Determination of Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Safflower under Irrigation with Saline Water in Greenhouse
Subject Areas : Optimal management of water and soil resourcesMahdi Mokari 1 , Javad Alaei 2 , Amir Hossein Ghaderi 3
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Kashmar Higher Education Institute, Kashmar. Iran.
2 - Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 - M.Sc. Graduated, Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Keywords: Microlysimeter, Salinity, Water requirement, Water scarcity ,
Abstract :
Background and Aim: It is essential to know the water requirement, which is a function of the type of plant and meteorological parameters in order to irrigation scheduling. Due to the direct measurement of water consumption, weighting and drainage microlysimeters are the most accurate method for calculating evapotranspiration. As the access to weighting and drainage lysimeters in most agricultural fields is limited, determination of plant water requirement by calculating the reference evapotranspiration and plant coefficient is a common and widely used method. The objective of the present study was to determine the evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of safflower in conditions without water and salinity stresses and also in conditions with salinity and drought stress in greenhouse.
Method: The present study was done as factorial in a form of completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse research at Kashmar higher education institute. The experiment treatments were three irrigation regimes including 100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement and four salinity levels including 0.7, 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1. In order to measuring safflower water requirement 36 pots were used as a microlysimetre. The pots were weighted and irrigated daily and soil deficit moisture was obtained through the difference of the pot weight at the time of irrigation with the weight of the same pot at the status of potted agricultural capacity. By dividing plant evapotranspiration in a specific time interval to reference plant evapotranspiration in the same time interval, the plant coefficient for the four stages of safflower growth was obtained. Graphs drawing and statistical analysis were done using Excel, SPSS and Sigma Plot software.
Results: The results of variance analysis of safflower evapotranspiration showed that salinity, drought, growth stage and their combined effects on evapotranspiration were significant at the probability level of one percent (P<0.01). With the increase of salinity and drought stress, plant evapotranspiration decreased significantly. The highest evapotranspiration during the growing season was occurred for the control treatment (i.e. the treatment without water and salinity deficit) by amount of 269.5 mm and the lowest amount of it was observed in the W2S3 treatment by amount of 102.2 mm. For all of the experimental treatments, the highest plant evapotranspiration was observed in the middle stage and the lowest of it was seen in the early stage of growth. The value of crop coefficient of safflower in the conditions without water and salinity deficit, in the initial, development, middle and final stages of growth was obtained as 0.55, 0.9, 1.26 and 0.85 respectively. Under severe drought and salinity stress, safflower crop coefficient decreased to 0.07, 0.18, 0.3, and 0.13, in the initial, development, middle, and final stages of growth respectively.
Conclusion: Due to the quantitative and qualitative reduction of underground water resources in most regions of the country, especially in the forbidden plain of Kashmir, accurate determination of the water requirements of agricultural and garden plants, including the valuable oilseed plant safflower, is of great importance. The use of weighting and drainage microlysimeters is considered as an accurate method in determining the evapotranspiration of plants, but the limited access to them in most agricultural fields has caused researchers and implementers of irrigation projects, both surface and pressurized irrigation, to calculate the water requirement of agricultural and garden plants used the crop coefficients presented in FAO irrigation and drainage paper No.56. The results of many researches have shown that the use of crop coefficients presented in FAO irrigation and drainage paper No.56 leads to overestimation or underestimation of the water requirement of plants compared to real and local conditions. Therefore, it is felt necessary to determine the crop coefficient based on local and climatic conditions. On the other hand, the effect of salinity and drought stress on this coefficient doubles the importance of studying and determining the crop coefficient in areas such as the critical forbidden plain of Kashmar, where irrigation water salinity and its quantitative decrease have endangered the agriculture of the region. Therefore, in order to properly and efficiently management of water resources, it is suggested to determine the crop coefficient in the conditions of salinity and drought stress for agricultural plants with high economic value such as safflower oilseed plant.
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Ayers, R. S., & Westcott, D. W. (1985). Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage paper, No. 29, Rev. 1, FAO, Rome
Bijanzadeh, E., Moosavi, S.M., & Bahadori, F. (2022). Quantifying water stress of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars by crop water stress index under different irrigation regimes. Heliyon, e09010.
Doorenbos, J., & Pruitt, W.O. (1977). Crop water requirements. Irrigation. and Drainage. Paper 24. FAO. Rome, Italy.
Ebrahimi, M., Rezaverdinejad, V., Besharat, S., & Abdi, M. (2018). A study of evapotranspiration as well as crop coefficient in Ocimum basilicum L. growth process in greenhouse. Water And Irrigation Management, 8(1), 1-11. [In Persian]
Evett, S., Howell, T., Schneider, A.D., Copeland, K.S., Dusek, D.A., Brauer, D., Tolk, J.A., Marek, G.W., Marek, T.M., & Gowda, P.H. (2015). The bushland weighing lysimeters: a quarter century of crop et investigations to advance sustainable irrigation. ASABE, 58, 163-179.
Fathalian, F., & Nouri-Emamzadei, M.R. (2013). Determination of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of cucumber by using microlysimeter in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 3(4), 125-134.
Frooghi, I. (2016). Estimation of water requirement, crop coefficients and other parameters of camelina and canola using drained lysimeter for arid and semi-arid region. [MSc Thesis, Kermanshah Razi University].
Gao, Z., Wang, Y., Tian, G., Zhao, Y., Li, C., Cao, Q., Han, R., Shi, Z., & He, M. (2020). Plant height and its relationship with yield in wheat under different irrigation regime. Irrigation Science, 38, 365-371.
Ghavamsaeidi Noghabi, S., Khashei Siuki, A., Hammami, H., Shahidi, A., & Yaghoobzadeh, M. (2020). Determination of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by using lysimetric method in the dry-desert climate of Birjand. Journal of Saffron Research, 8(1), 161-172.
Gong, X., Qiu, R., Sun, J., Ge, J., Li, Y., & Wang, S. (2020). Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of tomato grown in a solar greenhouse under full and deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 235,106154.
Hunsaker, D.J., French, A.N., Clarke, T.R., & El-Shikha, D.M. (2011). Water use, crop coefficients, and irrigation management criteria for camelina production in arid regions. Irrigation Science, 29, 27-43.
Kar, G., Kumar, A., & Martha, M. (2007). Water use efficiency and crop coefficients of dry season oilseed crops. Agricultural Water Management, 87, 73-82.
Kato, T., & Kamichika, M. (2006). Determination of crop coefficient for evapotranspiration in a sparse sorghum field. Irrigation and Drainage, 55, 165-175.
Khashei Siuki, A., Hashemi, S.R., & Ahmadee, M. (2015). The effect of pottasic zeolite and irrigation scheduling on saffron yield. Research Project in University of Birjand, Iran. [In Persian].
Khoshnam, A., & Mamnoie, E. (2021). Effect of water stress and plant density on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in south Kerman. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 14(1), 39-46. [In Persian]
Liu, Y., & Luo, Y. (2010). A consolidated evaluation of the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach using the lysimeter data in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 97(1), 31-40.
Lopez-Urrea, R., Montoro, A., & Trout, T.J. (2014). Consumptive water uses and crop coefficients of irrigated sunflower. Irrigation Science, 32, 99-109.
Lopez-Urrea, R., Sanchez, J.M., Cruz, F.L., Gonzalez-Piqueras, J., & Chavez, J.L. (2020). Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients from lysimeter measurements for sprinkler-irrigated canola. Agricultural Water Management, 239,106260.
Lovelli, S., Pizza, S., Caponio, T., Rivelli, A.R., & Perniola, M. (2005). Lysimetric determination of muskmelon crop coefficients cultivated under plastic mulches. Agricultural Water Management, 72, 147-159.
Mohtashami, F., Tadayon, M.R., & Roshandel, P. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of deficit irrigation regimes on grain yield and yield components of safflower genotypes. Crop Improvement, 20(2), 547-561.
Okechukwu, M.E., & Mbajiorgu, C.C. (2020). Determination of crop coefficients and spatial distribution of evapotranspiration and net irrigation requirement for three commonly cultivated crops in South-East Nigeria. Irrigation and Drainage, 69(4), 743-755.
Pereira, L.S., Parades, P., Hunsaker, D.J., Lopez-Urrea, R., & Mohammadi Shad, Z. (2021). Standard single and basal crop coefficients for field crops. Updates and advances to the FAO56 crop water requirements method. Agricultural Water Management. 243, 106466
Rezaverdinejad, V., Shabanian, M., Besharat, S., & Hasani, A. (2017). Determination of crop water requirement, crop coefficient and water use efficiency of greenhouse-grown cucumber and tomato (Case study: Urmia region). Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 8(3), 27-40.
Saeidi, R., Ramezani Etedali, H., Sotoodehnia, A. Kaviani, A., & Nazari, B. (2021). Salinity and fertility stresses modify Ks and readily available water coefficients in maize (case study: Qazvin region). Irrigation Science, 29, 299-313.
Sepaskhah, A.R., & Andam, M. (2001). Crop coefficient of seasame in a semi-arid region of I.R. Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 49, 51-63.
Shahrokhnia, M.H., & Sepaskhah, A.R. (2017). Safflower model for simulation of growth and yield under various irrigation strategies, planting methods and nitrogen fertilization. International Journal of Plant Production, 11(1), 167-192.
Shukla, S., Shrestha, N.K., Jaber, F.H., Srivastava, S., Obreza, T.A., & Boman, B.J. (2014). Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for watermelon grown under plastic mulched conditions in sub-tropical Florida. Agricultural Water Management, 132, 1-9.
Silva, G.H. (2020). Biodegradable mulch of recycled paper reduces water consumption and crop coefficient of pak choi. Scientia Horticulture. 267, 109315.
Tafteh, A., Sepehri Sadeghiyan, S., Egdernejad, A., Gohari, A., & Shahinrokhsar, P. (2023). Investigating performance, water productivity, growth degree day index (GDD) and evaluating yield response factor of safflower plant under deficit irrigation treatments. Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 13(3), 99-110.
Wang, Y., Cai, H., Yu, L., Peng, X., Xu, J., & Wang, X. (2020). Evapotranspiration partitioning and crop coefficient of maize in dry semi-humid climate regime. Agricultural Water Management, 236,106164.
Xu, G., Xue, X., Wang, P., Yang, Z., Yuan, W., Liu, X., & Lou, C. (2018). A lysimeter study for the effects of different canopy sizes on evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of summer maize. Agricultural Water Management, 208, 1-6.
