Truly, note-taking plays a pivotal role in consecutive interpreting, particularly where methodical note-taking is used. In the absence of Iranian research in this respect, the present study investigated the process of note-taking in Persian-English consecutive interpreting in order to clarify how exactly the notes are taken by the professional interpreters and how much they are familiar with note-taking and the related concepts. For the purpose of this paper, five Iranian interpreters were selected meticulously and by means of observation and phone interview, the required data were collected. Next, the notes taken by the professional interpreters were reviewed and classified based on several factors such as the use of abbreviations and symbols and the source or target language preference; also, the replies given via the phone interview were transcribed and codified in order to answer the research questions. The research findings showed that the majority of Iranian professional interpreters had passed no course regarding to the note-taking skill in general and they rarely used symbols in their notes and wrote words in letters, mostly in full forms in target language in particular. It implies that they took notes based on their experiences irregularly rather than the rules and principles. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a note-taking guideline especially in Persian-English consecutive interpreting; also, considering the effect of note-taking on their performances, Iranian interpreters should be more familiar with the academic aspect of this skill. Manuscript profile

Flipped teaching is the process of moving lecture content from face-to-face class time to before class. The potential values of flipped teaching in which learners are actively engaged in the learning process have been emphasized during the past years; however, there is still little research evidence about the attitudes of the learners towards flipped teaching and the use of technology. The present investigation aimed to explore Iranian EFL learners' attitudes towards flipped teaching. To this end, 40 female intermediate EFL learners with the age range of 19 to 29 from the training department of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in Khuzestan, Iran, based on the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) were selected through convenience sampling and assigned into two groups with the same instructional strategies since having 40 students in a single class was not possible. An attitude questionnaire was examined in terms of frequencies and percentages. The results of frequency analyses indicated that EFL learners in the study had a positive attitude towards flipped teaching and agreed that it was helpful to them in many ways. The findings can be of significance for EFL learners, instructors, and syllabus designers. Manuscript profile

Abstract This study investigated Iranian EFL instructor evaluation scheme from end-users’ perspective: self-evaluation vs. students’ ratings. To do so, in the second semester of 2015-2016, 60 instructors and 1000 students of English Department of Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, )IAUIB(, were selected as those from whom the corpus of the study was extracted. The corpus was provided by administrating two rating scales online via the university website on each person’s profile. Then the results of their completed evaluation rating scales were compared. The study was accomplished through a non-experimental descriptive correlational design. The results revealed that almost no relationship was found between Iranian EFL instructors’ self-evaluation and those done by their students at IAUIB. This study could benefit Iranian educationalists, policy makers, and evaluators in making informed pedagogical decisions and conducting more efficient teacher evaluation in English education of Iran. Manuscript profile

To educate knowledgeable students in translation studies, it is essential to examine the real-world expectations of the students and investigate the teaching methods at universities. The main aim of this study was to examine MA students’ expectations of Translation Theories as one of main courses in translation studies MA program in Iranian universities. To do so, MA classes of this very course were selected from different universities in Isfahan and were observed for one semester as the sample of the study. The participants were 107 MA translation students from three different universities in Isfahan, Iran. In order to collect the data, a student course evaluation questionnaire was used and the Chi-square test was run to analyze the data. The results revealed that the students were not satisfied with the course offered. They believed that theories of translation were not applicable because they did not learn how to use theories and how the theories could help them translate a text. In addition, the teaching methods were not satisfactory and did not encourage them for their future expectations. In order to reach its objectives, Translation Theories at the MA program needs revision and there must be satisfactory coordination between students’ expectations, course materials, and teaching methods. The findings of the study can help the curriculum designers to pay more attention to the learners’ needs and help them design an applicable and comprehensive course. Manuscript profile

One of the affective factors contributing to the EFL learners’ learning outcome is their preferred language learning strategy. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of E-mind mapping as a modern node-link teaching technique in adopting a specific self-regulated language learning strategy (SRLLS) among Iranian EFL learners. Based on quasi-experimental research, 64 EFL learners were conveniently selected and randomly divided into two groups, namely, experimental and control groups. The valid and reliable Self-Regulated Foreign Language Learning Strategy Questionnaire was conducted for all of the participants in the pre and post-test but with different item orders. The intervention consisted of 15 sessions each 90 minutes in which E-mind mapping was utilized in the experimental group but conventional teaching was employed in the control group. Descriptive statistics and the t-test was used to analyze the collected data. The results revealed that before conducting the study the most preferred SRLLS among participants were cognitive strategy but after using E-mind mapping techniques, the preferred strategy in the experimental group changed to metacognitive strategy. Also, the Iranian EFL learners’ use of meta-effective and meta-sociocultural-interactive strategies, which were previously infrequent, improved. Thus, the results indicated that the E-mind mapping technique was effective in adopting a particular SRLLS among EFL learners. The findings emphasize some successful initiatives to build learners' self-regulated strategies through strategy training incorporated into educational programs and special curriculum designing. Manuscript profile

Infographics are visual representations of information intended to be presented quickly and clearly. The present study aimed to investigate students ̓ attitudes toward using infographics in learning vocabulary in EFL classes. To this end, the participants were selected through available sampling and the study was conducted at Pand Institute in Abadan, Khuzestan, Iran during the summer of 2022. All of them were females and their ages ranged from 20 to 30. In this quantitative descriptive study, a questionnaire (Alrwele, 2017) was given to the learners to determine their attitudes toward using infographics as teaching tools in the educational context. The participants were asked to answer the questions to indicate to what extent they agreed or disagreed with each statement on a five-point Likert Scale. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by two experts at the Ph.D. level. The collected data were computed through descriptive statistics and one sample t-test. Most learners agreed with all 19 statements, all of which were positive comments about using infographics. Thus, a general trend of a positive attitude could be observed in the responses provided by the learners in the EFL class. Most students enjoyed the use of infographics within EFL contexts. Therefore, incorporating infographics into teaching could be a dynamic way for learners and engage in learning more. This finding could help language developers, syllabus designers, and teachers to develop programs and create books based on infographics. Manuscript profile

International banking has experienced significant growth in recent times. As a result of this expansion, bank personnel must possess the ability to communicate appropriately, and effective English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs need to be implemented accordingly. There are limited amounts of research available on the present state of ESP in the context of international banking in Iran. The present study aimed to study the English language needs of bank clerks in the International Banking Division of Bank Melli Iran and its associated departments as target population, by using the needs analysis model proposed by Hutchinson and Waters (1987) and its subordinate components known as wants, lacks, and necessities. This research employed a mixed methods approach, utilizing questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to gather data from a diverse group of participants, including bank clerks, language and content instructors, and managers of international banking departments. They were selected voluntarily from those working in the IBD of Bank Melli Iran. The results indicated that although the participants' wants, lacks, and necessities differed significantly, it is imperative to prioritize all language skills in ESP courses to meet the language needs of bank employees in the bank's international departments and foreign exchange branches. Moreover, the research revealed that learners often struggle with establishing effective communication, a significant challenge they encounter. To address this issue, it is strongly recommended that ESP teachers employ a range of pedagogical strategies and undertake diverse teaching activities to assist learners in overcoming their barriers to communication. Manuscript profile

Considering the needs of most English for a Specific Purpose (ESP) learners, speaking proficiency and terminology learning are two challenging objectives of their English learning. This anxiety is boosted when it comes to technical environments because it needs a range of specific vocabulary, resulting in lower scores than expected. Edutainment or the integration of entertainment with education is supposed to be helpful. Regarding a quasi-experimental study, 60 Iranian ESP learners studying nursing were conveniently selected and distributed into experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. During the intervention phase, participants in the EG were taught the instructional materials based on Edutainment activities ranging from simple crossword puzzles to complex simulative games. Participants in the CG received the same content through mainstream English learning tasks. The instruments included an Oxford Placement Test (OPT), speaking proficiency, and terminology tests. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the outcomes. The results indicated that EG participants significantly outperformed CG regarding speaking proficiency and terminology learning. While Edutainment was significantly effective in enhancing the mentioned domains, it was more beneficial in speaking proficiency compared to terminology learning. The outcome may benefit ESP teachers, learners, and curriculum developers considering the integration of education and entertainment. Manuscript profile

In the early hours of 12 May 2020, Professor Farzad Sharifian unexpectedly passed away after a short illness. We in RELP have absolutely missed Farzad Sharifian (RIP) as one of our vibrant and valued Editorial Board members and a wholly decent, wonderful gentleman. Highly awarded as a competent researcher, Farzad was a leading, prolific scholar and an outstanding, inspirational figure in Cultural Linguistics, an internationally recognized, flourishing field of inquiry that he successfully developed on the foundation laid by Palmer (1996). Farzad will undoubtedly live on not only in his numerous presentations and publications but also in the hearts and minds of all those who, like us, respected Farzad personally or professionally (across his discipline) nationally and internationally, including his family, friends, academic fellows, and former students. To celebrate his incredible, life-long contributions to the field, RELP decided to publish a selected bibliography of his seminal, influential works, the majority of which were devoted to Cultural Linguistics, disseminated in the form of books, book chapters, and journal articles. The list is by no means claimed to be comprehensive; his conference presentations and interviews are not included here either. Our meticulous colleagues are invited to help us add to and update it by contacting RELP via the official email of the journal: relp@khuisf.ac.ir or our personal emails. May God bless his soul! Manuscript profile

This study investigated the attitude of the Iranian EFL teachers and learners toward the role of critical thinking disposition in enhancing argumentative writing in the Iranian EFL context at Islamic Azad University, Kurdistan branch. Attitude plays an important role that affecting language learning, especially writing skills in an EFL context like Iran. In this descriptive study, 14 EFL teachers and 80 EFL learners both males and females were selected based on a random sampling method. The data were gathered based on a survey approach, by using the online CCTDI questionnaire. To answer the research questions of this study and uncover the attitude of EFL teachers and learners towards the treatment, the responses the to CCTDI online questionnaire were coded and analyzed. The results indicated that teachers and learners had positive attitudes towards all components of CCTDI. They represented a highly positive disposition towards truth-seeking and inquisitiveness. Results of the study revealed that of the EFL teachers and learners have a positive attitude regarding English language teaching and learning. Another finding of the study was that, having favorable perspective toward English did not enhance their proficiency in learning English. It is hoped that the findings of this study help teacher and learners learn about critical thinking principles they will apply prudent judgment, challenge the improbable, pursue difficulties, establish alternatives, use tactics, consider alternative perspectives, and attempt to be objective. Manuscript profile

Rooted in Assistive Technology Theory (AST), this qualitative study examined Virtual Reality (VR) as an assistive technology among EFL learners with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD) concerning its effectiveness, feasibility, and risks. Following a purposive sampling, 18 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners with mild to moderate levels of ELD were selected and experienced a fully-immersive VR learning environment through Virtual-Reality Head-Mounted Displays (VR-HMDs) in which a series of learning nuggets focusing on speaking skills were VR-authored for 20 seventy-minute sessions. The data were thematically analyzed by Max Weber Qualitative Data Analysis (MAXQDA). The findings showed the factors constituting VR assistive technology concerning (A) effectiveness (ICT literacy, prejudgments, technophobia or technostress, motivation, and quality of VR equipment); (B) feasibility (academic infrastructure, equipment price, customization features, types of content or context, and training), and (C) risks (various VR-induced physical and mental symptoms). The outcomes may benefit TEFL, assistive and educational technology, and therapeutic education. Manuscript profile

This study was intended to investigate the application of the Frayer model to teaching vocabulary to language for specific purposes students. It employed quasi-experimental control group posttest-only design. As its requirement, two intact classes of Iranian undergraduate computer sciences majors—having taken language for specific purposes course—were selected in a convenience sampling fashion (#62 students). They were assigned to two groups: control and experimental. In a twelve-week treatment period, the experimental group was taught some words present in content area texts using the Frayer model charts along with other words using textbook procedure. To be more precise, they were trained how to organize their understanding of words graphically—the words chosen from their English for specific purposes textbook, i.e., English for computer engineering. In contrast to the experimental group, the control group received instruction in vocabulary learning following just textbook procedure. At the end of the term, an identical vocabulary achievement posttest was administered to both groups. The probable effectiveness of the Frayer model application in learning vocabulary words was statistically computed through independent samples t-test procedure. The results showed that Frayer model had significantly affected the experimental English for specific purposes students’ vocabulary gain. As a result, they outperformed the normal English for specific purposes students in vocabulary learning. It is implied that the practitioners in this area can transgress the textual mode routines of vocabulary learning: they can take advantages of graphically organizing tools such as the Frayer model for the enhancement of vocabulary learning. Manuscript profile

This study aimed at investigating the Iranian undergraduate EFL students’ and teachers’ attitude towards Partnership Approach as a new way of engaging learners in the learning process. A descriptive, ethnographic research method, using a questionnaire along with focus group semi-structured interview, was employed. Seventy-two undergraduate EFL learners and 40 EFL teachers with more than ten years of experience in teaching English were included in the study. They were males and females of different ages. They responded to two different attitude questionnaires. Some of the participants were randomly interviewed to shed light on the accuracy of the information collected. The results indicated that both students and teachers had a significantly positive attitude towards the Partnership Approach. The EFL teachers appeared to hold a more positive attitude and were inclined to support the students’ engagement and the implementation of the Partnership Approach, believing that partnership increases interaction in the classroom, enhances the quality of teaching and learning, and makes the management of the classroom easier. The EFL learners claimed they would learn better and with higher quality, enjoy more, feel more responsible, and have more opportunities to evaluate themselves in such classes. They added it would be interesting to have a part in creating the material. Manuscript profile

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The fundamental goal of any EFL teacher education curriculum is to equip and prepare student teachers for their teaching career. The present study sought to explore how practicing teachers feel about the effectiveness of the latest English teacher education curriculum in the content, pedagogical content and pedagogical knowledge bases and the university education that the current student teachers go through. The participants of the study were 130 male and female high school EFL teachers who were selected through cluster random sampling. The study utilized a descriptive design to investigate the effectiveness of the curriculum. The data were collected via semi-structured interview and a Likert scale questionnaire which comprised 35 items on the detailed stated objectives and performance tasks for each specific course in the curriculum. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed that participants were satisfied with the latest curriculum and perceived it as adequate and effective in stated objectives. Qualitative analysis showed that participants complained that the curriculum is not so successful in providing the student teachers with the opportunity to experience real life teaching during their education, to make them aware of contextual challenges awaiting and strike a balance between ideals and actuals. Manuscript profile

Although the EFL teachers' challenges in developing and enhancing Professional Identity Formation (PIF) in face-to-face and virtual instruction contexts have extensively been explored, there were a limited set of practical and advantageous strategies, particularly for the novice teachers, in promoting their PIF in E-teaching especially since the emergence of changed priority of teaching contexts amid the COVID-19 outbreak. Accordingly, this study attempted to check the Iranian novice EFL teachers’ PIF, uncover the potential impacts of utilizing Online Image Management (OIM) strategies in promoting their PIF, and identify the most-preferred OIM strategies. Based on the convenience sampling, 184 male and female Iranian novice EFL teachers were selected to participate in this quasi-experimental study. Two instruments, including a Questionnaire of Perceived Professional Identity (QPPI) and a series of Quantitative Online Interviews (QOIs), were used to collect the data via the virtual platform of Survey Planet. The descriptive statistics and Independent Samples t-Test packages in R were utilized to analyze the data. The results confirmed the low levels of professional identity among Iranian novice EFL teachers, verified the significant effects of OIM strategies in promoting PIF of Iranian novice EFL teachers, and shed light on reflection practices and strategies in enhancing digital literacy as the most-favored OIM strategies in promoting PIF among these teachers. This study may provide implications for EFL teachers and trainers in helping novice EFL teachers to promote their PIF with OIM strategies. Manuscript profile

The CTML served as the primary source of motivation for this investigation, which explored the effects of Immersive Learning (IL) and Communicative Language Teaching on the Oral Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency (CAF) of Iranian EFL learners with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD). Using a quasi-Solomon four-group design, the participants, who were all Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners with mild to moderate levels of ELD, were separated into experimental and control groups. There were a total of 36 participants in this study. The intervention consisted of virtual reality (VR) authoring eighty speech exercises in the form of learning chunks for twenty sessions lasting seventy minutes each. In the groups that served as controls, the content was presented using a method known as Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). Both the pre-test and the post-test were conducted orally using the CAF test. In terms of oral complexity (syntactic complexity and diversity), oral accuracy (error-free sentences and accurate verb forms), and oral fluency (number of vocally generated syllables), the findings revealed that individuals who received IL fared better than their counterparts in the CLT group. The findings may have important implications for teaching English as a foreign language and for rehabilitative education. Manuscript profile

Virtual learning has been defined as any system of education and instruction that brings together participants who are separated by geographical distances or time. Significantly, in a virtual learning environment, interactive telecommunications systems are utilized to connect learners, resources, and instructors. As such, the present study sought to investigate the possible effect of a synchronous virtual learning environment on the reading comprehension of undergraduate EFL university students. To this end, from the population of students majoring in English translation at Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran, one control group, and one experimental group were non-probabilistically selected based on their availability. Indeed, thirty students were chosen for the control group and thirty students were nominated for the experimental group. Live interactive teaching rooms were utilized in the experimental group during the term, whereas asynchronous instructional practices were adopted in the control group within the study. According to the results of paired samples t-test, the experimental group, which was instructed by live interactive teaching rooms over the term, had better performance at the end of the period as compared to the beginning of the term. Moreover, the independent samples t-test showed that the students' scores on the post-test in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Evidently, the results of the present study may have practical implications for EFL teachers, online instructors, distance education programmers, materials developers, and syllabus designers. Manuscript profile

Classroom management is a key component of teachers' professional competent for promoting learning. This study investigated teachers' classroom management strategies in responding to Iranian EFL learners' misbehaviours in terms of teachers' biological factors including age and gender. The participants of the study were 75 (41 females and 34 males) teachers at universities and in language institutes of Fars Province, Iran. The study enjoyed a descriptive design using two sets of instruments encompassing a Five Likert-scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview for collecting the data. The questionnaire determined teachers' classroom management strategies and the interview collected their opinions regarding classroom management. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and an independent sample t-test were run. The findings indicated that teachers' age and gender had significant effects on the types of strategies that they used when they faced misbehaviour. The findings also revealed that male teachers significantly used the strategies such as verbal warning, and female teachers removing the student from the class. The age groups were different in terms of using two strategies namely reward student with free time or activities and lower students' grade. The findings could have implication for curriculum designers, EFL teachers, and policymakers because it could enhance their skills in better management of learners' misbehaviours. Manuscript profile

This study aimed to assess the quality of Persian translation of Orwell's (1949) Nineteen Eighty-Four by Balooch (2004) based on House's (1997) model of translation quality assessment. To do so, 23 pages (about 10 percent) of the source text were randomly selected. The profile of the source text register was produced and the genre was realized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The result of this comparison was dimensional mismatches and overt errors. The dimensional mismatches were categorized based on different dimensions of register including field, tenor, and mode. The overt errors which were based on denotative mismatches and target system errors were categorized into omissions, additions, substitutions, and breaches of the target language system. Then, the frequencies of occurrences of subcategories of overt errors along with their percentages were calculated. The overt errors and dimensional errors were analyzed carefully. The dimensional mismatches as well as a large number of major overt errors such as omissions and substitutions indicated that the translation was not in accordance with the House's view stating that literary works needed to be translated overtly. In other words, mismatches on different levels of register showed that the cultural filter was applied in translation and the second-level functional equivalence required for overt translation was not reached. As a result, the Persian translation of Nineteen Eighty-Four did not fulfill the criteria to be an overt translation. Instead, this translation tended to be a covert one. Manuscript profile

Enhancing speaking ability is an important component of the acquirement of a language. The innovative aspect of this study is improving speaking ability through online strategy-based instruction by applying the Moodle course management system as an instructional platform. To this end, a group of 80 Iranian female and male students at the advanced level participated in the treatment. Participants of the study were divided into four groups of 20. The subjects in experimental groups benefited from two particular instructional focuses of this study include social and affective strategies. In order to assess the effect of the treatment pre and posttests design were utilized. Consequently, the data were analyzed through One-Way ANOVAs and t-tests. The findings revealed that strategy treatment was successful in improving the participants’ speaking ability. Therefore, the findings suggest that online strategy-based instruction can positively influence the speaking ability of Iranian advanced EFL learners. In addition, a questionnaire from Kitchakarn (2015) was employed to understand students’ perceptions and attitudes toward computer-based learning. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire revealed positive attitudes of participants toward computer-based learning.This study may have pedagogical implications for material practitioners, CALL package designers and distance learning planners to include strategy instruction in English courses. Manuscript profile

The present study set out to determine the effect of implementing exploratory-cumulative talk in comparison to disputational talk on cognitive (meaning development and organization of thought as well as problem solving ability) dependency of intermediate level students in translation studies. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a quasi-experimental-pretest-posttest-statistical study was conducted in which 63 linguistically homogeneous B.A students in translation studies at the IAU-Shahreza branch, in experimental and control groups were the participants. Administering cognitive dependency questionnaire before and after implementing the treatment, exploratory-cumulative talk, helps the researcher to find out the possible effect of it against the control group, disputational talk, in translator training courses. The results of the data analysis indicate that the difference between the posttest mean scores of the experimental and control groups do not reach statistical significance. However, by conventional criteria, the difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group was considered statistically significant by large effect size. The application of the present study findings in translator training courses may pave the way for translation teachers and translation students to follow more fruitful approaches. Manuscript profile

Using evaluative language has been considered as the significant predictor of academic writing success in second and foreign language research. Such an importance paved the way for the current study to investigate the use of the APPRAISAL tool, namely ATTITUDE resources, in the research articles (RAs) written by native (N) and non-native (NN) writers, focusing on the discussion sections. A qualitative corpus selection resulted in choosing 30 RAs written by American writers and 30 authored by Iranian writers. Two coding schemes were used: one for discussion boundaries based on Kanoksilapatham’s (2005) discussion move structure, and the modified version of APPRAISAL theory (Xu, 2017) for identifying attitudinal resources. The corpus analysis revealed that academic writers preferred to use a great number of inscribed ATTITUDE resources, that is, APPRECIATION tools compared to JUDGMENT. There was also a significant difference between N and NN sub-corpora in using attitudinal resources, highlighting that the language of N RAs contained more authorial stance of ATTITUDE compared to NN sub-corpus. However, the use of idioms as evoked ATTITUDE was found to be frequently applied by NN authors. The findings of the study contributed to the significance of using evaluative language in academic writing through which the writers can make a dialogic interaction with readers and enhance their critical stance by involving them in the argument. Manuscript profile

The use of podcasts in learning has been supported by distance education theories that deal with the role of interaction as well as communication in improving teaching and learning. New technologies such as podcasts can have influential learner support in distance education and address learner cognitive requirements by incorporating communication within study resources. The present study investigated the effects of learners’ autonomy on their vocabulary podcasting tasks, gain and retention in an E-learning context. Two separate one-way multivariate analysis of variance (one-way MANOVA) were run in order to answer the questions. The results revealed that autonomy levels significantly affected Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary gain and retention. The participants who had higher autonomy levels had higher levels of vocabulary gain as well as retention applying audio podcasts plus still pictures and audio podcasts plus animated pictures. As the effects of attitude and autonomy on language learning are unquestionable, the present study can help teachers and learners have better considerations of attitude and autonomy in an E-learning context. Manuscript profile

While the main focus of the studies in the literature is centered around EFL teachers’ identity construction in face-to-face classes regarding certain cliche factors, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the potential of investigating EFL teachers' professional identity reflection in the developing contexts of distance education. Thus, this study examined the possible association between Iranian EFL instructors' Professional Identity Reflection (PIR) and their use of Achievement Orientation Strategies (AOSs) in the dynamic setting of E-teaching. Besides, this study evaluated the prediction power of the AOSs in determining the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors. One hundred four male and female Iranian EFL instructors were selected based on convenience sampling to participate in this quantitative correlational research. Two instruments, including Measure of Teachers Achievement (MoTA) and Questionnaire of Professional Identity (QPI), were used to collect the required data on the online platform of Type form. The R software's correlation and multiple regression packages were utilized to analyze the gathered data. The results indicated a robust direct association between the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors in E-teaching and their use of AOSs. Moreover, three out of four AOSs significantly predicted the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors in E-Teaching. Furthermore, the mastery-approach strategy had the most predicting power among the other AOSs. This study provides practical interdisciplinary benefits for EFL teachers, EFL teacher trainers, and educational psychologists in training EFL teachers who are aware of how their views toward achieving specific academic goals in E-teaching influence their professional identity in E-teaching. Manuscript profile

AbstractIntelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) are referred to as computerized learning environments that incorporated pedagogical, cognitive learning, knowledge representation theories into computational models of tutor, learner, and domain knowledge respectively in order to provide individualized instruction in diverse subject areas. Since they take advantages of many technological artifacts of artificial intelligence (AI), knowledge representation models, and computational linguistics, they have been both object and means of research into AI, pedagogy, psychology, applied linguistics etc. Under the circumstances, the bulk of research findings is expectable and unavoidable. Sometimes researchers are badly in need of conducting first- or second-order meta-analytic reviews. This study first introduces the components of a typical ITS; then provides a descriptive account of the effectiveness, potential, and requirements of ITSs for foreign language teaching and learning (FLTL); and finally and most importantly, as a second-order review, synthesizes and describes the results of some previous meta-analytic reviews in reference to a few prevailing themes in the ITS research area such as the effects of the forms of instruction, subject matter variation, ITSs’ pedagogical features etc. Toward the third end, exclusion and inclusion procedures were applied to select seven target reviews using keyphrases scheme. The thematic meta-synthesis showed that the findings of almost all these reviews are consistent and congruent with some slight variations due to the study features. It is implied that meta-analyses like this can, by implication, inform and advance the science of ITS design, i.e. a theory of ITS design. Manuscript profile

The present study aimed at dealing with MA translation workshop context and translation theories in practice. Moreover, it investigated MA translation students' expectations in the matter. To do so, the MA translation students of Islamic Azad University accepted in 2011-2012 academic year were selected as the population of the study. Then, as a convenience sampling, the participants were selected from Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan and Islamic Azad University of Shahreza. In order to gather the required data, a 5-point Likert-scale structured questionnaire containing 44 items based on four domains was developed. The 63 participants’ answers were analyzed and the findings of the study revealed that the reality of workshop context is far from students' expectations and their future needs. It seems that MA translation students did not get enough satisfaction from translation practices in workshop context at Islamic Azad University. Furthermore, MA translation workshop does not appear to have achieved its purposes in either theoretical or practical aspects of the program in translation education. Manuscript profile

The widening conceptual and methodological approach towards exploratory-cumulative talk reflecting its multi aspects of being the optimal analytical tool and strategy in translation classes was the main motivation to set the present study to check whether there is any significant difference between the occurrence frequencies of the discoursal markers showing exploratory-cumulative features in the covertly and overtly needed translation texts. 63 linguistically homogeneous undergraduate students majoring in English translation at Islamic Azad University participated in this study. Two classes; namely, Translation of Literary Texts and Translation of Political Texts, were held by one of the researchers employing the exploratory-cumulative talk as an effective approach to make the learners more efficient and independent cognitively, pedagogically, linguistically and psychologically. Exploratory-cumulative talk discoursal markers, thereof, were identified by using a number of pre-defined indicators by Wegerif and Mercer based on four ground rules that led to capture the nature of the types of the talks and their frequency in classroom recorded conversations. The results of the data analyses showed although the mean of the occurrences of exploratory-cumulative discourse markers for the course Translation of Political Texts was greater than those for the course Translation of Literary Texts, the difference was not found significant. Manuscript profile

Learners with ADHD, even those adapted to online instructional regulations, readily become frustrated with the typical tenor of instruction and, as a result, may stray from the core learning content. The current mixed-method study explored how manipulating these learners into envisaging their ideal L2 selves could avoid motivational pitfalls in their way to L2 learning, affecting their motivated cognition, emotion, and behavior. Based on the motivational paradigm proposed by You and Dörnyei (2014), a multifaceted construct, including the future L2 selves, L2 learning experience, and intended effort, was compared between an experimental and a control group of Iranian EFL learners. The control group only received regular language instruction, whereas the experimental one, along with this instruction, was exposed to a supplementary vision ignition intervention. The comparison of the multifaceted construct, measured by a standard Likert-scale questionnaire, revealed significant between-group differences in the overall motivational construct and the ideal L2 self. Nonetheless, the significant raises in the learners’ overall motivation and cognitive motivation failed to be reflected significantly in their emotional states and motivated behavior. Further analysis of the affective and behavioral components through interview and checklist data revealed that the intervention achieved some success in improving the short-lived learning experiences of the learners and helping them invest more time and effort in language learning. The findings may offer new insights to the broad range of practitioners and specialists eager to help learners with neurodevelopmental disabilities cultivate motivational drives required to meet educational success in today’s remotely-managed globe. Manuscript profile

The use of needs analysis has been a longstanding practice in determining the areas that ought to be incorporated into a program, thereby optimizing its efficacy. In second language (L2) learning contexts, needs analysis studies have been utilized to ascertain the pedagogical components that must be included or excluded to cater to the needs and preferences of learners. This research study specifically focused on the impact of user needs analysis on enhancing the writing ability of L2 learners. The study involved 128 intermediate English language learners from Iran who were enrolled in two private language centers and were fortuitously split up into an experimental or a control group. The researchers employed interview and questionnaire data to tailor the syllabus according to the learners' requirements, while the control group gained instructions based on the general outline of the institute. The outcomes revealed a significant difference in the average score of the learners in the experimental group in comparison to those in the control group. These outcomes suggest that performing a needs analysis at the outset of each course, based on empirical data that captures individual groups' needs and wants, is crucial for adjusting the pedagogical approaches accordingly. Manuscript profile

Based on the tenets of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) vs. conventional communicative language teaching on the articulation abilities of Iranian EFL learners diagnosed with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD). Purposively choosing 36 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners who had mild to moderate levels of ELD, we used a quasi-Solomon four-group design and separated them into two experimental and two control groups. The intervention included twenty sessions of seventy minutes each and comprised of eighty microlearning speech exercises that were developed in VR by FIT. The participants in the control group were given instruction based on Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which is an approach to language education. Both the OQPT and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III) were used in this study's pre-testing and post-testing procedures. The results showed that individuals who were instructed in accordance with FIT performed better than their colleagues who had been subjected to CLT in terms of articulation abilities. These skills included expressive vocabulary, oral word fluency, and sentence repeats. TEFL, therapeutic education, cognitive speech therapy, and instructional technology might all stand to gain from the outcomes. Manuscript profile

Translation evaluation is an activity of vital concern in the context of translator education. However, it is one that is, despite being a common practice, under-researched and under-discussed. The leading purposes were to determine the dominant methods for translation evaluation of undergraduate students in the final tests of translation courses at Iranian universities and to identify its major characteristics. To meet the objectives, in a 30-minute semi-structured interview, 10 experienced university translation instructors responded to 10 questions on how they develop their translation tests, how they guarantee the quality of their tests, and most importantly, how they evaluate and score their students’ performance. The results confirmed that the dominant method which is commonly and currently practiced is the purely essay-type format except at Payam-e-Noor University where multiple-choice items are always present as well. The findings also showed how much discrepancy exists among the Iranian translation teachers (as developers of final translation tests), who are least informed about the current translation evaluation methods. It was also revealed that the criteria they use for developing such tests and scoring student translations are not theory-driven but are highly subjective, mainly based on their personal experience and intuition. Hence, the quality and accountability of such tests are under serious question. Manuscript profile

Based on the tenets of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) vs. conventional communicative language teaching on the articulation abilities of Iranian EFL learners diagnosed with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD). Purposively choosing 36 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners who had mild to moderate levels of ELD, we used a quasi-Solomon four-group design and separated them into two experimental and two control groups. The intervention included twenty sessions of seventy minutes each and comprised of eighty microlearning speech exercises that were developed in VR by FIT. The participants in the control group were given instruction based on Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which is an approach to language education. Both the OQPT and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III) were used in this study's pre-testing and post-testing procedures. The results showed that individuals who were instructed in accordance with FIT performed better than their colleagues who had been subjected to CLT in terms of articulation abilities. These skills included expressive vocabulary, oral word fluency, and sentence repeats. TEFL, therapeutic education, cognitive speech therapy, and instructional technology might all stand to gain from the outcomes. Manuscript profile