Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Pinus eldarica on inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in corn biomass under in vitro conditions

Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical Pathology

بهروز Valipour Barenji ¹ , رامین Salamatdoust Nobar ²

1 - MSc Student of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran.

Received: 2016-05-09 Accepted : 2016-10-26 Published : 2016-11-21

Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Corn biomass, Pinus eldarica,

Abstract :

This experiment was conducted as completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement (4×3) including three levels of extract and four incubation times (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of pine tree leaves under in vitro conditions to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus Niger on the biomass of wet corn. Pine tree leaves were collected in autumn and their extract prepared using ethanol and used at concentrations of 0, 1 and 2 percent. Mass commercial corn was purchased from the factory. Ten grams of corn were mixed with 90 ml of saline solution and stirred several times, then serially diluted and the volume of 0.1 ml was placed on the culture medium.  The samples were incubated at 25oC for one week and the growth of fungi were checked every 24 hours from the second day of incubation. The fungus colonies were counted visually. The results indicated that 1 and 2% of pine leaf extract effectively reduced the number of fungi colonies at days 10 and 20 of incubation and the growth of fungi were completely inhibited on days 30 and 40 of incubation. The results were similar for both species of fungi. According to the results, pine leaf extract at the level of 1% is recommended for inhibition of fungi growth.  

References:

• Alam, M.H., Murat, E., Siegfrie, N. and Hubert, K. (2004). Chemical composition and content of essential oil from the bud cultivated Turkish clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.). Bio-Resources, 2(2): 265-269.


• Alizadeh Behbahani, B., TabatabaeiYazdi, F., Mortazavi, A., Zendeboodi, F., Gholian, M.M. and Vasiee, A. (2013). Effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. on food infection and intoxication microorganisms “in vitro”. Journal of Paramedical Science, 4(3): 89-99.


• Asar, Sh., Jafarzadeh, A., Mohaghegi, M. and Bahram Abadi, R. (2005). Antimicrobial Effects of Tehran gum trees (Pinus eldarica), and alcoholic extract on the number of bacteria causing skin infections. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 4(3): 186-191. [In Persian]


• Azlan, G.J., Madzali, M. and Johari, R. (2003). Accumulation of physalin in cell and tissues of physalis minimal. L.III WOCAMP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plant.


• Batista, O., Duarte, A., Nascimento, J., Simões, M.F., de la Torre, M.C. and Rodríguez, B. (1994). Structure and antimicrobial activity of diterpenes from the roots of Plectranthus hereroensis. Journal of Natural Products, 57(6): 858-861.


• Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology, 12(4):564-582.


• Dholwani, K.K., Saluja, A.K., Gupta, A.R. and Shah, D.R. (2008). A review on plant-derived natural products and their analogs with anti-tumor activity. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 40(2): 49-58.


• Havasian, M.R., Panahi, J., Pakzad, I., Davoodian, A., Jalilian, A. and Zamanianazodi, M. (2012). Inhibitory effect of hydroalcolic extract of Scrophulariastriataon Candida albicans “in vitro”. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 36(1): 19-23.


• Hufford, C.D., Jia, Y., Croom, E.M. Jr., Muhammed, I., Okunade, A.L., Clark, A.M., et al. (1993). Antimicrobial compounds from Petalostemum purpureum. Journal of Natural Products, 56(11): 1878-1889.


• Jalali, M., Abedi, D., Asgari, G. and Rezaei, Z. (2007). Antimicrobial effects of several types of fruit and plant extracts. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 17(59): 76-86. [In Persian]


• Kandaswami, C. and Middleton, E. (1994). Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of plant flavonoids. Advanses in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 366: 351-376.


• Mughrabi, K.A., Aburjai, T.A., Anfoka, G.H. and Shahrour, W. (2001). Antifungal activity of olive cake extracts. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 40: 240-244.


• Muyima, N.Y.O., Nziweni, S. and Mabinya, L.V. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Tagetes mimuta, Lippia javanica, and Foeniculum vulgare essential oils from Eastern Cape Province of south Africa. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 7: 68-78.


• Nahar, M.K., Zakaria, Z., Hashim, U. and Bari, M.F. (2015). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Momordica Charantia Fruit Extracts. Advanced Materials Research, 1109: 35-39.


• Nasiri Kashani, M.J., Falahati, M., Motavallian, M., Yazdan Parast, S.A. and Fateh, R. (2009). Compare shallots and miconazole antifungal effect of extracts in the in vitro condition. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, 3(3): 13-18. [In Persian]


• Pitarokili, D., Couladis, M., Petsikos-Panayotarou, N. and Tzakou, O. (2002). Composition and antifungal activity on soil-borne pathogens of the essential oil of Salvia sclarea from Greece. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(23): 6688-6691.


• Rhee, K.S., Anderson, L.M., Sams, A.R., Leijs, H., Broekhans, J., Van Pelt, L., et al. (2005). Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17(4): 380-381. ‏


• Rodríguez-Ezpelet, N., Brinkmann, H., Burey, S.C., Roure, B., Burger, G., Löffelhardt, W., et al. (2005). Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes. Current Biology, 15(14): 1325-1330.


• Saadabi, A.M. (2006). Antifungal activity of some Saudi plants used in traditional medicine. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(5): 907-909.


• Sakagami, H., Kawazoe, Y., Oh-hara, T., Kitajima, K., Inoue, Y., Tanuma, S., et al. (1991). Stimulation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell iodination by ligninrelated substances. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 49: 277.


• Salehi, M., Hasanloo, T., Mehrabian, S. and Farahmand, S., (2011). Effects of Silybummarianum (L.) Gaertn seeds extract on dermatophytes and saprophytes fungi In vitro compare to clotrimazol. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16(4): 203-210.


• Shimoni, M., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U. and Reuveni, R. (1993). Antifungal activity of volatile fractions of essential oils from four aromatic wild plants in Israel. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19(6): 1129-1133.


• Soković Marina, D., Glamočlija, J., Marin Petar, D., Brkić Dejan, D., Vukojević, J., Jovanović, D., et al. (2012). Antifungal activity of the essential oils and components in vitro and in vivo on experimentally induced dermatomycoses at rats. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 7: 959-966.


• Zargari, A. (1997). Medical Plants. 5^th ed., Tehran:  Tehran University Press, pp: 145-148 [In Persian]