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Open Access Article
1 - The agreement between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia and its effect on the activism of the Palestinian resistance groups
Mohammadbagher Mokaramipour sohrab Mohammadzadeh Neda ParsaThe Middle East as a special security complex due to its ambiguous and complex situation has always been the scene of alliance and competition between the great extra-regional powers and the regional powers, and among them, the countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as the MoreThe Middle East as a special security complex due to its ambiguous and complex situation has always been the scene of alliance and competition between the great extra-regional powers and the regional powers, and among them, the countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as the two determining and possessing powers. Influence in the region, they have the necessary power to shape and influence the relations of the West Asian region. So that it can be clearly seen that the region of West Asia and North Africa is affected by the policies of the two mentioned countries and the quality of their relations with each other. Therefore, the resumption of relations between the two countries, which - after 7 years of complete termination of relations, during five rounds of negotiations in Baghdad and Oman, finally took place on March 10, 2023 with the mediation of China in Beijing and - with the signing of a peace agreement , is very important. This agreement, which has had a wide coverage in the regional and world media due to its many consequences on regional relations, raises many questions about regional issues. In this research, the authors of the work seek to investigate the effect of this special and bilateral agreement on the activism of the Palestinian resistance groups. Therefore, the main question of this research can be posed as "What effect will the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia have on the activism of the Palestinian resistance groups?". In response to the said question, which the authors of the work came up with a descriptive-analytical approach to answer, such a hypothesis can be proposed that: based on the theory of "structural realism" and also the theory of "Balance of threat", the mentioned agreement.. Manuscript profile -
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2 - Iran contemporary architecture and the problem of identity (a realistic representation of the post-modernism critical reading in architecture)
Amir Davood Maslahatjoo Maryam Ghasemi Sichani Vahid Ghobadian Biajn AbdolkarimiPost-modernism is the dominant aspect of the cultural belief of the time that re-frames all actions and constructs distinct ideas of experiences and conditions at the deepest levels and everything that can be known about the contemporary world; As long as the centralize MorePost-modernism is the dominant aspect of the cultural belief of the time that re-frames all actions and constructs distinct ideas of experiences and conditions at the deepest levels and everything that can be known about the contemporary world; As long as the centralized power gives way to a discrete plurality, and bring to the fore a manifestation of contemporary identity in the current era. This research - which has been done using the qualitative method and the grounded theory approach - with the general purpose to analyze and interpret the identity of Iran contemporary architecture based on post-modernity and critical thought, looking for an answer to this question, How can identity, as a critical approach, have an effect on the recognition of post-modern architecture - especially in the Iran contemporary era? In this research, the systematic approach known as Strauss and Corbin's theory (2019) was used to analyse the data. According to the classification of Corbin and Strauss (2022), the systematic approach has three stages of open coding (concepts), axial coding (Casual Conditions, Actions & Interactions, Context, Intervening Conditions and Consequences) and selective coding. In the collection and extraction of the main categories and sub-categories, from the documentary and citation resources and the interview tools have been used. The special emphasis of the research is on the views and opinions of those professors and architects who work both academically and professionally. Hence, the research data has been compiled and analysed in semi-structured interviews. The responses at the highest saturation level reached relative saturation in the 17th interview. The interview process is continued until the 25th to ensure the data and obtain absolute saturation. The content of data was coded by Strauss and Corbin coding method in three stages (open, central and selective). In the coding process of 17 interviews, the frequency of the 5969 coded items, was reduced to 317 open codes from the frequency ratio of 1337 codes after refining and merging. The obtained codes, in the number of 53 axial categories and 8 selective categories, were related to the axial theme of Iran Contemporary Architecture Identity. The Observations Percentage Agreement of 90.37% indicates relatively complete reliability and coverage of criterion level of more than 0.6 of Kappa coefficient, describing validity as ideal. Therefore, the research quality index is acceptable, and the reliability and validity of the research are confirmed. The research results can be valuable and interpreted by examining the criteria of matching, generalization, understanding, and control. The findings show that the result of summarizing the causal variables of the research in the mediating conditions of the existing situation, provides an event that in a fundamental attitude, between the (narcissism to self-defeat) truth and (self-belief) Iranian essence, and in a historical discourse, between a re-reading of what exists and a re-presentation of what should exists, in a Preventive (and not Mandatory) form and in a reading of a critical realism and feedback interpretation of self-reflection evaluation from the feedback of others, they recreate the way of being. Manuscript profile -
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3 - Assessing the quality of the relationship between contract and reality; A critique of philosophical realism approach to the validity of a contract
narges khaleghipour dawood nassiranAbstractCredits and realities are two different entities, and a person deals with them advertently or inadvertently in their lifetime. Experimental reality or social reality, both of which exist in the external world and virtual things such as contracts, are brought int MoreAbstractCredits and realities are two different entities, and a person deals with them advertently or inadvertently in their lifetime. Experimental reality or social reality, both of which exist in the external world and virtual things such as contracts, are brought into effect by the human will. From the point of view of realist thinkers, virtual things have a basis in reality and human will plays an instrumental role. The question is: what are the practical implications of this relationship between contract and reality and what are the advantages and disadvantages of this school of thought? The philosophical realism approach sees a contract as directly dependent on reality and weakens the integrity of the contract. The consequences of such an approach will come into effect during the conclusion and execution of the contract. such a result is unacceptable by the human will and the standards of existing contact legal systems. To avoid this decadence, centrist positivism is a better substitute. This approach finds the human will as the basis of the contract and believes that the prolonged existence of the contract is dependent on the initiative will of the contractors, but it does not factor out the role of external reality. Reality is a moderating factor but it does not constitute the whole of a contract and affects the status of the contract without the involvement of the contractors. according to this approach, the contract is affected by reality, but it is not entirely dependent on reality. Manuscript profile -
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4 - Foreign Policy Analysis Changes in the International Relations Debates
عبدالعلی GavamThe author in this paper analyzes the changes in foreign policygrowing out of the new thinking in international relations debates. Theauthor here has the advantage in his analysis of having been able to moredefail and alternatives within the changes. He outlines the ins MoreThe author in this paper analyzes the changes in foreign policygrowing out of the new thinking in international relations debates. Theauthor here has the advantage in his analysis of having been able to moredefail and alternatives within the changes. He outlines the institutionaldomain of foreign policy in international relations debates and examines itsconnection with international politics. The author makes a striking case onsetting out to fashion and implement a foreign policy, as well as, circumscribing the debates among idelists and realists and also the debates withinthis sphere between traditionalists and behaviorists. This paper provides theclearest indication of how the different concerns and insights of the statesaffects the political analyzes. He deals with what he calls chronicle in thenature of international politics and relationship between states. The authorhere provides varying perspectives of international relation’s thinkers anddoers and also demonstrates the role of countries of the south in framingthe rise of international system. This paper probides the policy alternativessupported by various groups within the elite, like: Kenneth Waltz, Alisonand Singer. Manuscript profile -
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5 - Understanding of Nation-State in Theories of International Relations
Sreyed Abdol-Ali Ghavam Afshin ZargarThis article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and d MoreThis article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and dividing it into two categories- intrastate order and interstate order - this article has made an attempt to achieve suitableunderstanding about the way of making and changing states in International Relations. To achievethis goal, we emphasize on the proximity of IR therory to Political theory. Therefore in this way wecan offer the primary researching pattern for a more precise understanding of why, how and whatthe Nation-Stateis. (appearance, evolution and function.)This study approves that we can not ignore the issue of Nation-State with aspects dimensionsof it, especially appearance, evolution and change (Nation-State making in IR studies because suchignorance will lead to offering defective and incomplete understanding of IR particularly centralactor of it; Nation-State. Manuscript profile -
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6 - Constraints to Iran’s Regional Supremacy
سیدجلال DehghaniThe new pan-regional approach of Iran’s foreign policy hasits own grpples with the fundemental problem of internal andinternational relations. The rule of the game could be and should bethe direct result of evolution of Iran’s inter-regional and foreign poli MoreThe new pan-regional approach of Iran’s foreign policy hasits own grpples with the fundemental problem of internal andinternational relations. The rule of the game could be and should bethe direct result of evolution of Iran’s inter-regional and foreign policy.This is an welcome opening of this matter that will outline much ofthis progressive agenda in four section: Theoratical arrangements,structural indicators, regulation features, international systemsreaction. The author has produced a critique of different doctrines:the neo-realism approach, international system, structure organizing,structuralistic apporach. He concludes that for the foreseeablefuture, the bedroch of Iran’s pan-regionalism will remain bilateralagreements, collective alliance among the entire region on a regularbasis. New arrangements are needed to deal with distinct sets of issues in international and regional system. Manuscript profile -
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7 - Berlin’s Articulation of Value Pluralism and Human Rights
مسعود RostamiAfter the downfall of the Soviet Union and the impact ofglobalization, universalist democray has become the focus ofattention. Given the intensification of universal civil society andmuch of the progress in establishment of democratic govrenments the implications of hum MoreAfter the downfall of the Soviet Union and the impact ofglobalization, universalist democray has become the focus ofattention. Given the intensification of universal civil society andmuch of the progress in establishment of democratic govrenments the implications of human right has become a significant subject ofthe debate. The prominance of human rights from all side developedwith different kind of interpretations. Isaiah Berlin as the renownedpolitical and moral thinker of the age, has realized his task as oneof contributing to this idea. Comparing him with later liberals, hisaccount of human rights remains unexplored. In Beriln’s most explicitaccount, the national law doctrine is presented as unrestricted. In thisarticle, the author attempts to conclude with a brief discussion of theconception of human rights flowing from the value pluralism. Centralto this improvement of classical liberalism through the agonistic one,what is special about Berlin’s version of value pluralism, which leds tothe promotion of human rights? Manuscript profile -
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8 - Inter-paradigmatic concept of security: the U.S. security approach after cold war as a case study
Dr. Abdol all Ghavam Mehdi VahidiIn the present article we have made a discourse, historical, analytic and paradigm analysis on the concept of security in order to remove its ambiguities in international relations. We have also investigated the transition of historical view point regarding the concept MoreIn the present article we have made a discourse, historical, analytic and paradigm analysis on the concept of security in order to remove its ambiguities in international relations. We have also investigated the transition of historical view point regarding the concept of national and international security through extensive accounts of the transitions of the security concept dated back to the cold war era. Besides, after careful consideration of security paradigm transition ( realism, liberalism, constructivism), we attempted to theorize security both subjectively and objectively in a way to present its conceptual transition in U.S. foreign policy. Underlining the extensive concept of security, the results indicated a need for an inter paradigm study in terms of ontology, epistemnlogy and discourse regarding any analysis and investigation in the area of security. Manuscript profile -
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9 - The Concept of Natural Law and International Law inThomas Hobbes’s Political Thought
Malek Yahya Salahi Vahed AminiMany authorities believe that new attitude to the concept of Code, Natural Law and InternationalLaw has been theorized through Thomas Hobbes viewpoints in the ground of modernthought. The influence of Natural law theories in the International Law began along withfrom th MoreMany authorities believe that new attitude to the concept of Code, Natural Law and InternationalLaw has been theorized through Thomas Hobbes viewpoints in the ground of modernthought. The influence of Natural law theories in the International Law began along withfrom the beginning of 16th century the genesis of International Law. However,17th centurywas the time of science dynamism. In this situation Hobbes began his effort to explain theprinciples of the existence of political society and his doctrine would become the Firstmodern moral philosophy, because it was a philosophy that completely accepted consequencesof modern Natural Sciences and related ancient relativism in the form of “LegalTheory”, according to which man’s natural law explicates the thing that man desires to do.Then Natural Law derived from Natural Code. As a theoretician of modern Natural Law,Hobbes was among those who merely believed in Natural Law in the international relationsand denied the existence of Subject Law and only assigned Natural Law as the basis ofInternational Law. His book, leviathan, as a great and unique masterpiece in the field ofpolitical philosophy, written in English, best indicates his effort in scrutinizing concepts likecode, Natural Law, Politics Science, Political Power and Sovereignty. This essay aims tostudy Thomas Hobbes attitude to code concepts, Natural Law, Natural Codes InternationalLaw, Natural Situation, Political Society, Political Power and Leviathan by contemplationthrough his theorization and research through his political thought. Manuscript profile -
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10 - The Impact of the Yemeni Crisis on International Peace and Security
Shirin Masoudi MohammadAli Abdollahzadeh Majid Saeedi -
Open Access Article
11 - The utopia in Farabi `s thoughts
Bagher Saroukhani Reza Talebi -
Open Access Article
12 - Conceptual Analysis of of Samad Ghorbanzadeh Photographs based on Freud's opinions
Firoozeh Sheibani RezvaniThis research tries to analyze and scrutinize four selected works of photography by Samad Ghorbanzadeh, a contemporary Iranian photographer, based on the concepts and opinions derived from Freud's psychology. The method of this research qualitatively describes and analy MoreThis research tries to analyze and scrutinize four selected works of photography by Samad Ghorbanzadeh, a contemporary Iranian photographer, based on the concepts and opinions derived from Freud's psychology. The method of this research qualitatively describes and analyzes the case of the artwork based on data obtained from library and internet information. The reason for choosing Samad Ghorbanzadeh's works is his surrealism approach in photography, which is able to be read and analyzed by relying on concepts such as unconscious mind, dream, and defense mechanism in Freud's psychological approach. Although psychological analysis reduces the problems to the individual and his characteristics, but ultimately this understanding seeks to explain social constructions. These works are inspired by topics such as loneliness, absence of identity, loss of faith and ultimately death, which somehow involve humans and societies and challenge the nature of human existence in today's world system. In the psychological reading of the works in question, the audience, while having a new experience of encountering the work of art, gets to understand and recognize the content of the work and the symbolic connection of artistic elements with individual and collective injuries. Manuscript profile -
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13 - Religious Experience and Perceiving God; A Critical Evaluation of Alston’s Theory
بابک عباسیIn his magnum opus Perceiving God, William Alston has tried to showthat one can be justified in believing some religious beliefs on thegrounds of some religious experiences. According to his theory, thosereligious experiences which have -phenomenologically- perceptualch MoreIn his magnum opus Perceiving God, William Alston has tried to showthat one can be justified in believing some religious beliefs on thegrounds of some religious experiences. According to his theory, thosereligious experiences which have -phenomenologically- perceptualcharacters are entitled to play the role of ground for some other beliefs.This paper examines some of the main criticisms of this view, as wellas Alston's replies to them. Evaluating the arguments of two sides ofthe debate, the author puts forward his comments and criticism. It hasbeen finally concluded that as far as Alston's arguments are concernedhis main claim remains under question. Manuscript profile -
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14 - Sohrawardi and the Problem of Realism
سید عباس ذهبیIn arguing for realism and true knowledge, Sohrawardī's point of viewneither resembles his Muslim predecessors nor does it portray Platonicand Aristotelian impact on settling the notions. Unlike Platonists, hetends to ground knowledge in sensation, and in contrast to Ar MoreIn arguing for realism and true knowledge, Sohrawardī's point of viewneither resembles his Muslim predecessors nor does it portray Platonicand Aristotelian impact on settling the notions. Unlike Platonists, hetends to ground knowledge in sensation, and in contrast to Aristotelianshe regards knowledge as direct and immediate; therefore sensationshould be his departure point to construe realism. Having primarilyaddressed Muslim peripatetic so as to criticize their school's three mainpre-suppositions, he strives to put forward a novel theory by which onecan sketch realism within his system of thought. After exposing thisnegative and critical aspect of his viewpoint, this paper will proceedwith the analysis of his positive approach. The approach will beformulated into six pre-suppositions while adopting them ultimatelysheds light upon realism within Suhrawardī's thought. Manuscript profile -
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15 - The Problem of the Unit of Selection and the Ontic Structural Realist's Solution
ابوتراب یغماییThe variety of answers to the unit of selection problem threatensscientific realism both methodologically and ontologically. In thisarticle, I argue that the account developed by Elizabeth Lloyd justsolves the problem from methodological point of view and leaves theonto MoreThe variety of answers to the unit of selection problem threatensscientific realism both methodologically and ontologically. In thisarticle, I argue that the account developed by Elizabeth Lloyd justsolves the problem from methodological point of view and leaves theontological side unsolved. I will show that getting rid of mereologicalmetaphysics and replacing it with ontic structural realism solve theproblem ontologically. Manuscript profile -
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16 - Rorty and the Problems of Truth and Objectivity
NabiAllah SouleimaniRorty, as an analytic philosopher, is working in the context ofpostmodern thought and pragmatism. His main attempt has been toanalyze of the traditional problems of philosophy. Based on his readingof the history of philosophy “truth”, as the original genre i MoreRorty, as an analytic philosopher, is working in the context ofpostmodern thought and pragmatism. His main attempt has been toanalyze of the traditional problems of philosophy. Based on his readingof the history of philosophy “truth”, as the original genre in the historyof philosophy, has been regarded as the correspondence betweenbeliefs in our minds and fact out there. The duty of philosophers was toreveal the criteria of correspondence. Rorty’s interpretation of thistraditional view could be summarized as the slogan "Truth wasdiscoverable not making". While, according to Rorty there is not anyway to describe the facts without the use of the language. Thereforetruth cannot operate independent of human use of language. Hence"Truth is making not discoverable". This article investigates whetherRorty can explain their beliefs in a purely linguistic manner. Theanswer is that although he rejects Truth and Objectivity in traditionalmeaning, but he cannot deny Objectivity altogether. Manuscript profile -
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17 - Empiricism vs. Scientific Realism: A Historical Survey of the Developments of These Two Approaches until the Early Twentieth Century
یاسمن هوشیارScientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and MoreScientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and that if we accept a theory as true, we are also committed to theexistence of certain undetectable things as the causes of thosephenomena.Although scientific realism as an independent area in philosophy ofscience is almost recent, as a general idea it can be detectedthroughout the history of western thought where it meets withoppositions mainly coming from the empiricist quarter.Searching through the history of thought and focusing on scientificexplanation as the main goal of science, this paper shows thephilosophical roots of these two approaches as well as their gradualdevelopment since antiquity through intricate evolvement into moresophisticated and systematic forms which emerged almost whenphilosophy of science came to be known as an autonomous field,the period within which the dominant approach is scientific antirealism.The writer is therefore concerned with three majorphilosophers of science, Mach, Poincaré, and Duhem, emphasizingthe main features and trying to come into certain conclusions aboutthe two approaches at issue. Manuscript profile -
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18 - Comparing the Views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore on Moral Realism and the Method of Intuition in Ethics
Leili Heydarian Enshaallah Rahmati Jamshid Jalali SheyjaniThis article explains and compares the views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore in the field of realist ethics and while discussing the method of intuition in recognizing moral characteristics. Realism in ethics means the objectivity of moral propositions, and therefore moral p MoreThis article explains and compares the views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore in the field of realist ethics and while discussing the method of intuition in recognizing moral characteristics. Realism in ethics means the objectivity of moral propositions, and therefore moral properties are intuitive. The main issue of research on the formulation of Ibn Sina's views, along with the principles of realism and the method of intuition, is whether the moral propositions under popular opinion follow the same principles that Moore put forward in the discussion of realism in ethics and how they can be intuitive. Moore's moral realism is based on the intuitionism of moral qualities such as good and evil, which are unacceptable to the natural or metaphysical. According to Ibn Sina, moral realism is defined and intuitive based on the moral presuppositions such as good and bad. In this attitude, the good and the bad for the soul are explained as a being whose exaltation and happiness is a real thing. The results of this study show that for Moore, the relationship between moral issues and predicates such as good and bad is an intuitive thing, which is defined as a good relationship with the greatest possible good, and this combination and understanding requires reflection and intellectual maturity of the moral agent. According to Ibn Sina, the relationship between moral issues and moral presuppositions such as good and bad is explained on the basis of the reputation of moral propositions and the intuitions of the wise of the people. Manuscript profile -
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19 - Inference to the Best Explanation
رضا علیزاده ممقانیExplanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accom MoreExplanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accompanying witha few critical explications on it; secondly, we take a realistic approachtowards the topic in question; finally, we propose an epistemologicalsummary and solution to the problem Manuscript profile -
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20 - Duhem and Scientific Realism
مریم قاسمی نراقیDuhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could id MoreDuhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could identify thereal relationships among the theoretical identities without manifestingthem. Theories are not only full boxes of phenomena classified toolsthat are proper for today and improper for tomorrow. The mostimportant characteristic of a scientific theory is to predict phenomenaand experimental laws that is not discovered, but what is effective inthis novel predict is the relationship between identities. In the view ofontology, scientific theories make no commitment for theoreticalidentities. In spite that Duhem is a scientific historian, and by searchingin his works and ideas we can’t clearly say Duhem is the realist or theinstrumenalist about scientific theories. Even some believe that he istried to find a way between realism and instumentalism. In this paper,at first Duhem ideas about the aim and structure of physical theory willbe surveyed. Then by some pro and opponent ideas with Duhem'srealism we will demonstrate his ideas about scientific theories has moretendencies to structure realism. Manuscript profile -
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21 - Examining the chosen model of the United States of America in the face of Iran (confrontationalism and redesigning aggressive realism)
علی باقری زادهThe current research aims to analyze the type of strategic orientation of the United States of America in facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The dualism of liberalism and realism, or a policy of mutual punishment and encouragem MoreThe current research aims to analyze the type of strategic orientation of the United States of America in facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The dualism of liberalism and realism, or a policy of mutual punishment and encouragement, has been adopted in the face of J.A. Iran. A. Iran. In order to prove the hypothesis of the research, while using the theory of aggressive realism, the behavioral pattern of the United States will be examined. The main findings of the research show that the approach of the United States is of the type of liberalism of "encouragement, encouragement and maximum participation". Or the harmonious model of liberalism and realism is not "positive and negative". Rather, it indicates the continuation and consolidation of the approach of aggressive realism, of the type of acute discursive, geopolitical and geostrategic confrontation in the form of "threat, punishment, sanctions" in the form of "various and complex balancing". So that the conformity and consistency of aggressive realism propositions with the approach of the United States in the acute confrontation with Iran is clear and obvious. The authors conclude that the behavior pattern of the United States is in the fixed form of aggressive realism, without a paradigm shift to liberalism. And it doesn't even have a tendency to shift within the theoretical paradigm of defensive realism. The main goal of America is to turn Iran into an isolated and victimized actor in the field of international politics. They evaluate J.A.Iran in the form of a game with a negative sum. And they always have a pure compliance with the approach of slander and international politics in their agenda. based on strategic rationality and compliance with international law. Manuscript profile -
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22 - A Comparative Study on Myth in Selected Novels by Alejo Carpentier and Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi
Akram Rajabi Roqiyeh Sadraei Abdolhossein FarzadMyths play a major role in the creation of literary works, especially novels. "The Kingdom of this World" and " Age of Enlightenment " (El Siglo de las Luces) by Alejandro Carpathian and Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi's "Gone are the days of the Elderly" are among the novels that MoreMyths play a major role in the creation of literary works, especially novels. "The Kingdom of this World" and " Age of Enlightenment " (El Siglo de las Luces) by Alejandro Carpathian and Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi's "Gone are the days of the Elderly" are among the novels that have created a combination of real, imaginary and mythical worlds in the style of magical realism. Under the realistic and historical layer of these novels, the framework of the mythical world has a serious and continuous presence. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is a comparative study of myths in the three novels. Alejo Carpentier and Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi are writers from two different nations with two different languages between whom there is no historical relationship. In contemporary times, these two writers did not know each other and were not influenced by each other's works, ideas, currents and genres, style and structure of storytelling. That’s why the fundamental actions and concepts of myths in the hidden layers of these three novels are studied and analyzed in the present article and the method is analytical – descriptive in the framework of the American School of Comparative Literature approach. Manuscript profile -
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23 - A Comparative Study of Myth and Mysticism in the Attar's Seven Cities of Love with Bidel Dehlavi's Lyric Poems
Masoumeh Pazoki Khodabakhsh Asadollahi Alireza Nikouei Tawfiq Hashempour SobhaniFrom the first periods of gradual growth and intellectual maturity of human beings, human beings have always been in search of the foundations and resources of some sciences in various fields, especially in the field of humanities. In the same process, he may have thoug MoreFrom the first periods of gradual growth and intellectual maturity of human beings, human beings have always been in search of the foundations and resources of some sciences in various fields, especially in the field of humanities. In the same process, he may have thought of discovering the mysteries related to the convergence of these sciences. Undoubtedly, the origins of most of the humanities have commonalities, but in order to expand their scope, it seems that the origin of their formation must be different. Categories such as myth and mysticism, although seemingly different in approach, but both are prominent manifestations of Iranian identity in various positions, especially in the symbolic dimension of language, interpretability, narrative, artistic approach, closeness to religious texts, they have convergence and harmony and this commonality and convergence shows itself more in the field of poetry and literature. Therefore, many poets, including Hafez, have not been unaware of this point. Manuscript profile -
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24 - Analysis of the components of realism in poems "Mohammad Afifi Matar" and "Mahdi Akhavan Sales"
mohamadreza salmani سندس کردآبادیSociety and literature have a reciprocal and two-way relationship, and literary works are the product of life and the social environment. Realism is in fact the representation of the real life of human society and addressing the realities and issues in society and expre MoreSociety and literature have a reciprocal and two-way relationship, and literary works are the product of life and the social environment. Realism is in fact the representation of the real life of human society and addressing the realities and issues in society and expresses the sense of responsibility and attention of poets and writers to the tangible realities of society, which after the Second World War with the Zionist efforts became more prominent. This sense of commitment of writers to the realities of the Islamic world became more apparent. "Mohammad Afifi Matar" and "Mehdi Akhavan Sales" live in two societies with similar social conditions and have common views in dealing with existing social issues due to common intellectual and ideological backgrounds. This article, while defining the school of realism and introducing these two prominent poets of Egypt and Iran, and examining their revolutionary poems, tries to express the most important components of realism in their poems. These include: patriotism, continuing to protest against tyrants, waiting for freedom and the elimination of oppression, poverty and hunger, and loving the mother. Manuscript profile -
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25 - Comparative Study on Social Realism in "The Catcher in the Rye" and "The Night's Journey" Novels
Mahdi Norouz Mozhgan Tahmasbi SotoudehRealism is a literary school which has been promoted between 1850 -1880 in Europe and America. The most important characteristic of realistic works is that, it introduces human being as a social creature and seeks all his good and bad behavior's root in the society. &nb MoreRealism is a literary school which has been promoted between 1850 -1880 in Europe and America. The most important characteristic of realistic works is that, it introduces human being as a social creature and seeks all his good and bad behavior's root in the society. David Salinger as one of the America's short story writhers is known as one of the social realism pioneers after World War II. Bahman Sholevar is also one the contemporary Iranian most effective but less familiar writers whose social realistic works are famous. The present article is a comparative research with the aim of finding similarities and differences in two novels titled: "The Catcher in the Rye" and "The Night's Journey". The approach of the research is histyorical and based on "American school" theory. Manuscript profile -
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26 - The Comparative study of three stories by Moniro Ravanipour: Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire, The Drowned
Shahrooz Shahdin Abolqasem Amir Ahamdi Ali Eshghi SardehiMoniro Ravanipour – one of the most successful Iranian contemporary authors – whose method is magical realism and by imitating Colombian Gabriel García Márquez writing method succeeded to create precious works to the world and Iran's literature MoreMoniro Ravanipour – one of the most successful Iranian contemporary authors – whose method is magical realism and by imitating Colombian Gabriel García Márquez writing method succeeded to create precious works to the world and Iran's literature such as Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire and The Drowned by inspiring "A Hundred Year of Solitude". On the other hand she is also known as Folklore author because of working on folkloric literature and creating real scenes as well as applying proverbs, allusions and native phrases. This article initially introduces Moniro Ravanipour and her ideas and works then studies magical realism in Persian literature followed by structuralism and content – based criticism in three novels: Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire and The Drowned Manuscript profile -
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27 - Common motifs of realism in Sa’di and Walt Whitman’s Poetry
Monireh Ahmad SoltaniRealism is a literary theory in which the poet expresses the social realities in his poetry. Although Sa’di and Walt Whitman are different chronologically, they were successful in expressing the common social subjects and retelling such issues; issu MoreRealism is a literary theory in which the poet expresses the social realities in his poetry. Although Sa’di and Walt Whitman are different chronologically, they were successful in expressing the common social subjects and retelling such issues; issues like congeniality, prorogation of justice, picturing cheerfulness, life and its avail. The present article attempts to mention the above issues. Manuscript profile -
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28 - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE NOVELS,MOURNERS OF BAYAL BY GHOALM HUSSEIN SAEDI AND ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOLITUDE BY GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ
Mohammad Ali Atash Soda Azam TavallaliThe present article is a comparative study of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez and Mourners of Bayal by Ghoalm Hussein. One Hundred Years of Solitudeis a novel which tells the multi-generational story of the MoreThe present article is a comparative study of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez and Mourners of Bayal by Ghoalm Hussein. One Hundred Years of Solitudeis a novel which tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía family, whose patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founds the town of Macondo, the metaphoric Colombia. The non-linear story is narrated via different time frames, a technique derived from the Argentinianwriter Jorge Luis Borges. The works written with this technic are arrangements of realty and dreams in a way that it is not easy to separate them. Both of these works describe social, cultural and political problems according to the codes of magical realism. Manuscript profile -
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29 - Magnificent Beloved in Shamloo and Nizar Qabbani's poetry
Behrouz Roumiani Masoumeh Bakhshizadeh Hamideh QolamiBilqees – Nizar qabbani's beloved – such as Aida – Shamloo's beloved – is the magnificent beloved who was paid attention by him because of her ethic features and thoughts. It seems that a change has occurred in poets attitudes toward beloved duri MoreBilqees – Nizar qabbani's beloved – such as Aida – Shamloo's beloved – is the magnificent beloved who was paid attention by him because of her ethic features and thoughts. It seems that a change has occurred in poets attitudes toward beloved during the new evolutions in poetry and attention to new concepts; the most obvious one which is in depiction of beloved figure can be seen in Shamloo and Qabbani's poetry. That's why that concentration on the magnificent beloved is noticeable in these two poets' poetry rather than the traditional beloved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Comparison of Realism Components and their Application in Gileh Mard and Miramar
Reza Dehghan Ashtivani Akbar ShabaniOne of the positive achievements of enjoying literary schools' principles is to analyze and precise studying of literary texts and finding out conditions of the society and its members. In Iran and Egypt's societies – according to improper political, cultural and MoreOne of the positive achievements of enjoying literary schools' principles is to analyze and precise studying of literary texts and finding out conditions of the society and its members. In Iran and Egypt's societies – according to improper political, cultural and social conditions which has affected two countries' people, committed and public authors have emerged who studied and surveyed different literary schools specifically realism to express the improper situations and step toward the problems pathology. The works by Bozorg Alavi and Naguib Mahfouz are of special importance; because both were familiar with narration (writing) principles as well as literary schools specially realism; on the other hand they have created remarkable works by attending the society and feeling public's problems and issues. The present article is realism – comparative by the comparative approach (American school) and based on descriptive – analytical between two narrations: Gileh Mard by Bozorg Alavi and Miramar by Naguib Mahfouz. The outcomes show that two authors' ideas were very similar to each other; the similar structures and contents are remarkable. Manuscript profile -
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31 - Analysis of Social Realism in the Poetry of Contemporary Poets; Emphasizing a Few Poets
Leila Gholi Pouri Arash Moshfeghi Naser AlizadehIn every era, the greats and intellectuals of the time have sought to find a new solution to the problems and complexities of their world in order to get rid of the existing bottlenecks of time, and poetry is one of the important tools in the service of this though. Rea MoreIn every era, the greats and intellectuals of the time have sought to find a new solution to the problems and complexities of their world in order to get rid of the existing bottlenecks of time, and poetry is one of the important tools in the service of this though. Realism and hyperrealism are two important elements of the poetry of contemporary poets. And documenting in general, recording, interpreting and narrating the personal experiences of the individual and transforming and referring it to various social, political, economic aspects is a context of language that has been full of initiative and experience. Realism is a literary school that became popular in Europe and the United States between 1880 and 1850. The most important feature of realist works is that it presents man as a social being and seeks the root of all his good and bad behaviors in society. The school of realism is one of the schools that depict the problems of the individual and society like a mirror and the author does not include his personal opinions in it. Most contemporary poets, as writers of realism, have been able to express and depict the poverty and problems of the people and their struggle to continue poetry. Manuscript profile -
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32 - Comparative Study on Decoding of Colors in “The Blind Owl” and “The Body of Farhad” Novels
Fatemeh Elhami Fatemeh QarlaqiThe element of color is a widespread component of our tangible world and is known as common language of people of the world as the music does. Colors almost own symbolic concepts and their representation in literary works is undeniable. Literary works creators hav MoreThe element of color is a widespread component of our tangible world and is known as common language of people of the world as the music does. Colors almost own symbolic concepts and their representation in literary works is undeniable. Literary works creators have enjoyed colors according to their lives environments, believes and interests; hereby many mysteries and secrecies and even social conditions of author’s era as well as their spiritual and mental status could be discovered. In contemporary fictional literature specifically in “The Blind Owl” by Hedayat and “The Body of Farhad” by Ma’roufi colors have distinctive position because of theme, structure and complicated language which is between dream and reality. The present article intends to prevail better understanding of intricate and ambiguous content by comparative study of colors in the abovementioned works. Sadeq Hedayat and Abbas Ma’roufi stayed away from superficial readers by applying colors’ symbolic language. Authors’ mental and conceptual could be discovered and understood by studying the frequency of colors in their works. Hidden meanings of more and less frequent colors in the mentioned works include both negative and positive concepts and meanings. Manuscript profile -
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33 - THE WORKS OF SADEGH CHUBAK AND THE HOW HE WAS AFFECTED BY THE WORKS OF ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY
Leila Hashemian Shahin EslamiSadegh Chubak as one of the greatest short story writers like Jalal Ale Ahmad and Sadegh Hedayat has made attempts in the promotion of simple writing and breaking the tradition of eloquence inherited from the past literature. He is a realist writer and hi MoreSadegh Chubak as one of the greatest short story writers like Jalal Ale Ahmad and Sadegh Hedayat has made attempts in the promotion of simple writing and breaking the tradition of eloquence inherited from the past literature. He is a realist writer and his stories include realities which familiarize the reader with the situation in the 14th century. His style of writing reminds the reader of the 20th century American writers in spite of having independency and being unique. The present article tries to show how Saegh Chubakhas been affected by Ernest Miller Hemingway the creator of the beautiful novel “The Old Man and The Sea” and the winner of the Nobel Prize. Manuscript profile -
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34 - Comparative Study on Magical Realism in Saedi and Márquez works
Arash Moshfeqi Elham AlaviThe present paper intends to study the elements of magical realism in Gholam Hossein Sa'edi and Gabriel García Márquez's works comparatively. Saedi – one of Iran's famous contemporary literary men in the field of story writing. Gabriel García MoreThe present paper intends to study the elements of magical realism in Gholam Hossein Sa'edi and Gabriel García Márquez's works comparatively. Saedi – one of Iran's famous contemporary literary men in the field of story writing. Gabriel García Márquez is also the one whose name is linked with magical realism and is known as avant-garde in the mentioned literature. Both authors have left similar works in this genre in which both can be seen bitter, morbid as well as satirist and nihilist. Manuscript profile -
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35 - A Study on Surrealism School and its Manifestations in Qeysar Aminpour’s Poetry
Asgar Babazadeh Aqdam Yaqoub NorouziSurrealists believe in "automatic writing" and think that the poet must disturb his senses and recite poetry in a state of ecstasy and unconsciousness. They care about dreams and a work of art should be a dream from their viewpoint. They attribute surrealism charac MoreSurrealists believe in "automatic writing" and think that the poet must disturb his senses and recite poetry in a state of ecstasy and unconsciousness. They care about dreams and a work of art should be a dream from their viewpoint. They attribute surrealism characteristics to objects and phenomena. In the contemporary period, Persian literature was also influenced by this school by European literature and the poets of the poetic currents "New Wave" and "Spacementalism" were influenced by the opinions of the poets of this school. In addition to these two currents, independent poets such as Sepehri have been influenced by this school and have introduced the special tricks and in their poetry and have written poetry in accordance with the accepted theories of this school. In Qeysar's poetry, there are some splendors of the influence of this school, and in the present article, examples of this influence have been mentioned, studied and analyzed. Although Qeysar is not a surrealist poet, the influence of this school on some of his poems is undeniable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Cognitive status of Qur'anic stories in the language of religion in Allameh Tabatabai
Arezu Zarezadeh babak abbasi alireza darabiSome scholars believe religious propositions do not describe objective facts and are not meaningful. So, religious stories do not refer to reality but are told for other reasons and practical aspects are important. Major Islamic thinkers such as Allameh Tabatabai believ MoreSome scholars believe religious propositions do not describe objective facts and are not meaningful. So, religious stories do not refer to reality but are told for other reasons and practical aspects are important. Major Islamic thinkers such as Allameh Tabatabai believe in the cognitive dignity of the language of religion. Allameh Tabatabai believes religious propositions are considered meaningful and real, and Qur'anic stories are among the historical propositions that have been expressed as news of past truths or allegories of the true type. This article answers a main question with a descriptive-analytical method: According to Allameh Tabatabai, what is the status of Quranic stories in the language of religion? In order to answer this main question, after examining the cognitive status of the language of religion from the perspective of Islamic and Western thinkers, Allameh Tabatabai's views on the cognitive status of the language of religion in the Qur'anic stories are discussed. Manuscript profile -
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37 - Comparative Study on Critical Realism in French and Arabic Contemporary Novels
Peyman Salehi Malek Abdi Parvin Khalili Afsaneh JarastCritical realism school which explains and expresses the fact of a society was initially manifested in France. Since this school mostly manifested in novels in one hand and Naguib Mahfouz – founder of Egypt modern novelist – and Romain Rolland – famous MoreCritical realism school which explains and expresses the fact of a society was initially manifested in France. Since this school mostly manifested in novels in one hand and Naguib Mahfouz – founder of Egypt modern novelist – and Romain Rolland – famous French writer – had critical realism method in fictional literature on the other hand, the present paper studies the critical realism process in "Palace Walk" by Naguib Mahfouz and "Pierre et Luce" by Romain Rolland in descriptive – analytical method. Both are the novels based on France and Egypt's events during 1914 to 1919 – years of World War I. Manuscript profile -
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38 - A Study on Critical Realism Manifestation in Resistance Poetries by Majid Al-Barghouthi
Katayoun Fallahi Masoud Bavan Pouri Parvin KhaliliRealism is in fact the real life drama of human society and surveying the existing facts and issues. In the present world, most of poets and authors of realism – critical school have studied colonialist countries such as the United States and Zionist Regime to exp MoreRealism is in fact the real life drama of human society and surveying the existing facts and issues. In the present world, most of poets and authors of realism – critical school have studied colonialist countries such as the United States and Zionist Regime to express their despoilment which caused to create valuable artistic and literary works. The mentioned issue became more remarkable in Arabic contemporary literature after Palestine concern and has affected many contemporary poets. One of those contemporary poets was Majid Al-Barghouthi who was familiar with western language and culture and critical realism manifests in his works notably. He was fan of Islamic nation and government which were oppressed by the United States and Zionist Regime. The present paper intends to study the manifestation of social – critical realism in resistance poetry with descriptive – analytical method. The results show that he surveyed the political, historical, social and cultural aspects of Palestine's poverty, prisoners and homeless' pain and suffer. Manuscript profile -
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39 - The Reverberation of Eastern Mysticism and the Reverberation of Western Surrealism in the Poetry of Sohrab Sepehri
Mehrdad Aghaei Fazel Abbaszadeh Susan GhayebzadehModern poetry is considered as a remarkable source for the imaginary and hyperreality world or what is called surrealism. Surrealism, with all its doubts and confusions, has influenced literature in such a way that it has turned the East like the West like a devastating MoreModern poetry is considered as a remarkable source for the imaginary and hyperreality world or what is called surrealism. Surrealism, with all its doubts and confusions, has influenced literature in such a way that it has turned the East like the West like a devastating flood and influenced whole world. Sohrab Sepehri, an Iranian poet, painter, and naturalist, during his travels to the East and the West, as well as his acquaintance with Eastern mysticism and the schools of Western literature caused surrealistic inspirations appear in his poetry. This article while introducing the school of surrealism examines its features in Sepehri's poem "Sedaye Paye Ab". According to the evidence in this famous poem, it was concluded that Sepehri in his poetic style in " Sedaye Paye Ab" has influenced many surrealist principles and foundations and entered the realm of hyperrealities that even Westerners themselves have not acquired it. The purpose of this research is to draw the real world with hyperreality language and to reach the supreme truth through mental and spiritual affairs, using the school of surrealism in this work of the mentioned poet. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Realism in Nizar Qabani’s Political Poems
Hussein Shamsabadi Mahdi Shahrokh Asghar Molavi NafchiNizar Qabani, a great modern Arab poet, is best known for his poetry on women and politics. However in his political poems there are some conspicuous realistic veins which reflect the special effects of geography, customs, religion, traditions, and though MoreNizar Qabani, a great modern Arab poet, is best known for his poetry on women and politics. However in his political poems there are some conspicuous realistic veins which reflect the special effects of geography, customs, religion, traditions, and thought across the Arab world on Realism as a literary school. The mission of Arabic literature is to reflect the realities of Arab societies, which are partly different from their western counterparts naturally due to their peculiar characteristics Manuscript profile -
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41 - Innovation of Yousof Edris in short story
Hasan Majidi Mohammad Amin Roodini Ayeshe BeganjiThe revolution of 1919 and its positive and negative results reflex on the story’s form and subject. In this period, people were interested to draw events and reflect political and social events of society in their works. They want no more to see their desired MoreThe revolution of 1919 and its positive and negative results reflex on the story’s form and subject. In this period, people were interested to draw events and reflect political and social events of society in their works. They want no more to see their desired world in phantom and dream, because their information to problems of society had increased and they had acquired sufficient statement ability and self- confidence. Yusof Edris is one who his stories is showing the periodُ s literary and social particulars. He was known as literary Innovator with effecting from environment and translated stories of West and with creating stories by novel method and subjects. . Tendency of Yusof Edris is real. He has gone various processes noticed from society changes i. e. his realistic manner have also changed on the spur of the Societyُ s conditions which are these stages in order: Romance realism, critical realism, cryptic realism… Manuscript profile -
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42 - An Analysis of the Epistemological and Ontological Foundations of Moral Realism from the View of Avicenna
Leili Heydarian Enshaallah Rahmati Jamshid Jalali SheyjaniThe purpose of the present research is to explain the ideas of Avicenna in terms of epistemological and ontological foundations of moral realism. Realism in ethics denotes the objectivity of moral propositions. The statement of the problem in this research is to classif MoreThe purpose of the present research is to explain the ideas of Avicenna in terms of epistemological and ontological foundations of moral realism. Realism in ethics denotes the objectivity of moral propositions. The statement of the problem in this research is to classify the ideas of Avicenna about principles of realism and whether his renowned moral propositions follow the same principles as those mentioned in moral realism. For Avicenna, moral realism is defined based on the essence of moral propositions such as good and evil. In this view, good and evil is specified for the soul as a creature whose excellence and prosperity is a real issue. The research results show that from the view of Avicenna, the relationship between moral subjects and propositions such as good and evil is specified based on the popularity of moral propositions and the scholars' ideas in the community. Manuscript profile -
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43 - Concept of Security in Theory (Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Criticism)
shahram askari hesn Ebrahim Anoosheh niloofarsadat emraniAbstract The present research aims to analyze the concept of security in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Critical theories over the past time periods and the process of traditional theories development hitherto. Thinkers and politicians in particular conjecture MoreAbstract The present research aims to analyze the concept of security in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Critical theories over the past time periods and the process of traditional theories development hitherto. Thinkers and politicians in particular conjecture strongly that the traditional concept of security is the purpose of the states, first and foremost, for their protection and survival in utmost self-help. The approach towards the element of security exists in the form of traditional assumptions of international relations steeped in military nature, military equipment and the dominant pessimistic perception. Thereupon achievement of absolute security has been prevailed among traditional theories, but the researcher believes that as the time goes by, Liberalism dominates and then subjectivist approaches develop, therefore the fixed meaning of security defined in terms of traditions and Realism no longer exists. Thus the concept of security undergoes changes when redefined. Meanwhile, its scope of meaning has been broadened in the form of different new concepts. By investigating the topics and opinions of the above four approaches thinkers as well as the data and the findings, this study aims to answer the following question, “To what extent has the concept of security undergone changes in the course of development of these four approaches? The provisional answer indicates that security in these approaches encompassing different ontology and epistemology methodologies in the course of time includes a variety of subject areas from new subjects with different interpretations. Manuscript profile -
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44 - A Study of the Context and Dimensions of New Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Mahdi Javdani Moghadam Hamed HariforushThe Mideast developments that began in 2011 when public uprising of Tunisia erupted and spread across other nations in the region triggered remarkable changes to emerge in socio-political structures in some Middle Eastern nations. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia, having t MoreThe Mideast developments that began in 2011 when public uprising of Tunisia erupted and spread across other nations in the region triggered remarkable changes to emerge in socio-political structures in some Middle Eastern nations. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia, having traditional royal regime found itself seriously exposed to damage caused by a surge of seeking changes in two areas of indoors and outdoors Saudi Arabia considering the mission it had defined as leader of Muslim World for itself as well as for perpetuating and expanding its influence in the region showed new and different reaction to the Mideast developments. This country that known after adopting conservative foreign policy tried, by taking invasive approach, to maintain its benefits, expand its influence in the region and preserve its position as leader of Muslim World. Although this invasive policy has similar nature in different nations including Syria, Bahrain, Yemen and Egypt, it pursues various behavioral methods and models. The main question this article raises is “what are the most important effective variables effective on change of conservative approach into invasive one in Saudi’s foreign policy?” The findings of this research conducted analytically and descriptively showed generation change of ruling elites, Saudi-U.S decline during Obama administration, weakening of U.S hegemony and balance of power change after Arabia spring and strengthened Iran’s power and resistance forces in the region have led Saudi’s foreign policy towards complicated approach of interaction and confrontation in line with strengthened role and expanded influence of Saudi Arabia and confrontation with expanding influence of Iran in the region. Manuscript profile -
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45 - A Comparative Study of Islamic and Realistic Approaches to International Theories (A Case Study: Balance of Powers)
Seeros khandan Merdad Alhpour Rashid RekabianThe purpose of the present study is to answer this basic question that from the perspective of methodology, ontology, and epistemology, what is the approach of either idealistic or Islamic theory to the balance of power in the realm of international relations? The metho MoreThe purpose of the present study is to answer this basic question that from the perspective of methodology, ontology, and epistemology, what is the approach of either idealistic or Islamic theory to the balance of power in the realm of international relations? The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that since the Islamic approach emphasizes on value and ethical issues, contrary to other macro international schools specially realism that is utilitarian and power-centered, therefore it can be stated that the Islamic approach to the subject of power equilibrium in the international realm is peaceful and at the same time against hegemony and political domination. The results of the study showed that Islam as a global religion has a special approach to the essence of international relations that is different from realism. The existing schools in international relations have different ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations that determine their approach to the international system and as a result their viewpoint about the essence of international relations is distinct from each other. From anthropological view, the epistemological approach of the Islamic theory to international relations is not as pessimist as realism, but rather it maintains that human essence is a combination of instinct and nature, religious politics, and the theory of divine government so the overriding principle in international relations is the nobility of peace. The most important distinction between the Islamic and realistic approach to international relations lie in the epistemological foundations of the Islamic theory by which it could have represented an interpretation of the essence of international relations that corresponds more to the realities in the world. Manuscript profile -
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46 - The U.S Foreign Policy against Iran during the Presidency of Obama and Trump (Based on Mearsheimer's Offensive Realism and Walitz's Defensive Realism)
Hasan Abediny koshkuieh Hossein Masoudnia Mahnaz GoodarziThe purpose of the present research is to explain and clarify the factors and components effective on the U.S foreign policy against Iran during the presidency of Obama and Trump as a period replete with fluctuations. The research method was descriptive-analytic with re MoreThe purpose of the present research is to explain and clarify the factors and components effective on the U.S foreign policy against Iran during the presidency of Obama and Trump as a period replete with fluctuations. The research method was descriptive-analytic with respect to the systematic review of Obama's and Trump's behavior based on defensive and offensive realism. The U.S foreign policy would be explained based on its security approach to Iran's nuclear activities and regional behaviors involving components such as the character of Arabic-Hebraic lobbies and cabinet members. Obama's foreign policy against Iran relying on the approach of interaction and pressure (intelligent power) was successful whereas Trump's foreign policy failed with respect to its offensive nature and the gap among western countries. Therefore, it can be concluded that both of the presidents attempted to challenge the Islamic Republic of Iran's interests by creating political and economic crises and military threats in internal and external aspects. Obama could restrain Iran's nuclear activities by reaching a nuclear agreement but Trump by withdrawing the nuclear deal, not only could not sustain Obama's achievements but also almost failed to restrain Iran to provide the U.S national interests. Manuscript profile -
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47 - Foregrounds of Religious Democracy and Transcendental Theosophy and Islamic Revolution Relationship
Sharif Lakzaei نجمه کیخاOne of the most important foregrounds of religious democracy lie within a comprehensive look taken at the current knowledge with particular emphasis on the Islamic philosophy. The question posed is that whether transcendental theosophy as philosophical school can provid MoreOne of the most important foregrounds of religious democracy lie within a comprehensive look taken at the current knowledge with particular emphasis on the Islamic philosophy. The question posed is that whether transcendental theosophy as philosophical school can provide such foreground for religious democracy. It is claimed that one can say this is possible in transcendental theosophy thanks to the existing evidence and reasons. Henceforth, it is said that transcendental theosophy philosophically supports the Islamic revolution. In this regard, several points need to be mentioned: incorporated theory, practice, idealism and realism, considering means, assumptions, presumptions and having necessary freedom and courage to express views and free thinking, emphasizing on having philosophical understanding and attitude as conceptual enterprise of objective and pragmatic measures and that politics and government cannot get through what is going on in the community; in this case it is affected by social and mental streamlines. These topics are dealt with in this article with the approach that by taking a comprehensive look with a philosophical and theosophical enterprise, religious democracy theory can be underlined. Besides, this point is insisted that philosophical and theosophical approach cannot and must not be neglected while considering the above topics. The last part of discussion centers upon issues of public opinion and Islamic revolution and transcendental theosophy relationship. Manuscript profile -
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48 - Realist Indigenousness in the Southern Climate (Case Study: Ahmad Mahmoud's Novel "The Story of a City")
mojtaba jafarikardgar fatemeh heydariRealism means realism, and its purpose is to show the real, objective, and external world, and to narrate and analyze phenomena, looking at cause and effect through a precise recreation of the details of life in a specific sense to refer to the nineteenth-century French MoreRealism means realism, and its purpose is to show the real, objective, and external world, and to narrate and analyze phenomena, looking at cause and effect through a precise recreation of the details of life in a specific sense to refer to the nineteenth-century French literary movement. General refers to a literary style that still persists in fiction.One of the school's most iconic manifestations is "Climate Story," which is often realistic in nature, as evidenced by the fact that the main raw materials and foundations in the construction and weaving of a literary work go back to the author's climatic origins.Among Iranian novelists, Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers whose novels encounter high frequencies of realist authors. As one of the most influential figures in the advancement of climate literature, he has published most of his novels, especially The Story of a City, in a completely indigenous geography under the school of realism.With a descriptive-analytical approach, this research introduces practical issues in the field of realism and explores how to reflect the components of indigenous realism in the southern climate in the novel in the two fields of structure (form) and content. The findings show that Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the most realistic climbers in the world due to his great interest in history and mentioning the realities of modern society, as well as his prejudiced love and attachment to the south and climatic manifestations. Manuscript profile -
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49 - From Postmodernism to Neo-realism in Julian Barnes’ Flaubert Parrot and The Only Story
Masoumeh Bakhtiari Leila Baradaran Jamili Bahman ZaarinjooeeAs a dominant tradition in writing, postmodernism was widely embraced during mid and late twentieth century. Many contemporary authors, and in particular some British authors, deemed postmodernism as alien to their own traditional modes of writing. Julian Barnes, the co MoreAs a dominant tradition in writing, postmodernism was widely embraced during mid and late twentieth century. Many contemporary authors, and in particular some British authors, deemed postmodernism as alien to their own traditional modes of writing. Julian Barnes, the contemporary British author who once hailed postmodernism in his writings critically challenged and opposed it. The present research is an attempt to critically and analytically investigate this shift from his postmodern work Flaubert Parrot, to his more recent neo-realistic work The Only Story through the lens of Jacques Ranciere. The main hypothesis is that the late Barnes has truly grasped the dynamic of author-subject as indicated in his return to neo-realism from Postmodern grand narrative. To accomplish this goal the researchers have employed some of Ranciere’s concepts including ‘politics of aesthetics,’ ‘regimes of art,’ ‘distribution and redistribution of sensible’ to scrutinize the causes of this shift and his return to more essentialist and humanistic modes of thought and writing Manuscript profile -
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50 - Checking the "title" in the poems of Ali Baba chahi from Realism to Postmodernism
Ali Mohammadi tahereh ghasemiIranian Contemporary poetry has undergone various developments and has undergone various currents. One of these poetic currents created in the 70th decades is the postmodern poetry that has been developing along with other new trends since the beginning 70th decades to MoreIranian Contemporary poetry has undergone various developments and has undergone various currents. One of these poetic currents created in the 70th decades is the postmodern poetry that has been developing along with other new trends since the beginning 70th decades to the present day, Ali Baba chahi, a contemporary poet and critic, entered the postmodern poetry by nam nam baran, and aghl azabam midahad. At first he started the work of a poet under influenced by Nima and his followers, whose realism and objectivism formed the basis of their work. But gradually, the course of his poetry evolved, and along of this transformation, the titles of his poems also undergone a transformation. In this article, we are looking at the titles of Ali Baba Chahi's poetry from the modernism to postmodernism. If the course of the title of his poetry was examined from the beginning, when he was following Nima until his second poetry era, the postmodern period, we would notice the major changes to these titles. The writers' effort in this study is to answer these questions, what is the quality of relationship between the title of Ali Baba Chahi's lyrics and the lyrics of his poems and is it possible to track and follow his thought and mentality from modernism to postmodernism by the titles of his poetry? Manuscript profile -
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51 - Explanation of the literary characteristics of the school of minimalism in the poems of Shafiei Kadkani
Seyydeh zahra Rouhani Shahin Ojaqalizadeh Fatemeh EmamiMinimalism art school as one of the literary schools deals with the expression of short story situations in prose texts. With the development of diverse approaches to poetic relations and relationships in society, this school also significantly demonstrated itself in po MoreMinimalism art school as one of the literary schools deals with the expression of short story situations in prose texts. With the development of diverse approaches to poetic relations and relationships in society, this school also significantly demonstrated itself in poetry. Therefore, it is not only possible to discover examples of it in poetry, but it is also possible to achieve the glory of a story content presented in a concise verbal form in a short theme. In the present research, descriptive-analytical method and library method (studies of books and theses) have been utilized to clarify the concepts. Taking into account the current research and reflecting on Shafiei Kadkani's poems, it can be noticed that his poetry, in addition to holding content values and values and expressing teachings, opens a political and social moral chapter to the study of minimal poetry, which is worthy of reflection. The single character of time and limited space, realist tendency and the expression of human concerns, which are minimal components, have a strong presence in his poetry. Hence, in the present study, we aim to criticize his poems and thoughts based on the extensive relationships and relations of minimalism and its numerous characteristics, which examples such as minimalism simplicity and avoidance, and the challenges and concerns of contemporary man are its most outstanding achievements. The findings of this research in Shafiei Kadkani's poems are indicative of the fact that the poems of Shafiei Kadkani strongly tend to be small in volume, to be minimalism, to avoid linguistic distortions, to turn to realism, and to express attractive and refreshing thoughts. This research seeks to investigate the effect and position of minimal in the poems of the prominent contemporary poet Shafiei Kadkani. Manuscript profile -
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52 - Comparing the Life of Sadegh Hedayat and the Works of Sohrab Sepehri
Farhad TahmasebiDDOODDOO Manuscript profile -
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53 - Critical Realism in Simin Daneshvar’s Sovashoun
Fateme Mohseni -
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54 - A social criticism of Ali Ashraf Darvishian’s novel titled ‘‘Cloudy Years”
abdolhossin farzad saba Pejmanfar -
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55 - The Comparative Comparing of the Presence of Love in the Poems of Shams Langeroudi and Ghadat Al-Saman
Marjan Rezataji -
Open Access Article
56 - Woman in Iranian Realism Relying on the Novel (Missing Soluch)
marzieh abyar qamsari reza shajari Alireza Fouladi Abdolhossein FarzadThe attitudes, approaches, and ideological, cultural, and social requirements of each society in the cultural-artistic exchanges between different societies lead to change, evolution in the cultural-artistic components of the exchange. Iranian cultural-social beliefs, i MoreThe attitudes, approaches, and ideological, cultural, and social requirements of each society in the cultural-artistic exchanges between different societies lead to change, evolution in the cultural-artistic components of the exchange. Iranian cultural-social beliefs, in the early period of Westernization of Iranians' intellectual - after adopting the school of Western realism from Western literature - made fundamental changes to the principles and norms of this literary school that eventually reproduced it as an independent school with a purely Iranian method and with specific Iranian components, to the extent that The term (Iranian realism) can be considered appropriate for this school. This research, based on qualitative content analysis, examines (Woman in Iranian Realism) as one of the most important components of Iranian realism in the novel (Missing Soluch). In this research, the challenges facing the Iranian woman and her personality dimensions in the family is categorized as headings and sub-sections, its different aspect and then evaluated in the novel. Also, in the process of this research, the author's attention and focus on the historical identity - The social status of Iranian women as a component of Iranian realism is explained and analyzed. Manuscript profile -
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57 - Identity of Realism and Iranian Constitution based on Poems by Farrokhi Yazdi and Aref Ghazvini
Parvaneh Ramezani reza forsati joybari hossein parsaeeiRealism is a literary school of thought, influencing, objective and external emerging in mid-19th century in France and spreading rapidly while attracting the poets, authors and artists toward itself. In Iran also, concurrent with the movement of the constitutionalists, MoreRealism is a literary school of thought, influencing, objective and external emerging in mid-19th century in France and spreading rapidly while attracting the poets, authors and artists toward itself. In Iran also, concurrent with the movement of the constitutionalists, some transformations occurred in the elements of Iranian identity bestowing in terms of identity and the poets and authors paid attention to their national identity and the decline and retardation of their country. Farrokhi Yazdi and Aref Gazvini the revolutionary poets of this era, strongly inclined to liberation and supporting the laborers and farmers, they’ve demonstrated their attention to the status of the country. Applying content analysis method, (Descriptive- Analytical) the present study aims to analyze and outline the extent of the focus on the identity components of the revolutionary realism in the poems of the constitution Era realist two poets. For this reason, the identity components of realism their poetry has been analyzed. The present study findings indicated that Farrokhi Yazdi focused particularly on the branches and components of revolutionary realism and through benefitting from various representations of ritual (Islamic) and national perseverance literature, constitution Era realist poets encourages theire audience to fighting and opposition. Manuscript profile -
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58 - Realism in Jalal Al-e Ahmad’s Fiction
Reza Sadeghi Shahpar Safoura Shafa’i -
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59 - Differences between European Realism and Iranian Realism
Malihe Jafari Langroudi -
Open Access Article
60 - Lukacs's realism in Harun Hashim Rashid's poetry
Sakineh Hosseini Mojtaba Emranipoor Feysal SayhiThe sociology of literature portraits the dual relationship between society and literary work as a social document. This science attracted the attention of George Lukac and his literary criticism was influential in the formation of the basis of literary sociology. His c MoreThe sociology of literature portraits the dual relationship between society and literary work as a social document. This science attracted the attention of George Lukac and his literary criticism was influential in the formation of the basis of literary sociology. His critical theory has three characteristics: true realism, critical realism and popularism. So, this research tries to criticize Harun Hashem's poetry based on Georg Lukács' theory of realism, which is rooted in Marxist dialectics. He seeks to bond his suffering with the reality of life. The results indicated that Rashid describes his mind through the reality and conveys whatever in his environment faithfully and criticizes the contradictions and social challenges of his homeland logically and consciously. In parts of his poems, he exposed and discussed the policies of the colonial governments and their supporters and the Arab rulers for interfering in the affairs of their people affairs and supporting Israel, and he considered them the main cause of these hardships. He showed the effect of these issues on the life of his people, the followers of his poems understand that adheres to issues that serve the people. Manuscript profile -
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61 - A Study of the Aspects of Realism in Shahla Al-Ajili's novel " Saif ma al-Adu "
Maryam Akbari MousaabadiRealism as a literary school was formed in the nineteenth century, is not a decal of reality, because it shows the reality through the artist's consciousness, so the difference between realism and romanticism is revealed, romanticism expresses the mentality of the artis MoreRealism as a literary school was formed in the nineteenth century, is not a decal of reality, because it shows the reality through the artist's consciousness, so the difference between realism and romanticism is revealed, romanticism expresses the mentality of the artist, while consciousness is different from subjectivism, and according to Lucien Goldman's theory, is the embodiment of a perspective in accordance with the perspective of some people. Elements of realism include objectivism, representation of contemporary life, typology, and the illusion of reality. The novel "Saif ma al-Adu", which has been studied analytically, is a realistic novel; That depicts the contemporary life in al-Raqqa over three generations, depicted in three women, a grandmother, a mother and a daughter. Lamis, the main character, a forty-year-old woman, took refuge in Germany after the war, now narrates the events of the past, therefore, the image she paints is real and the result of lived experience. Although all elements play a role in the realism of the text, characters, themes, and descriptions of places and objects play a greater role. Finally, the author has been able to make the story believable to the reader, creating an object-oriented picture of the lives of community-derived characters. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Study Grotesque Examples in the novel Parse dar khāke gharibe (Wandering in a Strange Land) by Ahmad Dehghan
Zahra Motiei Fatemeh HeydariThe grotesque is an artistic and literary concept by which artists and literary men to evoke simultaneously heterogeneous and contradictory feelings in the addressee. The author creates a strange feeling to the verge of laughter, fear and disgust due to the heterogeneou MoreThe grotesque is an artistic and literary concept by which artists and literary men to evoke simultaneously heterogeneous and contradictory feelings in the addressee. The author creates a strange feeling to the verge of laughter, fear and disgust due to the heterogeneous and heterogeneous characteristics such as inconsistency, horror, ridicule, disgust, exaggeration and abnormality. It is the satire of this distressed and unhappy world, though it can create joy, but its bitterness is felt in the addressee after receiving the subject. In this research, the examples of grotesque in the novel Parse dar khāke gharibe (Wandering in a Strange Land) written by Ahmad Dehghan is studied in a descriptive-analytical way. In this realistic novel, a part of the operations of the holy defense era in Iraq is narrated with a critical look, and the author by use of elements of tone and dialogue, and application of similes and metaphors in the atmosphere and situation of the war, which contain tragic scenes and events, created grotesque examples and portrayed bitter events from this perspective. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Realism in Contemporary Fiction: A Case study of Pāiyz fasl-e āxare sāl ast (Fall Is the Last Season of the Year) by Nasim Marashi
Zarrin Taj Parhizkar Mahdiyeh KarimiThe realism originated from the need felt by the philosophers, artists, and writers to reflect the realities of human life and to discover and describe the relationships between world phenomena. In literature this exploration and description takes place through the rela MoreThe realism originated from the need felt by the philosophers, artists, and writers to reflect the realities of human life and to discover and describe the relationships between world phenomena. In literature this exploration and description takes place through the relations between characters and their relations with realistic components. The main issue in the present paper is how the components of the school of realism appear in the novel Pāiyz fasl-e āxare sāl ast (Fall Is the Last Season of the Year), as an example of contemporary fiction. Using descriptive analytical method and with the aim of influencing the realist components in the success of the novel, the authors succeeded in recognizing five realistic components such as content, political, social and economic situations, structure of the work and impartiality of the author in this work. The results of the research show that the realist components in this novel have been used as social realism in expressing important issues in the life of women in the society and as psychoanalytic realism in analyzing the behavior of characters and it has been used to a very small extent as black realism in the society in the issues of certain groups. Manuscript profile -
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64 - The Influence of the Real Characters in imārat-e- yaqubiān (The Yacoubian Building) on ʽalā al-Aswani on the Basis of Mimesis and Representation Theory: A Case Study of Zaki al-Dusuqi
Azam Bibak Sayyed Ebrahim Arman Ataollah Koopalimārat-e- yaqubiān (The Yacoubian Building) is one of the novels of ʽalā al-Aswani, a contemporary Egyptian writer, best known for its critical view of Egyptian society and government. He wrote the novel in 2002 after the name of a so called building. The protagonists o Moreimārat-e- yaqubiān (The Yacoubian Building) is one of the novels of ʽalā al-Aswani, a contemporary Egyptian writer, best known for its critical view of Egyptian society and government. He wrote the novel in 2002 after the name of a so called building. The protagonists of the novel are, in fact, the representatives of various groups of Egyptians people that al-Aswani explain their life events as a vehicle to explores the problems and difficulties of contemporary Egyptian society. This article is based on the theory of mimesis (mohākāt). According to this theory the evaluation of literary work depends on the degree of its power to reflect the surrounding realities and the degree of its honesty in showing what is reflected. Because the art is based on assimilation and impression, and the artist's function is to tell the truth accompanied with the imagination. In this research, the similarities and differences between the fictional character, Zaki al-Dusuqi and the real character, Zaki Rostam, is studied. Its most important outcome is that Al-Aswani in creating Zaki al-Dusuqi, the fictional character, has been greatly impressed from the life of Zali Rostam, the famous Egyptian artist, of his personality, living place, family background, father's socio-political status, lifestyle and financial abilities can be mentioned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Characterization in The Star of August by Sonallah Ibrahim
Khalil Parvini Kobra Roshanfekr Alireza KaheAfter the movements that Egypt witnessed in the second half of twentieth century, realist novelists tried to depict the realities of the society with new perspectives and used a new structural pattern in their writings. With this regard the role of character which has a MoreAfter the movements that Egypt witnessed in the second half of twentieth century, realist novelists tried to depict the realities of the society with new perspectives and used a new structural pattern in their writings. With this regard the role of character which has a determining factor in realist novels went through changes concerning characterization and depicting their temperament in novels with the neorealist approach. Sonallah Ibrahim is one of the most prominent authors of the 60’s with neorealist approach evident in his works. The novel The Star of August (1974) is an example of his efforts to diverge from the common styles of characterization of that time. In this novel there is no trace of Hero in the traditional sense and style and the main character of the novel is an ordinary person who has no fame. The minor characters of the story also are all static till the end of the story and they are introduced only by name or job. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Magical Realism in Maden Al Malah's Abdurrahman Monif
reza nazemian yosra shadmanThe simplest definition that can be applied to magic realism is the accumulation of reality with magic, wander, hallucination and beyond. What it implies is that magical events happen in reality in a way that makes them look like being a part of reality.Lots of writers MoreThe simplest definition that can be applied to magic realism is the accumulation of reality with magic, wander, hallucination and beyond. What it implies is that magical events happen in reality in a way that makes them look like being a part of reality.Lots of writers in Arabic countries found that area really appealing. Abdul Rahman Monif in novel like “maden Al Malah” has chosen the style of magic realism.Considering magic realism, thought, magic, illusion, hallucination, symbol, sign, Sufis and Sufism, paradoxes, critical trends, writer‘s silence and his partiality towards magical occurrences are among its element that Has been studied in this article by Analytical descriptive method.This novel has been benefited from sociological influence, political issues, cultural backgrounds and critical views. Additionally Abdul Rahman Monif was impartial toward all unrealistic events around his and he does not any judgments. And In the magical realism fiction style, the author does not react to unrealistic and imaginary incidents and he does not even provide any explanations. So the reader believes in and accepts all unrealistic incidents. Also the author has succeeded with combination of magic with reality to express what goes on inside about Political and social and economic theorems with a cash approach. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Analytical Study of the Novel Snow Comes from the Window( Al – Salj Yaati men Al- Nafezah ) by Hanna Mina
Mohammad Hadi Moradi Mohsen khoshghamatHanna Mina is considered as one of the realist writers. He achieved fame in Syria By his first novel al-masabih al-zorq (1945) and in his later works introduced himself as a prolific and talented writer.He was different from the others because the subject of his n MoreHanna Mina is considered as one of the realist writers. He achieved fame in Syria By his first novel al-masabih al-zorq (1945) and in his later works introduced himself as a prolific and talented writer.He was different from the others because the subject of his novels was life problems and he believed that realism can embrace other literary schools such as Romanticism and Symbolism. This approach shows how he uses symbols and other modern techniques in his novels. The novel Snow Comes from the Window is the story of a hero who escapes from fight against tyranny at first but learns principles of fight at different stages and passes the steps of knowledge and her character grows from an ordinary to a revolutionary. This research intended to study the realistic approach of Hanna Mina and explores the implications of some inanimate objects in particular, the role of window in the development of the hero. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Comparing Characterization of women in stories of Chubak with stories of Daneshvar
mahmoud sadeghzadeh Maryam shamsSadegh Chubak(1377-1295) and Simin Daneshvar(1300) are among the most technical novelists with special style in south school, who each have addressed personalities ,characteristics and problems of women with Specific expression. in this quaere, while short introduction MoreSadegh Chubak(1377-1295) and Simin Daneshvar(1300) are among the most technical novelists with special style in south school, who each have addressed personalities ,characteristics and problems of women with Specific expression. in this quaere, while short introduction Daneshvar and Chubak's life and refer to kinds of story’s characters , through the reading and analysis of their fiction, has been tried to Review, compare and evaluation similarity aspects and difference methods of characterization, positive and negative attributes of women and their main components. quantitative results has been presented as charts and graphs too. Daneshvar has allocated more than 65 percent of her stories to the female’s character, And chubak has allocated 17 percent.has. Daneshvar has acted more realistic and natural in reconstruction and retrieve female character, while chubak (terms of Naturalistic perspective) has shown most detestable woman's face with reckless expression. Passive women in tight Hesar of inheritance, who are in Environmental determinism and instinct. Key words: Fiction, Sadegh Chubak, Simin Daneshvar, Characterization of women, Realism ,Naturalism. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Socialist realism in Neighbor and The story of a city by Ahmad Mahmoud
parvin zeinaliRealism is one of the literary criticisms in the world that has been engaging in ancient times in human thought. The processing of this thought began with Aristotle in the ancient times and so far this thought has continued with ups and downs. In the contemporary period MoreRealism is one of the literary criticisms in the world that has been engaging in ancient times in human thought. The processing of this thought began with Aristotle in the ancient times and so far this thought has continued with ups and downs. In the contemporary period in the nineteenth century in France and then in other countries a school and a movement was created that sought to consolidate the foundations of realism. ocialist Realism is one of the components of this school which became the focus of attention in Iran after the constitutional movement and became the basis for the formation of works including fictional literature with a social context. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the prominent writers of socialist realism in Iran whoalways tried to portray the external and internal motives of the characters in the personal and social life in fiction. The present paper seeks to analyze two of Ahmed Mahmoud's novels with neighbors' titles and the story of a city based on socialist realism and to show the agreement of the structural model of socialist realism with the novels of Ahmad Mahmoud. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Magical Realism in Gholam Reza Rezaei's stories
hossein khosravi azita gholigaleh amir hossein hematiImagination shows the half hidden reality that it is the truth and it is the material that is the creator of the marvelous world of literature, which allows it to better understand it through creative imagery by recreating the facts. The primitive regions of the South i MoreImagination shows the half hidden reality that it is the truth and it is the material that is the creator of the marvelous world of literature, which allows it to better understand it through creative imagery by recreating the facts. The primitive regions of the South in the climate stories show the effects of fear, loneliness and hideousness. Exotic beliefs, the economic and cultural poverty of people in remote and natural areas that are violent and scary, have made magical realism in the works of some writers. In this way, realism patterns collide with magic, illusion, and elements. In this mix, there is a combination of Reza'i stories that have an independent and separate character, and the dream and reality have become so widespread that the imagination of these events is genuinely real. In several works of Gholamreza Rezaei, we come up with stories that combine truth and delusion together so that the reader moves the sequence of time, but this feature has created a new and exciting quality. In thsis article, the reflection of magical realism in the collection of Reza's stories has been examined. Among the important features of Reza's stories can be say: Humor and fantasy, belief in strange beliefs, vagabond survivors' legends, incredible events, sudden fears and excitement. Manuscript profile -
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71 - Analyzing the Surrealist Components of mantegholteyr of Attar Neishabouri
hassan soltani kouhbanani sara hosseiniSurrealism emerged as a school of protest against the terrible and devastating consequences of World War It was, in fact, a reaction to the contemporary contemporary desperation of the rationalism and modern materialism of the modern age. Hence, a man drowned in the suf MoreSurrealism emerged as a school of protest against the terrible and devastating consequences of World War It was, in fact, a reaction to the contemporary contemporary desperation of the rationalism and modern materialism of the modern age. Hence, a man drowned in the sufferings of these years, seeing the best way to escape into the unconscious world, seeks to explore the unconscious and originality It gives rise to surrealism. Islamic mysticism is also a kind of intellectual and epistemological school that, in the path of the discovery of truth, trusts over the taste and illumination more than anything else, and defines the relationship between the Creator and the Creator through the passage from the same to the mind and from the sensible world to the transcendent world. mantegholteyr as one of the representatives of this method of thinking in his subcategories has signs and components of surrealism, which confirms the connection and solidarity of the two schools of thought, surrealism and mysticism, at least in their formal structure. The most important findings of this research are the shared aspects of this mystical work with surrealistic works that can be referred to as: Lamakani and Lazzmani, love, freedom, dreams and imagination, wonder and magic, madness and madness. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Surrealism and Iraqi’s Mysticism
yadolah bahmani ali akbar afrasiabpourSurrealism has principles similar to the principles of mysticism, which have become more prominent in the minds of some mystics, and Fakhreddin al-Iraqi, a great seventh-century Iranian poet and mystic, has never seen his poetry and prose from this perspective. And has MoreSurrealism has principles similar to the principles of mysticism, which have become more prominent in the minds of some mystics, and Fakhreddin al-Iraqi, a great seventh-century Iranian poet and mystic, has never seen his poetry and prose from this perspective. And has not been studied and compared in the form of new literary criticism. In this article, which is a library and descriptive-analytical method, after a new reading of the relationship between mysticism and surrealism, their commonalities in Iraqi works are drawn and followed. He had a school of beauty is beauty and love originality and cross-border element of imagination to reality and beauty entrepreneur knows, The escape from reason to intuition turns and speaks to the unconscious inner world like Shat'h and inspiration from the world of fantasy with interest that, in fact, offers a surrealistic images and in this study is comparable to the school ofFakher Iraqi al-Din Mysticism teachings is shown. Manuscript profile -
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73 - Magical Realism in Kurdish Chirok
Mousa Parnian Ata Almasi Mohammad Zahed Seyedy tabarKurdish Stories and Fictions are the reflections of a life of hardships and The ideals of people who have suffered a lot to survive their lives. The style of Kurdish Chirok (Fiction) is much like The narrative style found in magical realism since The imagination existi MoreKurdish Stories and Fictions are the reflections of a life of hardships and The ideals of people who have suffered a lot to survive their lives. The style of Kurdish Chirok (Fiction) is much like The narrative style found in magical realism since The imagination existing in The Fiction which is The common Feature between fiction and magical realism results in the break of causation chain in The narration of The Stories. This feature gives two common styles features such as removing The border between reality and imagination which in turn results in strange events, recognition of social and historical realities in fictions and magical realism. In that condition what is called"magic" in magic realism is located in the unlimited scope of reality representing a concrete concept. So, fiction could be a good place for strange event that have been linked to extra- reality this feature relaty fiction to new style of magical realism. The purpose of This study is to investigate the similarties and differences between Kurdish chiroks(fictions) and the new style of magical realism. Manuscript profile -
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74 - An Investigation on Reflection of Realism in Laahuti’s Poetry
Morteza Ruzzagh poor Somayye NoushabadiThe realism school is one of the most essential schools of art established in the middle of nineteenth century in France and developed rapidly. The abstaining of romantic im MoreThe realism school is one of the most essential schools of art established in the middle of nineteenth century in France and developed rapidly. The abstaining of romantic imagination and inspiration and paying attention to the reality of external world was the most essential elements of this school which attracted the poets, authors and artists. Accompanied with the constitutionalist’s activities in Iran, the poets and authors who tried to display the external realities and degeneration and retardation of the country applied this artistic insight, almost imperfectly, and they also employed it for revolutionary purposes. The age of constitution should be counted as the important moment of dragging the Persian poetry to the private life of people and the problems of society and in general total inclination to the realism. Among the poets, Abolghaasem- e-Laahuti, by intense tendency to the left proceeding, pays attention to the country`s circumstances. This paper tries to investigate Laahuti’s poetry to find the realistic elements in his poetry. Manuscript profile -
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75 - The Approach Of Revolutionist Romantism And Realism In Constitution ( By Reflection In Poems Of Farrokhi And Mirzade )
Parvane Ramezani Reza Jouibari Mehr Ali YazdanpanahMirzade Eshghi is one of poets that a great part of his literary works depends on the role of realism’s elements , so one of the effect of realism on his poem is revolutionist feature. Realism is also one of the most fundemental art school which developed quickly MoreMirzade Eshghi is one of poets that a great part of his literary works depends on the role of realism’s elements , so one of the effect of realism on his poem is revolutionist feature. Realism is also one of the most fundemental art school which developed quickly in the middle of nineteenth century Keeping away from fancy and paying attention to realities of life are it’s the most basic elements which absorbed many poets like Farrokhi. Explicitness, blame and revolutionist criticism of society were signs of farrokhi’s acute realism. This analytical – descriptive article , by elicitation and study of revolutionist concepts and rudeness criticism of society by the two great poets in their own poems , is concluded that revolutionist poets in constitution were to some extent neglected from their main Cultural mission , that were soft awareness of minds and creation of inner revolution. It seemed , all these poets’ attempts for constitution reinforcement were in oblivion for a while. These poets get involved in revolutionist movements with social rudeness and didn’t pay attention to cultural transition in society. It is obvious that in opportune rudeness not only serves the society but also leads to other rudeness. Therefore these societies need to cultural poets more than revolutionist poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Comparing Realistic and Modernistic Component Styles with Special Refrence to Ahmad Mahmoud and Mostafa Mostour Short Stories
Manouchehr Tashakori Parvin Golizade Nasrollah Emami Parvane HolousiIran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this regi MoreIran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this region’s writers utilize the God’s blessing in their works and with this method give their work a kind of style recognition. Actually Khuseztan as one of the most important poles for ecological literature in Iran after revolution and war sustained huge loss because of its writers’ immigration. Also according to political, economic, and social transition speed and as it follows cultural transformation in recent decades, the necessity of investigating these transitions, particularly in literature is sensed more than before. In glance to recent years’ fiction, distancing of this type of literature from realism school is evident and undeniable. It is incontrovertible that the old story writing methods are not responsive to the contemporary human’s mental requirements and psychotic difficulties also changing these methods seem inevitable. Concomitant with emergence of modern and postmodern art and literature in other countries, these literary works has attracted attention and was criticized and investigated. Unfortunately, in Iran critical and essential discussion has been seldom and has opened the arena for unprofessional and tactfully critiques. Therefore, the aim of the presented research is comparing the realism and modernism style constituents with emphasis on short stories of Ahmad Mahmoud and Moustafa Mastour. The research method is analytic-descriptive methodology. Manuscript profile -
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77 - Wandering island and realism school
Mahnaz Mohammad loo Najme NazariRealism meaning tend to real facts is a word that consider in the philosophy, art and literary. Literary realism criticizes and modify as a school with realism and out of siding characterize the facts of society. You see most of realism school features in the works of MoreRealism meaning tend to real facts is a word that consider in the philosophy, art and literary. Literary realism criticizes and modify as a school with realism and out of siding characterize the facts of society. You see most of realism school features in the works of most Iranian writers especially the first generation writers like Jallal Ale Ahmad, Ali Jamal Zadeh and Bozorg Alavi. Simin Daneshvar also is not exceptional as one of the prominent writers of this generation. Second novel of Daneshvar naming "Wandering island" is the first volume of the series of three volumes and is a realistic work in the field of social realism. Although the writer has atendency to simbolic realism by using symbols io ordet to talk about social and poletical lssnes. In this essay, realism aspects of "wandering island" in the two fields of form and structure is studied. For studying content Political issues - social, economic and cultural, the reflection life personal of the writer is studied. In form part the effects of realistic work and the elements like characterizing, language and tone, scene making and the way of narration, are discussed. Manuscript profile -
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78 - Khaja Nizam al-Molk and the Iranshahi Concept
Shoja Ahmadvand Ali SaediannejadThe Idea of Iranshahi was a collection of ideas about politics, in Anceint Iran, and was reproduced in the thought of the Islamic thinkers such as Khaja Nizam al-Molk. Due to its relationship with religion, politics acquired a sacred nature and the king, as the represen MoreThe Idea of Iranshahi was a collection of ideas about politics, in Anceint Iran, and was reproduced in the thought of the Islamic thinkers such as Khaja Nizam al-Molk. Due to its relationship with religion, politics acquired a sacred nature and the king, as the representative of God, was distinguished from other members of the society. The Shah had the special task of establishing order and justice. Historically, the first of this royal system was created by the Medes, and the Achaemenids presented it as a complete universal system. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to know how this type of politics is reproduced in the thought of Khaja Nizam al-Mulk Tusi, who was the prime inister of the Seljuk government for thirty years. The data of the article, has been analyzed with the Quentin Skinner hermenutics. In this method, we concentrate on both the text and the context. The finding of the research is that by policy of Iranshahi, Khaja was to establish a balanced government, in which ruler had to expand order and justice in the society in order to maintain and extend his power. The result of the article is that the Shah of Iran should be thinking of maintaining power through order, justice, and religion expansion, and it is only in this way that he can overcome various crises. Manuscript profile -
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79 - A comparative study of magic realism in stories of Alejo Carpentier and long novel "Rūzgār-i siparī shudah-ʼi mardum-i sālkhūrdah ” by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
Dr.Roghayeh Sadraei Magical realism, as a new style influenced by the West, especially Latin America, was introduced to world literature, but this fiction style is not only devoted to this region of the world, but also in the fiction literature of other countries, including Iran. Ac More Magical realism, as a new style influenced by the West, especially Latin America, was introduced to world literature, but this fiction style is not only devoted to this region of the world, but also in the fiction literature of other countries, including Iran. Accordingly, the main questions in this thesis are that what are the components of magical realism in the novels of «Ei reino de este mundo" and" le siecle des lumieres" from Aljo Carpentier as one of the pioneers of this style from the Latin American region and the valuable work by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, entitled"Rūzgār-i siparī shudah-ʼi mardum-i sālkhūrdah"? What are the factors influencing the material of these novels? The main purpose of this research is the comparative analysis of the components of magical realism in the selected works of these two writers which has been done by analytical-descriptive method. The result of this thesis shows that magical realism both in Latin America and in Iran has a passion for fans that have used this monument in their works. The two authors of the study, which have been studied in this study, both have used and applied the same types of magical realism style as their own unique works in their works. But the nature and form of these components, despite the similarity and classification of the same, have unique characteristics that derive from the native, cultural and living beliefs of the author. Also, the creatures, animals, and the supernatural and strange elements of these two writers have different perceptions. The state of affairs in spelling or spellbound spaces is more unpopular than the carpentry. Manuscript profile -
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80 - Comparative Socialist Realism in German and Russian Fiction
Mohammadamin Ehsani estahbanati As a literary or genre type, fiction is influenced by different political and social actions based on the content structure. The universal literature, after the World War II, had been placed in the instrumental role for advertising the redevelopment of the escala More As a literary or genre type, fiction is influenced by different political and social actions based on the content structure. The universal literature, after the World War II, had been placed in the instrumental role for advertising the redevelopment of the escalated societies. The socialist realism is based on the background of socialist community and forces’ description which are making society in the inner side. The realist socialist presents a correct historical image and drawing struggling effects of people’s lives, from the Marxist ideology and revere of anthropology. The present research aims to investigate the literary works of three German and Russian writers such as Anna Seghres, Christa Wolf and Mikhail Sholokhov from the socialist realism and its reflection in their own stories. Although these works are written in roughly different periods of time and have different themes, each one are somehow utilizing this basis in a various way. The results of this research which is conducted in descriptive-analytical and library-based data-mining, show that Michael Sholokhov performs indicating the ideals of communist government and utilizing the socialist realism components compared to the individualism and love notion in “the divided heaven” by Wolf and “The dead are remained young still” by Seghres as more potential Manuscript profile -
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81 - Critical Study and Analysis of the principles of Surrealism in Comparison With Anecdotes Junaid Baghdadi withEmphasis on the Memoirs of Attar's Tazkereh al-Awliya
Nasser Amir Mohammadi Nemat Esfahani Omran Hamid Tabasi Surrealism is a school founded by Andre Burton and his associates in the early twentieth century after World War I, causing murder, chaos, destruction and absurdism. Looking at the school of Surrealism and Islamic-Iranian mysticism, we find that the surrealist asp More Surrealism is a school founded by Andre Burton and his associates in the early twentieth century after World War I, causing murder, chaos, destruction and absurdism. Looking at the school of Surrealism and Islamic-Iranian mysticism, we find that the surrealist aspects and aspects did not appear after the founding of this school, but had a history in the oldest religious and mythological texts and in Iranian mysticism, especially Sufi and especially mystical literature. , But with fundamental differences, has existed. In mystical texts, especially memoirs, anecdotes have a narrative, imaginative and mental format; In such a way that they present surprising and astonishing events in a realistic context. For this reason, these anecdotes, due to their subconscious and dreamy form, correspond to the principles and foundations of surrealism, and also the surrealists emphasize the liberation from reason to reach the highest point of existence with the aim of the mystical path of mystics in which all multiplicities are united. Become, mistakenly considered one; Therefore, in the present descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to briefly apply the various surrealist elements and components in Junaid Baghdadi's anecdotes with emphasis on Attar's memoirs, and at the end, a brief critique and analysis of surreal metamaterial thinking And Farangar's thinking in Iranian mysticism should be presented. Manuscript profile -
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82 - Comparative study of magic from »Araf, Shoara, Taha» verses’ points of view by focusing on surrealism
Houra Habibi Dr.mohammadmahdi naderi ِDr,abolfazl ebrahimiozineh In this study, we conducted a comparative study of magic from »Quran«: »Araf , Shoara , Taha» verses’ points of view by focusing on surrealism and Although magic is the basis of all divine religions, »Quran« highlig More In this study, we conducted a comparative study of magic from »Quran«: »Araf , Shoara , Taha» verses’ points of view by focusing on surrealism and Although magic is the basis of all divine religions, »Quran« highlights its importance and possess specific perspective. In mystic literature, magic is an obvious consequence of austerity and hard work on mysticism and concentrating on surrealistic subconscious. This study used analytical-descriptive method along with mentioning to some samples from »Quran« and their resembalance to surrealism. Results showe's that: 1- magics, in both »Quran« and Surrealist, are considered as context that fosters people to some allegations, 2- culture of magic has an interweaving relationship with oracular and internal worlds. This study aimed at comparing both approaches and also providing systematic plan for implication of magic from »Quran« and surrealistic points of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - A Comparative Study of the Elements of Magical Realism in Fiction Moniroo ravanipour and Reza amirkhani
Dr.mandana alimi sara javid mozafari Magical realism or magical realism is a new way in the contemporary narrative of the world in which elements of reality and imagination are blended; this blend brings to the reader's wonder, and yet does not make In the natural course of the story a disorder or d More Magical realism or magical realism is a new way in the contemporary narrative of the world in which elements of reality and imagination are blended; this blend brings to the reader's wonder, and yet does not make In the natural course of the story a disorder or disorder is created. Among those who have used this method in Iran, are Maniro Rouhanipour and Reza Amirkhani. According to the research conducted, Maniro Psycho-Pourvaria Amirkhani has taken the most from the magical realism narrative method, including Social realism has also shown interest. One of the most important components of magical realism in the works of these two can be noted: the presence of magical elements, reality and imagination, mysterious atmosphere, the presence of spirits of the dead and the use of myths and stories The ancient South of Iran and attention to folk and superstitious beliefs and attention to social and political issues are one of the important components of magical realism in their works. The research method in this research is in terms of purpose, according to its nature, the type of theoretical research based on the study The library has been conducted and from the perspective of the research method, this research work is descriptive-analytical. The authors examine the components of magical realism in the works of these two writers and then adapt these components together. Manuscript profile -
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84 - Bush's Aggressive Foreign Policy and Obama's East Asia Rebalancing Strategy; Tactical Difference or Strategic Similarity
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Shayan Jozani Kohan Shahin Jozani KohanMohammad Reza Dehshiri[1] Shayan Jozani Kohan[2] Shahin Jozani Kohan[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power, Bush's multilateralism and aggressive foreign policy was converted to a "rebalancing" policy, in which US int­e­r­e­s­t­s were consi MoreMohammad Reza Dehshiri[1] Shayan Jozani Kohan[2] Shahin Jozani Kohan[3] Abstract: When Obama came to power, Bush's multilateralism and aggressive foreign policy was converted to a "rebalancing" policy, in which US int­e­r­e­s­t­s were considered more than any other issue. Obama's East Asia reb­al­a­n­c­i­n­g policy was pursued with the aim of redefining interests, threats and political, economic and military strategies. The question of the current paper is how were Bush's "aggressive foreign policy" and "Obama's" reb­al­a­­ncing policy pursued to promote US interests in East Asia? For answering this question, the authors believe that Bush's foreign policy has been pursued by adopting a multilateralism approach focused on resolving the Korean Peninsula’s crisis with the aim of creating consensus in East A­s­ia and co­op­eration with China. While the policy of rebalancing with a multilateralism approach has been pursued and focusing on the prevention of China's economic and military growth with the goal of consensus among the co­u­n­tr­ies aligned with US policies in East Asia. The research method in this pa­pe­r is analytical and descriptive through library resources. Using the theory of offensive realism and the Copenhagen School, this paper seeks to exp­la­i­n and analyze the policies of Bush and Obama in East Asia, to ex­a­m­i­n­e the dif­ferences, commonalities and approaches of each, and the orientation of U­S foreign policy in the East Asian region [1]-Associate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Inte­rn­at­i­o­n­al Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran: Corresponding Author [2]-MA in Regional Studies (East Asia), Faculty of International Relations of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran [3]-MA in Regional Studies (West Asia (Middle East) and North Africa), Faculty of International Rela­ti­o­n­s of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Guest Researcher of the Middle East Strategic Studies Research I­nst­itute, Center for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies of the Middle East, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Tehran, Iran Manuscript profile -
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85 - The American School of Legal Realism: Dimensions and Approaches
Armin Amini Mojdeh GhoddousiRealism has different and perhaps conflicting meanings in discussions of legal theory and philosophy of law. The general meaning of realism refers to an image of the world in which external reality plays a stronger and more effective role than ideal aspects. Accordingly MoreRealism has different and perhaps conflicting meanings in discussions of legal theory and philosophy of law. The general meaning of realism refers to an image of the world in which external reality plays a stronger and more effective role than ideal aspects. Accordingly, the American realist movement seeks to exclude artificial and mysterious layers in the realm of law. Realism in this sense is somehow testing of legal theories considering the reality that takes place in the outside world. Legal reality, then, is anything that the courts actually do when decision-making. In this regard, descriptive-analytical method is used in problem processing and the purpose of this article is to examine the American school of legal realism and the issues raised by experts in this field. Finally, the findings show that realists, against their will, have succeeded in developing a strong and coherent theoretical perspective on law and judgment. Manuscript profile -
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86 - The Behavioral pattern of Russian foreign policy after 2000 and its future prospects
Touraj Hatami afshin zargar armin aminiResearch on Russian foreign policy in recent decades has always been a topic of interest and analytical appeal to researchers in the field of foreign policy and international relations. As the main heir to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation still retains many of i MoreResearch on Russian foreign policy in recent decades has always been a topic of interest and analytical appeal to researchers in the field of foreign policy and international relations. As the main heir to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation still retains many of its hardware components in a variety of forms. However, since 2000, when Putin and his entourage came to power, with the backing of his own powers (political, security, military and economic), Russia's recovery at the regional and global levels, as well as the process of Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism on the agenda. Russian Foreign policy was pursued, and on this basis a policy of regional balancing and appropriate countermeasures were taken against the ambitious and interventionist plans of the United States. Accordingly, the question of this research is how Russia has behaved in its foreign policy in the post-2000 period in order to achieve national goals and interests, and what are the salient features of its behavioral pattern?In this study, using the theory of neoclassical realism, the internal factors, variables of intellectual and cultural and Russian political currents, as well as the most important regional and trans-regional variables affecting the process and behavior of Russian foreign policy are examined. The findings and data used are collected on the basis of descriptive-analytical methods and on the basis of library and Internet studies. Manuscript profile -
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87 - The idea of neoconservatism in the United States and its impact on the George W. Bush administration after 9/11
Masoud Teymouri mohammad rahim eyvazi sousan Safaverdi aliakbar aminiAminiThe neoconservatives have designed a wide range of new programs in American foreign policy, as well as major developments in US domestic politics that have revolutionized the country's political image at home and abroad. During the presidency of George W. Bush, the Unit MoreThe neoconservatives have designed a wide range of new programs in American foreign policy, as well as major developments in US domestic politics that have revolutionized the country's political image at home and abroad. During the presidency of George W. Bush, the United States believed that widespread intervention in the world's political, social, and economic affairs required military might and violence. After 9/11, the United States was able to mobilize public opinion and pursue an aggressive approach by magnifying the threat of terrorism. So the main question of the research is how to assess the impact of neoconservative thinking in the United States on the administration of George W. Bush after 9/11? In answer to the main question, the hypothesis is that the influence of neoconservative thought in the United States after 9/11 led to social Darwinism, nationalism, elitism, militarism, belligerence, imperialism, Globalization and human rights abuses were part of the policies of the George W. Bush administration, and its foreign policy has exacerbated anarchy in the international system. In this regard, the implementation of the scenario of September 11, 2001, provided a good opportunity to implement the plans, programs and policies of the George W. Bush administration in line with the hegemony and the new world order that the United States seeks. In this research, the theoretical framework of realism and aggressive realism and critical methodology have been used. Manuscript profile -
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88 - Balanced-Oriented Order: The Russian Pattern of Order in the Post -Cold War International System
Alireza RezayiThe theory of international relationship is concerned with how to cope with the problems arising in the international arena and/or try to bring order among nations. Hence, the science of the international relationships can be defined as the study of systematic order. In MoreThe theory of international relationship is concerned with how to cope with the problems arising in the international arena and/or try to bring order among nations. Hence, the science of the international relationships can be defined as the study of systematic order. In the discussion of international order, we must distinguish between the demand and the supply of order and that is because some of the world actors are demanding order rather than trying to provide it. It is also noteworthy that in the discussion of international actors, international order depends more on the governments rather than nongovernmental organizations and individual actors. The role playing of great powers such as the United States, Russia, China and the European Union in bringing order in the international arena becomes determining factors. The present study aims to the role of Russian pattern of order in the post- cold war period in the international system. To understand the objective of Russia in this period, we analyze the Russian pattern of the international order in the framework of the concept of "balanced-oriented order" which is intended to create political-military equilibrium of power. Manuscript profile -
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89 - The Metatheoretical Challenges of the Theory of International Relations
akbar valizadeh sarem shiravand Aboozar omrani kamal ranjbarNeorealism is one of approaches that for a long time has been considered as the dominant paradigm in the study of international politics and it has an important role to shaping international politics and system. for this reason many theoretical schools have tried to cha MoreNeorealism is one of approaches that for a long time has been considered as the dominant paradigm in the study of international politics and it has an important role to shaping international politics and system. for this reason many theoretical schools have tried to challenge its. To resolve the criticism that was imported to classical realism, Neorealism led by Kenneth Waltz tried to offer a scientific version of realism that Conform with current scientific standards and be able to explain international relations. The result of Waltz efforts providing structural theory of realism that is based on the principles and assumptions of positivism. Neorealist have a Structure-based analysis in terms of ontology, In terms of epistemology, objective and in terms of methodology; they are positiv ist and behaviorist.This led the critics, especially post-positivists to challenged neo-realism from different aspects of ontology, epistemology and methodology. the question is what are the most important theoretical challenges of neorealism theory? to answer this question, we have attempted to answer this question in the field of ontology, methodology and epistemology. the research method in this paper is descriptive - analytic Manuscript profile -
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90 - Religion, Sectarianisms and Confrontations in the South East Asia
فرشته نصراللهیNowadays, researchers support the notion that religion plays significant role in formulation of governmental policies, generation of factions and political development in the world in general and Southwest Asia in particular. Based on our historical experiences, religio MoreNowadays, researchers support the notion that religion plays significant role in formulation of governmental policies, generation of factions and political development in the world in general and Southwest Asia in particular. Based on our historical experiences, religious role in exacerbation and/or resolution of conflicts cannot be denied. Religious royalties even though in some occasions have been instrumental in furthering regional cooperation,, however, quite often has led to the distancing of nations from each other and increased tensions among nations of this region. That is why religious royalty considered as obstacle to the formation of structural and administrative institutionalization which could provide grounds and opportunities for negotiation and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Religious principles and values are fixed and as such leaves no room for bargaining. Thus, increased religious and sectarian discourses in the region would lead to more conflict and insecurity, hence, limits the development of regional structures to further cooperation among the nations of region. Manuscript profile -
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91 - The function of the sign "Roses" in realistic thought of Parvin Etesami
Sakineh Abbasi ruhallah HashemiOne of the contemporary poets in Iran is Parvin-Etasami. Her poems are known for discussing and confronting the language and attitudes of female literature (female). Her thoughts of illness have entered the world of nature, but not for pleasure or comfort, but for the i MoreOne of the contemporary poets in Iran is Parvin-Etasami. Her poems are known for discussing and confronting the language and attitudes of female literature (female). Her thoughts of illness have entered the world of nature, but not for pleasure or comfort, but for the important conclusion that whispers of the components of nature, especially plants, reflect the "short life of humankind. In this article, the descriptive analytical method of all narrative poems in which the poet uses the sign of a rose is studied, in order to analyze the type of poet's view of his position as a woman in Persian literature. The result of this study indicates that the role of different roles in these samples is characteristic and in the Parvin poems collection generally reflects a specific type of female realism in Persian lyrical literature, which, unlike the norms Tradition is the richness and mythology of Iranian folk and is one of the first signs of modernism. In other words, in this particular view, the position of "woman" as "beloved" is not related to love and beauty and holiness, but rather to its material nature in the community of "unstable youth". Manuscript profile -
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92 - Kurdish ancient stories and its connection with the style of magical realism (Based on the Kurdish text written by Lescot Roger)
Mousa Parnian Ata Almasi Muhammad Zahed Saidi tabarCombining the life realities with the traditions and people's beliefs and fantasies of the Caribbean area which is a mixture of black African slaves' beliefs and the customs of the American Indians before Columbus, led to emergence writing style of the magical realism. MoreCombining the life realities with the traditions and people's beliefs and fantasies of the Caribbean area which is a mixture of black African slaves' beliefs and the customs of the American Indians before Columbus, led to emergence writing style of the magical realism. Despite the attribution of this school of writing to Latin America and Gabriel Garcia Marquez It is not possible to determine this style of writing solely allocated for this region, because some aspects of the origin of this writing technique have been found in the literature of the east, including the local and native Kurdish literature of the region. The Kurdish textbook or the "Old Kurdish Stories" compiled by Lescot Roger, a French writer and scholar, is one of Kurdish works that undoubtedly, like other eastern works, is the origin of the magical realism style. Hence, the present paper seeks to examine how to link the magic realism style of writing with Kurdish stories based on Lescot Roger's Book. The initial findings of the research show that many of the components of magical realism have been used in this book, along with fantasy and imagination, far from any judgments and orientations, the important and profound realities of the Kurdish community have been depicted in an imaginary and unfamiliar environment. Therefore, the audience in the real world is sometimes overwhelmed by doubts; meanwhile, it opens up new perspectives to the audience in which they are an ideal human biographer and without any kind of ugliness, disgust, and disappointment. Manuscript profile -
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93 - Comparative Analysis of the Security in the Neorealist and Postmodern Perspective
محمد رضا اقارب پرست محمد میلاد شجاعیAbstract Security is the vital and important subject in international relations. Theories of international relations provide different view about the state of creating secure condition or emergence of insecurity. Therefore, the question of security is the preoccupation MoreAbstract Security is the vital and important subject in international relations. Theories of international relations provide different view about the state of creating secure condition or emergence of insecurity. Therefore, the question of security is the preoccupation of most theorists in this field. The question raised by the present article is "What homogeneities and heterogeneity exist between postmodernism and neorealism in security field?" The underlying hypothesis is that regarding the positivist and post positivist approaches of the two, neorealism and post modernism show different views about security. The paper by using comparative approach deals with the issue of security from neorealist and post-modernist viewpoints to show their similarities and differences. The finding of the study shows that neorealism has strengthened the position of super-government in the field of security. However the common basis of all postmodern beliefs is that, the state is not the main and exclusive actor in the established positivist approach. Manuscript profile -
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94 - Obama's Middle Eastern Strategy: From Assigning Responsibility to Allies to Accepting limited responsibility
فرزاد محمدزاده ابراهیمی محمدرضا ملکی سید جواد امام جمعه زادهAbstract There has been much criticism about Obama’s Middle East strategy and some believe that it lacked strategic prospect. An examination of the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration from the viewpoint of neo-classic realism not MoreAbstract There has been much criticism about Obama’s Middle East strategy and some believe that it lacked strategic prospect. An examination of the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration from the viewpoint of neo-classic realism not only does not approve this view but also indicates that Obama has adopted a coherent strategy from the beginning of his presidency towards the Middle East and on this basis he has made significant efforts to promote the United States national security. So it is interesting to answer this question as to what strategy Obama adopted vis-à-vis the Middle East and what policies was pursued to achieve those goals? The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to show that the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration started with assigning responsibility to its allies within the framework of balancing from remote distance and by the passage of time moved to accept limited responsibility. Taking into consideration the closeness of Obama’s administration foreign policy to realism theory, the authors of the article believe that this theory can better explain the foreign policy of the United States under Barack Obama presidency. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy: identity promotion
ghodrat ahmadyan Seyyed Amirhossein Baniashraf‏The aim of this article is to study the I.R of Iran foreign policy in light of Alastair Iain Johnston’s cultural realism. Generally, all of the approaches used in analyzing I.R.Iran foreign policy are effected by realism tradition and constructivism theory. C More‏The aim of this article is to study the I.R of Iran foreign policy in light of Alastair Iain Johnston’s cultural realism. Generally, all of the approaches used in analyzing I.R.Iran foreign policy are effected by realism tradition and constructivism theory. Considering the previous studies as imperfect and looking into foreign policy of I.R of Iran based on Johnston’s theory regarding china, this article focuses on Seeking and maintaining identity status of I.R of Iran and its role in international system. By this, the aim is to mix realism concepts with cultural items. The result of research suggest that there is a clear convergency between I.R of Iran foreiegn policy and the Johnston’s Cultural realism theory. So, the strategic and military requests and goals of I.R of Iran in the middle east are subject to strategic culture and cultural realism and are effected by the attention of this country to achievement of position and statuse in Internation system. The reaserch method in this article is descriptive- analytical, the analysis is based on Johnston’s cultural realism and the library method is used for data gathering. Manuscript profile -
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96 - International Sanctions and Eastward Orientation in Iran’s Foreign Relations (1989-2013)
Saeed Mirtorabi mohammad vardi zadehThis article tries to study the impact of international sanctions on the orientation of the East in foreign policy of our country, from the perspective of international political economy. In the same vein, the main question of the article is that "international sanction MoreThis article tries to study the impact of international sanctions on the orientation of the East in foreign policy of our country, from the perspective of international political economy. In the same vein, the main question of the article is that "international sanctions during the period of 1989-2013, how has caused the eastward orientation in the economic and political relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is That "the subsequent international sanctions against the country in five different areas during the period of 1989-2013, by intensifying the barriers of relations with the West, has urged the elite to decide on foreign relations in the country to strengthen political and economic relations with the East." This hypothesis has been tested in the framework of the Neoclassic Realism. The results of the article indicate that the east ward orientation in our country's political and economic relations is less than a coherent and voluntary strategy from within and more than a response to the intensification of international sanctions against our country. Manuscript profile -
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97 - The Explanation of Reproduction of the Conflict between the I.R, Iran and the United States in West Asia in Post Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: A Return to Neorealism.
sayed amir jafari enayatollah yazdani mohammad ali basiriAbstract:After the return of conflicting parties about Iran’s nuclear program and 5+1 countries to nuclear negotiations table and the conclusion of international agreement called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), it was expected that this peaceful model o MoreAbstract:After the return of conflicting parties about Iran’s nuclear program and 5+1 countries to nuclear negotiations table and the conclusion of international agreement called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), it was expected that this peaceful model of settlement of disputes can be used for other conflicting issues. But the post JCPA developments reduced the hope and possibility of applying this model to other disputing issues. Contrary to the views of analysts, Iran has remained on top of security threat recognized by the United States and its traditional allies in the region. Besides that the entrance of extra regional actors in the region has added intensity to counter balancing in the region. Although the neo-realist theory cannot alone offer a correct perception about the developments of the Middle East yet it is having the power to simplify the explanation of events and more realistically predict the future developments. The present article tries to answer the question that “What are the causes of regenerating conflicts between Iran and the United States in post JCPA era?” the neo-realist theory helps us to explain the answer to the above question. The hypothesis is that due to continuation of balance of power in the Middle East, one can see the intensification of security competitions and regeneration of insecurity with the objective of disrupting the present balance of power. The cooperation of Iran with 5+1 countries has not been able to prevent escalation of conflicts in the Middle East. Therefore, it seems that following the model of JCPA for solving other differing regional issues will be having heavy costs for Iran. Manuscript profile -
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98 - Saudi Arabia's alignment with Israel from the perspective of international relations theories
amirhossein nemati amir mohammad hajyousefiAbstractWith King Salman coming to power in 2015 and granting the Crown Prince with extensive powers and responsibilities to his son, Mohammed bin Salman, which led to the emergence of a new generation of leaders, this country’s policy in West Asia released from t MoreAbstractWith King Salman coming to power in 2015 and granting the Crown Prince with extensive powers and responsibilities to his son, Mohammed bin Salman, which led to the emergence of a new generation of leaders, this country’s policy in West Asia released from the conservative condition in respect to Israel, and a new alignment is emerging. This article by considering the theories of Waltz's balance of power, Stephen Walt's balance of threat and Randall Schuler's balance of interests, reply to this question that which theory or combination of theories can explain the origin of this alignment. To this end, the authors believe that Saudi Arabia's foreign policy making is based on, structural factors, and effective characteristics on government as a mediating variable which is in toward to the new alignment with Israel and balancing in west Asia in order to confront with I.R. of Iran. Although Stephen Walt's balance of threat is more efficient in explaining structural factors, Randall Schuler's theory has a higher explanatory power for simultaneously emphasizing the internal and structural factors of power in the form of balance of interest. Manuscript profile -
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99 - The relationship of the Turkish Justice and Development Party with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan From 2003 to 2018
Bashir Esmaeili Niloofar Hamdi Esmaeil ShafieeTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by MoreTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by the Turkish government in dealing with the Kurds .The main purpose of research is to analyze the relationship of Justice & Development Party in Turkey with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan.The Turkish Justice and Development Party has taken a turn in its foreign policy pursuing a policy of regional hegemony seeking to resolve domestic and regional issues and one of the most important issues in the region is the Kurdish question. The descriptive- analytical method was used in this research and library resources, papers and theses helped the analysis of this problem. The main question of the research is whether there is a relationship between the Justice and Development Party of Turkey and the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government? Theoretical framework of research is aggressive realism to describe this research. Turkey tries to full fill the policies concurrently, develop its relationship with government of Kurdistan and extend it to the level of strategic relation. Manuscript profile -
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100 - Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East
Abdolreza Yousefi Mianji Hossein daheshiar Nozar shafiee Rahmat HajiminehTrump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign polic MoreTrump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question, various factors of US foreign policy in the Middle East have been examined. The research findings show that the theory of aggressive realism, while fundamental-theoretical in nature, has a practical nature. This theory has given a good answer to the behavior of the actors of the international system. According to the study, Trump's foreign policy seeks to maintain its position in the region and prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon that could destabilize the balance of power and challenge US hegemony in the world. This study is theoretical-fundamental and has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library resources. Manuscript profile -
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101 - Aggression of Turkey's foreign policy towards Syria between the years (2015 to 2020)
siamak kakaei Sayed Jalal Dehghani FiruzAbadi Asadolah AtharyThe Syrian developments after 2011 led to the adoption of conflicting positions and policies by regional and international actors in the face of the unrest in this country. Turkey in the Syrian neighborhood organized and supported the Syrian opposition, which eventually MoreThe Syrian developments after 2011 led to the adoption of conflicting positions and policies by regional and international actors in the face of the unrest in this country. Turkey in the Syrian neighborhood organized and supported the Syrian opposition, which eventually led to military intervention. Such a move would not only complicate the Syrian crisis, rather, its domestic and regional consequences led to the aggression of Turkish foreign policy.This study seeks to investigate and answer the question of what are the factors influencing the aggressiveness of Turkey's foreign policy towards Syria between 2015 and 2020? In answer to this question, several factors are raised. That Turkish policy during this period was influenced by the increase in the activity of insurgent groups and proxy wars inside Syria and at the same time the political and military movements of the Kurds in the northern regions of the country. At the same time, Ankara sought to increase regional power, a combination of which has made Turkish foreign policy more involved. The research method is analytical-explanatory which uses data collection from books and documents. John Mersheimer's theory of aggressive realism is used to explain and analyze the subject of the research. Manuscript profile -
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102 - Scrutinizing the probabilities of breaking out a war in the wake of China's rise into arena of great powers
Mahdi NasrChina alone has questioned lots of presuppositions of the world system after the cold war, those which were in America's benefit. Now the question is whether China's rise, just as status quo, will traverse a peaceful trajectory. To answer this question, we should consid MoreChina alone has questioned lots of presuppositions of the world system after the cold war, those which were in America's benefit. Now the question is whether China's rise, just as status quo, will traverse a peaceful trajectory. To answer this question, we should consider different suppositions. The first supposition is piece in the meaning of Chinese surrendering to U.S. and the acceptance of American intentions in East Asia and in other regions in the world. The second one is China's confrontation with the United States and entering into war with U.S. in regions dominated by this country, especially eastern Asia. But there is a mediocre third supposition. In this supposition, one country can neither go to immediate war, nor do its interests and power allow it to compromise. Our hypothesis is that China follows the third logic, i. e. neither war nor piece. But if China's rise continues, disputes will grow notably in eastern Asia. This essay uses "offensive realism" as a theoretical framework to be applied on this subject. The results are going to be shown according to history and experimental considerations. Manuscript profile -
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103 - Using Russian soft power in Central Asia
Somaye Zangeneh ELAHEH KOOLAEE Shiva AlizadehIn recent years, Russia's soft power has attracted the attention of many Central Eurasian researchers. Actions taken by Russia to develop relations with Central Asian countries are usually called soft power. The using Russia's soft power policy in Central Asia can be ex MoreIn recent years, Russia's soft power has attracted the attention of many Central Eurasian researchers. Actions taken by Russia to develop relations with Central Asian countries are usually called soft power. The using Russia's soft power policy in Central Asia can be examined from different dimensions. Therefore, the article's central question is how Russia's use of soft power tools in Central Asia has influenced the foreign policy of the countries in the region. The hypothesis of the article is that Russia's use of soft power tools has led to the intellectual alignment of Central Asian leaders with Russia and their greater cooperation with the country's foreign policy goals. In this research, by using the theory of neoclassical realism and explanatory-analytical research method, the logic of using Russia's soft power in Central Asia, the efficiency of Russia's strategy in the Central Asia region, and the reasons and factors that determine Russia's soft power in the region have been discussed. It is the findings of this research show that transnational personal relations act as Moscow's main mechanism to influence the direction of the foreign policy of Central Asian countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - An Analysis of the Chinese School of International Relations: Moral Realism
nozar shafieeThe purpose of this article is to review the theory of international relations from the perspective of Chinese scholars. One of the most important Chinese theories of international relations is moral realism, which originates from the Tsinghua school. The main question MoreThe purpose of this article is to review the theory of international relations from the perspective of Chinese scholars. One of the most important Chinese theories of international relations is moral realism, which originates from the Tsinghua school. The main question of this article is what is the attitude of this theory in international relations? Moral realism seeks to show why and how an emerging power such as China can replace existing hegemonic power. As one of the pioneers of moral realism, Yan Xuetong sees the cause of this issue as a quality of political leadership. Active and pioneering political leadership as an essential element of a country's political strength can, by adhering to state and global ethics, multiply a nation's comprehensive national strength (resulting from political, economic, cultural, military capability) in an emerging country, increase its international authority, and ultimately place it in the leadership position of the international order. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Artificial intelligence; The new arena of power competition between China and the United States
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani Javad Ramezanpour ShalmaniNew technologies in the post-industrial revolution era have the ability to change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence is no exception. This technology has the ability to penetrate all areas from economy, business and services to security and defense issues. Ac MoreNew technologies in the post-industrial revolution era have the ability to change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence is no exception. This technology has the ability to penetrate all areas from economy, business and services to security and defense issues. Accordingly, none of the major countries and powers want to be left behind in this field. The main research question is, what effect has artificial intelligence had on the competition between China and the United States? Based on the findings, despite the increased competition and challenge between Beijing and Washington in artificial intelligence and related technologies and the imposition of sanctions by the United States against China in the field of hardware related to artificial intelligence, there is significant cooperation between the scientists of these two countries in the field of producing articles and scientific research. There is. Also, Beijing has been able to overtake the United States in the production of scientific articles, patents related to artificial intelligence and big data. The United States is also a leader in the production of hardware and chips and is trying to use this advantage to stop China's progress. This article is done using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Analysis of the policy of developing relations with new China based on realism theory
ali ImaniThis article explains how to develop relations with New China .Therefore, the policy analysis process is used as a policy-transition method. And realism is used as a political theory. The process of conducting research begins with analytical problem-solving and ends wit MoreThis article explains how to develop relations with New China .Therefore, the policy analysis process is used as a policy-transition method. And realism is used as a political theory. The process of conducting research begins with analytical problem-solving and ends with writing an executive policy. The main problem of the research is to write executive policies in relation to the new China.The main research question is:How should the policy of developing relations with China be based on the political theory of realism?"The main goal of the research:Describing how to make policies for the relationship with the new China, relying on the capability of Iran in the Asian region.The socio-cultural situation of Iran and China and the international environment have been explained in this research as effective variables on the policy making of the relationship with the new China. The documentary research method is used and the researcher collects information by exploratory study . The important innovation of the research is the emphasis on executive capabilities instead of projecting subjective concepts.By doing this research, the void of theoretical foundations will be solved andExecutive policies are also written to develop relations with China. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Realism and the Role of Energy Sources in Foreign Policy
محمد علی شیرخانی حامد مهاجرپورThe present article intends to understand the place of energy sources in analysis of foreign policy in different realist theories. The finding shows that different theories of realism is a suitable analytical starting point for the study of the importance of energy sour MoreThe present article intends to understand the place of energy sources in analysis of foreign policy in different realist theories. The finding shows that different theories of realism is a suitable analytical starting point for the study of the importance of energy source in foreign policy. The reason is that the realist theories do not undervalue the strategic importance of energy source and they do not consider statesmen as actors with mere economic objectives. Realism looks at energy sources as an element of power and for this reason it gives special place to it for forming the behavior of the states. Of course, among different branches of realism, the neo-classical realism due to its simultaneous attention to system level and domestic level variables can accurately explain how energy sources influence the foreign policy behavior. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - A Study of the United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East after 11 September (On the Basis of Aggressive Realism theory
Ebrahim Mottaghi Khoram Baghayee Maysam RahimiTerrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the MoreTerrorist events of 11 September 2001 opened a new chapter in domestic and foreign policies of Bush (junior) administration. After the end of the cold war the United States suffered a vacuum for its security strategy. During the cold war era, the United States chose the deterrence strategy. The end of the cold war meant the end of that strategy. As a result during 1991-2000 years there was a security vacuum for the United States. But the September 11 terrorist attacks created an opportunity for the protagonists of that country to adopt a new strategy in foreign policy and international affairs. The Neo-conservatives after September 11 made use of this opportunity to aggrandizement the danger of terrorism at home for gaining popular support and in international arena they could consolidate their hegemony and the leadership of the world. The United States after these incidents took up new policies and objectives. Besides that the United States pursued a new concept in security in foreign policy and in this direction the strategy of pre-emptive attack was adopted. In other words the strategy of “deterrence” gave its place to “increasing intervention”. Hence one notices that the realist approach has been strengthened by American statesmen and decision-makers and they have turned towards security policies and unilateralism in international relations. One of the new approaches which is being stressed today in analysis of international relations and the United States foreign policy is aggressive realism. In aggressive realism the emphasis is placed on the increasing of power as an aim for achieving hegemonic status in international system (as the principal behavior of big powers). The present article by making use of this theoretical framework tries to explain the United States foreign policy in the Middle East after the year 2001. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The Structure of Government in the Middle East
Seyed Javad Emamjomehzadeh Jaafar NaghdiIn the developed world of post-Westphalia era whatever we pass from the past to present we notice the regular reduction of the power of government in favour of non-governmental actors. The Middle East also as one of the regions of the world has such characteristic. In o MoreIn the developed world of post-Westphalia era whatever we pass from the past to present we notice the regular reduction of the power of government in favour of non-governmental actors. The Middle East also as one of the regions of the world has such characteristic. In other words the process of formation of government in the Middle East and the emergence of several elements along with the government shows that the power of the government is reducing in favour of nongovernmental actors. This subject is being studied by making use of three traditions of English school( international system, international community and the world community) and comparing that with structure of the government in the Middle East and the move from international system towards world community. The present article shows that the structure of the government in the Middle East consists of elements which fall within three said traditions category. While we witness the increasing power of the governments and very little interaction of them with each other (international system) there are common intergovernmental institutions (international community) simultaneously supra-national movements of relatively popular nature like Pan Arabism and Pan-Islamism show themselves (world community) . Nevertheless, the process of move is in a direction which one can notice the regular transition from international system towards existing world community in developed world (West) and similar transition is happening in the Middle East. In fact that is seen in recent developments of the Middle East and North Africa although the tradition of international system in the Middle East is more powerful as compared to other two traditions (international community and world community). Therefore the main purpose of the present article is showing the trend of the move of the structure of the government in the Middle East from the tradition of international system toward international community and world community. Alongside this transition the quality of the interaction is also of great importance in forming the structure of government in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Crisis Recreation in the Middle East SecurityStructure: Towards Identifying a Super Crisis
Mehdi AbediThis article points to a permanent concern in ME's security which is called 'crisis recreation' and emphasizes on that as a central nucleus.The major focus of this study is to understand the nature of this super crisis and its recreation in other critical ME'S condition MoreThis article points to a permanent concern in ME's security which is called 'crisis recreation' and emphasizes on that as a central nucleus.The major focus of this study is to understand the nature of this super crisis and its recreation in other critical ME'S conditions. In Contrast to common approaches namely International Society the or British School of International Relations in which in spite of structural obstacles, convergence and public discipline are attainable, this article proposes a neorealistic approach within the conceptual framework of anarchy in international system. In this way, although, there are a series the common cultural-historical values and geopolitical-economic interests among ME states to materialize convergence and public discipline, the ME structure seems to be conflicting and anarchic. The theoretical approach of this study considers this anarchic structure as the consequence of the Zionist's incomplete forming regime, and categorizes the main origin of all these disputes on this political fact. It is supposed that this phenomenon in other levels of governmental and non-governmental performers is recreated and caused the genesis of disordered structures. The concept of super crisis implies realigod a central point which has a feature and can recreate other forms of challenges in the ME. The the Greater Middle East plan can not be reveals in the presence of this crisis. [Adopting a reductionist approach towards this critical structure in the region helps to understand the reasons of unfulfilled great ME project.] Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - The East Asia and the Bipolar Balance of Power
Shahrooz Ebrahimi Jamil Milani Javad Karami RadThe East Asia is one of the key economic regions of the world. According to forecasts in near future this region is one of the important poles of international economic system. This economic importance and the presence of big powers like China, Japan and extra regional MoreThe East Asia is one of the key economic regions of the world. According to forecasts in near future this region is one of the important poles of international economic system. This economic importance and the presence of big powers like China, Japan and extra regional powers like the United States and also the presence of nuclear weapon in the region have added to the importance of peace and stability in the region. Some of the analysts are of the view that one of the reasons for amazing economic development is the existence of stability in the region. Other observers believe that due to absence of democracy, mutual economic interdependence and the presence of multinational corporations in East Asia, the tension is on the rise. There is a possibility that disruption of peace and security in East Asia affects the whole international system. Taking into consideration the above conditions the international thinkers suggest ways to maintain peace and stability. One of these suggestions is the “concert of powers”. According to these thinkers the concert of powers or the collective security system consisting the United States, China and Japan can protect security, peace and stability of the region. The basic question raised by the present paper is whether there will be possibility of forming such concert of powers in East Asia. The hypothesis given in reply to above question is that till predictable future it is the balance of power which will be the basis of East Asia equation and it can prevent an all-out war in the region. The paper has written within the framework of Kenneth Waltz’s structural realism. In Kenneth Waltz structural realism the balance of power is the best mechanism which maintains (fragile) peace especially in a bipolar system. The Methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and source for collecting data is library material. The finding of the study is that due to lack of identical political ideology and strategy about the distribution of power in the regional structure; practically the possibility of formation of such concert of power in East Asia is not probable in predictable future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - The Impact of Iranian Nuclear Program on Regional Security System of the Middle East (Persian Gulf) with Emphasis on Offensive Realism Theory
Masoud Jafari Nejad Fidafeh MadabadiAbstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the MoreAbstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the nuclear issue. The position of the United States and the Arab countries of the south of the Persian Gulf is opposition to peaceful Iranian nuclear program. The question raised by the present article is why the United States tried to emphasize that the nuclear program of Iran is a threat to the countries of the region and there existed security problem? The underlying hypothesis is that the securitization of the nuclear issue of Iran along with Iran phobia project can ensure the United States strategic interests in the Middle East particularly the Persian Gulf region. The impression of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region has also shaped on the basis of these propagandas. The present article examines the above issue within the framework of aggressive realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Paradigms of International Relations: A Review of Theoretical Approaches to Paradigms of International Relations in Theory, Methodology and Epistemology
Rahim BayazidiAbstract According to the scholars of international relations of the twentieth century, the First World War and the attempt to prevent this inhuman incident from happening again shaped the field of IR. Liberalism was born out of the efforts in international relations f MoreAbstract According to the scholars of international relations of the twentieth century, the First World War and the attempt to prevent this inhuman incident from happening again shaped the field of IR. Liberalism was born out of the efforts in international relations for peace. The end of the Cold War led to a dramatic decline of realism and the rise of other approaches. Many researchers expanded Thomas Kuhn's approach in the evolution of science (phisics) to the major theories of international relations. In this paper, we answer this question: Can we call the field of international relations theoretically, methodologically and epistemologically paradigmatic? The answer to this question is based on research and surveys carried out in the United States of America and some other countries, by 'the institution of the theory and practice of international relations'. Our hypothesis is that given the multiplicity and diversity of opinions in the field of international relations, techniques used in the field of international relations theories, cannot be called Paradigm. Therefore, in this paper we believe that the field of international relations is not paradigmatic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - The formation of sustainability literature (sacred defense) according to the influence of the Islamic revolution
Kowsar Danesh Abdolhosseyn Farzad Ahmad KhatamiThe literature of stability and sacred defense is a fruitful branch of Persian literature after the Islamic revolution, which was formed based on Islamic principles and resistance against the invading enemy. Our aim is to analyze the evolution of this type of sustainabl MoreThe literature of stability and sacred defense is a fruitful branch of Persian literature after the Islamic revolution, which was formed based on Islamic principles and resistance against the invading enemy. Our aim is to analyze the evolution of this type of sustainable literature during the last four decades. Therefore, based on the theoretical framework of "Literary Flowology" and the use of historical analysis method, we have tried to periodize the evolution of the sacred defense literature into four periods, and examine the important works of each period, in terms of thematic and thematic aspects, by identifying the "superior frequency"Among them, let's identify the existing literary trends. Our findings show that the dominant literary stream from the beginning of the war to the present time is the stream of Islamic and religious revolution literature, which has a realist approach, but this approach has undergone changes during the past four decades. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Reasons for using and finding surrealistic expressions in five rewritten fantasy stories for children of age group "A".
Sepideh Rajabi The use of imagination in fiction narratives is the main theme of fantasy. Fantasy is an artistic type that uses magic along with supernatural tools in literary works; But over ti More The use of imagination in fiction narratives is the main theme of fantasy. Fantasy is an artistic type that uses magic along with supernatural tools in literary works; But over time, the human mind no longer accepts its traditional and repetitive content; For this reason, fantasy in the story has evolved to adapt to the conditions and surprise the audience, and has become a form of pristine and new imagination. Although fantasy imaginations and its lane patterns are predetermined and clear, along with the evolution of literary schools, surrealist manifestations that lead to imagination with rebellion, breakdowns, and liberation from the law of nature, and their purpose is to repeat, fresh freshness. And reference to the inner dimension and apply the subconscious; It is seen in fantasy stories. The present study, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Cooperation & Conflict in Transatlantic Defence and Security Structure
Rouya Khezri Kazem Sultanahmadi -
Open Access Article
117 - The Continuation of the Transatlantic Relations on the NATO Framework: A Theoretical Perspective
Roya Khezri Kazem Soltanahmadi -
Open Access Article
118 - The Strategies for Realizing the Strategy of Unilateralism in the US Foreign Policy in the Trump Era
Mohammadreza Asl Javadian Seyed Ali Tabatabaei PanahWith the formation of the new world order after the Cold War under the leadership of America, the foreign policy of this country has fluctuated between the two traditions of unilateralism and multilateralism. From this point of view, interacting with different countries MoreWith the formation of the new world order after the Cold War under the leadership of America, the foreign policy of this country has fluctuated between the two traditions of unilateralism and multilateralism. From this point of view, interacting with different countries, joining regional alliances and coalitions, interacting with international institutions and organizations as the axes of multilateralism and avoiding alliances and coalitions, pessimism towards organizations and international institutions and ignoring issues such as America's role in promoting human rights and democracy are considered as axes of unilateralism. However, the changes that have taken place in the foreign policy of the Trump era have indicated a tendency towards unilateralism and paying more attention to the national and domestic interests of the United States. Based on this, this article raises the question that which solutions influenced unilateralism as one of the strategies of the Trump administration. In other words, what are the solutions to realize the unilateralist strategy of the United States of America in the Trump era? The hypothesis of the article is: Isolationism instead of interactionism, pessimism and non-cooperation with regional and global institutions and organizations, and the pursuit of America first policy and the priority of America's national and economic interests over the costs of this country, are the solutions to realize the unilateralism strategy in the Trump era. The findings of the article show that based on the approach of realism, Trump, by withdrawing from regional and global agreements, put the government's sovereignty at the top of the globalized order, defend the American identity, emphasize national interests, cost Considering America's support for democracy and human rights and reducing America's military role in the world and military and commercial alliances, it has supported the approach of unilateralism through increasing the internal power of the United States of America. Manuscript profile -
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119 - The Role of Space in Cooperation and Competition Between Great Powers
Maryam Dorri Vernosfaderani Ardeshir Sanaie Alireza Soltani Kabak KhabiriSpace has increasingly shaped the discourse of international relations in the 21st century. Space has always been an attractive area for cooperation and competition between governments and especially great powers. Space is a relatively new and developing scene in the in MoreSpace has increasingly shaped the discourse of international relations in the 21st century. Space has always been an attractive area for cooperation and competition between governments and especially great powers. Space is a relatively new and developing scene in the international system. The launch of Sputnik not only created the space race, but also accelerated the arms race and intensified the Cold War between the two rival superpowers. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union dominated space activities. At the same time as the competition that has formed in space, there are sometimes collaborations, the International Space Station is one of the projects that brings together space countries and is seen as a symbol of cooperation between governments in space. However, there is still a sense of competition for supremacy in space even in the presence of such cooperation among all governments, whether those who are superior in terms of space technology or those who have less technological ability. The main question in this article is what role does space play in cooperation and competition between great powers? The hypothesis is that the great powers were always competing and seeking superiority in space from the beginning, and based on the theory of neo-realism, they cooperate with each other in space only to secure their interests and protect their space assets. Manuscript profile -
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120 - Comparison of a Ghazal of Rumi with a Ghazal of Sanai Based on Components of Surrealism
Mohammad Behnāmfar Mostafā QaribThe source of many of Rumi’s literary methods and principles of thought should be found in Sanai’s poetry. The existence of some surrealistic elements in Rumi's poems can also be analyzed as impact of Sanai. It can be said that surrealistic or pseudo-surreal MoreThe source of many of Rumi’s literary methods and principles of thought should be found in Sanai’s poetry. The existence of some surrealistic elements in Rumi's poems can also be analyzed as impact of Sanai. It can be said that surrealistic or pseudo-surrealist thoughts exist, more or less, in the poetry of both poets. In the present article, by using descriptive-analytic method, two surrealistic ghazals from Sanai and Rumi are considered and differences and similarities between two ghazals are shown. The results of the research show that both ghazals have common surrealistic features such as absolute mentality, the elimination of time and place, the expression of wonderful things, automatic writing, mystical drunkenness, imagination and dream, spiritual manifestation, belief in incompleteness of language, love and freedom. But, we can point out the differences as follows: Rumi uses more automatic writing; his mystical drunkenness is more than Sanai; and his language is more visual and exciting than him, as if the flame of Rumi's language is like fire and the flame of the Sanai’s is like a candle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The Components of Surrealism in Masnavī-ye Ma’navī; A Comparative Study
Fātemeh Koolivand Gholamreza Salemian Fatemeh KolahchianSurrealism is a school that appeared in France in the twentieth century. It has the principles that most important of them are as follows: dream and imagination, automatic writing, juxtaposition, insanity and magic. Although surrealism was introduced in Europe, its feat MoreSurrealism is a school that appeared in France in the twentieth century. It has the principles that most important of them are as follows: dream and imagination, automatic writing, juxtaposition, insanity and magic. Although surrealism was introduced in Europe, its features have been seen in other cultures, especially in Iranian mysticism. It can be said that before the emergence of surrealism in Europe, Iranian Sufis have created valuable works with surrealist themes. There are deep differences between these works and western ones that indicate the originality of Iranian surrealism. Masnavī-ye Ma’navī of Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī has proposed surrealistic themes but they have remarkable differences with Western surrealist ones. The present article attempts to show these differences and similarities. The differences show the primacy and superiority of the Iranian version of surrealism. These differences include Divine grace (Karāmat), magic, the Truth, reality and Divine intoxication. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - The unconscious from surrealistic and mystical points of view
رحمان مشتاق مهر ویدا دستمالچیM) The unconscious is a means of understanding truths as it is in direct contact with the human nature; but the human reason and rationality is an obstacle to reaching the truth through unconscious. In some areas of human life, like sleep and dream, the unconsc MoreM) The unconscious is a means of understanding truths as it is in direct contact with the human nature; but the human reason and rationality is an obstacle to reaching the truth through unconscious. In some areas of human life, like sleep and dream, the unconscious manifests itself in a much better way than reason. Surrealists, like mystics, use the unconscious and believe that it is a means for discovering the truths. In spite of the differences, comparing surrealism and mysticism and showing how the surrealists and mystics regard the unconscious and use its possibilities for the knowing of the world is revealing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Satire: Medium of Protest in Mysticism and Surrealism
Nāser Alizādeh Vidā DastmālchīSatire is a reaction against imbalance and dissatisfactions. It offers an artistic way for objection and reform. Satire literature, like cartoon and comedy, behind its amusing cover, criticizes social inadequacies adopting less harsh methods. Humorous language of some m MoreSatire is a reaction against imbalance and dissatisfactions. It offers an artistic way for objection and reform. Satire literature, like cartoon and comedy, behind its amusing cover, criticizes social inadequacies adopting less harsh methods. Humorous language of some mystical texts reflects their social and cultural circumstances. These works are literary media for objecting and criticizing false beliefs. In the same way, surrealists mock the European man and European Christian society by adopting humorous ironies in the disturbed years of the World War I. The influence of Islamic mysticism on surrealism leads to a number of similarities, among them humorous language. The present article, by confessing to the differences between surrealism and Islamic mysticism, tries to compare satire and humorous language through employing a comparative method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Narration of Realism in the Stories of PezeshkZad
Afsaneh Sehati Gorgan Monireh Ahmad SoltaniThe purpose of this article is to examine the narrative of realism in two works by Iraj Pezeshkzad. One of those works is Uncle John Napoleon, which is usually considered as a satire because of its humor, but the author tries from a realistic point of view, that is, the MoreThe purpose of this article is to examine the narrative of realism in two works by Iraj Pezeshkzad. One of those works is Uncle John Napoleon, which is usually considered as a satire because of its humor, but the author tries from a realistic point of view, that is, the reality of people and events and their narration taking into account the situation and circumstances of the narrator. That is the main point of this article. Another work that will be examined is Haj Mohammad Jafar in Paris, which deals with the memories of an Iranian businessman on a trip to Paris. Since the events and characters are real and the narrator of the story observes the actions and behavior of people from the beginning to the end, the author has tried to narrate the work in terms of realism. It is noteworthy that this work is not without humor, but because it happened at some point in time, the author has dealt with the real aspects of the story and proved that the style of this story is realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - A Study of the Components of Rural Literature in the Political Novel "yahdoso fi mesr alaan" by Yusuf al-Quaid
alireza allahbakhshiRural literature in different countries has always been considered as one of the important sub-branches of fiction literature and great authors have written novels in this field. The importance of this branch of fiction in Arab societies is such that a concept called "R MoreRural literature in different countries has always been considered as one of the important sub-branches of fiction literature and great authors have written novels in this field. The importance of this branch of fiction in Arab societies is such that a concept called "Rural Literature" has a special place as part of the novel writing literature. The impact of this kind of literature on fiction is undeniable. In light of the importance of the issue, the present article, by using social criticism, and also being inspired by the themes of rural life, tries to explain the concept of rural literature, and as an example, to examine the approach of Yusuf al-Quaid (1944 AD) the capable Egyptian writer towards his village and birthplace in the novel "Yahdoso Fi Mesr Alaan".The results of the research indicate that the author, by using the rural environment as a symbol and synecdoche, had depicted in his novel, the social, economic and cultural anomalies of Egyptian society in a realistic way and far from extremism, and has accounted them in a wide range of negative concepts of disparaging views towards villagers, lack of social facilities, poverty, political power and corruption, the abuse of the villagers' feelings, especially their feelings towards relegion, neglecting this stratum and exploiting them for political purposes, by means of promises and populist policies. Manuscript profile -
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126 - The comparative study between two stories ‘Hengam’ by Mandanipour and ‘A very old man with enormous wings’ by Marquez
Mehdi Parham Elham Jafarzadeh Elaheh JafarzadehSometimes magical realism is known as a historical-political and post-colonial way of writing stories, and sometimes as a method composed of a special literary vision and technique, and also as an exclusively local-regional style. As it can be seen from the background o MoreSometimes magical realism is known as a historical-political and post-colonial way of writing stories, and sometimes as a method composed of a special literary vision and technique, and also as an exclusively local-regional style. As it can be seen from the background of the research, usually the existence of some components makes it possible to prove magical realism in a work. The different roles and importance of these components have given researchers a different perspective on the main and secondary nature of each of them, as well as the number of each.The components of the magical realism style have been investigated in different ways, and what is more or less agreed upon by the researchers is a combination of fantasy techniques and the facts of life. According to the comparative aim of the present article, the common use of some of these cases in a limited way shows the closeness of these two works, Hengam and A very old man with enormous wings, respectively written by Shahriar Mandanipour and Gabriel García Márquez. The present paper is a content-structural review and identifies and describes the identical components in these two stories. Manuscript profile -
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127 - Realism in new poetry
Ahmad Khiyali Khatibi Tina Niknamrealism as a creative manner, a phenomenon that at a certain stage of historical evolution of human thoughtWhen people desperately need to understand the nature and direction of social evolution found When people first, and then vaguely conscious of the fact discovered Morerealism as a creative manner, a phenomenon that at a certain stage of historical evolution of human thoughtWhen people desperately need to understand the nature and direction of social evolution found When people first, and then vaguely conscious of the fact discovered The actions and thoughts of excitement caused by rogue or not the divine plan, but the real reason, or if the closer we are to the source material, appeared. Made in the impartiality of the school of real life people and entities subject to the artisans, workers and oppressed people around picks and tells their story. In this retelling of the story of the events and their natural history and the course of events without the author's written by the author to his story that broughtSoBrqydh realist writers, in fact breathe events (no fiction writer) is located. , Poets and Writers Iranians use this school and they have paid off in terms of realism to the art. poets of Iran (Ahmad Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan, SiavashKasraei, Hamid Mosaddegh) Manuscript profile -
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128 - Realistic study of the novels of " Shekar-e - Talkh " and " Gazane " by Jafar Shahri
Azam Lotfi Vida VafaeiIn this article, we will find that by introducing the style of realism and its characteristics, we will find the components of the narrative structure of realistic novels. Realism constitutes an attitude of art and literature and a precise way of representing reality in MoreIn this article, we will find that by introducing the style of realism and its characteristics, we will find the components of the narrative structure of realistic novels. Realism constitutes an attitude of art and literature and a precise way of representing reality in literary and artistic works indeed, realists focus their exploration precisely on social problems such as poverty, prostitution and deprivation, and write examples at a specific time and place. In this article, by examples various perspectives and theories about the style of realism, the components of this style, including the angle of view, place, time, description, characterization and narration in the books "Shekar-e - Talkh" and "Gazane" by "Jafar Shahry "have been evaluated. The research method in this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic based on the purpose of the research and based on the history of the development-extension research and the method of data collection is documentary-library. Since the realism style has a vast array of contemporary and even some classical works, it is hoped to further deepen this movement and study the works of writes such as " Jafar Shahry" about them. until now, a serious step has not been taken, a more accessible path for enthusiasts of realism novels and collection of stories. Manuscript profile -
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129 - Realism and Idealism Ontological and epistemological From the perspective of Kant and Allame Ja'fari
mohamad heidarifard abdollah nasrithe implementation of Kant and Allame Ja'fari's views, Kant recognizing the formation of knowledge after passing through the intuitive and conceptual layers, There are subjective issues that it is impossible to achieve any knowledge without becoming evident in their for Morethe implementation of Kant and Allame Ja'fari's views, Kant recognizing the formation of knowledge after passing through the intuitive and conceptual layers, There are subjective issues that it is impossible to achieve any knowledge without becoming evident in their forms. And this is the epistemological idealism. Also by thinking about the category of existence and causality, The possibility of acknowledging the foreign world has been denied to him And this also means that he is an ideal ontology. Allameh Jafari vs. Despite being realistic ontology And the proof of the external world is obvious, By inventing the theory of mental activity, He considers the unity of the outside world and the mind impossible Removes the mind from watching And this leads him to epistemological idealist theory. The Kant and Allame Jafari Similarities in Epistemological Idealism And their distinction is in their realistic realism. . . . . . . . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Epistemological Foundations of the Indefinability of Good and Bad Morals in Ibn Sina and Moore views
leili heydarian enshaallah rahmati jamshid jalali sheyjaniIn this article, by analyzing the opinions of Avicenna and Moore, about the indefinability of good and bad morals, their attitude is explained from the epistemological point of view, The main problem of the research is Avicenna and Moore's attitude about criticizing the MoreIn this article, by analyzing the opinions of Avicenna and Moore, about the indefinability of good and bad morals, their attitude is explained from the epistemological point of view, The main problem of the research is Avicenna and Moore's attitude about criticizing the naturalistic criterion and criteria for carrying moral characteristics such as good and bad in moral issues. Avicenna states in his opinions that moderation as a metaphysical and natural matter cannot be a criterion for the good or badness of moral issues in all fields, and Moore, by analyzing the naturalistic fallacy, considers pleasure or harmony with nature as the criterion and criterion for carrying good and bad. He does not know moral issues. The results of the research show that the approach of these two thinkers to prove their claim is to pay attention to the logical problem that occurs in the comparison of knowing good and bad with things such as moderation, pleasure, and harmony with nature. To answer the problem, Avicenna and Moore defend the non-naturalistic realism of moral propositions, in the meantime, emphasizing the intuition of the characteristics in the intellectual intuition of the people to find criteria and criteria for the truth and falsity of moral propositions makes it possible to discuss the opinions of these two thinkers. The research method is to analyze the content of the opinions of these two philosophers in order to create a dialogue to compare their opinions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Enactment (Neheshtan) regarded as a new (Methodology) Domain-Nature
Ali Marjouei Bahram Shahedi Marzieh Piravi Vanak Maryam Ghasemi SichaniThe cognitive approach (4E), along with the logical reasoning of existentialism provides this opportunity to eliminate the common duality of metaphysics and provides new methodologies regardless of objective-subjective cognitive relation as the basis of quantitative and MoreThe cognitive approach (4E), along with the logical reasoning of existentialism provides this opportunity to eliminate the common duality of metaphysics and provides new methodologies regardless of objective-subjective cognitive relation as the basis of quantitative and qualitative concepts. The need for such a design lies both in the human's existential feature and in the inadequacy of the existing methodologies in guiding the theoretical principles of fundamental researches and art. At the beginning of the present study, terminology will determine that all concepts indicate the enactment and establishment and the etymology of the term "methodology" also indicates that the suffix of “logy” is related to transcendence and emergence, and not cognition. Finally, the substitution of methodology which indicated the methods with the domain-nature concept represents a new domain-nature methodology called “Neheshtan”. In this domain-nature enactment, human beings are enacted as "Neheshta" and not “recognized” through enactment by non-human. This domain-nature enactment acquires its authenticity from its correlations with other things and does not have an atomistic view towards the phenomena. domain-nature Neheshtan does not presume knowledge as a possible thing or even impossible ideal, whereas it first presume that the separation of existence and cognition is impossible and then it replace the concept of observation with “Nehesh” assuming that knowledge is replaced and perception and humans’ existence are unified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - A comparative study of the degree of adaptation and actions of the ideas of Ian Barbour's theory of "critical fact originality" with a methodical scientific interpretation centered on the view of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli
سید عبدالله اصفهانیScientific interpretation that experiences its perfection in the age of postmodernism, in addition to specific methodology and valid criteria, in proportion to the development of human knowledge, especially in the field of philosophy of science, needs to explain the act MoreScientific interpretation that experiences its perfection in the age of postmodernism, in addition to specific methodology and valid criteria, in proportion to the development of human knowledge, especially in the field of philosophy of science, needs to explain the actions of the most influential new views of philosophy of science on the principles and rules of this interpretation. Is.The achievement of the article, which is written in descriptive, analytical, critical and comparative methods, after critically examining Barbour's theory of "critical realism" with the focus on Ayatollah Javadi's views, explains the nature of his actions and the degree of compatibility of his theory with the principles and rules of scientific interpretation.Limiting the principle of causality to the phenomena of nature; The precedence of empirical knowledge over religious knowledge; Equality of methodology of science with religion; That no "final theory" can be considered the "ultimate truth" and that the ultimate truth of nothing can be understood; Skepticism and sophistry as a logical consequence of the "relativity of understanding"; These are views of Barbour that are inconsistent with the philosophy of religion and the foundations of the scientific interpretation of the Qur'an; However, his efforts to de-escalate the tension between science and religion, which paved the way for the unity of science and religion in the West, are compatible with the interests of religion and the Qur'anic teachings. The Qur'an is permissible to cite empirically convincing propositions to the Qur'an in the form of "probable citations." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Realism according to Allameh Tabatabai based on the idea of structured cognition (with emphasis on the role of the body in cognition)
Nafise Saate abbas Izadpanah Sayed Reza TaghaviThe validity of human knowledge depends on the validity of the principle of human cognition, and therefore, defending the reality of human knowledge is considered the most important issue of epistemology. The most famous theory in explaining the validity of human knowle MoreThe validity of human knowledge depends on the validity of the principle of human cognition, and therefore, defending the reality of human knowledge is considered the most important issue of epistemology. The most famous theory in explaining the validity of human knowledge is naive realism, according to which the mind is merely passive in the process of cognition, like a mirror. This image has been challenged today, and in contrast to it, other theories have been formed based on the contribution of the mind in the process of cognition, which can be called structured epistemologies. The challenge for these theories is to maintain realism while going beyond naive realism. Allameh Tabataba'i, while presenting his own explanation of the Structuredness of perception, both from the perspective of the analysis of acquired knowledge and from the perspective of credit perceptions, also emphasizes realism. His model is based on the explanation of the non-uniformity of the relationship between the levels of human cognition and reality, in which all human cognition is directly or indirectly tied to reality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Assessment of Louis Pojman's View on the Defense of Moral Realism
mohammad saied abdollahi Mohammad Ali AbdollahiMoral realism is one of the most important approaches in meta-ethics. Accepting this approach or denying it has a unique role in the intellectual system of a moral philosopher. Louis Pojman, an eminent American philosopher, is one of the most important defenders of mora MoreMoral realism is one of the most important approaches in meta-ethics. Accepting this approach or denying it has a unique role in the intellectual system of a moral philosopher. Louis Pojman, an eminent American philosopher, is one of the most important defenders of moral realism. He believes that skepticism and moral nihilism represented by Mackey and Harman are the most important attacks on moral realism, and if realism can be safely passed through these two scientific paths, this important ethical approach can be easily accepted. In this article, after presenting Mackie's two fundamental arguments that is, reasoning through relativity and queerness, we try to show the inadequacies of his argument according to Pojman's point of view. In the following, we discuss the inefficiency of Harman's anti-comparison hypothesis and reveal how moral realities exist, and finally, we discuss Pojman's approach in defense of moral realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Critics of the epistemology of future studies, emphasizing on the rationality of the strategic foresight
Moslem Shirvani Naghani Mohammad Rahim EivaziRapid changing, the enhance of uncertainty and the complicated environmental conditions in the present century led to avoiding taken-for-granted linear change in planning and decision-making in various parameters and tending to use futures studies in different levels an MoreRapid changing, the enhance of uncertainty and the complicated environmental conditions in the present century led to avoiding taken-for-granted linear change in planning and decision-making in various parameters and tending to use futures studies in different levels and areas instead. However, studies related to the future were always faced the cognitive challenges. In this study, the theory of Wendell Bell in cognitive futures studies, as one of the most famous theories in the area, was critically investigated. Then, the rationality of strategic foresight as a pragmatic approach to the future studies was analyzed. IN other words, the rationality of proposition that extracted from the future study by strategic foresight approach was investigated. Besides recognizing the most influential weaknesses of his theory, the findings of the research revealed that “the problem-solving”, “accuracy in predicting”, “balance between issues”, “simplicity”, “expansion”, and “compatibility” along with “being value-oriented” are criteria which introduce strategic foresight as a rational and wise approach which can significantly help long-term studies related to the future. Hence, to develop and apply the strategic foresight, the suggestions are provided for the academic researchers, industrial, and administered authorities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The reasons of the US withdrawal from JCPOA based on the Neoclassical Realism Perspective
akram salehi mohammadreza dehshiri Rahmat HajiminiehJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is one of the important legal and international events in the international relations history. This international agreement, result of two years formal and intensive negotiations, was signed between Iran and 5+1 countries, in V MoreJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is one of the important legal and international events in the international relations history. This international agreement, result of two years formal and intensive negotiations, was signed between Iran and 5+1 countries, in Vienna. Following the signing of this document, the Security Council resolution 2231 legislated. According to this resolution, previous Security Council sanctions have been canceled and JCPOA signatory countries were forced to implement the commitments which were inserted on it. However, it did not take long time that the new president of America, Donald Trump, revealed his incompatibility with Iran's multilateral international nuclear agreement. Finally, the United States government officially gets out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Therefore, this study tries to answer this question that, what are the reasons of the US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action? In order to answer this question this hypothesis examined that the US withdrawal of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action can be examined in individual level: Trump characteristics, national: unilateralism approach from the “First America” doctrine and systemic: supporting regional allies and consolidate America's hegemonic position. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is library and internet. The use of neoclassical realism theory to examine the causes of America's exit of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action is the research innovation in the present study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - The effects of the Syrian crisis on Turkey's strategic considerations towards Russia
taher Heidarzadeh Rahmat Hajiminieh nozar shafieeGiven the sensitivity of developments in Syria and the implementation of the intentions of other countries in this environment, including Russia and Turkey, in addition to the areas of threat and opportunity in relations with each other can also affect the strategic con MoreGiven the sensitivity of developments in Syria and the implementation of the intentions of other countries in this environment, including Russia and Turkey, in addition to the areas of threat and opportunity in relations with each other can also affect the strategic considerations of the two countries. Russia and Turkey have always had common interests in the field of geoeconomics and conflicting interests in the field of geopolitics, which has led to the formation of common and conflicting interests in relations between the two countries. Russia and Turkey went so far in the Syrian crisis that there was a possibility of a direct confrontation between the two countries, but the two countries avoided a possible conflict due to strategic considerations. The purpose of this study is the impact of the Syrian crisis on Turkey's strategic considerations towards Russia. This study raises the question of what effect has the Syrian crisis had on Turkey's strategic considerations towards Russia? Descriptively-analytically, it assesses the hypothesis that: The Syrian crisis, by exposing Turkey's vulnerability to Russia's response, shifted Ankara's strategic considerations from aggressive realism to contingent realism in its relations with Moscow, replacing cooperation with confrontation. The research findings prove this point. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The Behavior of the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Towards the United Nations in the Years 2013 to 2021
fatemeh sadat mirkhan reza simbar Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Mohammadreza GhaediThe United Nations is one of the international organizations and the most important organization that consists of all countries of the world and its pillars play a key role in international relations. The Islamic Republic of Iran, like other countries in the world, is a MoreThe United Nations is one of the international organizations and the most important organization that consists of all countries of the world and its pillars play a key role in international relations. The Islamic Republic of Iran, like other countries in the world, is a member of this organization. Our country, Iran, as an ancient country and civilization, urgently needs a fundamental re-reading of its relations and attitude towards the United Nations and its pillars. The main purpose of this article is to analyze and recognize the behavior of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United Nations in the period of 1392 (2013) to 1400 (2021); The main question is what was the attitude of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United Nations in the years 1392 to 1400? The researcher tries to reach an appropriate answer to this question with a theoretical approach to defensive realism, and with a descriptive-analytical research method and data collection tools of libraries and Internet sites. The results of the research show that the main problem of Iran's foreign policy towards the United Nations is its sinusoidal nature. And the solution to this problem is that Iran can play a more effective role in the United Nations by changing its sinusoidal foreign policy towards the organization and trying to establish various consultations for its reform. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Examining Saudi Arabia's position in US foreign policy regarding Iran's anti-hegemonic role.
sajad hasani arsalan ghorbani-e sheikhneshin Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan SirakiThe governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the re MoreThe governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the relations of actors in the Middle East. Organizes the surface of regular areas. The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia and the patterns of interaction and friendship-enmity between the two countries are also a function of the formulations of the structure of the international system and the order of the Middle East. The question of the present article is that what effect does the anti-hegemonic emergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran have on the position of Saudi Arabia in US policy (considering the superior role of the US in the structure of the international system) in the West Asian region? Findings of the article Using neo-realist theoretical propositions show that Washington, in the context of its superior role in the structure of the international system, uses Riyadh as a geopolitical, geostrategic and geocultural weight to maintain balance. It looks at regional forces and countering the emergence and expansion of anti-hegemonic powers such as Iran. This article has been done through qualitative-interpretive method and inference of information through existing documents with descriptive-analytical approach and case information. The need has also been collected by taking methods from available and available sources, including: books, articles in domestic scientific research quarterly and foreign articles, reputable sites and Internet resources, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The Status quo Strategy as Behavioral Pattern of Modern China
Abdolmajid Seifi mahmood alipour gorjiChina’s view to current international order has become important after rapid economic growth in the country. Due to its high population, geopolitics, and transformation of China into the world’s largest economy until 2030, some scholars believe that China wi MoreChina’s view to current international order has become important after rapid economic growth in the country. Due to its high population, geopolitics, and transformation of China into the world’s largest economy until 2030, some scholars believe that China will be challenged the current international order to achieve hegemon position. However, the economic growth and China’s rising have taken place within the framework of the current international order. Also, change the current international order will cost a lot. So, it seems that China wants to maintain the existing international order. The main question of this article: «what is the stand of status quo in China’s view to current international order?» The hypothesis of the article is «By assessing the official documents of the Chinese government, its participation in conventions and treaties and its votes in international organizations, China is considered as status quo state. China's rapid economic growth and development took place in the current international order, Thus, China regards preserving this order in its own interests». In this Article, descriptive-analytical method has been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Analyzing the consequences of the evolution of the concept of security on China's foreign policy strategy in relation to the Islamic Republic of Iran
mahdi salami mashallah heidarpourThe evolution of the concept of security after the collapse of the bipolar system in international relations has left a wide impact on the whole of China's foreign policy towards other countries. Based on this, it is necessary to conduct research in the field of an MoreThe evolution of the concept of security after the collapse of the bipolar system in international relations has left a wide impact on the whole of China's foreign policy towards other countries. Based on this, it is necessary to conduct research in the field of analyzing the consequences of the evolution of the concept of security on China's foreign policy strategy in against the countries of the Persian Gulf region and especially Iran. The main goal of this research is to answer the question that what effects did the evolution of the concept of security have on China's foreign policy approach towards the Islamic Republic of Iran? The transition from one-dimensional military security to sustainable multi-dimensional security has caused China to pay attention to many dimensions of security such as economic, political, cultural, energy, military and defense security of this country in relation to the Islamic Republic of Iran and foreign policy. China has undergone extensive changes and transformations in relation to Iran, and the text of this article deals with the research of its influential components. The data collection of this article is based on the library method and the use of documents and sources. It is virtual and the research method of this research is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Russia's Middle East Policy and Conflict Management Tehran-Riyadh Relations
Reza Ekhtiari Hossein Rafie Atieh Bulbul AmiriWith the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Repub MoreWith the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, has been one of Russia's foreign policy priorities. But Tehran and Riyadh are pursuing conflicting interests in the region, which poses a challenge to Russia's diplomatic apparatus. Given this issue, the research question is based on how Russia, while maintaining relations with Tehran and Riyadh, has managed the conflict in their relations in line with its regional interests? The hypothesis of the article is based on the fact that Russia has tried to establish independent relations with both countries simultaneously based on a completely realistic and pragmatic approach, in order to serve its regional as well as global interests. The research method is analytical-explanatory and the theoretical approach of realism has been used to explain the subject. Findings show that in relation to the issue of Iran's nuclear activities, regional influence and its presence in Syria, the confrontation of the Resistance Front with the Arab-Hebrew coalition and Iran's support for the Yemeni Houthis in the war With Saudi Arabia, Kremlin leaders ignored the Saudis' demands and instead pursued a policy of coordination with Tehran in the national interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - The Impact of the Foreign Policy of Trump Government on the Collective Security Mechanism
Mohammadreza Bigdeli Kabak KhabiriAbstract Collective security mechanism as a model for maintaining and expanding international security requirements, and coordinate, which has been criticized by neo-realists for its idealistic nature .On the other hand, violating this mechanism directly or indirectly a MoreAbstract Collective security mechanism as a model for maintaining and expanding international security requirements, and coordinate, which has been criticized by neo-realists for its idealistic nature .On the other hand, violating this mechanism directly or indirectly affects the function of the collective security model. Throughout history, the US as a supreme power has played an important role in weakening or strengthening the collective security model. Presidents of this country after World War II And based on Truman's doctrine with an internationalist approach, they have been able to define a specific role for the United States in the international security mechanism in their national security doctrine. The forty-fifth president of America Donald Trump, who has considered foreign policy, Has made a mistake In the perspective of the role played by the United States since 1945 with an internationalist approach before the Trump in the international system. America's foreign policy during the presidency of Donald Trump which is rooted in nationalist views, by emphasis on national interests of the United States And with an economics-oriented approach As well as the impact of some of its institutionalized foreign policy features, including unilateralism, Intentionally or unintentionally weaken the collective security. Eventually, this trend intensifies because of the increasing self-sufficiency of governments Will lead to an increase in the anarchy of the international system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Critical Realism, Dual Exit from Positivism and Hermeneutic
Akbar Ashrafi ALi Fallahi SayfoddinAbstract In contrast to natural science that have contain few methodological controversies, human science is dominated by unrewarding disputes among various and contrasting views; Affording rival answers by positivism and hermeneutics (as two main traditions in philoso MoreAbstract In contrast to natural science that have contain few methodological controversies, human science is dominated by unrewarding disputes among various and contrasting views; Affording rival answers by positivism and hermeneutics (as two main traditions in philosophy of social science) to the question that “to what extent can society be studied in the same way as nature?”, form the main dimension of these disputes. Positivists believe sciences are unified in their concordance with positivist principles, while hermeneutics has posited a cleavage in method between the natural and social sciences. Number of new traditions such as Critical Realism argues for Synthesis that overcomes this controversy. This paper attempts to explain critical realism as much as possible. So the main question to be dealt with in the present research is: could critical realism give a synthesis that brings together main aspects of positivism and hermeneutics? Here in order to give appropriate answer to this question we start this research by looking briefly at positivism and hermeneutics and then move on to outline accounts of critical realism especially its bonds with natural and social science. Key words: Critical realism, Structure, Agency, Depth ontology, Interaction, Transformational model of social action Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Promoting the Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in the Context of International Relations Theory (with Emphasis on English School)
Seyyed Abdolali Qvam Rahman Najafi SayyarThe concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, MoreThe concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, and under the circumstances, interference in their internal affairs applied. Accordingly, the occurrence of widespread human rights crimes during the Cold War in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, Somalia and etc., humanitarian interventions put in its agenda to prevention of genocide, torture and rape of human rights and. In this regard, various theorists of international relations theoretical were effort to understand the emergence of these interventions. Theorists using different theories such as realism, constructivism, liberalism, and have tried to explain the concept of this phenomenon. In this regard, the present paper Tries to analyzes the humanitarian intervention and it promotion to "responsibility to protect" in the context of pluralism and solidarism English School and trends of solidarism and pluralism English School Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - The strategic position of Yemen in foreign policy and security
Hamid Dorj ُSeyed Davoud AghaeiThese days,Tramp's actions are at the top of the region's and the world's news.His new contracts for the sale of military weapons have created a wave of worries about the growing crippling of warfare in the world. Tramp's government has attracted attention since it came MoreThese days,Tramp's actions are at the top of the region's and the world's news.His new contracts for the sale of military weapons have created a wave of worries about the growing crippling of warfare in the world. Tramp's government has attracted attention since it came up with frequent claims that it has entered the military arena in the region.He initially sought to justify the direct presence of the US in the West Asian region, with opposition from both Russia and Iran, creating modifications to his plan by introducing a safe area in Syria.Tramp has chosen a new option for the United States in the region, given the many problems that Washington faces to enter the Syrian military arena,in which Tramp ordered the use of American drone to bombard Yemen's various areas under the pretext of fighting.With al-Qaeda.The main question of the research is that what is the strategic importance of Yemen in foreign policy and security of Tramp?The findings of the study indicate that Tramp has adopted a rigorous and power-hungry approach to Yemen's developments with goals such as tearing down the axis of resistance,removing Iran from regional equations,and preventing the spread of Shiite waves to Saudi Arabia,Is.He does not complain about taking American action in the region to take a dramatic action,and with a comforting, profit-oriented view of the developments in Yemen,the stockpile of Western weapons is flooding the oil dollars of the Arab reactionaries into the region.The research method is descriptive-analytic and based on invasive realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Obama and the Continuity of America's Foreign Policy toward Egypt
Mahdi Habibollahi Seyyed Javad Emam Jomeh Zadeh Hosein MasudniaAbstract: America relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washingt MoreAbstract: America relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cairo have close and continuous cooperation to meet common strategic interests in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring developments and overthrow of Mubarak, America's policy toward Egypt was faced with challenges. However, the United States has tried to manage these developments, and Obama administration, regardless the type of Egyptian government, maintained its continuous relationship with this key Middle East country. Despite widespread developments after the Arab Spring in Egypt, the United States maintained the same policy aims from its relationship with Egypt. What are the reasons for the continuation of US foreign policy towards Egypt, especially under Obama's presidency? This research by using descriptive and analytical method and with the use of library and internet resources intends to study and explore the reasons for the continuation of relations between the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - The Origins of Ukraine Crisis and Its Impact on Islamic Republic of Iran’s National Interest
Ehsan Fallahi Asdollah AmeriAbstract In the age of globalization, political, economic and military issues have intertwined. So crisis in one region affects the interests of actors in the other regions. Ukraine as one of the Soviet Republics survivors had been faced with multiple crises, which Zen MoreAbstract In the age of globalization, political, economic and military issues have intertwined. So crisis in one region affects the interests of actors in the other regions. Ukraine as one of the Soviet Republics survivors had been faced with multiple crises, which Zenith of it was United States and Russia Confrontation about Crimea Peninsula. This article tries to answer the following question: what are the origins of Ukraine Crisis in 2014? And what is the impact of Russia and United states confrontations in Ukraine crisis on Iran national interest? “Ukraine crisis has origin in Competition of U.S.A and Russia that has emerged in Orange and Blue Revaluation. This crisis has strengthened the relations between Tehran- Moscow, in order to fulfill Iran's national interests. To test this claim, Iran’s National interests have been investigated in local, regional and international level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Iran's Response to Challenges and International Sanctions from the Perspective of Constructionist
Zohreh Balazadeh Amrollah Ashrafi Farhad BaraniThe main objective of this paper is to examine the issue of sanctions on Iran by the West and Iran's negative action to these sanctions. Since 2002 onwards, the problem between Iran and the West that has become a major challenge. The argument of this article is that Wes MoreThe main objective of this paper is to examine the issue of sanctions on Iran by the West and Iran's negative action to these sanctions. Since 2002 onwards, the problem between Iran and the West that has become a major challenge. The argument of this article is that Westerns are trying to convince Iran with their various sanctions in line with its strategic objectives. But, Iran has not shown positive action against the Sanctions, so Iran has turned into a negative action. In fact, Western countries, especially America and Europe in dealing with Iran has focused on Western values, such as Considering Israel's security, containing Iran and ignoring Iran's nuclear rights. Against, Iran says these acts and increased sanctions are a step in direction of political instability and reduce their national security coefficient. So the authors tried to reviews this topic from the perspective of Constructivism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Russia's Policy in the Syrian Crisis and Its Consequences on Iran's National Interests
Rouhollah Darayandeh hamid ahmadiAbstract In the past few years, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most important issues in the international system and has attracted worldwide attention. Syria has become competition field for the regional and international powers which each plays a role accordin MoreAbstract In the past few years, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most important issues in the international system and has attracted worldwide attention. Syria has become competition field for the regional and international powers which each plays a role according to their goals and interests. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation has always been one of the most influential international players which has played a decisive role in this field. Hence, In this article the cause and manners of Russia's policies and actions toward the Syrian crisis have been studied. Besides, knowing the fact that developments in Syria and the Russian's approach to it, has direct and indirect implications for the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, a comprehensive review of this topic has also been made. Anyway, the main issue is that what’s Russia's policy on the Syrian crisis and its consequences for Iran's national interests? The hypothesis suggests that Russia's policy in the Syrian crisis is an attempt to create a balance in the international system and confronting existing threats posed by the United States over the security and national interests of the country which is in line with Iranian policies that provide its national interests. Nevertheless, differences in the attitudes of the two countries and their types of activism can create challenges. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - U.S. Foreign Policy in the Light of Obama's Pivot to Asia
Farzad Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi Mohammadreza Maleki Seyed Javad EmamjomehzadehAbstract: With the start of the presidency of Barack Obama and his promise to change, America's foreign policy orientation altered from the Middle East to Asia, so that Obama during his presidency has made great efforts to focus United States' attention and resources to MoreAbstract: With the start of the presidency of Barack Obama and his promise to change, America's foreign policy orientation altered from the Middle East to Asia, so that Obama during his presidency has made great efforts to focus United States' attention and resources to Asia-Pacific. What is the reason of America's strategic orientation change under the Obama presidency from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific? Where should be pursued the context of this change? Due to the proximity of the Obama doctrine to political realism principles, the reason of this change must be tracked on the Obama's realistic policies. Therefore, this study tries to show that how Obama's realistic foreign policy changed the strategic orientation of this country by using the analytical - explanatory method. In this regard, after examining the theory of political realism and Obama realistic doctrine, the Pivot to Asia strategy will be explored which represents an important change in the United States foreign policy from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - The Paradox of America's Foreign Policy in Syrian Crises
Mohammad sadegh Kooshki Mahjobeh KarimiIn the view of most analysts, the US foreign policy in the Syrian civil war has been very passive and ambiguous. Over the four years of civil war in Syria passed and the US has failed to adopt a firm stance against the crisis and arming the opposition, or full-scale mil MoreIn the view of most analysts, the US foreign policy in the Syrian civil war has been very passive and ambiguous. Over the four years of civil war in Syria passed and the US has failed to adopt a firm stance against the crisis and arming the opposition, or full-scale military attack on Syria remains uncertain. The resulting discontent among some American allies like Saudi Arabia and passive policies of Washington was considered. The root of this confusion was the ambiguous foreign policy strategy in relation to the confrontation with the Islamic awakening and overall outcome of US confusion in foreign policy at regional and international levels was evident. America’s credibility and global power relations on the one hand and undermine Washington's allies like Saudi Arabia and Israel in this regard can be summarized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Iran Nuclear Security Dilemma from the Perspective of Neo-Realism
Reza Simbar Reza Rahmdel Mahsa FallahAbstract Our study focuses on neo-realism has Iran Nuclear Conundrum and lack of agreement on a nuclear Marathon. Anarchic structure of the international system after the events of September eleventh causes a turning point in the international system for the world. Ira MoreAbstract Our study focuses on neo-realism has Iran Nuclear Conundrum and lack of agreement on a nuclear Marathon. Anarchic structure of the international system after the events of September eleventh causes a turning point in the international system for the world. Iran tried against the hegemonic power structure of the international system as a resistance range with respect to that coordinates ideological foreign policy spending. The balance of power created after September eleventh exorbitant fees established for Iran sanctions, aerospace, nuclear, oil, international and even took International Economic Exchanges. Nevertheless the issues of Iran’s nuclear powers were causing a disagreement with powerful countries. We tried using neo-realist theory to get the answer security Conundrum of Iran nuclear program. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran Strategy towards the Crisis in Yemen
Seyed Ali Nejat Raziyeh Musavi Mohammadreza SaremiAbstract Relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the past years had turned cold with military attack on Yemen and Saudi Arabia accuse Iran of military and political support for the movement Ansar Allah, their opposition was procedural. Therefore, this essay is to ex MoreAbstract Relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the past years had turned cold with military attack on Yemen and Saudi Arabia accuse Iran of military and political support for the movement Ansar Allah, their opposition was procedural. Therefore, this essay is to explain the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia is responsible for the crisis in Yemen. In this regard, the author using descriptive - analytical and comparative approach, to answer the fundamental question that the Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have adopted a strategy for the crisis? In response to the question of Saudi Arabia has tried to form a coalition and military intervention in Yemen, Ansar Allah movement from the political power and in line with the current arrangements in the power structure of Iran's influence in the new government of Yemen to prevent it. Iran's spiritual and political support for the movement Ansar Allah and the revolutionaries in Yemen has been trying to alter the balance of regional power to their advantage. The results of this suggest that competition and conflict of interests between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran on the crisis in Yemen, has created a zero-sum game. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - The Reflection of Magic – Realism in the " Haft Khan" of Rostam
Zahra Ghodsi Batool Fakhre Islam Mahdi Nowrooz Akbar Sha'baniAbstract Although the magic realism is considered a modern style in story-writing, it has one thousand years of background and has well-established in our literary works. There is no doubt that the extensive treasure of mythol MoreAbstract Although the magic realism is considered a modern style in story-writing, it has one thousand years of background and has well-established in our literary works. There is no doubt that the extensive treasure of mythology that is reflected in magic-evasive content of the Shahnameh can have a great share in proving this matter. Ferdowsi is a realist who by taking advantage of this magic realistic themes has created the fables such as Haft Khan. He includes the reality of his present day in an ultra logic bed of the accidents to open a door of knowledge to his readers. We are to deal with the themes of magic realism in a descriptive-analytical method, and conclude that magic reflects a vast spectrum of ancient beliefs in the fables of the Haft Khan. At the same time it talks about the facts that is called insurgence in the hard trials of life. So, we try, by exploring the magic realistic themes, in the Haft Khan to find how this tie is taking place , what seems clear, is that the Haft khan has its roots in the seven ceremonies of Mehr. Therefore, utilizing the elements of fantasy, this epic work seems fabulous, and this specific quality focuses on its magical realism. The whole fables of the Haft Khan are the reflection of Jung's thoughts. The last point, in the process of the story, emphasizes on the political wisdom of ancient Iran in which the king is a basic column in people's lives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - The Reflection of Realistic Components of the story of " Guileh Mard from Bozorg Alavi
Reza Dehghan Ashtivan Akbar Sha'bniAbstract After the constitutional revolution and translation of Western stories into Persian, we have witnessed the presence of literary schools in Persian story writing. Among them, realism was the most appealing for Iranians MoreAbstract After the constitutional revolution and translation of Western stories into Persian, we have witnessed the presence of literary schools in Persian story writing. Among them, realism was the most appealing for Iranians and experienced the different levels of socialistic, climatic and psychologic periods. Bozorg Alavi is of the prominent representatives of Realism in Farsi story writing. He has dealt with the situation of Iranian society and has challenged the ruling system of the time in the story of " guileh Mard ". His political, social and cultural concerns are highlighted in this story. We have investigated and explored the most important realistic components of the story in a descriptive – analytic method. It seems that Bozarg Alavi had realistic approach in representing the social, political and cultural problems regarding to the time, setting, characterization, scenery and description of events and views. These were the ideals that he believed in them and accomplished in his literary message. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Comparative Study of the Components of Magical Realism in the Novels of The Tooba and the Meaning of Night and The Garden of a Thousand Twist Pathways
Behruz Azhari Hamid Reza farzi Ali DehqanAbstract The foundation of " Magical Realism " is built on reality, but the writer of such literary genre, includes so much ultra realistic phenomena in the real texture of the story which it becomes easily believable to the r MoreAbstract The foundation of " Magical Realism " is built on reality, but the writer of such literary genre, includes so much ultra realistic phenomena in the real texture of the story which it becomes easily believable to the reader. We have studied the important elements of magical realism in The Tooba and the meaning of the night from Shahrnoosh Parsipour and a collection of short stories of The Garden of a thousand twists from Jorges Luis Borged. In by analytical and comparative method. The results of the story show that among the components studied, overstatement and exaggeration and alliance and dualism have allocated the most part of share to themselves. And also, by comparing the two articles one finds that quietness and silence have been used more in The Tooba and the Meaning of the Night than The Garden of a Thousand Twist Pathways. At the same time, the texture of dualism and reconciliation and also sarcasm and allusion are more colorful in the garden of pathways from the Parsipour novel; and it seems that the lack of the essence of sarcasm in some parts of it has endangered the believability of the events. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Studying the Social Realistic Frequencies in the Poetry of Forough Farrokhzad
Leila GolipouriAbstract Realism is a literary school which spread in Europe and America in 1850 – 1880. Its most important characteristic is that it considers man as a social being and seeks the roots of his behavior, whether good or b MoreAbstract Realism is a literary school which spread in Europe and America in 1850 – 1880. Its most important characteristic is that it considers man as a social being and seeks the roots of his behavior, whether good or bad, in the society. Realism entered the Persian literature through Iranians' familiarity with the West in an imitative and concordant with the constitution revolution; and the poets and writers took advantage of this school in creating their works. Persian women poets such as Forough Farrokhzad used it in composing their social poetry. The present article, with the analytic – descriptive method, and by considering the impact of the different governments which had on the social frequencies till post revolution, is going to study some of the realistic social frequencies in Forough's poetry. The consequence of this research is that the element of woman relying on fighting against desperation, espousing the justice and advocating the right of man were of the most important frequencies of social realism which were of significant elements in the women's movement in this Persian lady's poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Manifestations of Surrealism in Maulana's Mathnavi of Ma'navi
Zahra Vahidi Shahin Ojagh AlizadehAbstract Exploration in classical Persian texts with a fresh look can have profound accomplishment for literary criticism and bring the real understanding in both domains. Surrealism is one of the most influential schools in t MoreAbstract Exploration in classical Persian texts with a fresh look can have profound accomplishment for literary criticism and bring the real understanding in both domains. Surrealism is one of the most influential schools in the West, which tries to reduce the role of reason and logic; instead with its own methods such as automatic writing, sleep and dream, etc. to achieve its goal in reaching an upright point. This school has not been unprecedented in Persian literature with all its effects in the world of literature. Many of its features can be seen in Rumi's Mathnavi of Ma'navi. In this article, based on first three branches of Mathnavi, a plan is presented in which the surrealistic features of this striking effect on two axes of stories and abstractions are considerable. At the same time, despite some apparent similarities, it cannot be regarded as mere surrealistic effect. In this essay, the power of Rumi's poetry and the relationship of the literary school that was formed in the twentieth century is shown with the poetry of this competent poet. These two experiences have many common points, but the position of the approach of each one is different. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - The Reflection of Magic – Realism in the " Haft Khan" of Rostam
Reza Hadiloo Tooraj Aghdaee Haydar Hassanloo Mehri TalkhabiAbstract Although the magic realism is considered a modern style in story-writing, it has one thousand years of background and has well-established in our literary works. There is no doubt that the extensive treasure of mythol MoreAbstract Although the magic realism is considered a modern style in story-writing, it has one thousand years of background and has well-established in our literary works. There is no doubt that the extensive treasure of mythology that is reflected in magic-evasive content of the Shahnameh can have a great share in proving this matter. Ferdowsi is a realist who by taking advantage of this magic realistic themes has created the fables such as Haft Khan. He includes the reality of his present day in an ultra logic bed of the accidents to open a door of knowledge to his readers. We are to deal with the themes of magic realism in a descriptive-analytical method, and conclude that magic reflects a vast spectrum of ancient beliefs in the fables of the Haft Khan. At the same time it talks about the facts that is called insurgence in the hard trials of life. So, we try, by exploring the magic realistic themes, in the Haft Khan to find how this tie is taking place , what seems clear, is that the Haft khan has its roots in the seven ceremonies of Mehr. Therefore, utilizing the elements of fantasy, this epic work seems fabulous, and this specific quality focuses on its magical realism. The whole fables of the Haft Khan are the reflection of Jung's thoughts. The last point, in the process of the story, emphasizes on the political wisdom of ancient Iran in which the king is a basic column in people's lives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - The anelysis of International Relation´s significances in English School and Realism aspect
Masoumeh Ghanilou Seyyed Farshid Jafari pabandi سعید وثوقیRealism and English School from the main schools in international relation history and maintained their place in international relation study. in attendance to role of theories in understanding of international phenomenones, it is necessary to have a complete and precis MoreRealism and English School from the main schools in international relation history and maintained their place in international relation study. in attendance to role of theories in understanding of international phenomenones, it is necessary to have a complete and precise view about them. So in this article first we have some explain about Realism and English School then four concept "Int. system", "balance of power", "Int. law", "Int. institutions", are choicen because of their significance in Int. relations study. Then the viewpoint and definition of both theory about concepts are analyzing and their accordance are evaluate. In the result of this comparison, compatibility of two schools is evaluated and analyzed. The out comes of this research shows that two schools have a similar point to four concepts. So against of current viewpoint about English School as a viamedia, this school both in goal and basis is more similar to Realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - The impact of China's historical principles and foundations and Historical backgrounds on its foreign policy
Jamil Hassanpourچکیده با توجه به اینکه افراد و نخبگانسیاسی دارای اصول نسبتا ثابت فکری هستند ، لذا مبانی فکری و فلسفی آنان و ارزش ها و عناصر فرهنگی یک جامعه مطمئنا در شکل گیری دیدگاههای سیاست خارجی اشان تاثیر گذار خواهد بود. لذا شناخت مبانی فکری و اندیشه فلسفی رهبران ونخبگان سیاسی می ت Moreچکیده با توجه به اینکه افراد و نخبگانسیاسی دارای اصول نسبتا ثابت فکری هستند ، لذا مبانی فکری و فلسفی آنان و ارزش ها و عناصر فرهنگی یک جامعه مطمئنا در شکل گیری دیدگاههای سیاست خارجی اشان تاثیر گذار خواهد بود. لذا شناخت مبانی فکری و اندیشه فلسفی رهبران ونخبگان سیاسی می تواند در بررسی سیاست خارجی هر کشوری مثمر ثمر باشد. با این اوصاف می توان گفت، پیوند میان متغیرهای فرهنگی و سیاست خارجی از سه طریق مطالعه اعتقادات و اسطوره ها، تصاویر و برداشتها و در نهایت عادات و ایستارها مورد بررسی قرار داد. و این فرهنگ است که از طریق باورها، اسطوره ها، قواعد وهنجارها بر اندیشه و رفتار سیاستمداران اثر می گذارد. لذا در خصوص جمهوری خلق چین به عنوان مطالعه موردی این سوال مطرح است که آیا زمینه های تاریخی و مبانی فکری حاصل از اندیشه های کنفسیوس و دیگر اندیشه های رایج در این کشور بر سیاست خارجی این کشور تاثیرگذار بوده است و یا خیر .و در صورت ایفای نقش ، این اثرگذاری را در کدام بخش از سیاست خارجی این کشور می توان مشاهده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The role of internal factors, governing institutions and influential figures in the neoclassical realism approach of Iran's foreign policy
seyed mahmoud kamalaraNeoclassical realism, based on the anarchic nature of the international system, has always been criticized by non-realists. Some theories consider neo-realism to be indifferent to the construction of the state and the internal factors affecting its behavior. This theory MoreNeoclassical realism, based on the anarchic nature of the international system, has always been criticized by non-realists. Some theories consider neo-realism to be indifferent to the construction of the state and the internal factors affecting its behavior. This theory is a combination of classical realism and neorealism, which considers the structure of the international system and internal factors.Therefore, the main goal of this research is to examine the role of internal factors, governing institutions and influential figures in the foreign policy of the Iran to examine, to examine the objectives, decision-making process and foreign policy behaviors of the iran, as well as to examine the sum total of the structure of the international system, systematic levels, and some effective internal factors in the foreign policy of the iran from the theory of neoclassical realism. We will use the method of examining dependent elements, especially the internal factors affecting the foreign policy of iran, to examine specific cases and existing examples, and the place of this theory and the role of internal factors, governing institutions and influential figures in foreign policy.The results of this research show that, considering the sensitive events in the foreign policy of the Iran, important and influential figures have a definite impact on the decision-making process and behavior of the foreign policy, and it can be said that the two components of the structure of the international system and internal factors are always He has drawn the shape of the behavior of the foreign policy of iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - US internationalism after eleven septamber and the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic (Structural or neoclassical approach?)
mohsen jamshidi Hamid Reza saeedy nezhadElleven septamber was just an accident, and the aftermath has been more of a reaction to the incident. The Islamic Republic has acted briefly in the neo-realist post eleven septamber era after eleven septamber, but based on the ideological approach of the Islamic Revolu MoreElleven septamber was just an accident, and the aftermath has been more of a reaction to the incident. The Islamic Republic has acted briefly in the neo-realist post eleven septamber era after eleven septamber, but based on the ideological approach of the Islamic Revolution, the country has always acted contrary to this theory and can be based on its performance as well as the data discussed in the research. Neoclassical realism has been the basis of Iran's foreign policy since eleven septamber. Iran's efforts to increase its regional role are aimed at enhancing relative security (defense realism). Following the Islamic Revolution and the ideological and strategic conflict with the United States, Iran sought to strengthen its asymmetric capability in the Middle East (aggressive realism) in order to weaken its military against the United States and confront the Western economic war. Supporting regional resistance groups irrespective of their ideology (religious sectarianism), the production and use of simple, low-cost weapons, and the proliferation of such weapons in the region (tendency and tendency for regional hegemony) are two important tactics in Iranian military doctrine. The battle is asymmetric. The author of the qualitative study and the descriptive-analytical approach will attempt to answer the existing question and prove his hypothesis through the data in question. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term, from 2014 to 2019
Mohsen Habibi ahmad bakhshayeshi ardestani seye Ali Tabatabaei Nejad Hamid Reza ShirzadThe Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path MoreThe Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path to regaining power since 2014 has been accompanied by regional obstacles, which have manifested themselves in two general categories: the crisis in Ukraine and the Crimean peninsula, and the leverage of Russian gas exports to Europe. In this study, we sought to understand the regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term from 2014 to 2019, from the perspective of defensive realism theory. The research method was descriptive and library studies. The study found that Russia was facing obstacles in regaining its power, such as the Ukraine crisis, NATO's expansion to the east, the deployment of a missile defense shield, leverage to export gas to Europe, and the issue of EU energy security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Struggle for Regional Power Position: Iran-Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
mahdieh heydariIran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always MoreIran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always faced many challenges due to the inconsistency of national requirements and international requirements. For example, before the Islamic Revolution, with the backing of the United States, Iran succeeded in asserting its power in the region; Could not. Now, with this descriptive-analytical research method, this research seeks to answer the question of what are the requirements of the Saudi-Iranian competition for a regional power plan in the Middle East? The provisional hypothesis is that gaining regional status in the Middle East requires both actors to have both material and immaterial power, as well as the behavior and policies of other regional and transnational governments. The findings of the study, by applying neoclassical realism theory, and analyzing the requirements of the power plan, at two levels of micro and macro analysis, suggest that the existence of different national capacities, relying on, or opposing the existing order, prevents one of these two states from topping. Over the Middle East's power equations. The method of gathering data and data is based on the library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Tabiq, Pahlavi regime's and revolutionaries' point of view about the Palestinian issue (within the framework of the theory of realism and idealism)
Zahra Mirzaeimanesh shohreh piraniAbstractThe issue of Palestine is one of the most important international issues in the region that requires a lot of attention and study. In this article, a comparative study of the views of the Pahlavi government and the revolutionaries on the issue of Palestine is di MoreAbstractThe issue of Palestine is one of the most important international issues in the region that requires a lot of attention and study. In this article, a comparative study of the views of the Pahlavi government and the revolutionaries on the issue of Palestine is discussed. Given the history of the occupation of Palestine and the claims of the Jews about the land of Palestine in this study, the position of the Pahlavi regime from the perspective of defensive realism and the position of the revolutionaries from the perspective of idealism and we seek to answer the main question. What were the views and positions of the revolutionaries on the question of Palestine? The research findings show that the revolutionaries' view of Palestine is from the aspect of idealism and ummatism, which consider the land of Palestine as part of Islamic lands. The Shah has defended the Palestinian cause based on nationalism based on a position of realism, and has paid more attention to the security and internal interests of his country than to a Muslim country occupied by non-Muslims, and wherever he has been in his favor. It has expressed support, sometimes on the Palestinian front and sometimes on the Israeli front, as a result of which it has lacked a clear international policy. The method used is a qualitative method of documentary analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - The regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia and its impact on the security of the Persian Gulf based on offensive realism
Nader MolaeianThis article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the wor MoreThis article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the world is of great importance due to the route of energy passage and estimation of more than 90% of fossil energies (in 2030). The geography of the Persian Gulf, which is separated from the Sea of Oman by the Strait of Hormuz, consists of the following countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar, which are important and vital for the world in terms of economy and fossil energy production. Is. Britain's withdrawal from this region and its replacement by the United States in 1970 has caused many ups and downs in this region of the Middle East. This year, the United States used the two countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as two pillars of regional security to reduce the tension between the two countries and a barrier against communism in a plan called the Nixon-Kessinger doctrine (two-pillar security). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Political relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and India; opportunities and challenges
seyed javad Ahmadi Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan SirakiRelations between Iran and India,as two important countries in West and South Asia, have had many ups and downs after the Iranian Islamic Revolution,and factors such as the internal policies of both countries and the influence of the international system have played a r MoreRelations between Iran and India,as two important countries in West and South Asia, have had many ups and downs after the Iranian Islamic Revolution,and factors such as the internal policies of both countries and the influence of the international system have played a role in this sinusoidal relationship.In this research,by using available library works and resources in a descriptive-explanatory method,we try to find the answer to the question,what is the understanding of foreign policy agents of Iran and India about each other? What opportunities and challenges are there for this relationship?The results show that after Iran joined the non-alignment movement, there was a lot of hope for the improvement of relations between Iran and India.due to reasons such as Iran's support for Pakistan's position in the Kashmir issue and India's Eastern Bloc's support for Iraq in the imposed war against Iran,It didn't happen.But after the end of the Cold War and the paradigm shift of India's foreign policy from idealism to realism,the change in domestic politics,the marginalization of the National Congress Party,the victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the closeness to the West and the support of American positions the relations turned cold. The result is that Iran and India have opportunities for regional,strategic and defense integration and to fight against terrorism and challenges such as the influence of America, Israel and India's Middle East policies and most importantly Iran's nuclear program,which can be effective in changing relations.This research from the perspective of theory Realism has analyzed this relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Designing a philosophical model of physical education based on Islamic approach in Tehran Municipality Sports Organization
seyed ali amir zadeh saeid safarian hamedani taraneh enayatiThe aim of this study was to design a philosophical model of physical education based on the Islamic approach in the Sports Organization of Tehran Municipality. The research was mixed in terms of purpose-applied purpose and method of implementation. The statistical popu MoreThe aim of this study was to design a philosophical model of physical education based on the Islamic approach in the Sports Organization of Tehran Municipality. The research was mixed in terms of purpose-applied purpose and method of implementation. The statistical population in the qualitative section were the experts and managers of the Tehran Municipality Sports Organization, who were purposefully selected based on the theoretical saturation principle of 20 people. The second group of the statistical population of this study in the quantitative part of the staff and executive managers of the Tehran Municipal Sports Organization was 1,200 people. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size of a small part, so 291 people were selected as the research sample. In order to collect data, semi-in-depth interviews were used in the qualitative part of the present study and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. The validity and reliability of the instruments were examined and confirmed. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was theoretical coding that was done using MAXQDA software. Also in the quantitative part, to answer research questions from tests such as Pearson correlation, one-sample t-test, structural equation modeling (confirmatory factor analysis) and heuristic factor analysis using SPSS-v21, Smart Pls-v2 software And Lisrel-v8.8 was also used. The results of factor analysis showed that among the 57 indicators (items), 3 main components were identifiable. Idealism with 21 items, Manuscript profile
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