjan-zeidabad plain is themost important area of agriculture in Sirjan city and the most of it is allocated to culture pistachio. Inrecent three decades, high application of ground waters, cont More
        Sirjan area is one of the important agricultural areas in Kerman province. Sirjan-zeidabad plain is themost important area of agriculture in Sirjan city and the most of it is allocated to culture pistachio. Inrecent three decades, high application of ground waters, continued droughts and serious evaporationcaused the decrease of groundwater level that resulted moving salinity water from the Kheirabad saltpan to nearly pistachio lands. The moving salinity water in this area caused the undesirable quality ofirrigation water, change of physicochemical characteristics and decreasing pistachio yield. In order toperform this research, first, topographical maps (1:25000) and satellite pictures of area were applied.Then a number of studied points were chosen and samples of soils and waters at any point were sent tolibrary. At next step, regression of relationships between soil and water considering differentparameters such as EC, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl and HCO3 was confirmed by using Excel software.Results showed that all parameters of irrigation water, except PH, have direct effect on factors in soil.This subject shows the effects of unknown waters on changing the quality of soil characteristicsespecially land salinization. The measured parameters volumes, in areas under effect of developing ofsalinity water, were unusable for cultivation based on FAO standards The pistachio orchards whichhad no problems of salinity, had economic production. Also, results showed that time has effect onundesirability of irrigation waters. Finally, for every studied area there was a completed questionnairein order to predict new ways of removing the problems. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        13 - Strategies to deal with salinity and oxidative stress in crops
        Esmaeil Gholinezhad Reza Darvishzadeh Abbas Abhari
        Background and Objective: A major challenge in global agriculture is to produce more food for another 2.3 billion people by 2050 worldwide. Salinity is a major stress that limits the supply of food products. The total land area is about 13.2 billion hectares, of which 7 More
        Background and Objective: A major challenge in global agriculture is to produce more food for another 2.3 billion people by 2050 worldwide. Salinity is a major stress that limits the supply of food products. The total land area is about 13.2 billion hectares, of which 7 billion hectares are arable and 1.5 billion hectares are under cultivation, and about 23% of the cultivated lands around the world (about 345 million hectares) are affected by salinity stress and its amount is increasing day by day. Plants can be classified into two types, halophytes (which can resist salinity) and glycophytes (which cannot resist salinity and eventually die), and most major crops belong to this second category. The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, management and control of salinity and oxidative stress in agricultural plants. Material and Methodology: This article is a review article that was obtained by searching related articles in reliable sites (Google scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID. Findings: Salinity have adverse effects on various plant characteristics such as physiological, metabolic, growth, germination, strength, quantity and quality of plants. The most important damages caused by salinity stress include ion imbalance due to reduced absorption of necessary ions, accumulation of harmful ions and dehydration due to decreased water absorption which reduces protein synthesis, transpiration, ion transfer and finally decreases seed yield. Mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance include ionic homeostasis, compatible salt accumulation and osmotic protection, antioxidant regulation, polyamines, nitric oxide, and hormonal regulation of salinity tolerance. Under stress, reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are produced, which damage cell structure, proteins, cell membranes, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and eventually cause cell death. Discussion and Conclusion: Enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidants play a very important role in protecting plants against oxidative damage. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase are enzymatic antioxidants and ascorbic acid, glutathione, carotenoids and tocopherols are non-enzymatic antioxidants which can reduce the damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        14 - The Role of Biochar in the Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils
        Younes Shukuhifar Reza Hassanpour Bahman Khoshru Hossein Besharati
        Background and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the exp More
        Background and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the expansion of salt-affected areas. In the last decade, a great focus has been made on the application of biochar in farming systems with the primary aim of organic carbon sequestration in soil and subsequently reducing greenhouse gases emission to air and also reclaim soils, and increasing soil fertility. But these studies often were in non-saline soils and it is needed to study the biochar effect in salt-affected soils. Material and Methodology: Due to the lack of research on the role of biochar in salt-affected soils, this paper first provides an overview of the extent and problems of these soils. Then, the researches on the effect of biochar on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and remeduatuib if sakt-affected soils were reviewed and study and research gaps in this field were investigated. Findings: The application of biochar in the soil causes the sequestration of carbon in the soil and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In the salt-affected soils, biochar, as an organic soil amendment, improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, thereby mitigating the effects of salt on soil and plants. Discussion and Conclusion: Carbon sequestration and improvement of soil quality are the two reported general benefits of biochar application in soil. The results of researches in this field are different depending on the source and method of biochar preparation, soil properties, and experiment conditions. Therefore, various studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of biochar effect on the properties of salt-affected soils and their remediation. It is not possible to provide a practical solution by doing some research, but developing scientific findings in this field can guide future policies. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        15 - The effect of fungal elicitors on the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the amount of proline of Stameran date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Stameran) under salinity stress conditions
        بیتا صادقی وحید عبدوسی وحید زرین نیا نادر حسن زاده
        Water and soil salinity are one of the serious and developing problems in the world, and a large area of the country's land is also facing this problem. The use of fungal microorganisms in reducing environmental stress such as salinity has become a global solution. In o More
        Water and soil salinity are one of the serious and developing problems in the world, and a large area of the country's land is also facing this problem. The use of fungal microorganisms in reducing environmental stress such as salinity has become a global solution. In order to evaluate the effect of fungal elicitors on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and the amount of proline under salinity stress conditions of Otamaran date palm seedlings, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 levels of salinity and 3 levels of biological elicitors in the horticultural science laboratory. became. The effect of elicitors at 3 levels of fungal consortium (bioactive) (BFC), fungal elicitor with 1000 PPM concentration (EL1), fungal elicitor with 2000 PPM concentration (EL2), the second factor of salinity at three levels (zero, 150 and 300 mM) was evaluated. The results showed that at 300 mM salinity, EL1 mushroom elicitor was able to increase proline compared to other salinity levels. EL2 mushroom elicitor showed more chlorophyll a and total at 300 mM salinity level, and at 150 mM salinity level, the live fungus consortium caused more chlorophyll a. The use of elicitor can be effective in reducing the effects of salinity stress in dates, but the level of stress can determine the effect of each elicitor. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        16 - Identification of dehydration-responsive element binding transcription factor gene in Bromus japonicus under salinity stress
        mahboobeh basiri seyed mohsen mosavi nik seyed kazem sabagh davood naderi Asiyeh Siahmarguee Khodadad Mostafavi
        Invasive plant species that are characterized as weed, plants are resistant to environmental hard conditions that this feature can be used to the genetic alternation and transformation to resistant crops. The aim of this study was identification of gene involved in tole More
        Invasive plant species that are characterized as weed, plants are resistant to environmental hard conditions that this feature can be used to the genetic alternation and transformation to resistant crops. The aim of this study was identification of gene involved in tolerance to abiotic environmental stresses in the Bromus japonicus called DREB2. in this subject, salinity stress was applied via sodium chloride, Sequencing and Identification of stress resistance gene in this plant and then sequence obtained was examined. Sequence Analysis and Comparing sequence obtained with sequences this gene in other plants was performed with softwares such as BLAST, ExPasy, ELM, Clustal W, Meg Align. The result was showed that the amplified fragment belonged to part of salinity-responsive element binding-factor gene in this plant. The comparison DREB2 gene sequence with other sequences this gen in the other plant species was confirm the Bromus japonicus and Aegilops tauschii have the most similarity with 89.9% the highest likeness (the lowest genetic distance). Bioinformatics analysis of the amino acid sequence of the translated nucleotide sequence of the gene DREB2 in the Bromus japonicus through software CDD search showed that AP2 Domain area is in this sequence, These sequence was submitted to GenBank, Its accession code is KP406596. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Study indexes and mapping of soil salinity using remote sensing data (Case study: Aji Chay river delta)
        Majid Pishnamaz Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghadam Bakhtiar Feizizadeh
        Soil is a non-renewable and dynamic resource that the improper land use and management, is susceptible to degradation. Soil salinity one of the important land degradation factors in arid and semi-arid region. Identification and mapping of saline soils often due to tempo More
        Soil is a non-renewable and dynamic resource that the improper land use and management, is susceptible to degradation. Soil salinity one of the important land degradation factors in arid and semi-arid region. Identification and mapping of saline soils often due to temporal and spatial variability, and the need for sampling and laboratory work is difficult. In recent years remote sensing technology, due to the ability to identify phenomena has always been of interest to specialists. Information that obtained from satellite images contributed greatly to the study of various phenomena and can be very helpful in detecting phenomena changes. Case study, Aji Chay river delta was selected that is located in the west of Tabriz city and east of Urmia lake, because this region's importance in terms of agricultural and ecological. In this study used ground data and OLI sensor images from Landsat satellite during 2015, and field sampling was taken at the 5 and 6 August 2015. This data used for study and evaluation, soil salinity indexes. With a significance level analysis and measure study between ground data and output of models, best salinity index selected and extraction soil salinity map. In this index, SIT index has the highest correlation (97%) and presented as best index for salinity study in this region that salinity maps extraction from this index. SI2 index with 52% correlation has lowest correlate between salinity index and ground data. In the study region most areas included very saline class with 42% of the total area. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Modeling the impacts of Urmia lake drought on soil salinity of agricultural lands in the eastern area of fuzzy object based image analysis approach
        Kayvan Mohmadzadeh Bakhtiar Feizizadeh
        Object based image analysis (OBIA) techniques are known as new methods in the domain of remote sensing image processing methods which are having significant potentialities for a variety of applications in pedology sciences. In this regard OBIA known as approach which in More
        Object based image analysis (OBIA) techniques are known as new methods in the domain of remote sensing image processing methods which are having significant potentialities for a variety of applications in pedology sciences. In this regard OBIA known as approach which integrate spectral and spatial pattern of satellite images for obtaining more accurate results. This approach has developed against of pixel based methods which are facing serious challenges due to the similarity index in spectral properties. The main objective of this study is to analyze soil salinity and apply an integrated approach of Fuzzy-object based for monitoring changes in soil characterize in the eastern area of Uremia Lake which has been under an environmental impact of lake drought. For this goal, Landsat 7 satellite images (ETM+) of 2000 and Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite image, for 2015 was prepared. In doing so, first pre-processing steps on satellite images were established. Accordingly, soil salinity trends of agricultural croplands in eastern area were evaluated using fuzzy object based image analysis approach. For this goal, we employed the object based features including: NDVI, spectral indices, brightness and NDSI. The results of this research indicated that, significant progress in increasing salinity areas while the soil salinity rate measured up about 21.54 % (833/18 Km2). According to the results, the salty barren lands with positive slope 19.7 % represent a positive growth rate while it has increased from 15.3 % to 35.05 %. Results indicated the critical environmental situation for the agriculture croplands located in the Eastern area of Uremia Lake which requires the attention of decision makers and authorizations in the East Azerbaijan province. Manuscript profile
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        19 - Change detection of soil salinity using remote sensing in Zahed Shahr, Fars province
        Roya Ranjbar Hamidreza Owliaie Hojjat Ranjbar Ebrahim Adhami
        Soil salinization is a predominant process in the degradation of arid and semi-arid soils that causes reduced the yield of crops, increases erosion and intensifies desertification. The Zahed Shahr studied area is located in the south and east of Fasa city, Fars province More
        Soil salinization is a predominant process in the degradation of arid and semi-arid soils that causes reduced the yield of crops, increases erosion and intensifies desertification. The Zahed Shahr studied area is located in the south and east of Fasa city, Fars province and in recent years the soil salinity has affected large areas of the farms and gardens in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salinity changes of the soils during a 17 year period using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images using the spectral angle mapping method. To do research, the salty soil spectra were extracted from satellite data and then using supervised classification the areas with salty soil were identified changes in salinity soils in ArcGIS software were investigated. Field studies, soil surface sampling, chemical analysis and spectral analysis of soil were performed by Spectroradiometer, and X-ray diffraction analysis for mineral identification was done. The results obtained from visible and shortwave infrared Spectroradiometer, and  X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of evaporites minerals (calcite, halite, gypsum). By comparison with real ground data, the spectral angle mapper method was identified to be efficient in the classification of soil salinity. The results of the SAM method for a period of 17 years show four times spatial increase in soil salinity in this area. The area of saline soils has increased from 1600 hectares in 2000 to 6500 hectares in 2017. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Assessment of land degradation using Landsat satellite data in the period 2011-2021 (Case Study: Isfahan city)
        Hadi Eskandari Damneh Hamed Eskandari Damaneh Hassan Khosravi Meysam Cheraghi Mohsen Adeli Sardooei
        10.30495/girs.2023.686944
        Background and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, f More
        Background and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, food insecurity, and ecosystem destruction. Despite widespread efforts to combat land degradation, this problem has not only not diminished in recent decades but has gradually intensified. Therefore, monitoring land degradation and revealing its characteristics is essential for land management and recovery, and this monitoring in arid areas facilitates proper management and control of this phenomenon. Monitoring of land degradation in these areas is possible using remote sensing data so that this science will be widely used to monitor land degradation in areas. Considering the importance of land degradation and the need for land monitoring, this study was performed to understandthe degradation situation in Isfahan city properly. Also, this study tries to create appropriate and timely management for the spread of degradation using modeling of environmental indicators obtained from satellite data in the period 2011-2021.Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat satellite imagery, TM, and OLI sensors were used to study the trend of land-use change. In addition, the data from field visits were also used as ancillary information. Satellite images were processed and analyzed in ENVI software environment. The supervised maximum classification method was used to prepare a map of land-use changes. Then, all land uses in the study area were divided into agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas. Finally, the obtained layers were transferred to ArcGIS software to calculate the land use area and prepare a suitable output map. After investigating land-use changes, SI soil salinity indices and Albedo climatic index, NDVI, and the LSM vegetation index were designed using the maximum likelihood method. SI soil salinity index is one of the main indicators of land degradation assessment. This index extracted from satellite images can assess soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, calculated using Equation SI=√(ρ_Blue×ρ_Red ) (ρBlue and ρRed, are the red and blue bands on the TM and OLI sensors, respectively). The surface albedo index obtained from remote sensing data is a physical parameter that expresses the sun's surface reflection characteristics and short wavelengths. This physical parameter is affected by vegetation, soil moisture, and other surface conditions. Therefore, by studying the changes in Albedo, it is possible to look at the changes in the ground surface and the result of land degradation. Equation AIbedo = 0.356 ρ_Blue + 0.130ρ_Red +0.373ρ_NIR+0.085ρ_SWIR1+0.072ρ_SWIR2-0.018 (The ρ band corresponds to the Landsat TM and OLI sensor images) was used to calculate the surface albedo in TM and OLI sensors in this study. The NDVI index, which is obtained from Landsat satellite images, TM and OLI sensors, was used to study the vegetation in this study. This index is most sensitive to changes in vegetation and is less susceptible to the effects of climate and soil, except in cases where vegetation is low. Another important parameter for land degradation is soil moisture content, which was studied using changes in the LSM index. Finally, the primary component analysis (PCA) method between Albedo, SI, NDVI, and LSM indices was used to estimate land degradation (LD) in 2011, 2016, and 2021. First, the desired indicators were normalized, and then the amount of land degradation for each year was estimated. So that large amounts of land degradation indicate the maximum land degradation.Results and Discussion The trend of land-use changes in Isfahan city in four uses of agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas in the period of 2011-2021 showed that between 2011-2016, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 5.7 and 5.06, respectively. In contrast, barren and saline lands and urban and man-made areas increased by 10.45% and 1.51%, respectively. On the other hand, from 2016 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 0.75 and 1.25 percent, respectively, and barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas have increased by 1.51 and 0.5 percent, respectively. Also, from 2011 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands decreased by 6.45 and 6.32 percent, respectively, and land use of barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas increased by 11.96 and 0.8 percent, respectively. The study of the trend of land use changes showed that in this period of 10 years, the trend of destruction of agricultural lands and rangelands was decreasing, and barren and saline land and urban and man-made areas were increasing. The changes in desertification classes showed that the medium, high, and very high desertification classes have increased. The area of desert lands rose from 3428, 2817, and 1340 in 2011 to 4079, 4276, and 4302 Km2 in 1400, respectively. Low and very low classes have changed from 2826 and 5295 in 2011 to 574 and 2475 Km2 in 2021. These changes indicate an increase in desertification in Isfahan, which is due to land-use changes, especially the conversion of rangelands into agricultural lands and frequent droughts and drying of the Zayanderud River, which abandoned agricultural lands and turned them into barren and salty lands. On the other hand, with the dryness of the air, frequent droughts, and drying of the Zayanderud River, the soil moisture has decreased, which has caused salinization of the soil and increased unusable quality lands of this city. Also downstream of the Zayanderud River is Gavkhoni Wetland, one of the most important wetlands in Iran. Due to the reduction of incoming water, the surrounding beds have become barren and saline lands, which indicates the increasing desertification of this wetland.Conclusion It can be concluded that by using the indicators estimated from remote sensing images, it is possible to monitor the destruction and desertification process with reasonable accuracy and put the necessary measures to deal with this destructive phenomenon on the agenda. In this study, the process of land degradation in Isfahan city was estimated over time, based on which the necessary programs and policies can be applied to deal with this phenomenon. Manuscript profile
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        21 - تاثیر اختلاط آب زهکش در آبیاری مزارع نیشکر بر خصوصیات خاک
        بهنام شجاعی علی عصاره
        افزایش جمعیت مهمترین عامل افزایش استفاده از آب­های تجدید­پذیر در ایران است و یکی از این آب­ها استفاده مجدد از آب زهکشی می­باشد. وجود چندین کشت صنعت بزرگ در خوزستان سبب شده که حجم عظیمی زه آب تولید گردد. زهاب حاصل از اراضی کشاورزی منبع آب بالقوه­ای اس More
        افزایش جمعیت مهمترین عامل افزایش استفاده از آب­های تجدید­پذیر در ایران است و یکی از این آب­ها استفاده مجدد از آب زهکشی می­باشد. وجود چندین کشت صنعت بزرگ در خوزستان سبب شده که حجم عظیمی زه آب تولید گردد. زهاب حاصل از اراضی کشاورزی منبع آب بالقوه­ای است که با اختلاط آن با آب شیرین رودخانه­ها می­توان منابع آب بالفعلی برای کشاورزی پدید آورد. کیفیت بد آب نه تنها گیاه را تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهد، بلکه ساختار خاک را هم دچار تغییر می­کند.  لذا این تحقیق با هدف تاثیر اختلاط آب زهکش و آب آبیاری بر خصوصیات خاک در مزارع نیشکر کشت و صنعت حکیم فارابی انجام شد. دو قطعه زمین مجزا  با بافت و شرایط یکسان(سیلتی کلی) انتخاب گردید. مزرعه6 -W3 با آب کارون و مزرعه­ی S2-12  با آب اختلاط، آبیاری شد. در طول دوره رشد نیشکر که از فروردین تا شهریور ماه می­باشد؛ حدود 20 راند آبیاری با حجم آبی معادل 1200مترمکعب در هر راند در هر هکتار آبیاری گردید. نسبت آب شور به شیرین، 1000  به  8000 لیتر اختلاط گردید برای این منظور اقدام به ساخت سازه­ای برای ترکیب آب زهکش به کانال آبیاری برای مزرعه   S2-12 شد. نتایج نشان داد اثر تیمارهای متفاوت آبیاری بر هدایت الکتریکی و pH خاک در سطح 5 درصد معنی­دار بود Manuscript profile
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        22 - بررسی تغییرات هدایت هیدرولیکی و پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیائی خاک پس از بهره برداری از شبکه کوت و حمودی دشت آزادگان
        آرش محجوبی کاظم طرفی محمد الباجی
        واحدهای عمرانی کوت و حمودی دو واحد از واحدهای هفتگانه نواحی یک و دو شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دشت آزادگان خوزستان هستند که از زمان بهرهبرداری آنها حدود هفت سال میگذرد. نتایج مطالعات قبل از احداث شبکه نشان داد که سطح آب زیرزمینی در مساحت قابل توجهی از این نواحی بالا بوده و بیش More
        واحدهای عمرانی کوت و حمودی دو واحد از واحدهای هفتگانه نواحی یک و دو شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دشت آزادگان خوزستان هستند که از زمان بهرهبرداری آنها حدود هفت سال میگذرد. نتایج مطالعات قبل از احداث شبکه نشان داد که سطح آب زیرزمینی در مساحت قابل توجهی از این نواحی بالا بوده و بیش از 90 درصد اراضی دارای شوری و قلیائی زیاد تا بسیار زیاد بودند. با اجراء، تکمیل و بهرهبرداری از شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی اصلی در این واحدهای عمرانی، سوالی مطرح شد که آیا احداث کانالهای پوششدار بتنی و زهکشهای سطحی نسبتاً عمیق )درجه یک و دو(، تغییراتی را در شرایط فیزیکی و شیمیائی خاک اراضی به وجود آورده است. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیقات نشان داد در واحد عمرانی حمودی سطح ایستابی مقداری پائین رفته ولی در واحد کوت سطح آب زیرزمینی نسبت به قبل بالاتر آمده است. شوری آب زیرزمینی در برخی از مناطق در هر دو ناحیه ثابت و در برخی نقاط دیگر، نسبت به قبل از احداث شبکه کاهش یافته است. هدایت هیدرولیکی در برخی از نقاط بدون تغییر و در برخی از نقاط کاهش یافته است. مقایسه سایر پارامترهای کیفی خاک در چاهک های حفاری شده در اعماق مختلف نشان داد که پارامترهای شیمیائی خاک در برخی از نقاط کاهش و در برخی از نقاط افزایش یافته است. Manuscript profile
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        23 - تغییرات شوری اعماق خاک در اثر آبیاری با آب شور
        وحید یزدانی سپیده یکه باش محمد سلطانی
        این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39  َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت  در More
        این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39  َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت  در شرایط کشت کلزا استفاده شد. در شرایط ماندگار، در یک غلظت مشخص از آب آبیاری، توزیع متفاوت در جذب آب سبب توزیع متفاوت شوری در خاک می­شود. بر این اساس،  از معادلات تابع جذب آب نمایی، ذوزنقه­ای و الگوی جذب جهت بررسی تغییرات شوری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش زمان بعد از کاشت و اعمال تیمار­های مختلف آبیاری، مقدار شوری عصاره اشباع خاک در اعماق مختلف خاک افزایش می­یابد. در 3 تاریخ اولیه مقدار تفاوت در EC عصاره اشباع خاک خیلی زیاد نیست و در تاریخ 4 و 5 نمونه‎برداری (یعنی 102 و 118 روز بعد از کشت کلزا) مقدار تفاوت­ها بیشتر می­شود. دلیل تفاوت کم در تاریخ‎های 56، 71 و 87 روز بعد از کشت کلزا، وجود بارش در این مدت می­باشد. در 71 روز بعد از کشت کلزا مقدار EC عصاره اشباع در اغلب تیمار­ها کاهش داشت و از روند افزایشی پیروی نمی­کرد که دلیل آن وقوع بارش در بازه اول الی 15 خرداد بود؛ که باعث آب‎شویی املاح شده و EC عصاره اشباع خاک کاهش یافته است. البته باید اشاره داشت که در تیمار I4 چنین روندی مشاهده نمی­گردد. زیرا کم‎آبیاری شدید در این تیمار باعث تجمع املاح در سطح خاک شده است که بارش­ها تنها سطح خاک را آب‎شویی نموده و املاح را به اعماق پایین‎تر منتقل کرده است. نتایج نشان داد که مدل ذوزنقه­ای قادر به پیش‎بینی شوری عصاره اشباع خاک نمی­باشد. این روش شوری عصاره اشباع خاک را بسیار بیشتر از واقعیت برآورد می­کند و نتایج آن تنها در شوری 5/0 دسی زیمنس بر متر تاحدودی قابل قبول است. در مقابل، نتایج دو مدل دیگر یعنی مدل نمایی و مدل تابع جذب، نتایج مناسب‎تری را ارائه دادند. مدل نمایی در این سه سطح آبیاری دارای دقت قابل قبول­تری نسبت به مدل تابع جذب بود. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Exploring the possibility ofaccurately model in wettability alteration mechanism for LSW process via Eclipse simulator
        Mohsen Najafi Seyed Jamal Sheykh Zakariyaee Naser Akhlaghi Olghi
        In this paper, the proper modeling of the wettability modification mechanism in the process of water injection with low salinity was investigated using the eclyps simulator. Most reservoirs are in their late stages of production, and still a high percentage of oil is av More
        In this paper, the proper modeling of the wettability modification mechanism in the process of water injection with low salinity was investigated using the eclyps simulator. Most reservoirs are in their late stages of production, and still a high percentage of oil is available in reservoirs; hence the need to find a way to increase oil production from these reservoirs is more and more felt. Hence, the methods of harvesting should be used. One of the ways of treating withdrawal can be low intake of water with salinity. In this project, the method of water injection with low salinity is investigated with the aim of increasing the recycling of oil. To achieve this goal, the Ellips simulator is used. The heavy oil fluid model is modeled for oil reservoir; then water injection is simulated with different salinity (low salinity). Salines are considered to be high salinity with a concentration of 45000 PPM and low salinity, with concentrations of 24000 PPM, 8000, respectively. Water injection with different salinity increases the recovery rate of oil. The results show that water injection with salinity of PPM is 8000, with an oil recovery rate of 38% to 50%. Manuscript profile
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        25 - Assessment of Remotely Sensed Indices to Estimate Soil Salinity
        Naser Ahmadi Sani mohammad khanyaghma
        Soil Salinization is one of the oldest environmental problems and one of the mainpaths to desertification. Access to information in the shortest time and at low cost isthe major factor influencing decision making. The satellite imagery providesinformation data on salini More
        Soil Salinization is one of the oldest environmental problems and one of the mainpaths to desertification. Access to information in the shortest time and at low cost isthe major factor influencing decision making. The satellite imagery providesinformation data on salinity and also offers large amount of data that can be analyzedand processed to understand several indices based on the type of the sensor used. Inthis research, the capability of different indices derived from IRS-P6 data wasevaluated to identify saline soils in Mahabad County. The quality of the satelliteimages was first evaluated and no noticeable radiometric and geometric distortion wasdetected. The Ortho-rectification of the image was performed using the satelliteephemeris data, digital elevation model, and ground control points. The RMS errorwas less than a pixel. In this study, the correlation between the bands and used indices,including Salinity1, Salinity2, Salinity3, PCA1 (B2, B3), PCA1 (B4, B5), PCA1 (B1,B2, B3, B4, B5), Fusion (Pan and B2), Fusion (Pan and B3) and Fusion (Pan and B4)with EC were investigated. The highest correlation was related to the Fusion (Pan andB2) with a coefficient 0.76 and the lowest correlation was related to B4 with acoefficient 0.2. The results showed that the indices have a high ability for modeling,mapping and estimating the soil salinity.Keywords: Indices, IRS-P6, Remote sensing, Soil Salinity Manuscript profile
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        26 - Investigating the Relationship between Satellite Remote Sensing Indicators (GIS) and Soil Salinity of Agricultural Lands of Abarkooh-Mehrabad Plain
        Reza Sourilaki Mohammad Hassan Rahimian
        10.30495/jrors.2023.1926991.1100
        In this study, using linear multivariate regression, the relationship between different remote sensing indices (obtained from Landsat satellite images) and surface soil salinity in the study area in 2014 was determined. One of the notable points in the present study is More
        In this study, using linear multivariate regression, the relationship between different remote sensing indices (obtained from Landsat satellite images) and surface soil salinity in the study area in 2014 was determined. One of the notable points in the present study is that agricultural areas and rangelands are separated from each other and soil salinity classification has been done only for rangelands. It is inferred that in agricultural lands, soil salinity is a function of farm management, especially irrigation, and it is not possible to determine and model soil salinity without considering this important. Therefore, the soil salinity classification map in this study can be cited in rangeland areas. One of the most important issues that has led to a lack of significant relationship between satellite remote sensing indices and soil salinity of agricultural areas is the type of agricultural cover, which in the study area are mainly perennial pistachio trees. Soil salinity of pistachio orchards at the time of sampling, can not immediately affect the reflections made from the tree surface and computational indicators by these reflections, and this issue creates a significant relationship between soil salinity and remote sensing indicators Manuscript profile
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        27 - Study of irrigation effect wastewater on soil salinity by using satellite image ( case study : Birjand treatment)
        سعید مرگان عباس خاشعی سیوکی علی شهیدی مصطفی یعقوب زاده
        A severe shortage of water resource in south Khorasan province caused, water resource managements use waste water for irrigation agriculture lands. Soil salinity is one of the pervasive phenomena in the word that due to its adverse effects on the growth of plants and th More
        A severe shortage of water resource in south Khorasan province caused, water resource managements use waste water for irrigation agriculture lands. Soil salinity is one of the pervasive phenomena in the word that due to its adverse effects on the growth of plants and the final product has become one of the main challenges in the field of natural resource management. In this study attempted to investigate effects of long-term irrigation with wastewater of Birjand refinery on soil salinity characteristic, taken effective step to inhibit this phenomenon and, more importantly, management and conservation of water resources. Since evaluating effects of irrigation with wastewater on soil salinity requires access to soil salinity information before and after constructing the refinery building, and we have no information about soil salinity in the past, so to finding out soil salinity information in the past year’s, the option of using satellite images was selected. For this purpose, satellite images of the study area were downloaded from USGS site, and using PCI-Geomatica software bands of Landsat satellite merged together to create one image that is prepared for studying. Because satellite image contains raw information and hard to interpretation alone, so using some soil salinity indices is required for reach this goal. With an assessment of correlation between gathered information from different soil salinity indices and actual EC amounts, it was found that SI-1 with root square equal to %84 have the most correlation with actual amounts of EC values. Then with making a meaningful relation between this salinity index and EC can achieve a comprehensive relationship to extract data related to soil salinity obtained from satellite images. Results of this study represented that irrigation with waste water generally have not devastating effects on soil salinity and in most cases caused decreasing about 3% to 5% of soil salinity in sampling points. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Investigation of distribution of Aeluropus littoralis in Exclusion and grazed areas inthe saline and alkaline rangelands of Golestan province
        amin mahmodian Majid Akherian mohamad naser taher
        The shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two More
        The shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two Exclusion and grazer range . The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled, presence of the A. littoralis species, was recorded. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm in each quadrates. In each sample , bulk density, soil moisture, pH, N, EC, P, organic carbon, the percentage of sand, silt and clay were measured. . Sampling of soil and vegetation was carried out along 100-meter transects in two Exclusion areas and under grazing area. The data were analyzed by R ver.3.0.2 and Spss computer programs . The results showed that the ecological niche and optimum along moisture gradient for A. littoralis species has been recorded 52-42 percent and 44.7 percent respectively. The ecological optimum for S. turcomanica species in relation Manuscript profile
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        29 - تأثیر چین و کیفیت آب آبیاری رو ترکیب شیمیایی و تجزیه‌پذیری in situ شکمبه‌ای یونجه
        م. قدمی ا. تیموری یانسری ی. چاشنی‌دل
        هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات چین و کیفیت آب آبیاری رو ترکیب شیمیایی و ماده خشک (DM) in situ، پروتئین خام (CP) و تجزیه‌پذیری الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF) یونجه بود. سه گوسفند زل فیستوله شده (تقریباً 2 ساله) در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی برای ارزیابی تجزیه‌پذیری in siut More
        هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات چین و کیفیت آب آبیاری رو ترکیب شیمیایی و ماده خشک (DM) in situ، پروتئین خام (CP) و تجزیه‌پذیری الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF) یونجه بود. سه گوسفند زل فیستوله شده (تقریباً 2 ساله) در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی برای ارزیابی تجزیه‌پذیری in siut شکمبه‌ای استفاده شدند. زمان‌های انکوباسیون شکمبه‌ای ساعت‌های 0، 3، 6، 9، 12، 24، 48 و 72 را شامل شد. نتایج نشان دادند که افزایش بلوغ چین و آبیاری با آب شور به ‌طور معنی‌داری باعث افزایش اجزاء دیواره سلولی (011/0P=) و کاهش غلظت‌های پروتئین در یونجه (0001/0P=) می‌شود. به استثنای سرعت تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای DM که در چین اول یونجه بالا بود، پارامترهای دیگر تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای DM معنی‌دار نبودند. تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای NDF در دومین چین یونجه، که با آب شور آبیاری شده بود، بالاتر بود (0143/0P=). نرخ تجزیه‌پذیری NDF در چین اول یونجه، و تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای مؤثر NDF در نرخ عبور متفاوت در یونجه‌ای که با آب شور آبیاری شده بود بالاتر بودند. تجزیه‌پذیری آهسته شکمبه‌ای CP (001/0P=) و تجزیه‌پذیری مؤثر در نرخ عبور متفاوت یونجه، که با آب شور آبیاری شده، بالاتر بود. چین روی تجزیه‌پذیری CP یونجه اثر نداشت. آزمایش ما نشان می‌دهد که افزایش شوری آب اثر منفی روی کیفیت علوفه یونجه نداشت. Manuscript profile
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        30 - The effect of different concentrations of exogenous nitric oxide on several physiological and biochemical parameters in NaCl-stressed coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
        Roghayyeh Babri-Bonab sara saadatmand Hossein Nazemiyeh Alireza Iran-Bakhsh
        10.30495/ijpp.2018.543398
        Manuscript profile
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        31 - Physiological Responses and Nutritional Implications of Physalis alkekengi L. Under Varied Salinity Stress and Si and Se Nanoparticle Treatments
        Mohammad Javad  Abdi Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi Seyed Najmmaddin Mortazavi Sepideh  Kalateh Jari Mohammad Javad Nazarideljou
        This study systematically investigates the physiological responses of Physalis alkekengi to diverse conditions of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl), coupled with the application of selenium (Se) nanoparticles at concentrations of 25 and 50 mgl-1, as well as More
        This study systematically investigates the physiological responses of Physalis alkekengi to diverse conditions of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl), coupled with the application of selenium (Se) nanoparticles at concentrations of 25 and 50 mgl-1, as well as silicon (Si) nanoparticles at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg.l-1. The experiment involved a thorough examination of many characteristics connected to biomass, such as antioxidant enzyme activity, fatty acid composition, and elemental content. This analysis was conducted at varying levels of salinity and with the addition of nanoparticles. The findings revealed that exposure to salt stress has a detrimental effect on both plant development and fruit output, leading to changes in vegetative and morphological characteristics. The utilization of Se and Si nanoparticles had a significant alleviating impact on stress caused by salinity. The correlation matrix analysis revealed complex correlations among the examined parameters, emphasizing the interrelated responses of P. alkekengi to environmental stressors and nanoparticle interventions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed the hidden patterns and connections between variables, highlighting the significant influence of biomass-related features, antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acid content on the observed variability. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of the physiological processes that regulate P. alkekengi's reaction to high salt levels. Additionally, it offers valuable information on the possible beneficial impacts of Se and Si nanoparticles in reducing the negative consequences of salinity stress. The study's comprehensive breadth increases its relevance to future research focused on optimizing growth circumstances and strengthening the resistance of P. alkekengi in demanding situations. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Culculation of uncommon water volume in aquifer of Shiramin plain and the ways of decreases
        Fatemeh Jafarzadeh Aziz Alinejad Morteza Allaf-Najib
        Manuscript profile
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        33 - Effect of salinity on morphological and physiological activities Accumulation in Mustard Plant (Brassica nigra.)
        Mahroo Ghadrian
        Manuscript profile
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        34 - The effects of pesticides on microbial population of saline soils using culture-dependent and next generation sequencing methods
        Safoura Hashemi joker Mahmoud Shavandi Azam Haddadi Ebrahim Alaie
        10.30495/jmw.2021.690437
        Background & Objectives: Despite of widely use of pesticides in agricultural industry, their ecotoxicological impacts on the environment are not still well understood. In the present study, the effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides on soil microbial di More
        Background & Objectives: Despite of widely use of pesticides in agricultural industry, their ecotoxicological impacts on the environment are not still well understood. In the present study, the effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides on soil microbial diversity in different salinities were investigated.Materials and methods: Four soil samples with various salinities (0, 1%, 2% and 4%) were contaminated with 200 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin. Then, the effects of these compounds were investigated by culture-dependent and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods. The dominant bacterial strains were isolated and compared with the results of the NGS method.Results: Remarkable groups of active soil species were destroyed. The main groups at the phylum level were, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Examination of the   pattern of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) showed that the lowest abundance belonged to the group of soil samples contaminated with chlorpyrifos and the highest abundance belonged to the non-contaminated sample. Alpha diversity analysis revealed that the highest number of strains was observed in non-saline and uncontaminated soil microcosms, and the lowest number of strains was observed in the presence of deltamethrin (1% salinity) and chlorpyrifos (0% salinity).Conclusion: The results indicated that soil salinity had significant impact on the resistance of soil microorganisms to the chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin. Every soil samples will have its own microbial composition based on its physicochemical conditions under the influence of pesticide contamination. By comparison of microbial composition by culture-dependent and molecular-based methods, almost similar findings were obtained.  Manuscript profile
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        35 - Induction of salt tolerant soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr. cv. 033] mutants with gamma ray irradiation under greenhouse condition
        miaad kia نادعلی بابائیان جلودار بابائیان جلودار نادعلی باقری
        In order to study salt tolerance of 38 genotypes derived from gamma ray irradiation on 033 soybean cultivar (M2 generation), seeds of selected M1 genotypes were sown under greenhouse condition with 3 levels of sodium chloride (30, 60 and 90 mM) in sandy culture as a fac More
        In order to study salt tolerance of 38 genotypes derived from gamma ray irradiation on 033 soybean cultivar (M2 generation), seeds of selected M1 genotypes were sown under greenhouse condition with 3 levels of sodium chloride (30, 60 and 90 mM) in sandy culture as a factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2008. After 60 days from imposing salinity treatment, the traits of stem length, root length, root node number, plant fresh weight, dry weight of aerial part of plant, root dry weight and plant biomass were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences between salinity treatments, genotypes and their interaction. Moreover, results showed significant differences in morphological traits. The observations showed the most extensive variation range was belonging to 320 Gy dose of gamma ray. In this study, 13 genotypes were selected and they were tolerant to all salinity levels compare to control. These promising genotypes can be used as new germplasms to obtain new salt tolerant or resistant varieties in near future. Manuscript profile
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        36 - Effects of salinity stress on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of different canola cultivars
        kami kaboosi اکبر نودهی ابوالفضل فرجی
        Salinity stress is most important factor limiting crops growth and production in worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four water salinity levels (1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of More
        Salinity stress is most important factor limiting crops growth and production in worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four water salinity levels (1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on some traits of phonology, morphology, yield and yield components of four canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (Hyola 4815, 308 and 401 and RGS 003) under application of 10 Ton.ha-1 vermicompost in 2014-15 in Gorgan region, Iran. The experiment was conducted as factorial arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The results showed that the all traits, except days to seed emergence and pod length were significantly affected by cultivar. The Hyola 4815 cultivar had the lowest total plant height, height of first pod and branch from ground, stem diameter and seeds per pod with a significant difference with other cultivars. The lowest number of branches and highest days to flowering and maturity and stem diameter were obtained from RGS cultivar with a significant difference with the other cultivars. The Hyola 308 and 4815 cultivars with the highest number of pods per plant were significantly different with Hyola 401 and RGS cultivars. The highest 1000- seed weight was found in Hyola 4815 and 401 with a significant difference with the other cultivars. Hyola 308 and 401 cultivars had the highest seed yield and their differences were significant with RGS cultivar. However, seed yield differences of these three cultivars were not significant with Hyola 4815 cultivar. .... Manuscript profile
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        37 - Agroclimatological zoning of Hormozgan province for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation
        Gh. Beigipour F. Abdolahi E. Shakerizadeh
        Agroclimatology is among the methods having been in use in the last three decades for areas that have similar climate properties. By adhering to an awareness of climate properties, we will be able to not only manage agricultural affairs properly but also to reduce the f More
        Agroclimatology is among the methods having been in use in the last three decades for areas that have similar climate properties. By adhering to an awareness of climate properties, we will be able to not only manage agricultural affairs properly but also to reduce the farmers’ concerns in croping with climate change. This paper deals with soil structure arrangements in tomato planting in Hormozgan province, Iran. According to topographical and soil maps, more than 74 percent of the province consists of mountain areas with scant shallow soil or otherwise low quality soil for agriculture. The rest (i.e. nearly 26 percent) in the province has the potential for various products. At the first stage, the areas having the potential for agriculture were identified by eliminating unsuitable areas. At the next stage, agroclimatology for planting tomato in suitable areas was carried out according to the following elements: The product’s needs including climate, water quality, and suitable soil. It was done with the aid of climate data, statistics in meteorology, descriptive-explanatory reports, topographical maps with the scale of 1:2350000, and Ilwis and ArcGIS software. With combining different maps, suitable areas for planting the product were indentified. It was also revealed that among the areas used for agriculture, 78.5 percent (20.41 percent of the whole province) are suited and highly suited to tomato agriculture. However, 21.5 percent are not suited to planting tomato. Manuscript profile
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        38 - The effect of water salinity on some growth parameters of four grasses in Sistan region
        Ramin Babadaei Samani mahdie salari
        Today, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included More
        Today, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included four type of lawn, namely: Poa pratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra with different levels of sodium chloride (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent equal to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25 dS/m). The results showed that all plant growth indices (shoot fresh and dry weight. stem height, tiller number and root length and weight) were decreased by increasing salt concentration. In this case, plants had the lowest growth at 2% salinity. Salinity had minimal effect up to 0.5 % and in most cases, there was no significant difference compared with the control plants. But from 1% of salinity and above all indices were affected by salinity stress and were significantly decreased compared with 0%. In most cases, Poa and Lolium growth parameters were not significant and almost had the same growth. In all cases Cynodon had the highest growth parameters. In addition, it significantly differed from three other genera. Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that Cynodon had greater growth parameters rate than the other three lawns in all salinity levels. Manuscript profile
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        39 - جداسازی و شناسایی باکتری‌های مقاوم به شوری و خشکی از مزارع کشاورزی شهرستان جیرفت
        زینب فتوحیان
        یکی از راهکارهای مقابله با شوری و کاهش آثار زیان بار آن معرفی باکتریهای تحمل کننده شوری است. در این تحقیق باکتریهای بومی مقاوم به شوری و خشکی جداسازی و شناسایی شدند. نرخ رشد جدایه ها در غلظت های مختلف شوری (5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 35 و 40 درصد)، خشکی (0.50، 0.15-، 0.03-، 0.4 More
        یکی از راهکارهای مقابله با شوری و کاهش آثار زیان بار آن معرفی باکتریهای تحمل کننده شوری است. در این تحقیق باکتریهای بومی مقاوم به شوری و خشکی جداسازی و شناسایی شدند. نرخ رشد جدایه ها در غلظت های مختلف شوری (5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 35 و 40 درصد)، خشکی (0.50، 0.15-، 0.03-، 0.49- و 0.73- مگاپاسکال) ، pH و 50 درجه سانتیگراد بررسی شد. سپس تولید اکسین، سیدروفور، هیدروژن سیانید و حلالیت فسفات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مجموعاً از 42 نمونه خاک 50 عدد باکتری به دست آمد. از بین جدایه‌ها، کدهای K4، K10، K12، K14، K15 مربوط به کنارصندل، کدهای C8، C10، C11 مربوط به کریم‌آباد، کدهای A2، A3، A4 مربوط به عنبرآباد به سبب داشتن رشد تا غلظت نمک 40%، مقاوم به شوری بودند. همچنین کدهای K4، K14، K15، C8 توانایی رشد در پتانسیل آبی 73/0- را دارا بودند و به خشکی مقاوم بودند. از بین جدایه‌های منتخب، جدایه های C8 و K4 توانایی رشد در pH بالا و دمای 50 درجه سانتیگراد را داشتند. همچنین جدایه C8 با تولید1.8 میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر بیشترین میزان اکسین را تولید کرد و تنها جدایه‌‌ای بود که انحلال فسفات را انجام داد. جدایه‌های C8 و K14 توانایی تولید سیدورفور را در بین جدایه‌ها داشتند. بنابراین جدایه C8 باسیلوس سوبتیلیس به عنوان جدایه برتربود . Manuscript profile
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        40 - جداسازی و شناسایی باکتری های متحمل به شوری و خشکی از مزارع کشاورزی جیرفت
        زینب فتوحیان احمد یوسفی
        https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10461080
        کدهای کریم آباد، A2، A3، A4 برای انبار آباد به دلیل رشد تا غلظت 40 درصد نمک به شوری مقاوم بودند. همچنین کدهای K4، K14، K15 و C8 قابلیت رشد در پتانسیل آبی 0.73- و مقاوم به خشکی را داشتند. از جدایه های انتخابی، جدایه C8 توانایی رشد در pH بالا را داشت و جدایه های C8 و K4 ق More
        کدهای کریم آباد، A2، A3، A4 برای انبار آباد به دلیل رشد تا غلظت 40 درصد نمک به شوری مقاوم بودند. همچنین کدهای K4، K14، K15 و C8 قابلیت رشد در پتانسیل آبی 0.73- و مقاوم به خشکی را داشتند. از جدایه های انتخابی، جدایه C8 توانایی رشد در pH بالا را داشت و جدایه های C8 و K4 قابلیت رشد در دمای 50 درجه سانتی گراد را داشتند. همچنین ایزوله C8 با تولید 8/1 میکروگرم در میلی لیتر اکسین بیشترین میزان اکسین را در بین جدایه ها تولید کرد و تنها ایزوله ای بود که فسفات را حل کرد. جدایه های C8 و K14 توانایی تولید سیدروفور در ایزوله ها را داشتند. بنابراین، با توجه به شناسایی بیوشیمیایی و مولکولی جدایه C8، باسیلوس سوبتیلیس به عنوان جدایه برتر شناخته شد. این جدایه از منطقه کریم آباد جدا شده است. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Impact of Salinity on Tomato Seedling Development: A Comparative Study of Germination and Growth Dynamics in Different Cultivars
        Ali Abdulrahman Fadhil Sajeda Y. Swaid Samar Jasim Mohammed Aswan Al-Abboodi
        10.22034/jchr.2024.1984593.1735
        Soil salinity is an escalating problem that significantly reduces crop yield, particularly in regions with intensive agriculture or poor irrigation practices. This study aimed to assess the impact of salinity on the germination and early growth parameters of four tomato More
        Soil salinity is an escalating problem that significantly reduces crop yield, particularly in regions with intensive agriculture or poor irrigation practices. This study aimed to assess the impact of salinity on the germination and early growth parameters of four tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars: 'Sakata', 'US-Agriseed', 'Rossen B.V.', and 'Supermarmance'. Methods: The experiment was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions with a randomized complete block design. Seeds were exposed to five salinity treatments (0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ds m-1), and growth parameters including germination rate, seedling length, leaf number, and wet and dry weights were measured over a two-week period. The results demonstrated that increasing salinity levels had a significant inhibitory effect on all measured growth parameters across all cultivars. Germination rates and seedling vigor decreased with increasing salinity, and a complete inhibition of growth was observed at the highest salinity levels (EC-8 and EC-10). However, variability among cultivars indicated differential salinity tolerance, with 'US-Agriseed' displaying relatively better performance under saline conditions. The study provides clear evidence that salinity levels as low as 4 dS m-1 can adversely affect the germination and seedling growth of tomato plants. The findings highlight the critical need for developing salinity management strategies and breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance in tomatoes, which could significantly mitigate the impact of salinity stress on crop productivity. Manuscript profile
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        42 - Effect of Different Salinity Levels of Drinking Water on Rumen Degradation Kinetics of Barley Grain in Iranian Native Sheep
        Mir ali Pishdadi motlagh Ramin SalamatDoust-Nobar Naser Maheri-Sis Amir-Reza Safaei Abolfazl Aghajanzadeh-Golshani
        10.22034/ascij.2023.1961495.1398
        This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different salinity levels of drinking water on the ruminal degradability of barley grain using the nylon bags technique in Iranian Shal sheep. Ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of barley More
        This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different salinity levels of drinking water on the ruminal degradability of barley grain using the nylon bags technique in Iranian Shal sheep. Ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of barley grain were determined by nylon bags method using eight rumen cannulated rams that received different levels of saline water including control group (480), 4000, 8000, and 12000 mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS). There was a significant difference between experimental treatments in terms of the degradability of DM and CP in all incubation times except the initial time. In the final incubation time, the ruminal degradability of the DM and CP of barley grain were higher in saline water received treatments than the control group. There was a significant difference between the effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP in the experimental treatments. So, the effective degradability of DM and CP of barley grain often increased with increasing salinity. The quickly degradable protein (QDP) fraction was not affected by experimental treatments but the slowly degradable (SDP) protein fraction increased significantly at the maintenance level of nutrition (2%/h); the highest level of SDP was obtained in treatment containing 8000 mg/l TDS. From the viewpoint of metabolizable protein (MP), there was a significant difference between experimental treatments at the maintenance level of nutrition. The lowest MP was observed in treatment containing 8000 mg/l TDS. In overall conclusion, saline water consumption in the experimental animals seems to affect the ruminal degradability of barley grain and leads to an increase in the effective degradability of DM and CP and a decrease in the amount of MP at the maintenance level.. Manuscript profile
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        43 - Changes in the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the medicinal plant Clematis ispahanica Boiss. in three natural habitats of Semnan province
        Mohammad Mahdi Zolfaghari Reza Naderi عاطفه امیر احمدی
        In this study the antioxidant activity and physiological properties of Clematis ispahanica from different habitats of Semnan province were investigated. Three natural habitats of this plant were identified in Semnan province (Cheshmeh Ali, Dibaj and Mojen) and leaf were More
        In this study the antioxidant activity and physiological properties of Clematis ispahanica from different habitats of Semnan province were investigated. Three natural habitats of this plant were identified in Semnan province (Cheshmeh Ali, Dibaj and Mojen) and leaf were sampled from plants. Chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, proline, protein, phenol, flavonoid, reducing sugars, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were measured. Also, the antioxidant properties of plants were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Soil analysis of all three habitats was also done. The experiment was carried out as a completely random design with 3 repetitions and comparison of the average data using Duncan's test at a probability level of 5%. The results showed that the amount of plant metabolites, including soluble sugars, phenolic compounds and flavonoids, catalase enzyme activity and antioxidant properties was the highest in Cheshmeh Ali habitat and the lowest in Mojen habitat. On the other hand, the amount of plant defense compounds including proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity was the lowest in Cheshmeh Ali habitat and the highest in Mojen habitat. The amount of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin and protein was also the lowest in the Dibaj habitat with the highest altitude above sea level. The results of this research showed that the Cheshmeh Ali habitat with the highest amount of metabolites and the lowest amount of defense compounds is the least stressful habitat, and conversely, the Mojen habitat is the most stressful habitat for C. ispahanica. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        44 - Growth Evaluative Stimulation of Sugar beet Genotypes under Moderate Saline Stress
        كوروش ناظم tooraj mir-mahmoodi
        To study the growth stimulation of sugar beet ( Beta Vulgaris L. )under mild salinity, a field study was conducted in Agricultural Research Center in Miandoab in combined analysis design with three replications during the crop year of 2013 in two separated normal and mi More
        To study the growth stimulation of sugar beet ( Beta Vulgaris L. )under mild salinity, a field study was conducted in Agricultural Research Center in Miandoab in combined analysis design with three replications during the crop year of 2013 in two separated normal and mild salinity ( Ec = 4-5-ds/m ). Combined analyses of variance showed that genotype in environment interaction was statistically significant on sugar content, sugar yield, extraction of sugar coefficient and white sugar yield. Interactions of genotype in specific conditions had significant effect on sugar percentage, sugar yield, coefficient of sugar extraction and white sugar yield. In this research, mild salinity condition induced sugar beet growth and increased traits such as root yield, sugar content, molasses of sugar, white sugar content, sugar yield. The mild salinity also increased it up to 10.5% and 20% compared with normal conditions. Genotypes of 14, 15 and 16 respectively, by Origen 004, 005 and Isela, in average conditions of 9.04, 10.34, 10.81 in normal condition and 16.59, 16.37 and 11.93 ton/ha in stress condition showed the highest sugar yield and were identified as the most suitable genotypes in both situations. In both normal and mild saline conditions between root yield, sugar content, sugar yield and its extraction a positive and significant correlation were observed. The results of factor analysis showed that in normal conditions, there were four factors of 92.5 percent and in mild salinity three factors of 87.80 percent which justified the total variation in root and sugar yield. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        45 - The reaction of balm mint ( dracocephalum moldavica ) to the salinity levels from sodium chloride in germination and plantlet stage
        Alireza Pirzad رضا درویش زاده رئوف سیدشریفی محمد صدقی
        To study the germination and plantlet growth in heterotrophic stage of balm mint, an experiment was carried out in complete random plots in four replications 0, 4, 12, 16 and 20 DC Siemens on sodium chloride. In this study the impact of sodium chloride on the percentage More
        To study the germination and plantlet growth in heterotrophic stage of balm mint, an experiment was carried out in complete random plots in four replications 0, 4, 12, 16 and 20 DC Siemens on sodium chloride. In this study the impact of sodium chloride on the percentage and speed of germination , and the percentage of the reduction of germination in balm mint was not meaningful, but it was significant for the index of germination, time to %50 germination, the length of stalk and rootlet to the length of the stalk and rootlet and the dry and wet weight of plantlet. The highest ( 122 hours ) time of germination, 50 percent of the seeds related to the salinity of 4 and 20 DC Siemens to meter respectively. The longest stalklet (3.91cm ) and rootlet ( 1.97cm ) were obtained from control treatment and the lowest stalklet length ( 1.11cm ) and rootlet (0.46cm ) of 20 DC Siemens to meter. This difference in the process of length changes, led to the maximum and minimum ratio of stalklet length to rootlet respectively in the salinity of 4 and 16 DC Siemens to meter. The highest wet weight ( 95.7 mg ) and dry ( 7.68 mg ) of the plantlet were obtained from salinity of 4 and lowest wet weight ( 64.5 mg ) and dry ( 5.73 mg ) of the plantlet were 20 DC Siemens to meter. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        46 - The necessity of water and salt balance monitoring in sugarcane root zone on middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran farmlands
        Faezeh Rajabzadeh
        Considering of saline soils in middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran and also the leached soils having capacity to be saline, the irrigation agenda or the percent of irrigation water emission from the roots region must be adjusted and controlled so that a desirable ba More
        Considering of saline soils in middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran and also the leached soils having capacity to be saline, the irrigation agenda or the percent of irrigation water emission from the roots region must be adjusted and controlled so that a desirable balance of soil salinity in roots growth region is created to prevent salinization of soil after soil optimization. Therefore, current research is about the water and salt balance in roots growth region of sugarcane cultivated soils. Accordingly, the values of ΔZ (the variations of salinity supply), Z1, Z2 (the first and second concentration of salt level in the region of roots growth) and ECe (electrical conductivity level of saturated soil) in different months of cultivation year were calculated. The results indicated that calculated ECe had the intervals between 2.26 dS/m and 2.59 dS/m that by 10% crop decrement, it is less than determined allowable maximum,that is, ECe = 3/4 dS/m. On the other hand, the level of depth percolations resulting from irrigation showed the control sufficiency of salt accumulation in the depth of roots growth and the desirable agronomic conditions to plant growth are provided. Manuscript profile

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