• List of Articles biomass

      • Open Access Article

        1 - A review on application of biochar (biological coal) bioabsorbent in environmental sustainability with the approach of energy, water, and agriculture
        Laleh Ghafghazi Lobat Taghavi
        10.30495/jrnr.2022.69538.10257
        Providing sustainable sources of energy, global warming, and maintaining soil health are the main challenges of the 21st century. Biochar has great potential in addressing these global issues and can be effective in achieving sustainable development goals. Biochar obtai More
        Providing sustainable sources of energy, global warming, and maintaining soil health are the main challenges of the 21st century. Biochar has great potential in addressing these global issues and can be effective in achieving sustainable development goals. Biochar obtained from waste biomass (plant residues, urban and rural wastes) is a catalyst for the anaerobic digestion process and increases bioenergy production due to its mineral content and buffering capacity. This article is the result of reviewing valid online papers from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Elsevier, and Springer. The Results showed high advantages of biochar for using in the production of renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gases. Biochar potentially increases methane and hydrogen productions in anaerobic digestion and is efficient in on-site biogas enrichment, leading to biomethane production with a purity of more than 90%. On the other hand, it can be a cheap and potential replacement for the electrode of microbial fuel cells and reduce the cost of ion-based batteries. The application of biochar in the agricultural ecosystem increases carbon sequestration in soil and reduces methane and nitrogen oxide emission. The structural characteristics such as high surface area, optimal pore distribution, surface reactivity, hydrophobicity, and many functional groups make this adsorbent a suitable choice for the remediation of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The potential of sustainable use of biochar in biological energy production (biogas and biohydrogen), reduction of greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration and soil health, and wastewater treatment along with its future challenges and perspectives is necessary with the Nexus approach of energy, water, and agriculture. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Estimation of monetary value of aboveground carbon sequestration of tree species in Chitgar forest park
        Hassan Shafiee Soleiman Mohammadi Limaei Amir Eslam Bonyad
        10.30495/jrnr.2022.64835.10227
        Trees are one of the most important and largest carbon reservoirs in forest ecosystems and measuring and estimating carbon reserves in different organs of trees is one of the most important research topics for ecologists. The aim of this study was to estimate the moneta More
        Trees are one of the most important and largest carbon reservoirs in forest ecosystems and measuring and estimating carbon reserves in different organs of trees is one of the most important research topics for ecologists. The aim of this study was to estimate the monetary value of aboveground carbon sequestration of tree species in Chitgar forest park. Based on a systematic random sampling method, a total of 100 circular sample plots were collected in a grid with dimensions of 100×100 m. In each plot, species type, diameter at the breast height, and the height of trees were measured. Allometric equations were used to estimate the carbon sequestration of different tree species. The analysis of variance and Duncan tests were used to compare carbon sequestration between different species. The results showed that the mean carbon sequestration in Robinia pseudoacacia, Malus sp., Pinus taeda, Fraxinus sp. and Juniperus sp. were 4.58, 1.92, 58.31, 2.08 and 0.86 ton/ha, respectively. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the mean carbon sequestrations between different species. Besides, the results also showed that the above ground sequestered carbon was 67.76 tons per hectare and in the whole studied area with 800 hectares, the sequestered carbon was 54212 tons. The economic value of carbon sequestration in Chitgar forest park was calculated at 1.37 million EUR. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - The study of cadmium uptake and accumulation in Acacia victoriae three months old seedlings
        khadijeh khermandar ali mahdavi
        As a result of human activities, metal pollution has become one of the most important challenges in soil and water conservation area today. Phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants and can potentially be used to remediate metal contaminated soils and wate More
        As a result of human activities, metal pollution has become one of the most important challenges in soil and water conservation area today. Phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants and can potentially be used to remediate metal contaminated soils and waters. This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the ability of Acacia victoriae three months old seedlings in the accumulation of cadmium in their parts (stem and root), transfer it from the roots to the stems and to understand the effect of Cd accumulation on some morphology attributes of  the plant. For this purpose, 12 seedlings of A.victoriae three months old seedlings were exposed to Cd in 4 different concentrations: 0, 10, 50 and 100 (mg/l) for period 45 days in completely randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment were considered. The results showed significantly reduction of  height, biomass and resistance were observed, compared to the control plants and also symptoms of toxicity in the leafs which become thin, yellow and with brwon spots in high concentrations of Cd were notably. Also Cd accumulation in roots and aerial parts increasing trend with increasing Cd supply up to 100 (mg/l) and root tissue concentration regards to Cd concentration was higher than stem tissues concentration at all treatments. Cdwere accumulated in the roots, stems and leafs of seedlings, more than 72% (19433.33 mg/kg), under 17% (4630 mg/kg) and under 11% (2853.33 mg/kg) exposed to 100 (mg/l), respectively. Bioconcentration Coefficient root and stem, Translocation Factors, Enrich Coefficient and Uptake Index were determined 184.9, 71.20, 0.39, 0.014, 7697.73 mg/kg in high concentrations of Cd, respectively. Indeed, the results confirmed that A.victoriae had the ability to accumulate Cd in the roots so that prevented Cd toxicity symptom. Generally, this desert plant can be used in the process of remediation of Cd soil polluted by way of phytostabilization.  Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Simulation of yield and water use productivity in soybean plant under deficit irrigation and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer conditions using DSSAT model
        Amir Nikakhtar Ali Neshat Najmeh Yazdanpanah Ali Abdzad Gohari Ebrahim Amiri
        Background and Aim: Water and fertilizer stress have a negative effect on many physical and chemical processes related to the efficiency of water productivity in soybean, thus leading to a decrease in the yield and quality of the plant. Predicting yield response for eva More
        Background and Aim: Water and fertilizer stress have a negative effect on many physical and chemical processes related to the efficiency of water productivity in soybean, thus leading to a decrease in the yield and quality of the plant. Predicting yield response for evaluating irrigation and fertilizer management strategies is of particular importance for making decisions. One of the decision support models in soybean is the CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean model, which is included in the DSSAT software package. The researches in the farm to determine the optimal solutions are done in agriculture and this item, in addition to the cost, is also time consuming, so the aim of this research is to use the DSSAT simulation model to evaluate the yield and water productivity in soybean plant under the conditions of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer were in Hormozgan province. Method: The current research was idone in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications, in Hormozgan province and in Haji Abad city in the years 2021 and 2022. The main factor includes no irrigation and supply of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement and the sub-factor of nitrogen fertilizer amounts included consumption of zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/hectare. The data and information needed to implement the model include location, meteorological information, soil information and agricultural operations, and the estimation in the model was done using a combination of graphic and statistical methods. Comparison of values and distribution of simulated and measured data was presented with 1:1 graph and line. Results: The amounts of water use in the treatments of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 percent of water requirement in 1400 were 265, 354, 444, 533 and 623 mm, respectively and in 1401 were 259, 347, 435, 541 and 632 mm, respectively. The root mean square of the relative error (RMSEn) based on the years 1400 and 1401 showed that the yield of seeds, pods and biomass and the water productivity based on the yield of seeds, pods and biomass in the first year were 0.162, 0.161, 0.099, 0.304, 0.454 and 0.223%, and in the second year it was 0.195, 0.172, 0.106, 0.349, 0.485 and 0.247%, respectively. Wilmot agreement index (d) in the year 1400 for seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.902, 0.891 and 0.939% and for water productivity based on seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.828, 0.810 and 0.970 percent. In 1401 were for seed yield, pod and biomass 0.872, 0.885 and 0.936 percent respectively and for water productivity based on seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.889, 0.766 0 and 0.961 percent. The closeness of this index to the number one, it indicates the reliability of the simulated values. Conclusion: In general, based on the statistical results, the simulation of seed, pod and biomass yields under the effect of different irrigation requirements and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer was acceptable and it seems that the use of the model as a useful tool to support scientific research and improving decisions in water use management in soybeans in the study area are recommended. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Modeling biomass of coppice Persian oak forests using metrics extracted from aerial laser scanner (LiDAR) data
        Farzad Yavari Hormoz Sohrabi
        10.30495/jest.2022.35674.4254
        Background and Objective: One of the most important active remotely sensed data for quantification of different attributes of forest stands is LiDAR data. A research hotspot in this subject is to estimate forest biomass using different LiDAR derived metrics. Mater More
        Background and Objective: One of the most important active remotely sensed data for quantification of different attributes of forest stands is LiDAR data. A research hotspot in this subject is to estimate forest biomass using different LiDAR derived metrics. Material and Methodology: Forest biomass was measured in 127 systematically designed 900-meter square rectangular plots in two different sites (dense and sparse sites). LiDAR data was inspected for any possible error. DTM, DSM, and CHM were extracted from LiDAR data and different metrics at plot level were calculated. For modeling, stepwise regression was applied.  Findings: Result showed a moderate precision for biomass estimation using LiDAR data in a way that the coefficient of determination and root mean square error (Ton/ha) for biomass estimation of leaves, twigs, branches, bole, and whole tree were 0.58-28, 0.54-23, 0.68-1.35, 0.68-1.53, .65-3.69, respectively.  Discussion and Conclusion: Due to high error of determination of tree tips in broadleaves forests especially in coppice stands which have low tree height with irregular shapes; the error of the estimation of tree height using LiDar data is high. Better results demand further researches.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Estimation of Forest Above Ground Biomass in Hyrcanian Forests Using Satellite Imagery
        mohadeseh ghanbari motlagh sasan Babaie Kafaky Asadollah Mattaji reza akhavan
        10.22034/jest.2020.36440.4305
        Background and Objective: The importance of the northern forests of Iran as one of the most important and largest carbon reserves and its role in atmospheric carbon sequestration in our country is evident. The study of the above ground biomass of these forests is consid More
        Background and Objective: The importance of the northern forests of Iran as one of the most important and largest carbon reserves and its role in atmospheric carbon sequestration in our country is evident. The study of the above ground biomass of these forests is considered as a necessity. In recent years, many studies have been carried out using remote sensing technology and various indices for forest above ground biomass estimations. The purpose of this study is estimating Hyrcanian forests above ground biomass in northern Iran using satellite data (SPOT 6). Method: In this research, above ground biomass of these forests using SPOT satellite images and regression models in three selected regions in the Northern provinces (Asalem, Sardaraboud and Kordkuy) and in 2 altitudes were investigated. After calculating the average above ground biomass per hectare using field plots, three vegetation indices NDVI, RVI and TVI were used to estimate biomass based on satellite imagery. Findings: The results showed that the relationship between above ground biomass values and vegetation indices was linear and the NDVI has the highest level of significance in all parcels and has the highest correlation coefficient with above ground biomass. Therefore, regression relations with NDVI were used in order to map the above ground biomass. Discussion and Conclusion:  Based on the results of this study, the above ground biomass values between the three main study areas and in the elevation classes between the high lands and the middle land have a relatively large difference. The highest biomass in the Asalem region and the high lands has been observed.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Measurement and modeling of biomass and carbon storage of root and stump of poplar trees (Populus deltoids)
        Javid Bahrian Amir Hossein Foirouzan Ramin Naghdi Seyedarmin Hashemi
        10.30495/jest.2023.62637.5474
        Background and Objective: Climate change and global warming occur as a result of increasing greenhouse gases that have detrimental effects on human life on the planet, while forests have a very important impact on carbon storage. The purpose of this study was to measure More
        Background and Objective: Climate change and global warming occur as a result of increasing greenhouse gases that have detrimental effects on human life on the planet, while forests have a very important impact on carbon storage. The purpose of this study was to measure and modeling of biomass and carbon storage of root and stump of Populus deltoids trees in plantations of Langaroud county, Guilan province.Material and Methodology: For this purpose, based on selection sampling method, 93 trees were selected from different diameter classes in spring of 2021 and after cutting and removing the sections, an excavator was used to remove the stumps and roots of the trees from the soil. To estimate the amount of biomass and carbon storage of tree roots and stumps, samples of these organs were fallen down and weighed, and after drying in the oven, the dry weight of the samples was measured. After burning an enough amount of dried samples in electric kiln, the weight of organic matter and carbon of the stump and root samples were obtained.    Findings: Results showed that mean of stump and root biomass were 7.99 and 65.5, and mean of stump and root carbon sequestration were 3.92 and 32.32 kg/tree, respectively. The results showed that the obtained models for estimating biomass and carbon storage of stumps and roots using three variables of stump diameter, DBH and volume of trees have a high coefficient of determination, but the model obtained using stump height did not provide an acceptable coefficient of determination. The results showed that the amount of carbon storage in the stumps and roots were 1.568 and 12.928 tons/hectare, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that knowledge of biomass and carbon storage of poplar trees is very important in valuation and management programs for the development of wood farming and the use of these organs to provide part of the needs of the wood industry. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - The Investigation of Biomass of Macro-algas in Bushehr Port (Intertidal zone)
        Hadighe Saeb Mehr Parisa Nejat khah Manavi Sogol Shahidi
        Introdouction: the biomass of macro- algas was studied in summer and winter at 4 elected stations during spring tide in high in 2011, mid and low intertidal zone in Boushehr Port in Persian Gulf. The aim of this study is to identify and determine biomass of macro-algas More
        Introdouction: the biomass of macro- algas was studied in summer and winter at 4 elected stations during spring tide in high in 2011, mid and low intertidal zone in Boushehr Port in Persian Gulf. The aim of this study is to identify and determine biomass of macro-algas in the intertidal zone of the port of Bushehr. Method: Quadrat sampling 0/5/0 × 0/5 m² was random. Totally 12 species of macro-algas identified and the average biomass were arranged in summer; Phaeophyceae (258.6625 g/m2) the highest biomass and Chlorophyceae the lowest biomass and in winter had Chlorophyceae (564.875 g/m2) the highest biomass and Rhodophyceae (191.8 g/m2) the lowest biomass. Result: The result that was obtained by one way ANOVA, determined that the most abundance of macro-alga was in sub littoral zone. Compute test (Mann- Whitney) didn’t show the importance of biomass between mid littoral and sub littoral zones in two seasons. The results show 6 common species that in summer and winter were observed species of Rhodophyceae: muscoides Acanthophora – Laurensia papillosa - Gracilaria corticata and 2 species Phaeophyceae: Cystoseira sp. and Padina sp. and one species of Chlorophyceae: Caulerpa sp. In addition the average of biomass computing in mid and low intertidal zones in studying within two seasons identified in both seasons that the highest average of biomass (953.1 g/m2) belongs to padina sp in third station  in summer  and lowest average of biomass (0. 5 g/m2) belongs  to champia  parvula  in second station in winter.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Estimating Biomass of Single Oak Trees Using Terrestrial Photogrammetry
        zahra azizi Asghar Hosseini Yaghoob Iranmanesh
        10.22034/jest.2017.11626
        Background and Objective: Accurate estimation of forest biomass for assessment of the potential of forests to sequester atmospheric carbon is an important aspect in forest management. The present study aimed to estimate the biomass of single-stem Quercus brantii trees b More
        Background and Objective: Accurate estimation of forest biomass for assessment of the potential of forests to sequester atmospheric carbon is an important aspect in forest management. The present study aimed to estimate the biomass of single-stem Quercus brantii trees by using terrestrial photogrammetry as a nondestructive method. Method: The study was conducted in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. First, 32 individual trees from different diameter classes were selected and two photos were taken for each tree in perpendicular directions. Then, the scale of each photo was calculated and the volume of different components of trees was determined (trunk, main branches, branches and foliage (Crown)). Density of each component was measured using data collected from field and laboratory analysis; and biomass of each component was measured. Estimated biomass from terrestrial photogrammetry method was compared with the actual biomass obtained from the field method. Findings: Results showed that there is no significant difference between the terrestrial photogrammetry method and the field method, which is accurate method in order to evaluate biomass. Discussion and Conclusions: This study showed that terrestrial photogrammetry for estimation of above ground biomass for single-stem Quercus brantii trees is an accurate and efficient method. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Supply Chain Management Models for the Development of Green Fuel Production from Microalgae in Iran
        Shayan Mohseni Mir saman Pishvaee
        10.22034/jest.2019.13961
        Background and Objective: Environmental pollution and dependency on fossil fuels are the most important incentives for the development of biofuels in Iran. Microalgae are introduced as one of the best raw materials for the production of biofuels in the world. In additio More
        Background and Objective: Environmental pollution and dependency on fossil fuels are the most important incentives for the development of biofuels in Iran. Microalgae are introduced as one of the best raw materials for the production of biofuels in the world. In addition, for the production of microalgae, the emissions from power plants are used which leads to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Method: This paper proposes a microalgae-based biofuel supply chain network design model to study the development of such fuels. First, a deterministic model was developed to model the all activities of the supply chain including provision of raw materials for the production of microalgae, microalgae cultivation, turning them into biofuel and eventually biofuel distribution. Then, the deterministic model was extended to a robust network design model to achieve a safe and stable supply chain decisions in the face of uncertainty. Findings: Results of using the proposed model for the development of microalgal biofuel production show that the cost biofuel production from microalgae is 88.5 thousand Rials per liter. Discussion and Conclusion: Current production cost of microalgae-based biofuel cannot compete with that of fossil fuel, but the cost can be significantly decreased with a slight increase in algae productivity or oil content in future. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - Investigating the Potential of Biogas and Energy Generation from Biomass Resources in Villages of Iran with Sustainable Development Approach
        Maliheh Fallahnejad Tafti Mohammadali Abdoli Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei
        Abstract Background and Objective: Energy crisis is the most important crisis threatening mankind. Recently, using biogas has been put under focus due to the problems caused by widespread dependence to oil and scarcity of energy resources. In addition, using biogas as a More
        Abstract Background and Objective: Energy crisis is the most important crisis threatening mankind. Recently, using biogas has been put under focus due to the problems caused by widespread dependence to oil and scarcity of energy resources. In addition, using biogas as a fuel supply can saliently reduce greenhouse gases and consequently reduce global warming. Also, other advantages of biogas generation from biomass resources are waste minimization and sanitary manure generation. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential of biogas and energy production from biomass resources in the villages of Iran with anapproach to supply energy at the consumption place and to reduce transportation costs. Method: In this study, potential of biogas production from cattle refuse is evaluated according to the numbers of cattle existing in Iran villages and determination of cattle refuse quantity. Results: Results show that 11.195 million m3 biogas can be produced from 63 million cattle in villages of Iran. The extractable biogas from rustic biodegradable wastes was also determined. It was found that, annually, 487 million m3 biogas can be produced from 1249000 tons of waste per. Conclusion: Generally, this study revealed that biogas and energy generation from biomass resources in villages of Iran with an approach to supply energy at the consumption place and to reduce transportation costs has economical efficiency and can be as a national strategy for achieving sustainable development Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Content in Biomass, Robinia pseudoacacia and Cupressus arizonica Stands around Tehran
        Saeid Varamesh Seyyed Mohsen Hosseini kiyomars sefidi
        Forestation is one of the most suitable methods to increase the carbon sequestration potential which has been taken into consideration by many countries recently. This study was done in Chitgar forest park of Tehran in order to evaluate the carbon sequestration content More
        Forestation is one of the most suitable methods to increase the carbon sequestration potential which has been taken into consideration by many countries recently. This study was done in Chitgar forest park of Tehran in order to evaluate the carbon sequestration content of biomass (above and belowground), litter and soil (0-15 and 15-30cm) of 40 years old stands of Cupressus arizonica, Robinia pseudoacacia and the surrounding barren land (as blank). The results indicated that the content of carbon sequestration in R. pseudoacacia stand was 493.35 Mg/ha which was significantly (p<0.01) more than content of carbon sequestration in C.arizonica stand (328.82 Mg/ha) and barren land (10.8 Mg/ha). The trunk of trees had the highest share of total carbon sequestration (61% in R. pseudoacacia stand and 56% in C. arizonica stand). The percentages of sand, nitrogen and soil pH were also important factors affecting the soil organic carbon. The economical values of carbon sequestration through the mentioned stands were calculated as 20 and 3.5 million dollars respectively. The results showed that forestation plays an important role in increasing the potential of carbon sequestration in barren lands ecosystem. Since carbon sequestration potential was different among the studied stands, assigning and applying an appropriate management approach to select the species to improve the fertility and thereby increase the carbon sequestration and also to reduce the negative effects of climate change have a great importance in forestation.    Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        13 - Study on soil properties at various depths of Hamoun ecosystem to creative tourism ‎environment ‎
        Mansour Jahantigh
        The aim of this research was Study on soil chemical and physical properties at various ‎depths of Hamoun wetland soil ecosystem causes in recent decade floods. In this research soil ‎samples were taken from the 0-5, 5-50, 50-75 and 75-100 cm depth at each locati More
        The aim of this research was Study on soil chemical and physical properties at various ‎depths of Hamoun wetland soil ecosystem causes in recent decade floods. In this research soil ‎samples were taken from the 0-5, 5-50, 50-75 and 75-100 cm depth at each location, and analyzed ‎for pH, EC, ESP, CaCO3, organic mater, organic carbon, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, SAR, ‎SP, calcium and texture. The data was organized and entered into Statistical Package for Social ‎Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0 for windows. The data shows that pH, EC, ESP, CaCO3, ‎organic mater, organic carbon, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, SAR, SP, calcium and clay has ‎been indirectly relationship with depth. The relationships between this parameters and soil depth ‎has significantly in 1% level (P Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        14 - Determine the amount of carbon sequestration in rangeland species (case study: Atriplex canescens)
        Ziaedin Badehian Masoumeh Mansouri
        Rangelands ecosystems have a large potential to sequester C because they occupy about half of the world's land area. This study investigate the role of Atriplex canescens in carbon sequestration in rangeland research station of Cheshmeh Ali in Qazvin province. Main trea More
        Rangelands ecosystems have a large potential to sequester C because they occupy about half of the world's land area. This study investigate the role of Atriplex canescens in carbon sequestration in rangeland research station of Cheshmeh Ali in Qazvin province. Main treatment applied in a split plot design using randomized completely blocks included two densities, 2×2 m and 4×4 m. In each treatment, four pruning height included without pruning (control treatment), completely pruning, pruning in 20cm and 40cm above ground. Carbon amount were measured for above and underground biomass and soil in density and pruning height separately. Results showed that mean carbon in above and underground biomass per area unit in 2×2m treatment are higher than 4×4m treatment significantly. In 2×2m spacing, the total carbon amount of total biomass (2370 kg/ha) was twice as much amount as 4×4m treatment did significant difference was observed in total sequestrated carbon in plant spacing and purning height treatment. Mean total carbon sequestration per hectar were 59/16 and 59/81 ton in 2×2m and 4×4m treatment. Corolation analysis indicated that there is significant and positive relationship between total sequestrated carbon and organic carbon. Therefore the results suggest that good management practices in rangelands result in increased carbon storage and can increases carbon sequestration. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        15 - A review of Bioethanol production through biomass bioprocessing
        Hossein Motamedi Abolghasem Hedayatkhah Mostafa Amopour Bahnamiry
        In order to preserve fossil fuel reservoirs, it is necessary to find renewable resources. One option is biomass that can be converted to biofuels. One of the most important biofuels is ethanol that has been regarded as the best substituent for benzene. Bioconversion is More
        In order to preserve fossil fuel reservoirs, it is necessary to find renewable resources. One option is biomass that can be converted to biofuels. One of the most important biofuels is ethanol that has been regarded as the best substituent for benzene. Bioconversion is one of the bioremediation methods in which, biomass is converted to biofuel. In this process carbohydrate content is converted to simple sugars and then fermented to ethanol. With regard to the unique structure of lignocellusic materials the pretreatment is necessary that can be done by physical and chemical methods. In saccharification, the biomass is degraded to 5 and/or 6 carbon sugars and then the fermenter microorganism is selected based on the produced sugar. In order to improve final yeild, usually this two steps will be done simulatneously. One of the most important subjects in biofuel production is development of fermentation methods to reach maximum yield one of them is biphasic fermentation. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        16 - Naphtalene effect on Germination and growth factors of seedlings in Helianthus annus L.
        Maryam Khoshsokhan mozaffar banafsheh memarian fatemeh jamalou
        Naphthalene is one of the main polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that is increasing in the petrochemical industry and is on the list of toxic pollutants. These contaminations are mutagenic and have a large impact on the ecosystem of the region, gradually they are emergin More
        Naphthalene is one of the main polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that is increasing in the petrochemical industry and is on the list of toxic pollutants. These contaminations are mutagenic and have a large impact on the ecosystem of the region, gradually they are emerging to the food cycle and human societies. Thus threaten human health, plants, animals, rivers, underground water and agricultural production. Germination is the first and most important stage in plant development. In this study to evaluate the effect of naphtalene (30 & 50 mg/L) on germination, radical growth and biomass of seedlings in Helianthus annus L., an experiment was conducted. Seeds germinated in petri dishes and seven days later, those were studied. The results showed that naphthalene was not have a significant effect on germination percent. It Reduced the radicle length and also reduced the dry and fresh weight of the seedlings. Therefore, naphthalene because of its non-polar and hydrophilic structure decreases the rate of water absorption and affects the germination rate, and as a result, leads to decrease in length of the radicle and biomass of the seedlings. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        17 - Screening the tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivars and landraces to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca pers.) under greenhouse conditions
        MARYAM SHOORYABI Ebrahim Izadi-Darbandi Mohammad Hassan Rashed Mohassel Ali Ganjali
        In order to study to evaluate the tolerance of some tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivars and landraces to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca pers.) an experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions. I More
        In order to study to evaluate the tolerance of some tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivars and landraces to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca pers.) an experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions. In this experiment, 23 cultivars and 4 landraces of tomato were planted in two series of treatments (infected and uninfected (control) with broomrape). Results showed that tomato cultivars and landraces had a significant difference in their biomass and broomrape reduced fresh and dry weight of all all tomato cultivars and landraces significantly. Urbana, GS15, Marconi cultivars and all landraces of tomato were the most susceptible hosts to broomrape. In contrast Cal-jN3, Primo, Hyb.Petopride V, Hyb.Xaman and Hyb.Super Set showed lowest loss percent of shoot and root dry weight in present of broomrape compared to other cultivars. Also, comparison of tomato landraces and cultivars showed that despite higher biomass production of the landraces in control treatments, they were more susceptible and suffered more severe damage in infected treatments. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        18 - Study of tolerance of new tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) to egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) under greenhouse conditions
        Ebrahim Izadi-Darbandi MARYAM SHOORYABI
        The use of tolerant cultivars is one of the most important methods for parasitic weed managing. In order to screen of 19 Serbian tomato cultivars tolerance to Orobanche aegyptiaca under greenhouse conditions, an experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment, based o More
        The use of tolerant cultivars is one of the most important methods for parasitic weed managing. In order to screen of 19 Serbian tomato cultivars tolerance to Orobanche aegyptiaca under greenhouse conditions, an experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment, based on completely randomized design with three replications. The tolerance of these cultivars was investigated in the presence and absence of broomrape in separately treatments. The results showed that among the studied Serbian cultivars, express, uragan, donator, red stone and leader cultivars were more tolerant than other cultivars. Despite of high dry weight production in express cultivar, it suffered the least damage (44.75%) compared to other cultivars. The lowest broomrape dry weight was observed at uragan and donator cultivars. However, their aboveground biomass reduced to 35.39% and 58.16% respectively. Despite the higher biomass production in fantom, ox heart, honey and profit cultivars in control treatments, they suffered severe damage (more than 80%) in infected treatments. It seems theses cultivars are more susceptible to broomrape than the others. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        19 - Estimation of vegetation cover percentage and biomass using remote sensing indices (Case study: protected areas of Southern Alborz, Karaj)
        Chooghi Bairam Komaki Reza Asadikia Hamid Niknahad Gharmakhar
        Vegetation is one of the criteria indicating the production potential of the land. So that the quality and quantity of vegetation in each region is a criterion for determining its production potential. In this research, vegetation indices of Landsat 8 digital data were More
        Vegetation is one of the criteria indicating the production potential of the land. So that the quality and quantity of vegetation in each region is a criterion for determining its production potential. In this research, vegetation indices of Landsat 8 digital data were used to estimate vegetation cover and biomass in the protected area of the central Alborz in June 2016. To study the correlation between vegetation cover and biomass with satellite data, 27 samples were obtained randomly in the region. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between cover percentage and biomass values with remotely sensed vegetation indices. The results showed that among selected vegetation indexes,  Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and Visible atmospherically resistant index (VAR) had the highest correlation coefficient with vegetation percentage 0.53 and 0.52, respectively. Therefore, these vegetation indices are appropriate for estimating vegetation cover at a 5% significance level. And in calibration, the correlation coefficient for the wet weight of vegetation and the indices of Global environment monitoring index (GEMI), Simple ratio (VR) and Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were 0.43, 0.41 and 0.41, respectively even though their estimations were unsuccessful in the validation stage. According to the results of this research, it is recommended that the indicators for the estimation of the quality and quantity of vegetation should be used in which the atmosphere and soil impacts are considered. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Using the bootstrap approach for comparing statistical modeling methods to estimate remotely-sensed aboveground biomass in Zagros forests
        Amir Safari Hormoz Sohrabi
        10.30495/girs.2020.674654
        Background and ObjectiveConsidering the increasing importance of forest ecosystems in climate change mitigation projects, reliable and cost-effective methods are required to estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB). Common  methods used to estimate the aboveground bi More
        Background and ObjectiveConsidering the increasing importance of forest ecosystems in climate change mitigation projects, reliable and cost-effective methods are required to estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB). Common  methods used to estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB) include in-situ measurement, the biomass calculation using aalometric equations and using remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing has been widely used to estimate the biomass of forests in recent decades.The used statistical modeling method is one of the most important factors to use remotely-sensed data for estimation of the aboveground biomass. A large number of researches have been carried out about using the modeling methods. However, these studies face the following different challenges: 1) no modeling method has been recommended as the best method 2) the performence of these modeling methods is affected by forest type, the forest structure, and the present disturbance intensity 3) the performance evaluation and the comparion of the results of these methods were done by using goodness-of-fit test and cross-validation methods. The purpose of this study is to considering the role of choosing statistical modeling methods to estimate remotely-sensed aboveground biomass, the current study was conducted to investigate nine statistical modeling methods including linear regression (LR), generalized additive model (GAM), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), boosted regression tree (BRT), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), cubist regression (CR), Gaussian process model (GPR), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) using bootstrap process and 1000-repeated 10-fold cross-validation approach to estimate the aboveground biomass of Zagros forests using Landsat 8 images. Materials and Methods The cuurent study was conducted in Kermanshah forests which is mostly dominated by oak species trees (Quercus spp.) and is located in western Iran on the Zagros Mountains. Zagros forests are generally sparse and open  and comprise approximately 20% of Iran’s area and 40% forest regions of Iran. In order to conduct this study, two forest regions with different levels of human disturbances were chosen; SarfiruzAbad region with highly degraded (HD) forests, and Gahvareh forest region with minor degradation (MD). Geographical coordinates of SarfiruzAbad and Gahvareh regions are 33º57′-34º04′N / 47º03′-47º17′E & 34º21′- 34º24′N / 46º16′-46º23′ E respectively. The Leaf area index (LAI) map derived from the Landsat images based on a global model was used to collect field-based sample plots  in both regions of the study. Both regions were divided into three  low, moderate and high  Leaf area index (LAI) strata, and the locations of the sample plots were located by using a systematic inventory at the intersections of a 200m×200 m grid in each stratum. 124 georeferenced square plots of field-based sample plots (63 plots in Gahvareh region and 61 plots in SarfiruzAbad region) with 30m×30m dimensions the same size as a Landsat 8 image’s pixel were collected. Allometric equation developed for oak tree in Zagros forests was used to calculate the amount of  the aboveground biomass of each individual tree or sprout-clump. The allometric equation used in this study uses  two vertical tree crown diameters to estimate the amount of the biomass of each individual tree or sprout-clump. The sum of the amount of the biomass  of each individual tree in sample plot was used to calculate the amount of the biomass plot in sample plot level at a ton per hectare. Our study regions were located in a frame of Landsat 8 images (path/row:167/36). A cloud-free Landsat image relating to 19th Mordad 1394 (10th August 2015) relating to the time when the tree canopies are completely closed and near to the date of land inventory was downloaded from earthexplorer.usgs.gov site. Based on the previous studies, the pre-processing of the used image comprising the radiometric and topographic corrections was done.using C method. To estimate the aboveground biomass in the study areas by using remote sensing, 38 spectral variables including band values, simple band ratios, vegetation indices and common linear transformations like tasseled cap and principle component analysis  were extracted from the used Landsat 8 image. Generally, the efficiency of nine different statistical modeling methods including parametric methods (Linear Regression, LR), semiparametric (Generalized Additive Model, GAM), and nonparametric Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Boosted regression trees (BRT), multivariate additive regression splines, cubist regression (CR), and Gaussian processes regression/model) were compared in order to estimate aboveground biomass. To assess the models, two common quality statistics: (i) determination coefficient and (2) root mean square error via 10 fold cross validation repeated 1000 times approach were calculated. This number of repeats helps to ensure an acceptable assessment of robustness of the results. Results and Discussion The measuredstatistical characteristics of the field sample plots showed that the mean aboveground biomass of SarfiruzAbad and Gahvareh regions were 12.6 ton/ha and 20.5 ton/ha respectively. ANOVA indicated significant differences between modelling methods (treatment effect: p< 0.001) for both R2 and RMSPE calculated in 1000-time repeats using 10-fold cross- validation.The Cubist modeling method with the mean determination coefficient of 0.61 outperformed other methods in SarfiruzAbad region.These resultsfor Gahvareh region showed better efficiency of linear regression (LR), generalized additive model (GAM), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) with the mean determination coeffieient of 0.87.The multiple comparisons of different models by using Tukey test concerning RMSE showed that in SarfiruzAbad region, cubist method  with the mean of RMSE 3.3 ton/ha and kNN and RF methods with the mean of RMSE 5.8 ton/ha had a significant difference in comparison to the other methods. Totally, the results of the research revealed the suitable efficiency of Landsat 8 image for AGB estimation in Zagros forests. The acceptable results are due to the low AGB in our study regions that did not reached the saturation point as one of challenges of using optical images like Landsat. The other results of this research is the assessment of the effiecieny of modeling method in order to increase the accuracy of the estimation of remotely-sensed aboveground biomass.Unlike the results of the previous studies, linear regression yielded better results compared to nonparametric methods that can be due to the presence of the linear relationship between aboveground biomass and spectral variables derived from Landsat images. Among the used various spectral variables, red, near infrared, and  shortwave infrared 1 and 2  band ratios were selected as the final variable in most modeling methods. Conclusion In this study, we evaluated the effieincy of different statistical modeling methods to estimate AGB in Zagros forests by using Landsat images. The biomass estimations were compared by using nine parametric, semi-parametric, and non-parametric methods and using 1000-repeated 10-fold cross-validation. The results illustrated the acceptable potentiality of Landsat images for cost-efficient AGB estimating in Zagros oak forests. The accuracy of AGB estimation in Gahvareh region with low-degraded forest stands was higher than SarfiruzAbad region with highly degraded stands. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Modeling of Aboveground Carbon stock using Sentinel -1, 2 satellite Imagery and Parametric and Nonparametric Relationships (Case Study: District 3 of Sangdeh Forests)
        Seyed Mahdi Rezaei Sangdehi Asghar Fallah Homan Latifi Nastaran Nazariani
        10.30495/girs.2023.690665
        In this study, the goal is; Find suitable statistical and experimental models for estimating ground carbon storage by combining spectral and radar data from Sentinel 1, 2. There are 150 random circular samples with an area of 10 acres and a total of 150 samples. With gl More
        In this study, the goal is; Find suitable statistical and experimental models for estimating ground carbon storage by combining spectral and radar data from Sentinel 1, 2. There are 150 random circular samples with an area of 10 acres and a total of 150 samples. With global coverage, all height classes were selected. Species of species type, the total height of trees, and diameter equal to the chest of trees with more than 7.5 cm were recorded in each sample plot. After that, the amount of biomass at the surface of the sample parts was calculated based on the FAO global model and the amount of carbon storage on the ground by applying a coefficient. Radar and spectral images were subjected to various preprocessing operations and necessary processing. Then, the numerical values corresponding to the ground sample plots were extracted from the spectral bands and considered as independent variables. Modeling was performed by non-parametric methods of RF, SVM, kNN, and parametric methods of multiple linear regressions. The results showed that the average ground biomass was 469.07 tons per hectare and carbon storage was 234.53 tons per hectare. Also, the highest correlation was obtained between the main and artificial bands with the two characteristics related to the near-infrared band. The results of modeling validation showed the combination of optical and radar data of Sentinel 1, 2 satellites with biomass and surface carbon storage; Random forest method with the RMSE%, and percentage of bias. The studied characteristics (32.79, -2.24) and (30.79 and 0.01), respectively, have had a better performance in modeling. In general, the results obtained from the validation showed that in estimating the two characteristics the RF method showed better results if the Sentinel 1, 2 data were combined, and in contrast to the SVM. Manuscript profile
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        22 - The effect of race 1 of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the mass production of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
        Yaghoob Taheri
        Root-knot nematode is one of the serious diseases of kenaf which affects its growth and biomass productivity. However, the amount of crop loss in different varieties of kenaf is not equal. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of root knot nematode on biomas More
        Root-knot nematode is one of the serious diseases of kenaf which affects its growth and biomass productivity. However, the amount of crop loss in different varieties of kenaf is not equal. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of root knot nematode on biomass production of kenaf varieties. The biomass productivity of sixteen (16) kenaf varieties was examined under four different levels of nematode inoculum. Yield productivity criteria consisted of FPM, DPM, MSM and DMSM of the plants measured 120 days after their planting. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the productivity of kenaf varieties differs both in the absence and in the presence of nematode infection. M. incognita race 1 showed that the yield productivity of all varieties tested here can be reduced. This reduction; however, varied between varieties. When challenged with RKN, cultivars 113 and Tainang1 were found to be quite promising cultivars with maximum FPM and DPM production, respectively. Varieties G4 (Kelantan) and G4 (AUST) were also found to be at the two extremes of MSM and DMSM when infected with nematodes. Based on our results, it can be concluded that in the presence of RKN, cultivars 113, Tainang1, G4 (Kelantan) and G4 (AUST) are very promising kenaf cultivars showing potential biomass production of FPM, DPM, MSM and DMSM, respectively. It was also found that the resistant cultivar outperformed the susceptible cultivar for all of these four parameters at harvest time. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Investigation on Herbicides Efficacy to Weeds Control in Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.)
        Abolreza Ahmadi Said Karim Mousavi Mahdi Rastgo Mozhgan Bieranvandi
        In order to study the effect of herbicides [Ethalfluralin EC3.33% (3L ha-1), Trifluralin EC48% (2 L ha-1), Pendimethalin EC33% (2.5 L ha-1), Imazethapyr SC10% (1L ha-1), Metribuzin WP 70% (1kg ha-1), Simazine (1kg ha-1), Prometryn (1kg ha-1), simazine plus prometryn (0. More
        In order to study the effect of herbicides [Ethalfluralin EC3.33% (3L ha-1), Trifluralin EC48% (2 L ha-1), Pendimethalin EC33% (2.5 L ha-1), Imazethapyr SC10% (1L ha-1), Metribuzin WP 70% (1kg ha-1), Simazine (1kg ha-1), Prometryn (1kg ha-1), simazine plus prometryn (0.5+0.5 kg ha-1) and weedy check and two times weeding in lentil an experiment was conducted as randomized completely block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications at Korramabad in 2013. The most important weed species in the experiment were Safflower ((Carthamus oxyocantha M. Bieb)), Catchweed bedstraw (Galium tricornutum subsp.), Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L), Cow cockle (Vaccaria grandiflora (Ser.) Jaub. & Spach),Chickweed (Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.). The average of weed density in weedy control condition was 133 plant m2. By investigation of effects of different herbicides on these weeds became clear that treatment imazethapyr (0.75L ha-1 ) with 99 percent reduction in the number of weeds compared with weedy check treatment, was the best treatment and pendimethalin (3.5L ha-1) with 6.7 percent efficacy in weed control was the worest. Based on this results among whole of herbicides that those use in this expriment only metribuzin(1kg ha-1) had significantly phytotoxic effect on lentil. So, for weed control in lentil farm is not recommended. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Evaluation of different amounts of Glyphosate herbicide in the stages of vegetative-reproductive growth and yield of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) and Bean (Vicia faba) plants.
        عین اله حسامی Hadi Chamheidar
        In this research, different amounts of glyphosate herbicide were applied at different times of plant growth. It has been used as a non-selective herbicide in agriculture in the past and present decades due to the development of resistant and resistant weeds. This scient More
        In this research, different amounts of glyphosate herbicide were applied at different times of plant growth. It has been used as a non-selective herbicide in agriculture in the past and present decades due to the development of resistant and resistant weeds. This scientific research was carried out in Shushtar city with the use of different amounts of glyphosate herbicide to evaluate the damage and performance of Tomato, Cucumber and Bean. Glyphosate herbicide was applied in the amounts of 1.51, 2.51, 4.56, 6.55, 8.50 grams of effective substance per hectare. Glyphosate was used in early vegetative and early reproductive stages. The results showed that there was minimal to no damage, reduction in growth and yield for the local cucumber plant of Chambar with the use of herbicides. 14 days after applying the treatment with the amount of 6.55 and 8.50 g/ha, tomato damage was observed with 28-42%. With the application of 8.50 grams per hectare, a 68% decrease in commercial yield was observed. Tomato also showed more sensitivity when exposed to this herbicide in the reproductive stage than in the vegetative stage. Beans were the most sensitive product investigated in this experiment. Damage 14 days after application of treatment after using herbicide with application rates for beans was more in the vegetative growth stage compared to reproductive stage. Also, reduction of plant height and accumulation of biomass occurred for beans. On the other hand, with the application of 8.50 grams per hectare, 13% of the relative commercial yield of beans was observed Manuscript profile
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        25 - Green synthesis of carbon dots from biomass
        Fatemeh Sedaghati
        Abstract: Carbon dots are a class of nanomaterial that are also defined as zero-dimension nanoparticles. Quantum dots (QDs) are getting special attention due to their worthy optical properties and different applications such as bioimaging, catalysis, sensing and drug de More
        Abstract: Carbon dots are a class of nanomaterial that are also defined as zero-dimension nanoparticles. Quantum dots (QDs) are getting special attention due to their worthy optical properties and different applications such as bioimaging, catalysis, sensing and drug delivery. C-Dots can be prepared using the top-down and bottom-up approaches, in which the latter method is commonly used for large scale and low-cost synthesis. C-Dots can be synthesized using sustainable raw materials or green biomass since it is environmentally friendly, in-expensive and most importantly, helps the minimization of waste production. In the same line, waste biomass, fruit peel, vegetable and agricultural biomass can be used as precursors for QDs synthesis. In this article, different methods of bottom-up synthesis of carbon dots using different biomasses that have been presented mostly in the last five years are reviewed. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Assess Correlation between Traits of Sorghum Affected Different Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Vermicompost under Water Stress Situation
        Seyedeh Zohreh Hashemi Saeed Zakernejad Khoshnaz Payandeh
        Manuscript profile
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        27 - Evaluation Effective Traits on Crop Production of Breed Wheat under Warm and Dry Climate Condition (Khuzestan Province, Southwest of Iran)
        Azam Jafari Abdolamir Rahnama Shapor Lorzadeh
        Manuscript profile
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        28 - Agro-Physiological Traits of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Agria) Affected Different Rate of Zeolite and Triple Super Phosphate
        Hamid Madani Masoud Gomarian Seid Rasol Mohammadi Hosseini
        Manuscript profile
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        29 - Optimization of biomass supply chain network in four levels
        Davod Dehghan Kiamars Fathi Hafshejani Jalal Haghighat Monfared
        10.30495/imj.2023.1988071.1851
        Pollution due to biomass burial, the possibility of producing clean energy from biomass and the high demand for ‎energy have made the optimization of the biomass supply chain network important and necessary. The purpose of ‎this article is to optimize biomass su More
        Pollution due to biomass burial, the possibility of producing clean energy from biomass and the high demand for ‎energy have made the optimization of the biomass supply chain network important and necessary. The purpose of ‎this article is to optimize biomass supply chain network at four levels in order to reduce economic and ‎environmental costs. The most important gap in research, resolved in this article, is the determination of the ‎desirable and undesirable outputs of the masses in the centers. Separating and considering the multi-period, multi-‎product mode with heterogeneous transport means. The research model is a two-objective linear programming of a ‎correct number mixed with uncertainty and disturbance, four scenarios were designed for this purpose. The model ‎was solved with genetic algorithm and MOPSO method and with Python software. Validation of the model was ‎investigated in a real case study in Fars province has been The proposed model has been able to implement ‎sustainability and resilience at the same time, which has reduced costs, reduced carbon emissions, and increased the ‎commercialization of energy production from biomass, thus increasing the willingness of investors to invest in this ‎network. It is supplied from the supply chain. The proposed model makes the amount of energy production 2.1% ‎lower than when the favorable and unfavorable outputs are not considered, which means it is much closer to reality. ‎By performing sensitivity analysis on real data, the efficiency of the model was proved Manuscript profile
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        30 - Analytical study of the effects of evaporation of fuel particles on a particle cloud
        Hossein sakhaeinia Farid Abdi
        Biomass has a complex combustion process which comprises of many variables which directly and indirectly influence the amount of efficiency of pollutants emissions. In this article an attempt has been made to study the caused by the evaporation of the fuel particles on More
        Biomass has a complex combustion process which comprises of many variables which directly and indirectly influence the amount of efficiency of pollutants emissions. In this article an attempt has been made to study the caused by the evaporation of the fuel particles on cloud organic particles. It is assumed that cloud organic particles have been evenly distributed and because of some gradients are influenced by the force of thermofortic.For this study a model of a bottle for the assessment of the characteristic of the flame has been used. In order to simplify the model, the frontal structure of the flame has been divided into three areas: Preheat area, Evaporation area, Flame area. Finally, a standard method in order to solve the equations has been used. Ultimately by using these equations ruling physics and also other equations and the results obtained by this model and the experimental data have been compared and good accord between them has been achieved Manuscript profile
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        31 - Numerical study of the effect of inter-particle forces of large biomass on mixing before combustion
        mahsa baghaeifar morteza khayat Mohammad Hassan Nobakhti
        Numerical simulation of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed has been performed using a hybrid approach, in which the governing equations of the gas phase are solved in Eulerian framework and solid particles are modeled based on Multi Phase Particle-In-Cell (MP-PIC) More
        Numerical simulation of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed has been performed using a hybrid approach, in which the governing equations of the gas phase are solved in Eulerian framework and solid particles are modeled based on Multi Phase Particle-In-Cell (MP-PIC) using mixed Eulerian-Langerian method with closed-loop stochastic approach and the effect of operating factors such as gas velocity inlet to fluidized bed, particle density ratio and and particle size in fluidized bed on mixing quality have been investigated. The results show that the mixing quality reaches 0.97 by increasing the inlet velocity to eight times faster than the minimum fluidization velocity and 0.85 for the four times faster than the minimum fluidization velocity. Also by increasing the density ratio of biomass particles to fixed bed particles from 0.2 to 0.65, the mixing quality increases from 0.86 to 0.96. Furthermore, by reducing the diameter of biomass particles and fixed bed particles from 11 mm to 8 mm and 0.9 mm to 0.6 mm, respectively, the mixing quality increases from 0.8 to 0.95. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Economic, social, and environmental aspects of using biofuels
        Mohammad Safari Gholamhossein Safari
        One of the most important issues that all the countries of the world are dealing with today is the issue of energy supply. Energy supply is one of the most basic prerequisites for social development and economic growth of many societies, especially developing countries, More
        One of the most important issues that all the countries of the world are dealing with today is the issue of energy supply. Energy supply is one of the most basic prerequisites for social development and economic growth of many societies, especially developing countries, and access to economically sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources seems necessary in today''''s conditions. The decrease in fossil resource reserves and the increase in the price of oil and its products, as well as the need to pay attention to the reduction of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels, have encouraged the countries of the world to use renewable and clean energies. Biofuels are one of the renewable resources that have attracted the attention of many European and American countries. Substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels has the potential to reduce some of the adverse environmental impacts of fossil fuel production and use, including emissions of conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases, depletion of finite resources, and dependence on unstable external suppliers. In addition to environmental benefits, the use of suitable biofuels can bring economic benefits such as reducing agricultural surplus reserves, reducing unemployment and dependence on imported oil, rural development, sustainable agriculture, etc. In the current study, after introducing and expressing the characteristics of two common biofuels, biodiesel and bioethanol, the general advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels, the economic, social and environmental considerations of using biofuels have been discussed. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Gasification of waste and biomass and its effects on the environment
        saman salavati
        Studies and calculations show that from 1.2 kilograms of biomass, Cause to produce about 1 kilowatt of electricity, 2.5 cubic meters of gas and at least 4,000 kilojoules per cubic meter of thermal energy. Due to the non-consumable of agricultural wastes and similar biom More
        Studies and calculations show that from 1.2 kilograms of biomass, Cause to produce about 1 kilowatt of electricity, 2.5 cubic meters of gas and at least 4,000 kilojoules per cubic meter of thermal energy. Due to the non-consumable of agricultural wastes and similar biomass that are not worth much and have environmental problems, it is possible to produce very cheap electric or thermal energy through the produced gas. Also, the use of these waste in the process of energy production and installation of biomass plants can be used in the agricultural industry, recycling and etc. therefore, its significant impact on the environment is due to the reduction of pollutants and the reduction or elimination of the total volume of waste through the process of gasification and conversion to high-effective products, including gas, biochar, and biofuel. And another reason for its high thermal efficiency of at least 80% is its economic justification.   Manuscript profile
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        34 - A Scenario-Based Robust Compromise Programming Approach for Design of Bioethanol and Electricity Supply Chain in Iran
        Babak Rostami-Ranjbar Mohammad Saidi-Mehrabad
        10.22094/joie.2022.1953244.1941
        Manuscript profile
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        35 - Optimizing Biomass Synergy: Cost-Effective Reduction of Carbon Footprint in Coal-Fired Power Plants
        Edwin Saputra Rienna Oktarina
        10.22094/joie.2023.1999796.2124
        Manuscript profile
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        36 - Effect of Electrical Conductivity and Sodium Adsorption Ratio of Irrigation Water on some Physiological Indices and Yields of Two Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Varieties
        Farzad Jalili
        10.30495/jcep.2019.664835
        To study the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) andsodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the yield and physiological indices of two varieties of rapeseed, an experiment was carried in pot condition. Treatments were EC with 3 levels (0.35, 6 and 12 dSm-1), SAR with 4 leve More
        To study the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) andsodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the yield and physiological indices of two varieties of rapeseed, an experiment was carried in pot condition. Treatments were EC with 3 levels (0.35, 6 and 12 dSm-1), SAR with 4 levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 from NaCl and CaCl2) and varieties with two levels (Talayeh and Okapy). Traits measured were RWC, concentration of Na, K and Ca, leaf water potential, biomass and seed yields. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of variety by EC on Na concentration, biomass and seed yield were significant. With increasing EC levels, seed yield decreased, but yield reduction in Okapi variety was less than that of Talayeh variety. Seed weight per plant in Talayeh was 2.99 g. and that of Okapi was 3.13 g. In both of varieties, with increasing of EC, concentration of Na increased, but its concentration in Okapy was more than Talayeh. The interaction effect of EC by SAR showed that with increasing treatment levels, leaf water potential, biomass and seed yield decreased, while carbohydrates increased. With increasing SAR from EC1SAR1 to EC1SAR4, yield decreased by 7%, while it was 13.7% from EC2SAR1 to EC2SAR4 and 25% from EC3SAR1 to EC3SAR4. Although EC and SAR causes negative effects on rapeseed growth indices, but their negative on Talayeh variety was less than that of Okapy. Increasing calcium proportion against salinity reduced the effects salinity in all traits. Since, high saline water has higher calcium ion, it would have poper quality for to use it in agriculture. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Effect of Temperature Limits and Crop Density on Quality Characteristics of Oils and Fatty Acids in Regression Relationship with Soybean Yield
        Alireza Alazmani Masoumeh Naeemi Abolfazl Faraji Ali Rahemi Karizki Leila Ahangar
        10.30495/JCEP.2023.1928321.1796
        In order to investigate the effect of the growing day and plant density on some agronomic, morphophysiological and qualitative characteristics of the early-maturing line Soy-93-31 soybean, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of a randomize More
        In order to investigate the effect of the growing day and plant density on some agronomic, morphophysiological and qualitative characteristics of the early-maturing line Soy-93-31 soybean, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. Two crop years 2017 and 2018 were implemented in Gorgan region. The first factor of growth days until harvest time includes five growth days (GDD) 2328, 2182, 1893, 1712 and 1499 resulting from the date of sowing (10, 24 June, 8, 12 July, 5 August) and the second factor is the distance between rows 24, 36 and 48 cm (42, 28 and 21 plants per square meter).in this experiment, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grain, oil yield, oil percentage and soybean fatty acids were measured. The results of this experiment showed that planting date and density had a significant effect on the percentage of soybean oil and fatty acids. The percentage of seed oil decreased with increasing planting time (delayed soybean) so that the highest percentage of soybean oil on 10 June and the lowest percentage of oil was obtained on 5 August. Also, based on the results of planting date and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield and grain yield components, the weight of 1000 soybeans decreased with delay in planting. With delay of sowing date in all densities, soybean grain yield decreased, so that the highest grain yield was observed on June 10 and the density of 42 plants per square meter (3760 kg.ha-1) and the lowest grain yield was observed. Soybean was obtained on August 5 and the density of 21 plants per square meter was (470 kg.ha-1). According to the results of this experiment, the planting date of 10 June and the density of 42 plants per square meter were the most desirable planting date and density to achieve maximum grain and oil yield. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Interference Effect of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield and its Morphological Characteristics
        Ghorban didehbaz Moghanlo Mehdi Joudi Ahmad Tobeh Parviz Sharifi ziveh Mohammad Reza Shiri
        10.30495/jcep.2019.664845
        Maize is one of the important cereal crops in Iran. Moghan, in Ardabil province, is an appropriate region to grow it in the country. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the major noxious weed in maize fields worldwide and also in Iran. To study the int More
        Maize is one of the important cereal crops in Iran. Moghan, in Ardabil province, is an appropriate region to grow it in the country. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the major noxious weed in maize fields worldwide and also in Iran. To study the interference of effect of this weed on maize seed yield and its morphological characteristics, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the research field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ardabil (Moghan) in 2012. The experimental factors were maize plant densities with four levels (70000, 75000, 80000 and 85000 plant.ha-1) and redroot pigweed densities with four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 plant/m per row). The results showed that increasing density of maize and redroot pigweed, grain yield, biological yield and chlorophyll content of maize leaves were significantly reduced. The highest grain yield (11.88 t.ha-1) at density corn of 80000 plants.ha-1 of maize under weed free condition and lowest grain yield (7.92 t.ha-1) at maize density of 75000 plants.ha-1 with the presence of the 12 plant/m per row of redroot pigweed. The highest biomass of redroot pigweed (497.8 g/m per row) was produced at density of 85000 plants.ha-1 of maize with the presence of the 12 plant/m per row of redroot pigweed. Generally, the results of this research showed that 80000 plants.ha-1 of maize resulted in highest control of redroot pigweed and grain yield. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        39 - Effect of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Yield and Yield Components of Pumpkin under Different Water Deficienies
        Vahideh Biyare Farid Shekari Saeid Seifzadeh Hamidreza Zakerin Esmaeil Hadidi
        10.30495/jcep.2020.676137
        Pumpkin is one of the valuable medicinal plants which have high oil content in its seeds. The response of pumpkin was examined against controlled water deficiency with spraying salicylic acid under field conditions in 2015 and 2016 in split plot experiment based on comp More
        Pumpkin is one of the valuable medicinal plants which have high oil content in its seeds. The response of pumpkin was examined against controlled water deficiency with spraying salicylic acid under field conditions in 2015 and 2016 in split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design. The plants sprayed with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM concentrations of salicylic acid at 5-6 leaf stages. After 15 days plants exposed to -0.3, -1.2 and -1.8 MPa water deficiency. Increasing water deficiency reduced RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, plant height, number of nodes and branches per plant, fruit yield, fruit diameter, seed yield, number of seed per fruit and weight of 1000 seeds while it and also increased the diameter of mesocarp especially in -1.8 MPa treated plants. On the contrary, spraying with salicylic acid resulted in significant increase in RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, plant height, number of nodes and branches per plant, fruit yield, diameter of fruit, seed yield, number of seed per fruit and weight of 1000 seeds. Haghest salicylic acid effect observed at 1.5 mM concentration. Most of traits under study depicated their significant reduction at -1.8 MPa water deficiency, while other traits like leaf water content, plant height, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, nodes per plant, number of branches and mesocarp diameter were reduced at -1.2 MPa. On the other hand, seed per fruit was increased significantly at -1.2 MPa as compared to -0.3 MPa water deficiency. The main reason for increment of seed number per fruit was due to reduction in mesocarp diameter and its weight. It seems that water deficiency changed the partitioning pattern of assimilates from fruit and shifted them to seeds against mesocarp or other parts of fruit. Among the yield components, seed number per fruit and number of fruit per land area had the most effect on yield formation. The variation in seed weight was not significant. According to results, pumpkin may considered as a tolerant plant to soil suction till -1.2 MPa, without a significant reduction in seed yield. Manuscript profile
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        40 - The Effect of Different Levels of Pumice Mulch and Deficit Irrigation on the Some Physiological Traits and Seed Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.)
        Mehdi Nasiri Davoud Zarehaghi Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri
        10.30495/jcep.2019.666249
        Mineral mulches, such as pumice, increase water retention of soil, reduce evaporation and optimum water consumption. Use of pumice, thus, can be effective in improving the performance and growth of plant under water stress condition. This research was performed in compl More
        Mineral mulches, such as pumice, increase water retention of soil, reduce evaporation and optimum water consumption. Use of pumice, thus, can be effective in improving the performance and growth of plant under water stress condition. This research was performed in completely randomized block design with three replications, four levels pumice, without its use (as control), and use of 30, 60 and 90 tons of pumice per hectare and three levels of irrigation (at 50% severe stress, at 70% moderate stress and at 100% without stress, evaporation from class A evaporation pan to evaluate the effect of treatment on some physiological traits of corn (modified hybrid of Maxima). Physiological traits of corn, was affected significantly by pumice and irrigation. The highest and lowest chlorophyll index, leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance and dry and fresh weight biomass, were obtained from pumice treatment of 90 tons per hectare and the control. The highest and lowest leaf temperature was also obtained from treatments of control and 90 tons per hectare. Chlorophyll index of 90 tons treatment per hectare in comparison with control and 30 tons per hectare of pumice amounted to 52 and 26% respectively. Stomatal conductance of irrigation at 50% evaporation from evaporation pan in comparison with treatments 70 and 100% decreased by 42 and 23% respectively. Thus it can conducted that the use of the 60 tons per hectare of pumice and irrigation at 70% evaporation from evaporation pan would be effective and will significantly affect plant vegetative characteristics and yield of corn. Manuscript profile
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        41 - The Effect of Weed Interference Duration on some Morphologic Traits and Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
        عمر Rasolzadeh, A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab R. Amini S. BolandNazar H. Davati Kazem nia
        To determine the effect of weed interference duration on morphological traits and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.), variety Ghermez Azarshahr, an experiment was carried out in an randomized complete block design in three replications at Agricultural Research Farm of Facu More
        To determine the effect of weed interference duration on morphological traits and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.), variety Ghermez Azarshahr, an experiment was carried out in an randomized complete block design in three replications at Agricultural Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2010. In this experiment, twelve treatments consisted of six initial weed-free periods in which plots were kept free of weeds for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after crop emergence (DAE), and then weeds were allowed to grow until harvest. Six initial weed-infested periods in which, weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 DAE, after which the plots were kept free of weeds until harvest. The effect of weed interference on plant height, leaves per plant, average diameter of bulb, biomass per plant, yield per plant and yield per unit of area was significant. All traits of the onion were reduced as the weed infested period was increased. Increasing the weed infested period more than 40 DAE, reduced significantly the plant height, leaves number per plant and bulb diameter of onion. Increasing the weed-infested period to 100 DAE, reduced the onion bulb yield per plant and per unit area in comparison with full weed-free treatment by 95 and 96%, respectively. Also increasing the weed free period up to 40 DAE had no significant effect on bulb yield per plant and per unit of area. Generally results indicated that in order to prevent bulb yield loss in onion, the weed control was essential from onion emergence to 100 DAE and after this period, the weed control or its presence did not affect onion yield. Manuscript profile
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        42 - Effect of Foliar Application of Chitosan and Salicylic Acid on Morphological Traits and Essential Oil Quality of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.)
        Negin Safari Kamal Abadi Nasser Mohebalipour Mehdi Oraei Hasan Nourafcan Asad Asadi
        10.30495/JCEP.2021.1927610.1791
        Lemon balm is an aromatic and perennial bushy plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties, which extensively distributed in the Mediterranean region and Asia. The effects of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) and chitosan (50, 100, 150 and More
        Lemon balm is an aromatic and perennial bushy plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties, which extensively distributed in the Mediterranean region and Asia. The effects of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) and chitosan (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) foliar application on plant parameters, essential oil and chemical compositions of lemon balm at two different harvest stages (seedling and flowering) were evaluated. The results showed that the highest values of chlorophyll index obtained from foliar application of 150 and 200 mg/L chitosan. Application of chitosan (all concentration levels except 50 mg.L-1) significantly improved the plant height of lemon balm compared with the control. Leaf and dry weight of aerial parts per plant increased with increasing in salicylic acid and chitosan concentrations. The essential oil compounds of lemon balm (citronellal, caryophyllene, linalool, carvacrol, α-pinene, geraniol) at flowering harvest stage were significantly higher than the seedling harvest stage. Foliar application of chitosan was more effective than salicylic acid in increasing essential oil compounds of lemon balm. The essential oil content ranged between 0.07% and 0.09% in the seedling harvest stage and between 0.30% and 0.52% in the flowering harvest stage. The highest value of essential oil (0.52%) was recorded from the flowering harvest stage with foliar application of 200 mg.L-1 chitosan. The findings of the current study showed that both elicitors possess strong potential in biomass production and enhancement of essential oil compounds in lemon balm. Manuscript profile
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        43 - The Effect of Winter Cover Crops on Plant Density, Biomass of Weeds and Potato Yield (Solanum tuberosum L.)
        Majid Rostami Yangjeh Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim Fatemeh Ahmadnia Leyli Nabati Souha
        10.30495/jcep.2021.679982
        To investigate the effect of winter cover crops on plant density, biomass of weeds and potato yield an experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was performed at Yingjeh Mullah Mohammad Reza village in Namin, Ardabil, Iran, in 2018. Tr More
        To investigate the effect of winter cover crops on plant density, biomass of weeds and potato yield an experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was performed at Yingjeh Mullah Mohammad Reza village in Namin, Ardabil, Iran, in 2018. Treatments were rye (Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativa L.) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia panonica L.). The results showed that the highest dry biomass was obtained from rye treatment (696 g.m-2), the lowest plant densities from its first and second sampling (9.3 and 23.6 plants per square meter, respectively. The lowest fresh and dry weed biomass from first sampling (175.8 and 52.2 g.m-2, respectively) were due to rye treatment. In addition, the lowest fresh and dry biomass of all weeds in the second sample indicated (377 and 134 g.m-2, respectively) were related to rye treatment. Also, the results indicated that the highest and lowest biomasses of weeds in both samples were related to the treatment of hairy vetch and chickling pea. The yield of potato tuber was not affected by the cover crops residues, and the effect of the cover crops did not different potato tuber yield significantly. The results show that rye has a significant effect on reducing the density, fresh and dry biomass of weeds in two sampling stages, but reduction in biomass of weeds does not necessarily indicate a positive effect of cover crops in the short term on improving crop yields. Manuscript profile
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        44 - Effect of Weed Interference Period on Forage Yield of Maize (Zea mays cv. 454) as Second Crop
        P. Mobasseri F. Farahvash
        Controling weeds at their critical periods of growth leads to low production costs and injurious effects of using chemical weed controling methods. In this experiment we studied the timinig effects of weed control (interference of weeds after 20, 40 and 60 days and comp More
        Controling weeds at their critical periods of growth leads to low production costs and injurious effects of using chemical weed controling methods. In this experiment we studied the timinig effects of weed control (interference of weeds after 20, 40 and 60 days and complete control of weeds) and weed interference periods for 20, 40 and 60 days after planting and complete interference) on growth and yield of forage maize CV. 454. The experiment was conducted incomplete randomized blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz Branch in 2013. According to the results, maintenaning the farm for 40 and 60 days under weed interference after 20 days prevented reduction of maize biomass, while weeds interference after 20 days, weed interference and controling weeds after 40 and 60 days resulted in 41.2%, 35%, 25% and 32.5% reduction of forage maize biomass, respectively. Reduction in fresh weight of corn and fresh weight of leaf and stem were also observed due to interference of weeds after 20 days. If weeds are controlled after 60 days, reduction of corn weight and fresh weight of stem will also results in reduction of biomass. Also, if weeds are controlled after 40 days, stem fresh weight of maize will result in biomass reduction. Corn traits were affected by weeds control treatments. Being affected by treatments of weeds interference after 20 days, weeds non-interference, controlling weeds after 40 and 60 days, the height of corn was reduced by 29.9%, 41.4%, 27.6% and 37.2%, respectively. The stem diameter demonstrated a significant reduction, although it was only affected by treatments of weeds interference and weeds control after 60 days. Based on the results of this study, it may be suggested that controling weeds during initial 20-60 days of maize growth would prevent the undesirable effect of weeds on growth, production and biomass production of maize and also results in production costs. Manuscript profile
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        45 - Effect of Dose and Oxadiargyl Application Time at the Different Growth Stages on Weed Biomass and Tuber Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
        E. Samadi Kalkhoran M.T. Alebrahim
        To evaluate the effects of dose and application time of oxadiargyl, as a postemergence herbicide, on weed biomass and tuber yield of potato, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at Alaroog Research Station at More
        To evaluate the effects of dose and application time of oxadiargyl, as a postemergence herbicide, on weed biomass and tuber yield of potato, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at Alaroog Research Station at the University of Mohaghegh-Ardabili in 2013. Treatments consisted of oxadiargyl dosages (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 lit a.i /ha), and its time of applications at different potato growth stages (potato emergence, stolon initiation and potato tuber bulking), weed free treatment was considered as control. Statistical analysis showed that 0.8 lit a.i/ha of oxadiargyl reduced biomass of weed by 66.16 percent. Oxadiargyl application at emergence time resulted in highest percent reduction of weed biomass. Results, also, showed that application 0.8 lit a.i/ha of oxadiargyl, after weed free condition, increased number of seed tuber and total tuber yield by 82.16 and 51.59 percent respectively, but it reduced number of non seed tuber by 43.17 percent. Application of oxadiargyl at emergence time, as compared with the other application times, resulted in highest increase in the number of seed tuber and total tuber yield, but it did not affected number of non seed tubers. Interaction effect of dose by time of oxadiargyl application revealed that using 0.8 lit a.i/ha dose at potato emergence time increased number of edible tubers by 100%. It may be conducted that application of this dose at potato emergence time was highly efficient in controlling weeds and increasing potato tuber yield. Manuscript profile
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        46 - The Effect of Cover Crops on Weeds Control and Essential Oil Yield of Mint (Mentha piperita L.)
        Ghorban didehbaz moghanlo Ahmad Tobeh Rasoul Fakhari Hassan Khanzadeh Seiedeh Azam saadat
        Planting of narrow leaf cover crops may have an important effect in reducing the use of herbicide. Cover crops, therefore, are an effective tools in the non-chemical weed management in sustainable agriculture. To evaluate the effect of cover crops on weeds control and e More
        Planting of narrow leaf cover crops may have an important effect in reducing the use of herbicide. Cover crops, therefore, are an effective tools in the non-chemical weed management in sustainable agriculture. To evaluate the effect of cover crops on weeds control and essential oil yield of mint, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blok design with three replications was conducted at the Research Field Mohagheghe Ardabili University, Iran, in 2015. First factor consisted of: spring wheat, spring barley, winter rye, winter wheat, winter barley, mixed winter rye + winter barley and second factor consisted of: cutting mulch near ground, heading living mulch 20-30 cm. from ground and killing ground cover by herbicide. Also, two controls were: without cover crop and weeding without cover crop and without weeding, inside conducted experiments. The results showed that the main effect of cover crops management had significant effect on peppermint content and dry weight and density of weeds. Comparison of interaction effects showed that highest leaf oil yield in heading living mulch of winter wheat, undercutting spring barley and winter rye was (52g/h). On the average in three stages of sampling the percent biomass control of redroot pigweed andfield bindweed in undercutting mulch, heading living mulch, killing cover crops with herbicide were 38% and 66% and their density control were 44% and 70%, respectively. Manuscript profile
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        47 - Diatom community in Bandar Anzali and Sefid Rood area of the southern basin of the Caspian Sea in 2021
        Fatemehsadat Tahami
        The coastal areas of the Caspian Sea are a natural evolved ecosystem and since it is the last recipient of land and sea pollutants, it is therefore constantly exposed to various threats.On the other hand, the condition of the shores of the Caspian Sea has undergone unfa More
        The coastal areas of the Caspian Sea are a natural evolved ecosystem and since it is the last recipient of land and sea pollutants, it is therefore constantly exposed to various threats.On the other hand, the condition of the shores of the Caspian Sea has undergone unfavorable changes due to the introduction of man-made pollutants, and if this water area is misused, it will lead to serious environmental problems.This research was conducted in the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in order to investigate diatoms as the dominant group of phytoplankton in the Caspian Sea as the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems in the year 2021and in this research, first sampling was done by Rutner in two half lines perpendicular to the coast (transect) in Bandar Anzali and Sefid Rood at depths of less than 30 meters and more than 30 meters. In this study, a total of 19 species from the 10 genera Actinocyclus, Chaetoceros, Cocconeis, Coscinodiscu Cyclotella, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pseudonitzschia, Thalassionema, Thalassiosira from the Diatom phylum were observed and the highest density was at a depth of less than 30 meters in Sefid Rood at the rate of 43600000 numbers per cubic meter, and the lowest density belongs to the depths of more than 30 meters, and in both stations, the layer above 30 meters had more density. Due to different physical and chemical reasons of each region, there have been different differences in terms of population and mass of diatoms in terms of depth and station and different layers of water. Manuscript profile
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        48 - Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Pinus eldarica on inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in corn biomass under in vitro conditions
        بهروز Valipour Barenji رامین Salamatdoust Nobar
        This experiment was conducted as completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement (4×3) including three levels of extract and four incubation times (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of pine tree leaves under in vitro More
        This experiment was conducted as completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement (4×3) including three levels of extract and four incubation times (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of pine tree leaves under in vitro conditions to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus Niger on the biomass of wet corn. Pine tree leaves were collected in autumn and their extract prepared using ethanol and used at concentrations of 0, 1 and 2 percent. Mass commercial corn was purchased from the factory. Ten grams of corn were mixed with 90 ml of saline solution and stirred several times, then serially diluted and the volume of 0.1 ml was placed on the culture medium.  The samples were incubated at 25oC for one week and the growth of fungi were checked every 24 hours from the second day of incubation. The fungus colonies were counted visually. The results indicated that 1 and 2% of pine leaf extract effectively reduced the number of fungi colonies at days 10 and 20 of incubation and the growth of fungi were completely inhibited on days 30 and 40 of incubation. The results were similar for both species of fungi. According to the results, pine leaf extract at the level of 1% is recommended for inhibition of fungi growth.   Manuscript profile
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        49 - Nanoporous Carbon Spheres Derived from the Leather Leaf as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
        Azam Asadi Hamid Oveisi
        Manuscript profile
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        50 - Assessment of Caspian Sea as water source for using in forest nursery at north of Iran
        mehrdad zarafshar ali sattarian bahram naseri bentolhoda esfandiari peyman ashkavand
        The most of forest and fruit trees are not resistant to brackish water of Caspian Sea. In the current research, seedlings of some forest species such as Celtis australis, Fraxinus excelsior, Olea europaea, Quercus macranthera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Pyrus boisseriana More
        The most of forest and fruit trees are not resistant to brackish water of Caspian Sea. In the current research, seedlings of some forest species such as Celtis australis, Fraxinus excelsior, Olea europaea, Quercus macranthera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Pyrus boisseriana and Pinus nigra were irrigated by Caspian Sea water for 2 months in the middle of summer for surveying of the water source in forest nursery. Biomass allocation was our criteria. The result showed that plant biomass of C. australis is decreased around 12% when was subjected by this water source while we could not find any considerable and significantly changing for others. We found out that forest nursery manager can irrigate the forest seedlings at least in case of the current species by water of Caspian Sea at dry seasons.  Manuscript profile
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        51 - Resistance comparison of one-year old seedlings of Cappadocian Maple (Acer cappadocicum) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) under soil contaminated by lead
        Hooman Abbasi Mohammadreza Pourmajidian Seyed mohammad hodjat اصغر فلاح
        Identifying tree species candidate for phytoremediation is very important. However, its prerequisite is conducting comprehensive studies on tree species and evaluation of the plants’ potential. The current research surveyed resistance of two native species of Hyrc More
        Identifying tree species candidate for phytoremediation is very important. However, its prerequisite is conducting comprehensive studies on tree species and evaluation of the plants’ potential. The current research surveyed resistance of two native species of Hyrcanian forest Acer cappadocicum and Fraxinus excelsior at seedling stage. In this regard, one-year old seedlings of both species were grown under different concentrations of lead including 0, 100, 200, 300,400, and 500 milligram lead per kilogram soil during a growth season. During a growth season photosynthetic indexes such as gas exchange, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and substomatal CO2 concentration as well as growth and biomass allocation were studied. The results showed that the presence of lead as a heavy metal led to decline of photosynthesis performance of both species but the inhibitory effects of Pb was less in seedlings of ash. Height and diameter growth as well as seedling biomass of both species were decreased by negative effects of lead but there was no considerable difference between two species. Our finding showed that under the experimental condition, there was no significant difference between resistances of two native species to lead contaminated soil but for making a better decision, further studies are necessary with stronger contamination and for a longer period. Manuscript profile
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        52 - An evaluation of fungus Piriformospora indica effects on some morphophysiological traits of valerine under drought stress
        Mehdi Ghabooli Sheida Lorestani Zahra Movahedi Rouholah Karimi
        We designed a set of comparative experiments to study the impact of inoculation with different inoculum of P. indica (non-inoculated, inoculated with spore and mycelium of P. indica) on some morphophysiological traits of Valeriana plant under different drought stress le More
        We designed a set of comparative experiments to study the impact of inoculation with different inoculum of P. indica (non-inoculated, inoculated with spore and mycelium of P. indica) on some morphophysiological traits of Valeriana plant under different drought stress levels [Filed capacity (F.C.) and 50% F.C.]. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results indicated that P.indica increased the biomass of inoculated plants compared with control plants in different levels of drought stress, as in inoculated plants under drought stress total shoot and root dry weight were increased by 37% and 14%, respectively. Under stress conditions, physiological traits like as total chlorophyll (24%), total phenol (14%), carbohydrate (4.3 times), protein (17%) and proline (2.1 times) were increased in inoculated plants. Beside, inoculation with fungus decreased ionic leakage by 38%. According to the results, it seems that valerian is also one of the hosts of this fungus and potential effect of fungus on increasing of growth and stress tolerance provide further investigation of the effect of fungus on increasing of medicinal ingredient. Manuscript profile
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        53 - Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and foliar application of putrescine on some biochemical characteristics and biomass of basil (Ocimum ciliatum L.) in two different harvesting times
        Sara Farsari Mohammad Moghaddam
        In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and foliar application of putrescine on some biochemical characteristics, essential oil content, and biomass of basil (Ocimumciliatum L.), a split plot in time experiment with three replications was performed based More
        In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and foliar application of putrescine on some biochemical characteristics, essential oil content, and biomass of basil (Ocimumciliatum L.), a split plot in time experiment with three replications was performed based on a completely randomized design. Treatments included three levels of mycorrhizal fungi (control, Glomusmossea, and Glomusintraradicese) and three levels of putrescine (0, 1, and 2 mM) as main factors and two harvesting times as sub-factor. Results indicated that application of mycorrhizal fungi and putrescine influenced  the biochemical traits, fresh and dry biomass of aerial parts, and essential oil content of the plants. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and essential oil content were observed at G. mossea and 2 mM putrescine application in the first harvesting time. The highest amounts of chlorophyll b and carotenoid were obtained at G. intraradicese and 2 mM putrescine application in the first harvesting time. But with increasing the day time length and temperature, the amount of photosynthetic pigments in the second harvesting time decreased. The highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were observed in the treatment of G.intraradicese without putrescine spraying in the second harvesting time. The highest fresh and dry biomass of aerial parts were observed by applying G. mossea; but, no significant difference was observed between the two concentrations of  putrescine and only a significant increase was recorded in comparison with no putrescine treatment. Generally, applying both types of mycorrhizal fungi as biofertilizers with foliar application of 2mM putrescine could significantly improve the traits in this study. Manuscript profile
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        54 - Evaluation of yield and yield components of spring rapeseed varieties in winter cultivation of different plant densities under selenium treatment
        mostafa zaman fashami amir hossein shiranirad mohammad reza dadashi ali khorghami
        In order to investigate the response of yield and yield components of spring rapeseed varieties in cultivation of winter to plant density under selenium treatment, a factorial experiment was carried out in split-plot randomized complete block design with three replicati More
        In order to investigate the response of yield and yield components of spring rapeseed varieties in cultivation of winter to plant density under selenium treatment, a factorial experiment was carried out in split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Institute of Plant Improvement and Seeds of Karaj in crop years 2014 and 2015. Plant density at three levels (40, 60, and 80 m2) and selenium at two levels including control (non-sprayed with water) and foliar application of selenium (30 gL-1 sodium) were considered in the main plots and variety at five levels (Sarigol, Hyola 401, Jacomo, Jerome, and Dalgan) were considered as subplots. Results showed that the year, plant density, selenium, variety and plant density + year, and variety + plant density had significant effects on the on number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, seed weight, and seed yield. Dalgan variety at 40 m2 density showed the highest seed weight and its seed yield was higher than other varieties. This variety showed the highest biological yield (16622.225 kg ha-1) under 40 m2 density. Also, based on the analysis of the data the highest yield in both years was obtained in treatments including spraying selenium. Manuscript profile
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        55 - Influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on rooting of cuttings in Lippia citriodora L.
        Zabihollah Rigi Karvandari Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz Fatemeh Raouf fard Mehrdad Zarafshar
        Nowadays, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a special place in plant science and promising effects have been reported. To study the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1, on rooting of cuttings in Lippia citriodora L., a More
        Nowadays, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a special place in plant science and promising effects have been reported. To study the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1, on rooting of cuttings in Lippia citriodora L., a factorial pot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design was set up in the research field of Shiraz University with 4 replications. Results showed that the application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (10-50 mg L-1) significantly improved the root morphological traits compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in root weight (around 200% compared with control) was recorded in response to 50 mg L-1 MWCNT treatment. The root volume also increased by 165% under 50 mg L-1 MWCNT treatment while the lowest value was observed in cuttings treated with 100 mg L-1MWCNT. The lowest number of roots in cuttings belonged to 100 mg L-1MWCNT treatment. Application of 50 ppm MWCNT in comparison with control treatment significantly increased the number of roots in cuttings (by 50%). The application of this concentration caused the highest amount of root length which was 65.94% more than the control treatment. Although our finding showed promising effects of MWCNT on root of Lippia citriodora, the further comprehensive studies can are suggested on shoot biomass of the herbal plant. Manuscript profile
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        56 - Morphological, physiological, and enzymatic responses of Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey) seedlings to water deficit conditions by inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis
        Zahra Boor Ghasem Ali Parad Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Ehsan Ghanbary
        10.30495/iper.2021.679553
        This study was conducted in greenhouse condition to investigate the growth, morphological and physiological changes and some antioxidant enzyme activities of one-year-old seedlings of Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey. inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhizal fungi More
        This study was conducted in greenhouse condition to investigate the growth, morphological and physiological changes and some antioxidant enzyme activities of one-year-old seedlings of Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey. inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhizal fungi under water deficit stress in a period of 70 days. The experiment was carried out at two inoculation levels (control or non-inoculated seedlings and inoculated with R. irregularismycorrhizal fungi) and with two levels of irrigation including irrigation at field capacity (control treatment) and irrigation at 30% of field capacity (water deficit treatment) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10 replications. Results revealed that morphological and physiological characteristics of A. subcordata seedlings significantly decreased under water deficit stress at 99% level while all enzymatic activities significantly increased. Although the morphological characteristics such as height and diameter growth, root length, leaf area, and leaf, stem, root, and total biomass significantly increased by 20-30% in R. irregularis mycorrhiza treatment of the irrigation control plants, these features increased by 55, 40, 46, 47, 37, 35, 50 and 37%, respectively when the plants under water deficit treatment were added R. irregularis mycorrhiza compared to non-mycorrhiza water deficit treatment. The meancomparisonresults indicated that the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and leaf water potential reduced by 57, 54, 53, and 65%, respectively under water deficit regime whereas addition of R. irregularis mycorrhizal fungi in soil alleviated the effects of water deficit. Also, under water deficit condition, activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase significantly increased in comparison with field capacity irrigated seedlings while treatment of soil with mycorrhiza mitigated the destructive effects of water deficit. In general, the present study showed that inoculation of R. irregularis mycorrhizal fungi can alleviate physiological indexes and antioxidant enzyme and consequently leading to an increased tolerance of A. subcordata seedlings during the first year. Manuscript profile
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        57 - Biomass Gasification Systems and Different Types of ‎Gasifiers, Effective Parameters on Gasification ‎Process Efficiency: An Overview
        Mehrdad Kordi Seyyed Masoud Seyyedi
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        58 - A review of forest biomass estimation and modeling methods by remote sensing
        Razieh Hadavand Sadegh Mokhtarisabet Reza Abedzadegan Abdi
        10.30495/jonass.2023.1985526.1070
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        59 - Pistachio peel biomass derived magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C-SO3H: a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of isoxazole-5(4H)-one, 1-amido alkyl-2-naphthol, pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole and 2,3-dihydro quinazoline-4(1H)-one derivatives
        Fatemeh Ghorbani Seied Ali Pourmousavi
        10.30495/ijc.2022.690999
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        60 - اجزای ترکیبی روغن اسانسی Thymus kotschyanus و اثرات آنها بر فراسنجه‌های تخمیر شکمبه، جمعیت پروتوزوآیی و اسیدوسیز در شرایط برون‌تنی
        ز. میرزایی ف. هژبری د. علیپور
        این مطالعه باهدف تعیین ترکیب شیمیایی روغن اسانسی آویشن (Thymus kotschyanus) و ارزیابی اثرات دزهای مختلف آن روی تولید گاز، فراسنجه‪های تخمیر، جمعیت پروتوروآیی در شرایط برون‪تنی با استفاده از طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. دو جیره (شامل 1) 100 درصد علوفه و 2) 3 More
        این مطالعه باهدف تعیین ترکیب شیمیایی روغن اسانسی آویشن (Thymus kotschyanus) و ارزیابی اثرات دزهای مختلف آن روی تولید گاز، فراسنجه‪های تخمیر، جمعیت پروتوروآیی در شرایط برون‪تنی با استفاده از طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. دو جیره (شامل 1) 100 درصد علوفه و 2) 30 درصد علوفه و 70 درصد کنسانتره) به عنوان سوبسترا با مایع بافری شده شکمبه گرمخانه­گذاری شد. روغن اسانسی با استفاده از GC/MS مورد تجزیه قرار گرفت. تولید گاز تا 144 ساعت گرمخانه­گذاری، ثبت شد. بعد از 24 ساعت، فراسنجه­های قابلیت هضم ظاهری و حقیقی ماده خشک، قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، عامل تفکیک، و توده میکروبی اندازه­گیری شد. اجزای اصلی روغن اسانسی، 77/25 درصد ژرانیول و 85/14 درصد تیمول بود. تولید گاز در کل دوره 144 ساعت در حضور روغن اسانسی کاهش یافت. افزودن روغن اسانسی نه تنها تولید گاز در 24 ساعت را کاهش داد بلکه سبب کاهش قابلیت هضم ظاهری و حقیقی ماده خشک و قابلیت هضم ماده آلی شد. هر چند، عامل تفکیک و توده میکروبی افزایش یافت. آزمایش اسیدوسیز تحت تأثیر روغن اسانسی قرار نگرفت. تعداد پروتوزوآ در حضور روغن اسانسی کاهش یافت. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که روغن اسانسی آویشن توانایی تعدیل تخمیر شکمبه را دارد و لازم است تحقیقات برون­تنی برای تعیین دز مطلوب انجام شود. Manuscript profile
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        61 - Piriformospora indica inoculants enhance flowering, yield, and physiological characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in different growth phases
        Esmaeel Kaboosi Mehdi Ghabooli Rouhollah Karimi
        10.30495/ijpp.2021.1923991.1302
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        62 - Alleviation of the effects of on drought stress Verbascum nudicuale by methyl jasmonate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles
        Fatemeh Ghasemlou Hamzeh Amiri Roya Karamian Asghar Mirzaie-asl
        10.30495/ijpp.2019.668857
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        63 - The effects of biofertilizers on physiological traits and biomass accumulation of red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv.Goli) under water stress
        Saeid Chavoshi Ghorban Nourmohamadi Hamid Madani Hossein Heidari Sharif Abad Mojtaba Alavi Fazel
        10.30495/ijpp.2018.543427
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        64 - Changes of morphological and physiological traits in Acer velutinum Boiss seedlings under drought stress
        Mokarram Ravanbakhsh Babak Babakhani Mahmood Ghasemnezhad fariba Serpooshan Mohamad Hassan Biglouie
        10.22034/ijpp.2021.1938928.1363
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        65 - Effects of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil on Biomass Accumulation in Jatropha curcas L. Seedlings
        O.M Agbogidi,
        A study was conducted in 2010 to investigate the effects of crude oil contaminated soil on biomass accumulation inJatropha curcas seedlings in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Oil levels used were 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0% w/w. The trial was arranged in a randomized More
        A study was conducted in 2010 to investigate the effects of crude oil contaminated soil on biomass accumulation inJatropha curcas seedlings in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Oil levels used were 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0% w/w. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and monitored for 12 weeks after transplanting. Results showed that contamination of soil with crude oil significantly reduced (P£ 0.05) biomass accumulation when compared with seedlings grown in the uncontaminated subplots. A negative interaction was observed between the soil crude oil level and weight gained inJ. curcas seedlings. For instance, while the fresh weight of seedlings grown in 0.0% w/w of oil was 3.0g, as low as 2.1g was recorded for seedling exposed to 10.0g w/w of the oil. This study has demonstrated that crude oil contamination of soil has a significant effect of reducing the biomass accumulation in the seedlings of Jatropha cruces. Manuscript profile
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        66 - Farmers Preferences to Plant Crops for Bio-Energy production (Case Study: Sugar Beet in north of Khuzestan Province)
        Davood Momeni Choleki Reza Moghaddasi Yaghoub Zeraatkish Amir Mohamadinezhad
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        67 - Growth and Heavy Metals Uptake of Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl
        Mahdiyeh Ebrahimi
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        68 - Leaching of heavy metal from native plants by chemical leachants
        Fatemeh Akbarpour Mohamad Akbarpour Majid Seyri
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        69 - Evaluation of AquaCrop and WOFOST in simulating of corn yield under deficit irrigation
        Aslan Egdernezhad1 Ali Reza Masjedi 2 Ali Reza Shokouhfar 3 Mojtaba Alavifazel 4
        This study was conducted to evaluate two crop growth models (AquaCrop and WOFOST) in simulating corn yield under different irrigation water (T1:50, T2:75, T3:100 and T4: 150 mm evaporation from pan A) using data collected from a research farm station in Ahwaz during one More
        This study was conducted to evaluate two crop growth models (AquaCrop and WOFOST) in simulating corn yield under different irrigation water (T1:50, T2:75, T3:100 and T4: 150 mm evaporation from pan A) using data collected from a research farm station in Ahwaz during one season crop. Results showed that the highest and the lowest different between collected and simulated yield values using AquaCrop were obtained in T3 (0.45 ton.ha-1) and T2 (0.10 ton.ha-1), respectively. Using WOFOST were obtained in T4 (0.15 ton.ha-1) and T1 (0.01 ton.ha-1), respectively. The lowest and the highest different for biomass values using AquaCrop were obtained in T4 (1.1 ton.ha-1) and T3 (2.03 ton.ha-1), respectively. Results for WOFOST were obtained in T2 (0.65 ton.ha-1) and T1 (1.95 ton.ha-1), respectively. RSME values for corn yield using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 0.16 and 0.15 ton.ha-1, respectively. RMSE values for corn biomass using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 0.92 and 0.88 ton.ha-1, respectively. Values for MBE using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 0.04 and -0.05 ton.ha-1 for corn yield, respectively, and -0.52 and -0.47 ton.ha-1 for corn biomass, respectively. In general, WOFOST had a better accuracy to simulate corn yield. Manuscript profile
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        70 - عوامل موثر بر میزان استفاده از انرژی زیست توده توسط کشاورزان خرده مالک در ایران
        سیده مرضیه رازقی حسین شعبانعلی فمی روح اله رضایی
        هدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی تولید و استفاده از زیست­توده به عنوان منبع انرژی توسط کشاورزان خرده مالک شهرستان تفرش واقع در استان مرکزی ایران است. به لحاظ شیوه گردآوری داده­ها، این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی- پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را تمامی کشاورزان خرده مال More
        هدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی تولید و استفاده از زیست­توده به عنوان منبع انرژی توسط کشاورزان خرده مالک شهرستان تفرش واقع در استان مرکزی ایران است. به لحاظ شیوه گردآوری داده­ها، این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی- پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را تمامی کشاورزان خرده مالک شهرستان تفرش تشکیل می­دهند (2470N=) که براساس نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای تصادفی، تعداد 300 نفر از آنان انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه استفاده گردید. روایی پرسشنامه با نظر گروهی از کارشناسان و متخصصان مورد تایید قرار گرفت. برای تعیین پایایی ابزار تحقیق پیش‌آزمون انجام گرفت که مقدار آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شده برای مقیاس­های اصلی پرسشنامه بیشتر از 75/0 بود. نتایج نشان داد بقایای گیاهان و حیوانات به عنوان منبع بالقوه انرژی تجدید پذیر شناخته می­شوند، اما هیچ سیاست و دستورالعمل خاصی برای استفاده بهینه از آن‌ها، به ویژه در سازمان­هایی مانند جهاد کشاورز وجود ندارد. به همین دلیل بسیاری از کشاورزان مقدار قابل توجهی هیزم را می­سوزانند بدون اینکه از کاربرد بالقوه آن آگاه باشند. یافته­ها نشان داد که "تنوع فعالیت­های تولیدی" بیشترین تأثیر را در استفاده از انرژی زیست­توده داشته و متغیر "هزینه سالانه گاز منزل" و "سابقه کار دامداری" به ترتیب مهمترین عوامل به ترتیب تأثیرگذار بر متغیر وابسته بودند. Manuscript profile
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        71 - Theoretical Approach of A Possible Value-Added Chain in the Biomass Industry in Rural Areas Giving the Example of A Hungarian Microregion
        Zoltán Bujdosó Csaba Patkós Tibor Kovács Zsolt Radics
        The future of biomass energy in the global energy system depends on many major factors, among others on the attitude of society in rural areas to the biomass energy and the renewable energy resources. Biomass energy plays increasing role in rural areas with its contribu More
        The future of biomass energy in the global energy system depends on many major factors, among others on the attitude of society in rural areas to the biomass energy and the renewable energy resources. Biomass energy plays increasing role in rural areas with its contribution to the self sufficiency of people in the countryside. The paper deals with the analysis the opportunities of utilization of biomass energy sources giving example of a Hungarian study area and to study the possibilities of the cooperation and management regarding biomass industry in a certain rural region. Furthermore, the aims of this analysis are on the one hand to predict the potential renewable energy of the Eger Micro-region and on the other hand to research the theoretical possibilities of a value added chain in biomass industry. The main conclusion of the paper is that economic benefits can be locally embedded through local distribution of profit generated by sales of energy or financial benefits from energy saved by efficiency activities local training and employment opportunities and local shareholding. Furthermore shareholding can also involve individuals resident outside of the local community, forming part of a more spatially dispersed ‘community of interest’ involved in, and supportive of, the development. Manuscript profile
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        72 - Biofuel supply chain considering depreciation cost of installed plants
        Masoud Rabbani Farshad Ramezankhani Ramin Giahi Amir Farshbaf-Geranmayeh
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        73 - Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by dried biomass of Padina borgesenni
        D. Kosari S. Saphaeian H. Ghaphorian
        In this study removal of Chromium VI from aqueous solution by marine brown algae Padina borgesenni as adsorant is concerned in different batch experiments. The samples were collected by a scuba diver from Hengam Island in Persian Gulf with longitude of 26̊ and 40̋ North More
        In this study removal of Chromium VI from aqueous solution by marine brown algae Padina borgesenni as adsorant is concerned in different batch experiments. The samples were collected by a scuba diver from Hengam Island in Persian Gulf with longitude of 26̊ and 40̋ North and latitude of 52̊ and 30̋ East in 89 Fall and transferred to the laboratory. Parameters such as the initial Chromium concentration of the solution which were 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 ppm, respectively, and the initial pH 2, 4, 7 in 6 hours were investigated. Determination of Chromium VI was conducted by atomic absorption, VARIAN AA 240, and the statistical analysis were performed by SPSS14. Elimination of Chromium VI depended on two prominent factors, the former was the initial Chromium VI concentration and the latter was the initial pH. The maximum uptake by dried biomass of Padina borgesenni was in pH 2 and 750 ppm. This study demonstrated that the initial pH played important role in Chromium uptake by the sorbent. Manuscript profile
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        74 - Distribution, frequency and biomass of macrobenthos of Gorgan Bay and south east of Caspian Sea, Golestan Province
        M. Saghali R. Bagherov R. Patimar S. A. Hosseini N. M. Makhtomi
        In present research biomass, frequency and distribution of macrobenthos in Gorgan Bay was studied in 8 stations in 4 seasons in 2009. Sampling was done by Van Ven Grab in 3 replicates in each station. Identified macrobenthos belonged to 13 families. The most abundant fa More
        In present research biomass, frequency and distribution of macrobenthos in Gorgan Bay was studied in 8 stations in 4 seasons in 2009. Sampling was done by Van Ven Grab in 3 replicates in each station. Identified macrobenthos belonged to 13 families. The most abundant family was Ampharetidae (76%) compared to total population of macrobenthos. Balanidae (10%), Cardiidae (6%) and Nereidae (4%) had the next abundance. Maximum biomass of macrobebthos was observed in Cardiidae (45%), Balanidae (44.78%), Nereidae (5.8%) and Tubificidae (5.27%), respectively. The greatest frequency of macrobenthos was found in spring with 4110/m2 and the least was in winter with 29.25/m2. Maximum and minimum of biomass was observed in spring (33.568 g/m2) and winter (.080 g/m2) respectively.   Manuscript profile
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        75 - Identification and biomass of macroalgae in intertidal zone of Bushehr Province
        P. Nejatkhah Manavi F. Rafiee S. Shariat zadeh Sh. Seifi
        In this research, identification and biomass of macroalgae in Jofreh, Naftkesh, Daneshjo, Lian sights in Bushehr Province in winter 1388 (2010) at low, mid and high intertidal zone have been studied. Sampling was done randomly with 0.5 m2 quadrate. Totally 9 genera of g More
        In this research, identification and biomass of macroalgae in Jofreh, Naftkesh, Daneshjo, Lian sights in Bushehr Province in winter 1388 (2010) at low, mid and high intertidal zone have been studied. Sampling was done randomly with 0.5 m2 quadrate. Totally 9 genera of green, red and brown macro algae were recognized. Maximum and minimum biomass of algae belonged to brown and green algae with 2166/7and 687g/m2, respectively. The green algae  Codium, sp., Chaetomorpha, sp. , Chatomotpha gracilis and the red algae   Hypnea sp., Gracillaria, sp., Laurencia,sp. , Gracillara corticata, Laurencia papillosa and Laurencia obtuse , also 6 brown algae including Sargassum sp., Padina sp., Colpomenia sp. , Cystoseria sp. ,Colpomenia sinuosa and Cystoseria fimbriata, were recognized. Key words:  Manuscript profile
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        76 - Identification and determination of density and biomass of polychaetes in Chalus Shore, Caspian Sea
        M. Tavoli M. Mousavi
        Fluctuations of density and biomass of polychaetes in four stations at southern Caspian Sea was measured seasonally. Sampling was conducted in February, May, August and November 2006. Benthic samples were collected with a Van Veen Grab sampler from depths of 7 and 20 me More
        Fluctuations of density and biomass of polychaetes in four stations at southern Caspian Sea was measured seasonally. Sampling was conducted in February, May, August and November 2006. Benthic samples were collected with a Van Veen Grab sampler from depths of 7 and 20 meters along two transects, from western parts of the coast to Radio Darya area at the east. In the present study, 4 species, 4 genera and 2 families of polychaetes were observed, which were dominated by Parhypania brevispinis. The average maximum density of polychaetes was 3644.2 individuals per square meter (with standard error of 872.1) during Summer in the depth of 7 meters of western transect, while a mean minimum density of 133.3 individuals per square meter (with standard error of 28.9) was observed during Winter in the depth of 7 meters in the same area. Maximum average biomass of polychaetes was 1900 mg per square meter (with standard error of 740) during Spring in the depth of 20 meter of Line 8 area, while the minimum biomass was 30 mg per square meter (standard error was 20) during Winter in the depth of 7 meter in the same area. Generally speaking, the western part of Chalus Coast had more density and biomass as compared with the eastern part. Manuscript profile
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        77 - Comparative study of optimization algorithms for sizing of Wind Turbine/ Fuel Cell/ Electrolyzer/ Hydrogen Tank in the hybrid stand-alone power system
        Hadi Razmi Hasan Doagou-Mojarrad Javad Olamaei
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        78 - Comparison of Biosorption of Heavy Metal Zinc by four different Microbial Biomas (Activated sludge) in Industerial Waste Water in order to Biological Refinement
        Azita Khosravan Javid Amini Samira Sarsalary Elham Rohanian
        Background and objectives: Industrial and agricultural activities have led to a substantial release of toxic heavy metals in the environment, which can constitute a major hazard for the ecosystem and human health.. Today, the use of microbial biomass for removal of heav More
        Background and objectives: Industrial and agricultural activities have led to a substantial release of toxic heavy metals in the environment, which can constitute a major hazard for the ecosystem and human health.. Today, the use of microbial biomass for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is gaining increasing attention. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the adsorption of heavy metal Zinc by four different biomasses (activated sludge of the systems of waste water refining, non-alcohlic carbonated soda industries, milk, herbal oil, and poultry slaughterhouse) and to determine the optimum conditions of pH for eliminating this metal from industrial waste water. Materials and methods: The different values of this industries activated sludge added to 250mil Zinc solution of specific concentration. Then in different times, we took sample of the result solution and measuring the concentration of Zinc by atomic absorption method.This experimental repeated by solutions that their pH adjusted to 4                         0.2, 5 0.2 and 6.5 0.2. Results: Study of the results delineated that 30mil activated sludge of factories, non-alcohlic carbonated soda, Vegetable oil, Milk and poultry slaughterhouse within 150 min, about 82%, 33.4%, 48.9% and 51.5% of the initial concentration of Zinc in the solution was reduced, respectively. The comparison of Zinc absorption ability of active sludge in each industry in different pH showed that all of the mentioned industries sludge with pH=6.5 had the most ability in Zinc absorption. Conclusion: We can use this material to eliminate Zinc from waste water and their refinement, considering the low cost of the sludge substrast and also is availability. So adjusting the primary pH of solution, the out put of Zinc removal from solution in waste water treatment can be increased. Manuscript profile
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        79 - Evaluation of Morphological Traits in the Populations of Coronilla varia L.
        Parvin Salehi shanjani Leila Rasoulzadeh Hamideh Javadi
        10.30495/rs.2023.686656
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        80 - Effects of Plant Diversity and Soil Properties on Above Ground Biomass in Altitudinal Gradient: A Case Study from Grassland of Mustang District, Nepal
        Sumit Rauniyar Rajeev Joshi Dhruba Bijaya G.C. Jyoti Bhandari Dinesh Bhandari
        10.30495/rs.2023.687344
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        81 - Vegetation Dynamics in Relation to Grazing Management Practices in Semi-arid Grazing Lands of Makueni County, Kenya
        Hillary Kipngetich Rotich Judith Symbua Mbau Richard Onwonga Oscar Kipchirchir Koech
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        82 - Optimum Seed Rate for Vigna sun-hum (Tagtaga) for Rangeland Rehabilitation in Sandy Soil of North Kordofan
        Ahmed M. M. Lazim Elnazir M. Daw-elbait Sahar Ezzat Salih. A. Elsheikh
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        83 - Forage Yield and Quality of Desmodium dichotomum Accessions in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia
        Hunegnaw Kassaw Tewodros Belay Yohannes Gebre
        10.30495/rs.2023.689512
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        84 - Assessment of Fire Effect on Water Balance Components under Different Land Uses in Central Zagros Rangelands, Iran
        Khodayar Abdollahi Ali Asghar Naghipour-Borj Samira Bayati Zahra Eslami Forrest Weston Black
        10.57647/j.jrs.2023.1304.30
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        85 - Impacts of the Intensive Use of Rangeland on the Vegetation Attributes and Soil Seed Bank of Al-Baja Area, White Nile- Sudan
        Mohammed Abdelsalam Hafsa MohammedNor Abdelbasit Elmagboul Hala Hassan
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        86 - Impacts of Gold Mining Activities on Vegetation Cover and Carrying Capacity (Case Study: Butana Rangeland, Al-Sobag Locality - Gadarif State, Sudan)
        Fatima Mohammed Mohammed Abdelsalam Gammereldein Ibrahim
        10.30495/rs.2022.683451
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        87 - Estimating Plant Biomass by Using Non-Destructive Parameters in Arid Regions (Case Study: Inche-Broun Winter Rangelands, Golestan, Iran)
        Naghmeh Gholami Baghi Adel Sepehri Hossein Barani Salman Abdol-Rasoul Mahini
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        88 - Feasibility Study of Using Renewable Energy Sources for a University Campus in Smart Grid Using Fuzzy Method
        farhad samaie
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        89 - Fuzzy Method in Feasibility Study of Using Biomass Solar Hybrid Source and Photovoltaic System for Designing a Research Center Building in Smart Grid of Hamedan
        Maryam Darabi Saeid Piri
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        90 - Performance Evaluation of FAO AquaCrop Model to Predict Maize Grain Yield and Biomass under different water regimes and fertilizer
        Ebrahim Amiri Afshin Khorsand
        This study was conducted for performance evaluation of AquaCrop model to predict grain yield and biomass of maize in Lahijan, Iran for two years (2010-2011). The experiment was a randomized block based on a split plot design with three replications. Irrigation treatment More
        This study was conducted for performance evaluation of AquaCrop model to predict grain yield and biomass of maize in Lahijan, Iran for two years (2010-2011). The experiment was a randomized block based on a split plot design with three replications. Irrigation treatments as main plots were in three irrigation levels 6, 12 and 18 days, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments as sub-plots in four levels of 0, 120, 180 and 240 kg per hectare, respectively. Evaluation simulated and measured grain yield and biomass by adjusted coefficient of correlation; and by normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE). Based on results, the average normalized root mean square error of calibration and validation in grain yield prediction for the genotype (SC704), were calculated 14.74 and 12.01 percent, respectively and for biomass, were calculated 10.31 and 9.66, respectively. Also, the regression coefficient (R2) of calibration and validation for maize grain yield, were calculated 0.84 and 0.77, respectively and for maize biomass, were calculated 0.91 and 0.86, respectively. Results indicated that, the AquaCrop model predicted maize grain yield and biomass prediction with an appropriate precision. Manuscript profile
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        91 - Evaluation of competitive ability and yield of some bean cultivars in weed interference
        Ahmad Mehraban
        In order to study effect of competitive ability in some of the cultivars bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in weed interference, an experiment was conducted at a field in Karaj during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Experiment was conducted as factorial bases on randomized co More
        In order to study effect of competitive ability in some of the cultivars bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in weed interference, an experiment was conducted at a field in Karaj during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Experiment was conducted as factorial bases on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments include weeding and no weeding of weeds and five cultivars of bean (Naz, Goli, Sayyad, Derakhshan and Akhtar). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of weed control and cultivars on most of the traits was significant. But, the effect of year and weed control × Cultivar interaction was not significant. Naz cultivar had the lowest weed density and biomass density (17 plant per m-2 and 92 g m-2, respectively). Also, the highest grain yield (261.81 and 230.58 g m-2) were obtained at weeding treatment and Naz cultivar, respectively. Also, the results indicated that Naz cultivar had highest competitive index (1.52) and Akhtar cultivar had the lowest (0.83). Grain yield loss in weeding and non-weeding condition at Naz, Goli, Sayyad, Derakhshan and Akhtar cultivars was 30.25, 32.91, 37.36, 38/50 and 38.78 %, respectively. Generally, evaluation of different traits showed indeterminate and runner cultivars (Naz and Goli) showed higher competitive ability compared to determinate and erect cultivars (Akhtar and Derakhshan). So, pay attention to condition of this study, Naz cultivar is suggested for same environments. Manuscript profile
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        92 - Effects of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer use efficiency, yield and forage quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) at different cutting
        tohid mohammadi RAOUF SEYED SHARIFI REZA SEYED SHARIFI
        In order to study of effects of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer use efficiency, yield and forage quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) at different cutting, a split plot in time experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted wi More
        In order to study of effects of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer use efficiency, yield and forage quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) at different cutting, a split plot in time experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2010. Experiment factors were included: different rates of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) in the form of urea in main plots and different cutting in two levels in sub plots. Means comparison indicated that in both cuts, maximum of quantitative and qualitative yield were obtained with increasing nitrogen rates. Of course, nitrogen application had more effects on the first than the second cut. Leaf-stem ratio decreased with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer in the first cut but it increased in the second cut. Maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in application of 60 kg N.ha-1 in the first cutting and the least of it was in application of 180 kg N.ha-1×the second cutting. Based on the results, sorghum can be harvested twist in environmental conditions of Ardabil. It seems that that application of 180 kg urea.ha-1 can be recommended for increasing of forage yield and qualitative traits such as leaf and stem protein, phosphorus and calcium percentage in the study area Manuscript profile
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        93 - Effects of nano fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen on grain and oil yield of sesame
        hamed bekhrad fateme niknam B. Mahdavi
        To evaluate effects of nano fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen on sesame, a factorial experiment, arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replications, was done in the research station of Kahnoj. Factors in this experiment included four nano fertili More
        To evaluate effects of nano fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen on sesame, a factorial experiment, arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replications, was done in the research station of Kahnoj. Factors in this experiment included four nano fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 /1000) and N levels in four levels (0, 50, 100 and150 Kg N/hac). Analysis of variance showed significant effects of N and nano fertilizer on all characters. Maximum plant height, amount of capsul and biological yield was obtained in 150 Kg nitrogen and minimum level of these parameters was in 0 Kg N. In nano fertilizer yield per plant, amount of capsul and biological yield, was maximum in (3/1000) treatment, while plant height was maximum in 2/1000 treatment. N fertilizer together with nano fertilizer increased 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and biological index, in comparison with none fertilizer treatment and the highest amount of this parameters was in 100 kg N and 2/1000 nano fertilizer treatments. For the oil percent maximum average was 58.5% more than none N fertilizer treatment and maximum amount of oil between nano fertilizer was obtained in 2/1000 and the minimum was in none nano fertilizer usage. Generally, it can be said that the effects of nitrogen and nano fertilizer increased availability of nutrients, which is required by plant, and caused the best growing condition for the sesame Manuscript profile
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        94 - Evaluation growth indices of two cultivars of Native and Corrected rice (Oryza sativa L.) in different irrigation Management.
        Nematollah sedaghat همت اله پیردشتی علی راحمی کاریزکی سعید صفی خانی
        In order to determine the effect of different irrigation managements on rice growth indices, an experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol during 2011. Treatments were differe More
        In order to determine the effect of different irrigation managements on rice growth indices, an experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol during 2011. Treatments were different irrigation managements including Alternate Wet and Drying (AWD), Semi-Dry Cultivation (SDC), combining Shallow water depth with Wetting and Drying (SWD) and Traditional Irrigation (TI) and two contrast cultivars of Tarom and Fajr as native and improved cultivars, respectively. Growth indices were fitted using measuring the dry weight and leaf area over seven sampling times during rice growing stages. The results showed that IT (with an average of 7694 kg) had the highest paddy yield followed by AWD (with an average of 7056 kg), SDC (with an average of 6856/8 kg) and SWD (with an average of 6358/7 kg). Leaf area index in Tarom cultivar varied from 2.99 in the combining Shallow water depth with wetting and drying to 4.6 in alternate wet and drying regimes. By contrast, LAI in Fajr cultivar ranged from 4.1 in the alternate wet and drying to 5.6 in traditional irrigation regimes. In conclusion, the maximum leaf area index, net assimilation rate in Tarom and Fajr cultivars to AWD and SDC irrigation managements could be introduced. Manuscript profile
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        95 - Evaluation application different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on biomass production wild rye
        E. Farajzadeh R. Emami
        The Effect of different levels of nitrogen (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and phosphorus (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and production of wild rye species studied. Nitrogen Application of 100 kg/ha height, number of leaves, tiller, stem and leaf dry weight, 30/7 More
        The Effect of different levels of nitrogen (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and phosphorus (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and production of wild rye species studied. Nitrogen Application of 100 kg/ha height, number of leaves, tiller, stem and leaf dry weight, 30/7, 63/4, 103, 82, 131, and 33.3 percent increased respectively. In this study, the height, number of leaves and tillers, stem dry weight and leaf dry weight by 20 kg of nitrogen fertilizer significant increase in stem dry weight caused. crop height, leaf number, tiller number, leaf dry weight and shoot dry weight of wild rye by application of 40 kg/ha phosphorus additive, 13/1, 25/3, 38/4, 29/7 and 47/6 percent , respectively increased. Leaf Area index treated with 112 percent increase in the application of 40 kg P ha and 100 kg N ha respectively. Maximum biomass per unit of 430 gr/m2 by application 20 and 40 kg/ha phosphorus with 100 kg/ha nitrogen was obtained. Manuscript profile
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        96 - Assessment of AquaCrop Model for Simulating Spring Canola Yield and Soil Water under Water Stresses
        Chonoor Bahrami vahid rezaverdinejad Afshin Khorsand Sina Besharat Abolfazl Majnooni-Heris
        Rapeseed is the most important edible oil source after soybean and palm in the world and is the most widely cultivated oilseed crop in Iran. The objective of this study was to adapt and test the ability of the AquaCrop model to simulate canola grain yield, biomass and s More
        Rapeseed is the most important edible oil source after soybean and palm in the world and is the most widely cultivated oilseed crop in Iran. The objective of this study was to adapt and test the ability of the AquaCrop model to simulate canola grain yield, biomass and soil water content. In this study, the dynamic simulation model AquaCrop for plant growth under conditions of limited water spring was used in climate Tabriz. The experimental design included four treatment I1, I2, I3 and I4 respectively regular watering of rape, 20, 35 and 50 percent less than its potential needs in four replicates in a randomized complete block design was carried out for two years 2010 and 2011. AquaCrop model using the measured data in 2010 calibration and validation data were measured in 2011. Based on found results, the AquaCrop model predicted the GY at maturity with a good precision and soil water simulated by AquaCrop tends to follow closely the trend in the measured data. In general, statistical indicators NRMSE and d for the final performance of the product (7.05%, 0.96), soil water content (16.03% and 0.77), respectively. Also Errors in the model’s evaluation such as average NRMSE statistics were for dynamic biomass in the calibration and validation process 29.31 and 20.38%. The overall results showed that AquaCrop is a valid model and can be used with a reliable degree of accuracy for optimizing canola grain yield production and water requirement in the region Karkag of Tabriz. Manuscript profile
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        97 - Effect of silicon and Nitrocara bio-fertilizer on morpho-physiological parameters of wheat under different irrigation regimes
        Mehrdad Arab Aval Ha,mid Reza Ganjali
        In order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of I More
        In order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Zabol Branch, Iran. Experimental treatments included water stress (irrigation regimes after water depletion of 50, 75, and 90% of field capacity) in the main plots and silicon acid foliar application at three levels of 0, 1 and 1.5 mM and Nitrocara biofertilizer in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation (one liter per hectare as seed) in subplots were assessed. The results showed that the non-inoculate seeds with Nitrocara under 50% irrigation regime and seed inoculation under 75% irrigation regime in the second year of the experiment resulted in the highest wheat grain yield with an average of 1901.5 and 1892.3 g/m2, respectively. The highest total biomass was related to the inoculation of seeds with Nitrocara along with the use of 1 mM silicon in the second year of the experiment under irrigation regime of 50% moisture depletion (8793.3 g/m2). In general, under low irrigation conditions, the use of Nitrocara biofertilizer as well as silicon foliar application led to improved physiological parameters and increased growth and yield indices of wheat in Sistan climatic conditions. Manuscript profile
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        98 - Response of soybean (Glycine max) to physalis (Physalis alkekengi) competition
        Faezeh Zaefarian Elham Ghodrati Mohammad Rezvani
        In order to assess the competitive ability of soybean with P. alkekengi, a test was conducted at sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. This research was carried out in two greenhouse and field condition. The treatments consisted of five planting r More
        In order to assess the competitive ability of soybean with P. alkekengi, a test was conducted at sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. This research was carried out in two greenhouse and field condition. The treatments consisted of five planting ratios of soybean and P. alkekengi including: 25:75 (soybean - weed), 50:50 (soybean - weed), 75:25 (soybean - weed) and pure (100% soybean and weed species). According to the results the maximum yield of soybean in pot (39.60 g plant-1) and field conditions the maximum yield of soybean (141.44 g m-2) were obtained in weed-free conditions (soybean monoculture) and increasing soybean density reduce P. alkekengi biomass than the monoculture of this weeds. In pot and field conditions, the highest pod number per plant (171.66 and 201, respectively) and 100- seed weight (18.45 and 17.85 g, respectively) were observed in pure soybean (weed-free) cultivation. Also soybean tolerance to different densities of P. alkekengi showed that soybean can tolerate low density (25 percent) of P. alkekengi. Also study the competitiveness index (CI) showed that soybean at low density of physalis was higher and inhibit the weed biomass increment. The results showed that soybeans had a higher tolerance index and competitiveness index than the P. alkekengi. In general, increasing the density of P. alkekengi reduced the yield and yield components of soybeans in both potted and field conditions. In general, soybeans in low densities of P. alkekengi had a higher competitive ability than this species and inhibit the increase of weed biomass. Manuscript profile
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        99 - Physiological and morphological traits associated with grain yield improvement in post green revolution period in wheat and the future prospects
        Hamidreza Miri Farahnaz Momtazi
        Wheat grain yield had increased considerably during past year. The reports showed that this increase was about 1% per year in most of the cases. For example, the results of experiments conducted in Mexico, England, France, Argentina, China and Iran showed such trends. T More
        Wheat grain yield had increased considerably during past year. The reports showed that this increase was about 1% per year in most of the cases. For example, the results of experiments conducted in Mexico, England, France, Argentina, China and Iran showed such trends. There is considerable interest for scientist to understanding the role of traits that involved in yield increasing, since grain improvement in wheat is an important problem. Increasing harvest index, reduced plant height, increasing grain number per ear, increasing ear number and to some extent increasing biomass, specially in the recent year that harvest index reached to maximum predict value, had the highest role in wheat yield improvement in past year. It seems that some traits had little changes during yield improvement in breeding programs and more efforts must be done to improving these traits. Some of these traits that in future breeding programs must be considered are, improving biomass production, improving rooting traits, increasing stem elongation period, improving RUE, improving efficiency of use of stem reserves to grain filling and improving ear morphology.  Manuscript profile
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        100 - Evaluating the Resistance of Various Potato Genotypes to Early Blight Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata
        NEDA PEYMANI AHMADREZA GOLPARVAR MEHDI NASR-ESFAHANI ESMAEIL MAHMOUDI MAJID SHAMS
        10.30486/roce.2022.697713
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        101 - Effect of sowing density and nitrogen rate on weeds biomass and some of agronomic traits of grain corn 640
        M. Soleimani B. Mirshekari
        To study effect of sowing density and nitrogen rate on weeds biomass and some of agronomic traits in grain corn 640 an experiment was conducted in 2013 in research field of Jihad-e- Keshacarzi of Khosroshahr in Nojedeh village in a randomized complete block design with More
        To study effect of sowing density and nitrogen rate on weeds biomass and some of agronomic traits in grain corn 640 an experiment was conducted in 2013 in research field of Jihad-e- Keshacarzi of Khosroshahr in Nojedeh village in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Studied factors in this experiment were crop density (8, 10 and 12 plants per square meter) and nitrogen fertilizer rate (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1). Results showed that increasing of density resulted in reduction of biomass of weeds to 27.2% and grain weight increasing in square meter (28.2%) and 300 grain weight. Nitrogen increased maize ear and wood diameter. Number of grains in ear row effected by 10 plants and 300 kg nitrogen ha-1 and showed the higher value (14.7%). It can be suggested that increasing corn density and using 300 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer could be a procedure for decreasing reductions resulted from competitive weeds. Manuscript profile
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        102 - Effects of different conservative tillage methods and microelements on yield of Zea mays L.
        M. Sharif Mogaddasi S. Azizi
               To evaluate the effect of tillage methods and levels of Fe and Zn as microelements on yield and yield fractions of filed corn single cross 704 cultivar, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replicatio More
               To evaluate the effect of tillage methods and levels of Fe and Zn as microelements on yield and yield fractions of filed corn single cross 704 cultivar, factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Experiments were carried out in 2013 in Babolsar in Mazandaran province in Iran. According to the variance analysis results tillage has statistical significant effect (P<0.01) on plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf area index, forage yield and dried forage yield. Fe 30 mg/lit and 40 mg/lit Zn significantly affected the plant height, stem diameter, forage yield and dried forage yield, but did not affected leaf length and leaf area index. The results showed that tillage enhances yield and yield fractions and tillage with disk has highest effect. The highest amount of leaf area index was obtained at disk tillage with different levels of Fe and Zn.     Manuscript profile
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        103 - The assessment effects of NPK fertilizer on vegetative growth and essential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.)
        Gh. Naderi H. Madani
           Hyssopus officinalis L. is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae. In this study the effect chemical fertilizer on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) biomass yield and essential oil was investigated during 2009-2011. Treatments were F1= Control More
           Hyssopus officinalis L. is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae. In this study the effect chemical fertilizer on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) biomass yield and essential oil was investigated during 2009-2011. Treatments were F1= Control, without using any fertilize, F2: N50P40K100, F3: N100P80K100 and F4: N150P120K150. The experimental design for each year was a complete randomized block design (CRD) with three replications. The results have shown a significant increase in some properties of hyssop compare to control. N100P80K100 with an average 2824 kg ha-1 had highest Biomass. The treatment of using N100P80K100 fertilizers are recommended for increasing the dry yield of flowering branches and biomass of Hyssopus officinalis in the region. Manuscript profile
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        104 - Biomass allocation on redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) shoot at interference with three sunflower cultivars; Azarghol, Hysun and Allstar
        B. Mirshekari
              In order to determination of effect of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) cultivars on biomass allocation of redroot pigweed, a two years experiment was performed factorially based on additive design with sunflower cultivars (Azarghol, Hysun More
              In order to determination of effect of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) cultivars on biomass allocation of redroot pigweed, a two years experiment was performed factorially based on additive design with sunflower cultivars (Azarghol, Hysun and Allstar), redroot pigweed densities (8.3, 25 and 41.7 plants m-2) and relative times of weed emergence (emerged with sunflower; 15 and 30 days after sunflower emergence) in Tabriz. For combined analysis of data and means comparison MSTAT-C and Duncan's test were employed. Results revealed that in Allstar treatments, number of weed side branches in densities of 25 and 41.7 plants/m2 increased, significantly, compared with Hysun. In Allstar, redroot pigweed density was more effective than interference time with a view to effect on weed total biomass. Redroot pigweed leaf to total dry matter ratio in full season interference of 41.7 weeds/m2 were 15%, 17.5% and 20.8% in three sunflower cultivars, respectively. With each week earlier emergence of weed, stem biomass of weed increased 6 g/m2, in Allstar. Florescence to total biomass ratio increased, significantly, with delaying in interference time of redroot pigweed, which could be considered in the weed controlling of sunflower. Manuscript profile
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        105 - Response of morphological traits, yield and harvest index of three winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to different times of weeds control
        B. Mirshekari A. Javanshir H. Firoozi
        An experiment was conducted to study the effects of weeds (Sinapis arvensis, Hordeum spp., Secale montanum and Agrostemma githago) competition on morphological traits, yield and harvest index of three winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars at Islamic Azad Univers More
        An experiment was conducted to study the effects of weeds (Sinapis arvensis, Hordeum spp., Secale montanum and Agrostemma githago) competition on morphological traits, yield and harvest index of three winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars at Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran during 2008. Studied factors were weed control time included weeding in rosette, early stem elongation, early flowering and 50% flowering stages, full season competition, control and SLM046, Opera and Okapi cultivars. Results showed that number of branches per plant were 4 and 2 in control and full-season interference treatments, respectively. Biological yield of rapeseed in whole season weed-infested plots reduced 40%, as compared with control. Weeds biomass in treatments those weeds were controlled at early stem elongation, early flowering and 50% flowering stages had no-significant difference. Weeds could increase biomass up to 410 g m-2 when grew with rapeseed along the season. Weeds control had significant difference with weed-free plots in early stem elongation, early flowering and 50% flowering stages with 32%, 44% and 50% reduction value in seed yield, respectively. When the weeds competition period took a long time, seeds weight decreased. Seed oil percentage was not affected by cultivars and weeds competition periods. Reduction value in oil yield of rapeseed in different levels of weed control were 32%, 4%, 45%, 50% and 55%, respectively. Manuscript profile
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        106 - Effect on Germination and Early Growth Characteristics in Wheat Plants (Triticumaestivum L.) Seeds Exposed to TiO2 Nanoparticles
        Homa Mahmoodzadeh Reyhane Aghili
        10.22034/jchr.2018.544054
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        107 - Physiological Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles and AgNO3 Effect to Brassica napus L.
        Mehrzad Sarabi Akbar Safipour Afshar Homa Mahmoodzadeh
        10.22034/jchr.2015.544118
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        108 - The Study of Diversity, Abundance and Biomass of Benthos in Gomishan Wetland in Golestan Province
        محسن تجری مهلا رضیعی سمیه افسا عظیم عظیمی خدیجه شامخی رنجبر احمد حامی طبری
        Benthos communities play an important role in the food chain wetlands ecosystem, and the study of the communities are suitable criteria for assessing the ecological status of an aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the identification, abundance and biomass of Gomishan wetl More
        Benthos communities play an important role in the food chain wetlands ecosystem, and the study of the communities are suitable criteria for assessing the ecological status of an aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the identification, abundance and biomass of Gomishan wetland benthos monthly was studied at three stations in autumn 2010 (from October to end of November). Sampling at each station (with triplicates) done by Van Veen Grab sampler and fixed with a ratio of 4% formalin and transported to the laboratory for later testing. During this study, four families Chironomidae, Neritidae, Planorbidae and Pyrgulidae were identified. The results of the study of the abundance and biomass of benthos at different Stations showed that Pyrgulidae family than other families had the highest abundance and biomass. Benthos of Planorbidae family was not observed At Station 2 at throughout the sampling month and station 1 at November. The results indicate that about 55% of the benthos abundance or dominance belongs to the Pyrgulidae family in Gomishan wetland. Manuscript profile
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        109 - The role of vegetation under the lizards biomass, between two vegetation (shrubs and bushes) in Sabzevar region
        احسان پروانه اول مائده دهقانی
        Ecological efficiency is the product of the efficiencies with which organisms exploit their food resources and convert them into biomass. (E.Ricklefs andamp; L.Miller , 1999). This survey was accomplishing during for seven month on the 20000 ha of the south part of the More
        Ecological efficiency is the product of the efficiencies with which organisms exploit their food resources and convert them into biomass. (E.Ricklefs andamp; L.Miller , 1999). This survey was accomplishing during for seven month on the 20000 ha of the south part of the Sabzevar region. The lizards captured on 4 one-ha plots (I-II-III-IV) that were chosen to represent two kind of vegetation (include of shrubs and bushes). Plots I, II placed at shrubs vegetation (Tamarix hispidaandHaloxilon aphyllum) and plots III, IV placed at bushes vegetation (Peganum harmalaand Cousinia sp). Lizards were sampled by 2 methods. The first method consist of padding, repeated search of areas during 2 days (on morning, noon and after noon and night). Nearly all encountered lizards were captured by noosing or by hand. The second sampling method was accomplished with pit-fall trapping. Twenty pitfall traps were established in each plot. All traps were plastic buckets (20 cm diameter and 18 cm length). Traps were placed at random-systematic within a plot, buried in the ground, and leveled with the soil surface. Traps were checked each 3 days. Finally each captured lizard was weighed and data analyzed with ANOVA method (by SPSS software). Outcome of analyze demonstrator that mean of lizard biomass in each of plots I,II is different with plots III,IV,{I III,IV andamp; II III , IV} , in addition , it is true for the sum mean of I,II and III,IV, {I,II andamp; III,IV}. [significant andgt; %95 (andalpha;=0.01(] Manuscript profile
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        110 - Analysis of Environmental Impacts on the Characteristics of Gas Released from Biomass
        Reza Alayi Ehsan Sobhani Atabak Najafi
        10.22034/ap.2020.1879800.1052
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        111 - Study of efficiency of organic and chemical nitrogen on yield, yield components and agronomic characteristics of maize (Zea mayze L.)
        Ali Khomari Hani Nazeran Reza Sadrabadi Haghighi
        To evaluate the efficiency of organic fertilizers on the agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components of maize cultivars SC (704) and (260 ) a experiment was carried out. Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan through the research field station in 2012. The e More
        To evaluate the efficiency of organic fertilizers on the agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components of maize cultivars SC (704) and (260 ) a experiment was carried out. Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan through the research field station in 2012. The effects of 9 fertilizer treatments included three types of organic fertilizers (16 and 32 tons per hectare), cows (24 and 48 tons per hectare), poultry (9.5 and 19 tons per hectare), fertilizers of 225 and 450 kg of urea Hectar and no fertilizer use (control) as main plots and two varieties of corn (Formerly Single Crossfader and Late 704) in sub plots were split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications were studied. The results of analysis of variance of the test data showed a significant difference between the treatments in ear diameter, ear length, ear height and length of Tassel at 5% level, and for the time interval between the emergence of pollen and silk fibers (ASI), (days from planting to pollination) (Tassal emergence) and total leaf area at 1% level. The results of mean comparison with Duncan's multiple range showed that the maximum forage yield (biomass and dry biomass) belonging to the compost treatment was 32 tons per hectare with average yield of 70.41 and 52.84 tons per hectare and the lowest forage yield (biomass and Dry biomass) belonged to control treatments 49.16 and 39.15 tons per hectare, respectively. Manuscript profile
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        112 - Potato Irrigation Planning based on Moisture depletion using AquaCrop
        Mohammad Ali Ansari Aslan Egdernezhad Niazali Ebrahimipak
        In order to potato irrigation planning based on moisture depletion, calibrated AquaCrop was used. This model was calibrated using data collected from a research station in Chahartakhteh, Shahrekord, in two years. Then, Aquacrop was implemented under multi run in differe More
        In order to potato irrigation planning based on moisture depletion, calibrated AquaCrop was used. This model was calibrated using data collected from a research station in Chahartakhteh, Shahrekord, in two years. Then, Aquacrop was implemented under multi run in different depletion and irrigation scenarios (DyIx; which y indicates depletion amount and x indicates irrigation amount in mm). Results revealed that there was no water stress under 40 mm depletion and 40 mm irrigation. Crop yield and biomass was so low when depletion was more than 80 mm. In order to apply deficit irrigation, depletion must be between 40 to 70 mm. Based on the results, maximum yield was observed for D40I40 (22.6 ton.ha-1) and minimum yield was observed for D70I20 (10.8 ton.ha-1). In the case of water deficit, D60I40, D60I30, and D65I30 were the best scenarios so that the yields for mentioned scenarios were 16.8, 22.2, and 27 percent less than D40I40 yield. Biomass values for mentioned scenarios were 16.6, 21.8, and 26.7 percent less than D40I40 biomass. Water use efficiency for this scenarios were 0.7 (more), 0.7 (less), and 1.9 (less) than D40I40 one. So, D40I40 and D60I40 were the best scenario in full and deficit irrigation, respectively. Manuscript profile
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        113 - Effect of Plastic mulch and bed system on maize (zea mays) yield and weeds suppression
        Mohsen Garshasebi Hamid Reza Rajab Larijani Mohammad Nasri
        In order to evaluate effect of mulch and bed formation on yield quantity of corn and compete between weeds an experiment were conducted in 2011-2012 in field research of Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch. Experiment were in form of split plot based on complete blo More
        In order to evaluate effect of mulch and bed formation on yield quantity of corn and compete between weeds an experiment were conducted in 2011-2012 in field research of Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch. Experiment were in form of split plot based on complete block design with three replications. Bed cultivation in three level (flat, top and furrow) in main plot, mulch in three level (white plastic on dark, no mulch and control weed, no mulch with weed) in sub plot. The results showed that up to 8-leaf stage, the maximum leaf area, plant height, stem diameter at the soil surface and dry weight was observed in the context of Faro. White on black plastic mulch for all forms of bed control weed up to 99%. Mulch leads to grow corns faster than the ground without mulch and  mulch interaction was significant in the context of maximum yield in the mulch bed treatment bed (1103.61kg ha-1) were obtained. Results showed that bed form had significant effect on Harvest Index, grain yield, seed in ear, seed in row, row number. Mulch had significant effect on total biomass, harvest index, grain yield, seed in ear, seed in row, row number. Highest amount of seed in ear, row in ear for flat bed and highest thousand seed weight and row in ear for top bed. Increasing seed in ear, seed in row and row number by using mulch and therefore seed number increased.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        114 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
        Ali Rahimi
        Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal More
        Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        115 - The Effect of Cultivation and Management of Autumn Cover Crops on Weed Control of Potato in Ardabil Region
        Gholamali Nateghi Ahmad  Tobeh Bahram Dehdar Dehdar Mohammad Taghi  Alebrahim Salim Farzaneh
        Cover crops are one of the methods of weed control. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2016-2017. Experimental treatments include control (without cover plant), rye (Se More
        Cover crops are one of the methods of weed control. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2016-2017. Experimental treatments include control (without cover plant), rye (Secale cereale L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa), chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) and panonica (Vicia panonica) and methods of management of cover crops including used as forage and as cover at the field level. The results of this experiment showed that the highest amount of fresh forage was obtained from rye treatment (6.4 t.ha-1) and the lowest was obtained from common vetch (2.8 t.ha-1). Also, in terms of forage harvest of cover crops, weed density increased by 18% compared to maintaining them in the soil surface. Rye and panonica treatments had 25% and 22% more weed control than other cover crops, respectively. The highest potato tuber yield was obtained from the control treatment. Compared to rye, common vetch, chickling pea and panonica cover crops treatments, 19, 29, 16 and 11% for cover maintenance management and 10, 12, 14 and 11% for cover removal management, respectively, had higher potato yield in the control. Potato yield in weed free treatment was higher compared to cover crops treatments including rye, common vetch, chickling pea and pannica in cover maintenance management 19, 29, 16 and 11% and in cover removal management 10, 12, 14 and 11%, respectively.The results of this experiment showed that although cover crops reduce weed density, their presence at the time of cultivation of the main crop reduces potato yield. Manuscript profile

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