states

This study has investigated the effectiveness of trade and foreign direct investment on economical growth the countries belong to islamic conference members. According to Bhagwati event, economical growth will affect on foreign direct investment under economical strateg More

This study has investigated the effectiveness of trade and foreign direct investment on economical growth the countries belong to islamic conference members. According to Bhagwati event, economical growth will affect on foreign direct investment under economical strategies which has been examined since 2000 to 2012. Based on the obtained resources, economical openness plays a positive and meaningful role on foreign direct investment. Therefore, it has been recommended developed countries of islamic conference member have to utlize extroversion strategies in order to be more effective in these investments and exploitation of their benefits and also provide an appropriate condition for export. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Comparative approach to media literacy in developing countries
Seyed Gholamreza Falsafi

In the present era of information and communication revolution pervades geographical boundaries and dramatic changes hasbeen created in the global arena, media can be such a useful tool to help the modern man have desired life, ideals and fruitfulusing the latest scient More

In the present era of information and communication revolution pervades geographical boundaries and dramatic changes hasbeen created in the global arena, media can be such a useful tool to help the modern man have desired life, ideals and fruitfulusing the latest scientific phenomena; furthermore, if the tool is used incorrectly or in bad faith can act as a devastating andcatastrophic force. To have audience will be able to protect themselves against media destructive consequences andchallenges in life alongside present plural media by enjoyment of well informed and actively media should create newliteracy that is called by the name of media literacy. Literacy media in addition to considerable ability in traditional literacythat is reading and writing skills creates the ability to analyze and evaluate messages and data transmission to others invarious formats and by different instruments in man. It also enables people to understand media work procedure and howmeaning it, i.e. the nature and purposes of media produced messages and effects and techniques of various media which makehim out of the mere consumerism and resist him against the damaging effects of the media.To clarify this issue, the study seeks to answer the question that what is approach of media literacy in developing countries?In this research, comparative study is used based on library and document method using information written resources,documents and valid scientific evidence needed to answer the research question were collected and presented. The author hastried to represent the approach of developed countries such as UK, Canada, Japan and the United States to promote medialiteracy in their communities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Understanding of Nation-State in Theories of International Relations
Sreyed Abdol-Ali Ghavam Afshin Zargar

This article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and d More

This article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and dividing it into two categories- intrastate order and interstate order - this article has made an attempt to achieve suitableunderstanding about the way of making and changing states in International Relations. To achievethis goal, we emphasize on the proximity of IR therory to Political theory. Therefore in this way wecan offer the primary researching pattern for a more precise understanding of why, how and whatthe Nation-Stateis. (appearance, evolution and function.)This study approves that we can not ignore the issue of Nation-State with aspects dimensionsof it, especially appearance, evolution and change (Nation-State making in IR studies because suchignorance will lead to offering defective and incomplete understanding of IR particularly centralactor of it; Nation-State. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Realms, Dimensions and Essence of Mystical Experience
على موحدیان عطار

This paper is an attempt to provide a clearer and deeper view ofmystical experience. First, it catches a glimpse of this concept fromabove and finds it possessed of different instances, realms, anddimensions. It then delimits the subject to the common applicationof this More

This paper is an attempt to provide a clearer and deeper view ofmystical experience. First, it catches a glimpse of this concept fromabove and finds it possessed of different instances, realms, anddimensions. It then delimits the subject to the common applicationof this concept in order to examine the four-fold dimensions of thisstate of disclosure, that is, the epistemic, epistemological,subjective, and emotional dimensions.Giving a brief survey of the descriptions of this state by some wellknownresearchers in this field such as James, Underhill, Suzuki,Stace, and Otto, the writer tries to show that the four features ofmystical experience, that is, epistemicity, intuitivity, subjectivity,and love-centeredness are together qualified as the essence of thisexperience due to their foundationality and universality.Employing a phenomenological approach, the writer tries to provethat the quintessence of middle-path mystical experience consists inthe immediate and direct knowledge of Reality( reality stripped ofall modes), while in the final step of mystical experience, it is thedirect and immediate knowledge of the unitary reality of being(Absolute Reality).The article has dealt with mystical experience from aphenomenological point of view. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - investingating the impect of Americas middle east policy in trump era on the process and structure of alliance and coalitions in the middle East
shahriar bayan

The historical review of the events and trends of alliances and coalitions in the Middle East from the past to the present shows that the duration of friendships and enmities in this region has never been so short; Therefore, the Middle East has entered a "new era More

The historical review of the events and trends of alliances and coalitions in the Middle East from the past to the present shows that the duration of friendships and enmities in this region has never been so short; Therefore, the Middle East has entered a "new era of uncertainty"; An era in which minimum cooperation and alliance and closeness of interests of countries are observed. In this regard, regional powers have contributed more than other regional actors in the formation of this rule and influenced the US policy process. In this regard, its main goal is to theoretically analyze the nature of the changing process of this alliance and regional coalitions (especially during Trump's presidency); And by raising the main question, what is the impact of America's Middle East policy in the Trump era on the process and structure of alliances and coalitions in the East? Trump's Middle East policy is influenced by the grand strategies of American foreign policy, which was based on the motto "America first", the process and structure of alliances and coalitions in the Middle East based on strengthening the alliance between Arabs and Israel, and intensifying political conflicts and competitions between Arabs and Iran. , preventing the implementation and expansion of Ottomanism in the Middle East and the formation of a regional coalition around the soft power of the United States changed; In this regard, the research in its study process collects the necessary data, examines and analyzes the relationships of the said data, so that its theoretical, strategic and operational nature is more tangible by presenting suggestions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Evaluating of the Influence of Industrial Settelment of Shams Abad on the Development of Hasan Abad city
mansoreh tarverdi Parvaneh Zivyar bahman kargar

Introduction & Objective: development of the industrial settlements with the aim of encouraging the industrial sector and with considering the politician related to population density and benetifical usage of natural resources and preventing of non-justified of indu More

Introduction & Objective: development of the industrial settlements with the aim of encouraging the industrial sector and with considering the politician related to population density and benetifical usage of natural resources and preventing of non-justified of industrial density in the cities and accompanying the industrial development with environment protection and control of industrial pollutants are internationally recognized. Method: The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the industrial settlements in the development of cities in different aspects. This research is an applied research regards to the goal aspect and is a description research regards to the method. In this research, we used Cronbach's alpha in spss for validity. This statistic was about 0.736 for economical, 0.731 for social , 0.792 for environmental, 0.750 for physical and 0.855 for management indices. The reliability of the research 's questions was reviewed using experts opinion. Findings: the results from structure equation showed the two indices of   "development of Employee" and "increasing migration"  in social aspect, “decreasing agriculture “and “increasing air pollution”  in environmental aspect, the “physical development of cities” and “improvement in low income residential situation”  in physical aspects, and  “creation new business” and “improvement of citizen’s income” in economical aspect, and "manager of cities a and dispersed urban management in the comprehensive plan" and "an influence of  industrial cities in development of national plan in Hasan Abad" in management aspect, had the highest and lowest correlation respectively.  The results of Chi-Square showed that there is a positive and significant correlation for all the aspect of management, physical, social and environmental in Hasan Abad and Shams Abad industrial settlements. Conclusion: improvement and development of Shams Abad Industrial settlements can be effected in different aspects of economical, physical and management of Hassan Abad City and this needs coherent and integrated management capabilities.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Mystical Stations and States in the Quotes from Imam Ali in Sufi Literature from the Beginning up to the 11th Century
zahra ebrahimi ابوالفضل Mahmoudi

Sufism has designated the stages and processes involved in the levels of the sufist’s progression under the rubric of Station. In the light of the revered place that Imam Ali (PBUH) holds in Islam, leading texts on Sufism quote the Imam frequently touching these s More

Sufism has designated the stages and processes involved in the levels of the sufist’s progression under the rubric of Station. In the light of the revered place that Imam Ali (PBUH) holds in Islam, leading texts on Sufism quote the Imam frequently touching these stages and levels. Sufists have rightly recognized that some of Imam’s revered remarks are open to a mystic interpretation. Mystics have had access to Imam’s legacy of quotes and remarks through either official sources of quotes or the traditional orally handed ones. The latter source has especially fed into certain meanings and lines that have no precedent even in Shiite sources and texts; it is a remarkable source to get to know the revered Holy Imam. Statistically speaking, the legacy of Imam’s quotes and remarks in all of its coverage of concepts and meanings has provided the one dependable source of reference for concepts to do with Stations and most expressions concerning States. Nevertheless, in view of the sheer number of schools of thought developed in Sufism, the book Al-luma’ fi al-tasawwuf will act as the mainstay and frame of reference in this study. Manuscript profile

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15 - Evaluation of Healthy Eating Index in Mashhad Central Prison in the year 2008se
Mohammad Safarian Shohreh Eshghi Niloofar Rajaee Mohsen Mazidi Habibollah Esmaeili Ali Babaie Mohsen Nemati

Introduction: Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was first developed to assess and monitor nutritional status of Americans by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1989. HEI is one of the scoring systems in nutritional researches. Since prison is an isolated pla More

Introduction: Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was first developed to assess and monitor nutritional status of Americans by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1989. HEI is one of the scoring systems in nutritional researches. Since prison is an isolated place and prisoner’s state of health to some degree depends on the food consumed, therefore the nutritional status by this index might have some implementations for the policy makers.Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional study 435 prisoners (48 females and 387 males) were recruited using stratified random sampling method proportional to the ward population. Food intake from different sources in prison was assessed by analysing prison food menu, measuring wasted foods and food bought and provided by prison supermarkets. Results: HEI score in Mashhad Central Prison was 80 percent of the total calculated score.Scores for consumption of fruit, meat and poultry, dairy products and food variety were 0, 4, 9.5 and 9 respectively. Other food groups concerned with vegetable and cereals had scores of 10. Sodium intake representing the salt consumption was not measured.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eating pattern of prisoners is healthy but steps might be taken to improve the quality of the food consumed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The Environmental Duties of States in Space Tourism
soheyla koosha Mojtaba Ansarian Maryam Dehghani

10.22034/jest.2021.35140.4224

Nowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to spa More

Nowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to space tourism, we can confront with more pollution of outer space. Therefore, studying the environmental duties and responsibilities of states who are the executer of space tourism is inevitable. Not with standing that outer space treaty and liability convention establishing comprehensive and acceptable rules for identification of states international duties, but there are some ambiguous points about protecting the environment of space. As these documents did not develop or revised with the development of this technology during these years specially the environmental pollution of space activities and space tourism. This article by using the descriptive- analytical method of research is about to answer this question that what is the environmental duties of states for safeguarding of space tourism? The aim of this article is giving some legal solution for prevention of the Earth and outer space pollution by quoting responsibilities of states with respect to space tourism and preventing from committing the environmental crimes thereof.   Manuscript profile

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17 - Trend salience, investor behaviours and momentum profitability
parvaneh khaleghi kasbi MohammadAli Aghaei

Based on Momentum investing strategy and unlike labour market hypothesis, achieving a higher profitability comparing to the profitability of the market is possible. Momentum profitability is the resultant of behavioral bias of investors in the market. Based on behaviora More

Based on Momentum investing strategy and unlike labour market hypothesis, achieving a higher profitability comparing to the profitability of the market is possible. Momentum profitability is the resultant of behavioral bias of investors in the market. Based on behavioral models investors allocate a more possibility to trend saliences and they use trends which are effective in the future stuck price predictions. It is proved in this essay that the limitation on which the investor estimates past trends is dependent on the salience of that trend.To test the hypotheses, a multivariate regression model has been used and the selected sample includes companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange between 2012 and 2016. The results of the research showed that investors are sensitive to the value of the price signal during the formation period and are likely to estimate stocks with an increasing trend. For this reason, it can be argued that the salience momentum strategy acts better than the non- salience momentum strategy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Examining the chosen model of the United States of America in the face of Iran (confrontationalism and redesigning aggressive realism)
علی باقری زاده

The current research aims to analyze the type of strategic orientation of the United States of America in facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The dualism of liberalism and realism, or a policy of mutual punishment and encouragem More

The current research aims to analyze the type of strategic orientation of the United States of America in facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The dualism of liberalism and realism, or a policy of mutual punishment and encouragement, has been adopted in the face of J.A. Iran. A. Iran. In order to prove the hypothesis of the research, while using the theory of aggressive realism, the behavioral pattern of the United States will be examined. The main findings of the research show that the approach of the United States is of the type of liberalism of "encouragement, encouragement and maximum participation". Or the harmonious model of liberalism and realism is not "positive and negative". Rather, it indicates the continuation and consolidation of the approach of aggressive realism, of the type of acute discursive, geopolitical and geostrategic confrontation in the form of "threat, punishment, sanctions" in the form of "various and complex balancing". So that the conformity and consistency of aggressive realism propositions with the approach of the United States in the acute confrontation with Iran is clear and obvious. The authors conclude that the behavior pattern of the United States is in the fixed form of aggressive realism, without a paradigm shift to liberalism. And it doesn't even have a tendency to shift within the theoretical paradigm of defensive realism. The main goal of America is to turn Iran into an isolated and victimized actor in the field of international politics. They evaluate J.A.Iran in the form of a game with a negative sum. And they always have a pure compliance with the approach of slander and international politics in their agenda. based on strategic rationality and compliance with international law. Manuscript profile

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19 - Identification of Jus Cogens Norms of International Law with a Glance to the Possibility of Emergence of Jus Cogens Norms of International Environmental Law
mojtaba sobhaninia Mohsen Abdollahi Abbas Poorhashemi

Jus Cogens norms of international law are among the key concepts cotibuting the development of international law. These norms stand out among other international norms because they uphold the fundamental values of the international community; contrary to mutual internat More

Jus Cogens norms of international law are among the key concepts cotibuting the development of international law. These norms stand out among other international norms because they uphold the fundamental values of the international community; contrary to mutual international obligations, these norms are owed by and in the interest of all states. Although there is no uncertainty regarding the concept of Jus Cogens norms in the international law literature, the identification parameters and contents of such norms have always been subject to debate.  Therefore, it is both controversial and difficult to explain the nature of Jus Cogens norms and develop an effective solution to identify them. This descriptive-analytical desk research seeks to answer this question: What criteria could be helpful in identifying such norms against the backdrop of international law? And consequently which Jus Cogens norms belong to the realm of international environmental law. To shed light on how to correctly identify Jus Cogens norms, this study proposes and examines two criteria: the 'rule of general international law" and the "acceptance and recognition". The results show that some principles of international environmental law, despite the fact that have the potential to become Jus Cogens norms, they have not been able to achieve that status, yet. Manuscript profile

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20 - The Consequences of Religious Extremism in the Middle East on US Foreign Policy during the Bush and Obama Times
hosein eslami mohsen eslami

The purpose of this study is to examine the change in US foreign policy towards the Middle East in relation to religious extremism. In order to study this trend, consideration of structuralist theory as the basis of US foreign policy is needed. After the Soviet invasion More

The purpose of this study is to examine the change in US foreign policy towards the Middle East in relation to religious extremism. In order to study this trend, consideration of structuralist theory as the basis of US foreign policy is needed. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, the United States created, organized and supported al-Qaeda in order to confront this. But in the aftermath of 9/11, Bush introduced a new meaning to the Kurdish international system and expressed terrorism and al-Qaeda as the real enemy of the United States, attacking Afghanistan and Iraq to deal with it, and put unilateralism in foreign policy on the agenda. ; However, this policy was revised in the Barack Obama era. Accordingly, the main question of this study is that the rise of religious extremism in the Middle East has had an impact on US foreign policy towards the Middle East? In answer to this question, it has been assumed that the spread of religious extremism in the Middle East has increased the presence and military intervention of the United States in the region; however, over time, the responsibility to counter this phenomenon has been delegated from the United States to its regional and transatlantic allies in the Middle East. Is. Manuscript profile

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21 - The War in the Hegemonic Theories of International Relations: Reflection of the War of Occupation of Iraq in a Hegemonic Behavior View
amin ravanbod

The discovery of the causes of the war for a better understanding of it and, if possible, avoiding it, is one of the factors driving knowledge of international relations. Hegemonic behavior and hegemonic governments are the main source of hegemonic international relatio More

The discovery of the causes of the war for a better understanding of it and, if possible, avoiding it, is one of the factors driving knowledge of international relations. Hegemonic behavior and hegemonic governments are the main source of hegemonic international relations theories for a better understanding of hegemonic wars, especially wars between the dominant hegemon and the challenging government calling for hegemony. In this regard, the main purpose of the present paper is to examine and criticize the hegemonic theories of international relations about the Iraq war in 2003 based on the hegemonic behavior or hegemonic governments, with an emphasis on the impact of US behavior as hegemony. The research method is library research and descriptive research. The research findings show that global hegemony, and in particular the United States hegemony, have two options because of the lack of a reference group of hegemons, where hegemony is fully, mutually and peacefully happens: first, hegemony can be exercised for the highest degree of dominance, authority, and leadership, through peaceful practices such as promoting new norms and exercising legitimate leadership based on standards accepted by others, or on a very different path in the traditional way of winning a major war or resorting to force in limited dimensions. Whenever the weight of the option of using force in hegemonic policies increases, the probable conditions of leading to war occur with a higher probability. Manuscript profile

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22 - Resistance Movements in West Asia and the Challenge of Iran's Leadership Role in the Axis of Resistance
Lotfi Mehdi Ali Shirkhani Mehdi Javadani Moghadam

10.22034/sej.2023.1975908.1527

This research, employing a descriptive-analytical method with a problem-oriented approach, examines the positive and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution in the West Asian region as a unique phenomenon. It has managed to transform into an identity-giving model f More

This research, employing a descriptive-analytical method with a problem-oriented approach, examines the positive and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution in the West Asian region as a unique phenomenon. It has managed to transform into an identity-giving model for the states and groups within the Axis of Resistance. The study adopts a developmental research approach, recognizing the Axis of Resistance as an unwritten security alliance among Shiite and non-Shiite resistance movements in West Asia and beyond, aimed at combating the Israeli regime and Western dominance in the Middle East, thereby advocating for the liberation of Palestine. From the early days of the Islamic Revolution's victory, Iran, by rejecting both Western and Eastern influences, proclaimed the formation of the "Party of the Oppressed" encompassing all the world's oppressed, positioning itself as an inspiring model for militant Muslims. Consequently, countries like Saudi Arabia, which seek to expand the Wahhabi ideology and lead the Arab world, accuse Iran of exporting the revolution and attempting to overthrow regional governments. Aligning with the West, they strive to portray Iran as a threat to regional countries, emphasizing its influence in four capitals (Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad, and Sana'a). On the other hand, the Zionist regime attempts to establish friendly relations with Iran's neighboring countries to implement its "Iranophobia" project. By infiltrating Turkey and Iraq in Iran's western borders, Azerbaijan and Central Asia in the northern borders, and the Gulf countries, especially Qatar, in the southern borders, Israel aims to encircle Iran and reduce its influence in leading the Axis of Resistance. Manuscript profile

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23 - Analysis Procedure of the Unilateral Sanctions of the United States and Their Impact on Employment and Development in Iran
Hamid Jamalpur KHerolah Parvin Maryam Moradi

10.22034/sej.2021.1931776.1341

The purpose of the present study is to review and analyze the unilateral sanctions of the US and their impacts on employment and development in Iran. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and an evaluation of the economic sanctions imposed against the Islamic Repu More

The purpose of the present study is to review and analyze the unilateral sanctions of the US and their impacts on employment and development in Iran. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and an evaluation of the economic sanctions imposed against the Islamic Republic of Iran with regulations and principles of the international law, proves the main hypothesis of this article that is the illegitimacy of such sanctions. Accordingly, the unilateral economic sanctions of the US against Iran have caused some limitations on different economic sections of the country, transfer of technical equipment and knowledge, foreign investment, transportation, payments, and so on. The results of the study show that one of the effects of the unilateral sanctions of the US against the Islamic Republic of Iran that has violated human rights, is the violation of the right of employment. Fluctuation in the process of employment in Iran following the sanctions, has caused the agitation and confusion of a lot of Iranian citizens. Lack of job and occupational security in the country, decline in production, inflation and … are some consequences of the sanctions. Manuscript profile

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24 - Exploring the Grounds for Arab Convergence with the Zionist Regime Against Iran Based on Stephen Walt's Balance of Threat Theory
Asghar Rajabi Deh Borzoei Mohammad Bidgholi

The objective of the present research is to explore the grounds for Arab convergence with the Zionist regime against Iran, based on Stephen Walt's Balance of Threat theory. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that the Arabs, emphasizi More

The objective of the present research is to explore the grounds for Arab convergence with the Zionist regime against Iran, based on Stephen Walt's Balance of Threat theory. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that the Arabs, emphasizing Iran's security threats, have developed their relations with the Zionist regime for reasons including American support for normalizing relations, the Arabs' involvement in internal crises, the weakening of Iran's anti-Zionist ideology, the existence of rifts among Arab countries, and changes in the regional power balance through various military, political, and economic collaborations. They consider the behavioral pattern of threat balancing as the best approach towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seems that the normalization of relations between the Arabs and the Zionist regime, like other conspiracies by the Western-Hebrew-Arab triangle in recent decades, will ultimately fail. This plot will not be a concerning issue because sooner or later, it will lead to the disgrace of countries aligned with the Zionist regime and the collapse of these artificial relationships. Given that normalization of relations, at best, will not extend beyond the level of state relations with the Zionist regime, it is suggested that the Islamic Republic of Iran maintain active diplomacy to keep the issue of Palestine alive and remind the Arab governments to heed the voices of their peoples who oppose normalization with the occupying Zionist regime. Manuscript profile

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25 - Political Assessment of the Strategic Approach and Positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran Regarding the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Navid Nozaeem Seyyed Baqir Mirabbasi Mareyam Moradi Sohail Sohaili Najafabadi

The objective of this research is to politically assess the strategic approach and positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that the mutual More

The objective of this research is to politically assess the strategic approach and positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that the mutual interests of Iran and the two major powers within the SCO, Russia, and China, in preventing American influence in Southwest Asia, particularly Central Asia, have brought them closer together within the framework of bilateral relations and also within the SCO. To counter American hegemony at the regional level and ensure its national interests against the security threats posed by the United States, the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken steps towards permanent membership in the SCO. Permanent membership in the SCO has provided structural opportunities for Iran, which, on one hand, can create a balance against American hegemony in the region with the support of the powers within this structure, and on the other hand, enhances Iran's political and security status in Central Asian equations and Middle Eastern developments. Therefore, with the aforementioned high capacities in the Middle East region, Iran has the necessary strategic capability to become a regional power. Manuscript profile

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26 - Investigating Ideological and Political Origins of the Houthis' Movement
Ahmad Jansiz Mostafa Tarin

10.22034/sej.2019.668899

The purpose of the present study is to investigate and identify the political, ideological roots, motivations, and motives of the Houthi movement that has emerged in Yemen in recent years. In this study, the scientific and theoretical reasons of the Houthi movement have More

The purpose of the present study is to investigate and identify the political, ideological roots, motivations, and motives of the Houthi movement that has emerged in Yemen in recent years. In this study, the scientific and theoretical reasons of the Houthi movement have been taken into consideration by Dokmajian theory, and the role of Zaydieh and the actions of Yemeni rulers, especially Ali Abdullah Saleh and the ideas of Hussein Al Houthi have been noticed. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, shows that in analyzing the causes of the Houthi movement, some internal factors such as political, social, cultural and economic conditions are considered to be a factor for this movement and some other theorists believe external factors, international system and the effects of external events have contributed to this movement. The dynamics of the Houthi movement indicate that it will gain an important place in the political future of Yemen and in power position. Studying the intellectual roots of this movement has mostly political and ideological backgrounds that have fed the will of its followers. Combating oppression, American hegemony, Zionist influence, and the destruction of secularism have a particular place in these ideas, and they emphasize the legitimacy of the political system, justice and the renunciation of evil. Manuscript profile

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27 - Investigating the effect of different emotional states (emotions) on biased decision making in accounting
mohammadreza tat mansour garkaz mohammadreza abdoli saeid baraty

10.30486/fbra.2022.1944992.1045

Human judgment and decision-making affect all stages of the creation of accounting information, from the beginning to the interpretation of information. The decision-making process can be shaped by emotions, emotions can change signals of evaluation, risk perception and More

Human judgment and decision-making affect all stages of the creation of accounting information, from the beginning to the interpretation of information. The decision-making process can be shaped by emotions, emotions can change signals of evaluation, risk perception and strategic orientation. Thus, there is an aspect of human behavior in the judgment and decision-making process that is reflected in the accounting information disclosed in the financial statements. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of different emotional states (emotions) on biased decisions in accounting has been investigated. This research is a descriptive and quasi-experimental application. The statistical population of this research is graduate students of accounting in a simulated environment by presenting a scenario as a financial manager. The number of samples was determined according to the unknown number of population through the formula of unknown population 198 people. One-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used to analyze the data. The results of this study show that different emotional states (happy / sad) have a significant effect on students' decision-making in the role of financial managers. The decision-making of financial managers (accounting students) who were in a normal emotional state was less biased than that of financial managers who were in an unusual (happy / sad) emotional state. The results of this study show that when people experience natural and stable emotional states, they can make the right decisions. But when their condition is unusual, they are unable to make the right decision. Manuscript profile

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28 - Theoretical study of 2-selenoformyl-3-thioxo-propionaldehyde (STP) in the exited states
ramin rafat alireza nowroozi

In the present study, tatomerism process, hydrogen bond strength and π-electron delocalization of 2-selenoformyl-3-thioxo-propionaldehyde (STP) in the singlet and triplet excites states were investigated. First, all of the H-bonded structures in exited states were op More

In the present study, tatomerism process, hydrogen bond strength and π-electron delocalization of 2-selenoformyl-3-thioxo-propionaldehyde (STP) in the singlet and triplet excites states were investigated. First, all of the H-bonded structures in exited states were optimized by CIS and TD-DFT methods. Relative energies indicate that the thiol and enol conformers are the most stable and unstable, respectively: HB Thiol < HB Selenol < HB Enol. Moreover, the electronic energies show that all of the H-bonded structures are more stable in the triplet excited state than the singlet excited state. To justify this order, the affective factors on this stability such as tautomerism, hydrogen bonding and π-electron delocalization were comprehensively investigated. Tautomeric energies express that the thiol tautomer is more stable than the others in terms of thermodynamics. Also, the activation barriers indicate that the thio⇋thiol is more prefer than the other equilibriums, from kinetic point of view. Description of different hydrogen bonds by energetic, geometrical, topological and molecular orbitals emphasize on the presence of a stronger intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB) in the enol forms. Furthermore, evaluation of π-electron delocalization (π-ED) represents approximate superiority of enol conformers. The achieved results by HB and π-ED analyzes are in contrast with the mentioned stability order. Ultimately, investigation of above factors indicates that the tautomerism phenomenon plays a dominant role in determining of the structures stability in the excited states. Manuscript profile

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29 - A theoretical study on the nature of formaldehyde adsroption on the C58BN heterofullerene using DFT
Ehsan Zahedi majid mozaffari Malihe Arab

In this research adsorption of formaldehyde on the external surface heterofullerene C58BN has been studied by means of density functional theory using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. Total electronic energies have been corrected by addition of two gCP and D3 correct More

In this research adsorption of formaldehyde on the external surface heterofullerene C58BN has been studied by means of density functional theory using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. Total electronic energies have been corrected by addition of two gCP and D3 correction terms. Adsorption of formaldehyde via the bonding of oxygen atom to boron and carbon atom to nitrogen leads to the delocalization of oxygen lone pairs to the empty orbital of boron atom, formation of a strong covalent bond and consequently stability of system. Topological parameters based on the AIM theory, density of state spectrums, and the maps of molecular electrostatic potentials indicated that the adsorption of formaldehyde on the studied positions are covalent in nature. Manuscript profile

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30 - A critique Of Avicennas Account Of Mystical Precept
Monireh Seyed Mazhari

Avicenna, can be regarded as the most prominent of Islamic philosophers. Despite the fact that he lived in the medieval era, he did not follow the medieval line of thought. He was rather like Renaissance thinkers in opposing any sort of narrow-minded dogmatism and blind More

Avicenna, can be regarded as the most prominent of Islamic philosophers. Despite the fact that he lived in the medieval era, he did not follow the medieval line of thought. He was rather like Renaissance thinkers in opposing any sort of narrow-minded dogmatism and blind imitation of the ancients as well as in relying on reason and experiment as the only touchstone of truth and never rejected a belief before he found conclusive evidence in its refutation and meanwhile regarded it as possible. That is why he considered the intuitive findings of mystics and the miracles of saints as logically possible and in some of his works sought to provide philosophical justifications for them. However drawing on evidence from Avicenna's life, we will to show that he never set foot on the path of mystic quest and neither did he adopt a Sufi's life style. Manuscript profile

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31 - Mystical States of Mind and Positions from IbnSina’s andQushayri’s Viewpoints
Mahmoud Baharvand SayyedHossain Vaezi

Normal0falsefalsefalseEN-USX-NONEAR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-pare More

Normal0falsefalsefalseEN-USX-NONEAR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} > One of the important issues in practical mysticism is "mystical states of mind". In the way to become one with God, the disciple should achieve spiritual positions and experiences along with their preceptor and mentor; also, in this way, some spiritual states occur to them. The aim of the study is to show some of these states and spiritual positions from the viewpoints of IbnSina and Qushayri. The method of this study is a qualitative approach, and the content analysis is conducted using library resources. Some findings of this study reveal that in his mystical books, IbnSina has briefly argued some of these states and positions under the title of "Maqamat al-Aarefin" -- Mystics' Spritual Positions -- especially in the ninth section of "Esharat"-- Indications. Qushayri in his dissertation entitled "Qushayriyeh" has expressed some of the mystical states and positions in detail. The researcher has also analyzed and compared these two scholastic views by using analytic method. Other findings include the number of states and positions, their priority and hierarchy, the similarities and differences between these two scientists' comments about the mystical states and positions Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - The Effcacy of Cognitive – Emotional Religious Therapy on Positive Psychological States in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Fatemeh Rahnama

The purpose of the current research was to examine cognitive- emotional religious therapy (RCET) on positive psychological states in chronic kidney disease patients. The research was a semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. The sample inc More

The purpose of the current research was to examine cognitive- emotional religious therapy (RCET) on positive psychological states in chronic kidney disease patients. The research was a semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. The sample included 40 patients whom were selected via convenience sampling method. The subjects were assigned randomly into two experimental and control groups, 20 individuals each. The experimental group was exposed to 15 cognitive- emotional religious therapy (RCET) sessions 90 minutes each. Control group received none. Positive Psychological States Questionnaire (Nessaie, Rajaei and Khoei Nezhad 1390) was implemented to collect data. Multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to analyze data. The results revealed a statically signifcant difference between control and experimental groups concerning the positive psychological states. The research came to the end that the cognitive- emotional religious therapy (RCET) as new approach incremented the spirituality and problem solving in confronting human suffering. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Identification and Evaluation of Employer Brand Components in Iran's Small Industries (Case Study of Active Companies in Industrial Towns of East Azerbaijan Province)
Amir Laleh Hosein Gharabiglo mojtaba ramazani Soleyman Iranzadeh

10.30495/imj.2023.1963951.1786

Today in organizations, it is not enough to satisfy the customer or honor the superiors and focus on successful sales to maintain a competitive position in the market, and therefore, organizations must develop the necessary strategies to attract and maintain efficient a More

Today in organizations, it is not enough to satisfy the customer or honor the superiors and focus on successful sales to maintain a competitive position in the market, and therefore, organizations must develop the necessary strategies to attract and maintain efficient and effective human resources. adopt Without having efficient human resources, the organization will not be able to transform, develop and excel and achieve the set goals. The way to achieve this is to develop the organization's management and leadership and create an effective structure for managing the employer brand. This research aims to evaluate the variables of the employer brand in the active companies of the industrial towns of East Azerbaijan province and evaluate the effectiveness of each of the components in these companies. The current research is of quantitative and qualitative type, first the variables were screened and verified by Delphi method, and then in the quantitative stage, using software JMP and the causal-comparative method, and using the factor effectiveness of the variables. The employer brand is done. results showed that the component of training to improve quality has the lowest factor contribution with a coefficient of determination (0.246) and the highest factor contribution is related to the use of participatory management with a value of (1.000). The highest correlation with other components is related to the indicator of training according to the needs of employees with a value of 0.880 and the lowest correlation is related to the use of participatory management with a value of 0.246. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Prioritization and weighting of factors on the reduction of safety performance in mines based on the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method (Study case: Sirjan iron ore mines)
Somayeh Rashidi sajad zare ida tayebiyan

Planning in organizations pays attention to safe operation for the purpose of moving the organization towards reducing occupational accidents and diseases and preventing the wastage of resources. Safety performance refers to the set of actions and behaviors that they pe More

Planning in organizations pays attention to safe operation for the purpose of moving the organization towards reducing occupational accidents and diseases and preventing the wastage of resources. Safety performance refers to the set of actions and behaviors that they perform to maintain and improve the safety and health level of themselves and their colleagues. In this research, identification and prioritization of the active factors of work safety (the case study of iron ore mines in Sirjan) were carried out. This research was applied and in terms of strategy, survey and statistical sample of the research were 12 safety managers and experts working in the mines of Sirjan city, who were selected through non-random and purposeful sampling. The tools of data collection were semi-structured interviews and letters, and to analyze the questions, the technique of analyzing disordered situations and its approach and the combined approach of hierarchical analysis and the methods of preference for similarity to the ideal solution are used. Based on the findings, the lack of allocation of the necessary budget for safety programs, the lack of specialist staff in the fields and direct treatments, training and equipment by direct safety specialists has taken the value in the relative index and has the greatest effect in reducing it. They are a safety function. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Analyzing the legal status of high officials in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America
hedieh sadat mirtorabi ehsan aghamohamadaghaee

Referring to the legal structure of official and legal authorities in political systems is a question that can be answered by reflecting on the philosophical-political thought of the separation of powers and also by analyzing the text of the constitution of political sy More

Referring to the legal structure of official and legal authorities in political systems is a question that can be answered by reflecting on the philosophical-political thought of the separation of powers and also by analyzing the text of the constitution of political systems. In the American presidential system, the president is considered as the embodiment of unity and has a clear superiority over other heads of state. Also, extraordinary power has been given to the president in the following matters: implementing laws and monitoring their good implementation, directing the country's foreign policy and commanding the armed forces. This is despite the fact that in Iran's legal system, according to the requirements of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the position of leadership is the highest official and political position of the Constitution. In the meantime, the texture and structure of the constitution has been composed in such a way that it is not only limited to the cases mentioned in principles 110 and 112, but also any matter of public affairs, provided that it is within the framework of Islamic standards and is subject to public interest. be included in the aforementioned authority. Considering the political structure of the two legal systems of Iran and the United States, this article evaluates these two authorities through the lens of the Constitution. Manuscript profile

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36 - Analysis of Farm Management with Emphasis on Agricultural Estate
Jaafaar Nawar Mohammed E. Awad

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37 - Rapid Transient Detection of Switching With the Aim of Improving Power Quality Using Wavelet Transform
Javad Safaei Kuchaksaraei

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38 - The role of shies faghihs and Motakallmins (lecturers) in development of shiesm in Fourth century
morteza mousave

The fourth century, due to the emergence of important shies Faghihs & motakallmins(lecturers) and the rise of shies government and the decrease of  some Abbasid caliphate authority- the worlds lowgest suppter of Sunni is one of the brilliant and bright periods More

The fourth century, due to the emergence of important shies Faghihs & motakallmins(lecturers) and the rise of shies government and the decrease of  some Abbasid caliphate authority- the worlds lowgest suppter of Sunni is one of the brilliant and bright periods in shies history . befor this period ,  Sunni religion was the  major religion . But in forth century with the emergence of shies states: like Boyid in Iran, Egypt , Yemen zydynid Hamdanid and Alavid in Tabarestan ate. The emergence of shies states and the attempt of shias Ulama are two important and Fundamental Factor in development and expansion of shiism. The role of Faghihs and lecturers in collecting Hadith training students (Talabeh), developing jurisprudence and theology activity against innaveliascands, Fundation of scientific centres and schools, utilization of public facilities for religious purpose all regarded as the main reason for development of shiessm in this period Manuscript profile

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39 - The role of shies faghihs and Motakallmins (lecturers) in development of shiesm in Fourth century
Seyed Morteza Mousavi jajarmi

The fourth century, due to the emergence of important shies Faghihs & motakallmins(lecturers) and the rise of shies government and the decrease of  some Abbasid caliphate authority- the worlds lowgest suppter of Sunni is one of the brilliant and bright periods More

The fourth century, due to the emergence of important shies Faghihs & motakallmins(lecturers) and the rise of shies government and the decrease of  some Abbasid caliphate authority- the worlds lowgest suppter of Sunni is one of the brilliant and bright periods in shies history . befor this period ,  Sunni religion was the  major religion . But in forth century with the emergence of shies states: like Boyid in Iran, Egypt , Yemen zydynid Hamdanid and Alavid in Tabarestan ate. The emergence of shies states and the attempt of shias Ulama are two important and Fundamental Factor in development and expansion of shiism. The role of Faghihs and lecturers in collecting Hadith training students (Talabeh), developing jurisprudence and theology activity against innaveliascands, Fundation of scientific centres and schools, utilization of public facilities for religious purpose all regarded as the main reason for development of shiessm in this period.  Manuscript profile

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40 - Explaining Change in the Structure of International System Facing Iran
Hadiseh Koliaee Amin Ravanbod ali mohammad haghighi

The purpose of this article is to explain the change in the structure of the international system and examine the possible future structure of the international system that Iran will face. In the present research, the authors have investigated the main mechanism of the More

The purpose of this article is to explain the change in the structure of the international system and examine the possible future structure of the international system that Iran will face. In the present research, the authors have investigated the main mechanism of the change in the structure of the international system, i.e. the rise and fall of great powers, using the descriptive-analytical method. The authors believe that the current structure of the international system cannot be defined by the concept of polarity. The current structure of the international system includes a superpower (America) alongside China as a challenger and candidate to become a superpower in the future and several big powers (European Union, Russia, Britain and Japan) and this structure will continue in the short term.The Islamic Republic of Iran can be placed in a state of neither friend nor enemy in relation to other great powers. Manuscript profile

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41 - Explain the Role of State Policies in Creating Loyalty of Employees of Iranian Governmental Organizations
mohsen norani reza shabannejad Beitoolah Akbari Moghaddam

The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of Sovereign policies in Iranian governmental organizations in a way that leads to fostering employee loyalty in various personal, professional and organizational areas.In the first part, in order to provide a compr More

The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of Sovereign policies in Iranian governmental organizations in a way that leads to fostering employee loyalty in various personal, professional and organizational areas.In the first part, in order to provide a comprehensive model, the qualitative meta-hybrid research method was used. A number of academic experts and government managers were purposefully sampled and the initial research model was formed by identifying categories, concepts and codes. In the second part, 292 questionnaires (classification sampling) were distributed among the staff of Qazvin province by evaluating the content validity and opinions of experts in order to apply the model in government organizations. Data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis. Based on the results of creating a relationship between psychological concepts with dimensions, components and categories of personal, professional and organizational can play a significant role in improving employee loyalty to policy makers. Manuscript profile

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42 - A Comparative Study of US, EU, and Iran Legal Approaches to Anti-Competitive Civil Liability
majid khalilpourgorgani javad niknejad behnam ghanbarpor

In a free market economy, competitive rules are determined by the market itself. Competition causes the producer to improve the quality of the product, the consumer to provide it with the most suitable conditions. However, there are vertical and horizontal anti-competit More

In a free market economy, competitive rules are determined by the market itself. Competition causes the producer to improve the quality of the product, the consumer to provide it with the most suitable conditions. However, there are vertical and horizontal anti-competitive practices that are detrimental to this competition. The main question of the present study is what legal approaches at the level of the United States, the European Union and Iran to civil liability arising from anti-competitive practices? In the United States, there is currently a more legal approach to civil liability arising from vertical agreements. It is horizontally focused, while the European Union has the opposite position. Iran's legal approach can be considered as an intermediate approach according to the jurisprudential rules as well as the prevailing laws such as civil law. Manuscript profile

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43 - Behaviour of Individuals towards E-Waste Management in India
Somvir Arya Ajay Gupta Arvind Bhardwaj

10.22094/joie.2020.575925.1590

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44 - Influence of ISIS in Central Asia and its Impact on Iran's National Security
Zahra Tavakoli Kayhan Barzegar Majid Tavasoli roknabadi

In this study, the dangers of ISIS's Influence in Central Asia and its impact on Iran's national security are examined. Failed and fragile states in Central Asia do not have the ability to promote prosperity, security, education, and awareness for their people. As a res More

In this study, the dangers of ISIS's Influence in Central Asia and its impact on Iran's national security are examined. Failed and fragile states in Central Asia do not have the ability to promote prosperity, security, education, and awareness for their people. As a result, conditions are ripe for the people to lean towards extremism. Due to the presence of takfiri extremism on the western borders of Iran (Iraq and Syria), there are serious risks of this spreading to its eastern borders in Central Asia. Despite the existing hegemony between Iran and Russia and their mutual efforts to stop this current in the region, should the extremism on both sides of its borders join hands, Iran’s security will be seriously compromised in three ways to face serious challenges. Firstly, the extremism will span on its northern, eastern, and western borders; secondly, regional and trans-regional actors will use takfiri extremism for their strategic rivalries; and thirdly, a worsening case in Afghanistan will impact Iran’s security. Thus, focusing on “Regional and trans-regional convergence” can be the most important strategy for Iran to deal with this phenomenon. Manuscript profile

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45 - Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Permanent Membership of Islamic Republic of Iran
Alireza Rezaie Abbas Salehi

Shanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic o More

Shanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic of Iran, with its present observational role in this organization and the demand to become its permanent member, leads to certain implications which within the framework and opportunities of membership facilitate the analysis of Iranian foreign policy. In this article, we aim to assess Iranian membership in this organization on four dimensions of Iranian politics, security, economic and culture. On this basis, we, first apply theoretical explanation of the origin and continuation of Shanghai Organization. Having done that, we then study the effect of Iranian membership in this organization on four foretold dimensions. Finally, probability and improbability of permanent membership of Islamic republic of Iran will be discussed and suggestions are made to the Iranian diplomatic approaches. Manuscript profile

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46 - Building of a Secure Society as a Stability Strategy for the Relation of Iran and Persian Gulf Nations
Armin Amini Zahra Mahmoudi

The main question in this article is whether there is any possibility of building a secure society in the relation of Iran and that of nations in the Persian Gulf region? The secondary question addressed in this article is what type of secure society (tightly or loosely More

The main question in this article is whether there is any possibility of building a secure society in the relation of Iran and that of nations in the Persian Gulf region? The secondary question addressed in this article is what type of secure society (tightly or loosely coupled) would lead to a secure society and what are the nature and impact of three phases of developments: nascent ,ascent and mature on the emergence of a secure society in the region? Hypothesis presented in this research is that with the realization of active and potential elements as an opportunity in the creation of possibility of fostering good relations among Persian Gulf nations and also a shared understanding of threats faced these nations of the region then a serious effort for building intra trust and elimination of the grounds of conflict will emerge which could lead to the materialization of a secure society. Manuscript profile

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47 - بررسی کاربرد فعالیت های مشارکتی برای بهبود تجربیات جریان ذهنی زبان آموزان مرد و زن زبان انگلیسی
سید حسین کاشف هانیه خیری

10.30495/jal.2023.1979533.1465

مطالعه حاضر تلاش کرد تا میزان تأثیرگذاری فعالیت های مشارکتی و جنسیت زبان آموزان زبان انگلیسی را بر تجربیات جریان ذهنی آنها تعیین کند. بدین منظور، ابتدا پژوهشگران 56 زبان آموز سطح متوسط زبان انگلیسی را در دو کلاس درس (بدون تغییر اعضای کلاس ها) در یک موسسه زبان خصوصی در ا More

مطالعه حاضر تلاش کرد تا میزان تأثیرگذاری فعالیت های مشارکتی و جنسیت زبان آموزان زبان انگلیسی را بر تجربیات جریان ذهنی آنها تعیین کند. بدین منظور، ابتدا پژوهشگران 56 زبان آموز سطح متوسط زبان انگلیسی را در دو کلاس درس (بدون تغییر اعضای کلاس ها) در یک موسسه زبان خصوصی در ارومیه (ایران) به عنوان شرکت کننده ها انتخاب کردند. دوم پژوهشگران به طور تصادفی کلاس ها را به یک گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل اختصاص دادند. سوم، آنها از یک پرسشنامه وضعیت جریان ذهنی برای تعیین تجربیات جریان ذهنی شرکت کنندگان قبل از شروع مطالعه استفاده کردند. چهارم، آنها در طی 12 جلسه آموزش فعالیت های مشارکتی زبان را به گروه آزمایشی ارائه کردند. با این وجود، پژوهشگران این نوع آموزش را در گروه کنترل ارائه ندادند. در نهایت، آنها پرسشنامه وضعیت جریان ذهنی را دوباره به گروه ها ارائه کردند تا کارایی فعالیت های مشارکتی را برای تقویت تجربیات جریان ذهنی شرکت کنندگان ارزیابی کنند. نتایج نشان داد که این فعالیت ها تأثیر مفیدی بر وضعیت جریان ذهنی زبان آموزان داشت. علاوه بر این، بر اساس نتایج، تجربیات جریان ذهنی زبان آموزان زن در مقایسه با تجربیات جریان ذهنی زبان آموزان مرد به طور مثبت‌تری تحت تأثیر فعالیت های مشارکتی قرار گرفت. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده ممکن است مربیان معلم های زبان انگلیسی، طراحان برنامه درسی و محققان را قادر سازد تا وضعیت جریان ذهنی را در طول فرآیند فراگیری زبان مورد توجه قرار دهند. Manuscript profile

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48 - Analysis of Military, Political, and Economic Equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf Region
Sajjad Alifarja heidar lotfi Majid vali Shariat Panahi aliasghar esmailpor roshan

The Persian Gulf region has always been subject to the turbulence of political, economic, and military strategies pursued by regional and extra-regional countries. The aim of this article is to analyze and examine the military, political, and economic equations between More

The Persian Gulf region has always been subject to the turbulence of political, economic, and military strategies pursued by regional and extra-regional countries. The aim of this article is to analyze and examine the military, political, and economic equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf region. The main question of this article is that what are the military, political, and economic equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf region are. A descriptive method was used to gather theoretical and conceptual literature for the research, and a hierarchical analysis method was employed to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Also a survey method was used to test the hypotheses. A preliminary sample was used to examine the reliability of the questionnaire, and with the obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87, the questionnaire's reliability was confirmed. The final questionnaire was then provided to the experts in the field of regional security. Opinions of 25 experts were collected and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The results of the article indicate that the geographic location of the region has specific sensitivity for both countries. However, what is important for the United States in this region is the continuity of its consumption role and the enhancement of its cultural and ideological position. Conversely, for Iran, strengthening cultural and ideological influence and reducing dependence on military and industrial consumption have greater significance. Manuscript profile

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49 - A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Development and Urbanization in Iran and the World
Kaveh Aminnedzad Bakhtyar Ezaatpanah

So far, the process of urbanization in different parts of the world and from different aspects has been discussed, one of the aspects of the topics and focus areas of the city that has attracted many researchers. Dedication and effort in examining the relationship betwe More

So far, the process of urbanization in different parts of the world and from different aspects has been discussed, one of the aspects of the topics and focus areas of the city that has attracted many researchers. Dedication and effort in examining the relationship between cities and the urbanization of countries can discuss and present an assessment of the degree of health or lack of healthcare developments of socio – economic status. In this way, the stronger the correlation between development and urbanization process, the more developed and improved from socio - economic status it will be. Having this purpose in mind, primarily the researcher has spent time analyzing the urbanization systems in the North and the South Countries referring to such indexes as Net Gross Product while addressing Provinces in Iran the amount of income along with the achieved profit and comparing them with the rate of urbanization across the country. In this paper an analytical - comparative method is deployed to research the advantage and the measure of development and urbanization of Iran along with rating provincial ranking techniques. The results show that the strength and degree of correlation between economic and human development indicates  poor correlation between urbanization process and indicators of human development; an understanding that  does not follow any predictable pattern of change and development . Manuscript profile

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50 - The Comparative Study of Entrepreneurship Education at High School: Iran vs. Selected European Countries (A Qualitative Study)
Farnoosh kavepisheh Kourosh Fathi Vajargah Mahboubeh Arefi Mohammad Hassan Mobaraki

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51 - The formation of the Tudeh Party and its efforts to transfer the North's oil concession to the Soviet Union
Azim Rafizadeh

In examining the impact of oil on the relations between the two countries of Iran and Russia, it turns out that they were trying to reach the Iranian oil resources in some cases, one in 1299/1921and the other in 1920/1941. At the time of Iran's occupation of the Second More

In examining the impact of oil on the relations between the two countries of Iran and Russia, it turns out that they were trying to reach the Iranian oil resources in some cases, one in 1299/1921and the other in 1920/1941. At the time of Iran's occupation of the Second World War, the Russians, though at every turn did not succeed in their goals, during the occupation of Iran in September 1941 by the Allies they used all the necessary tools. For example, they used the Tudeh Party, the first and most organized Leftist party in Iran, to achieve its oil targets. At this stage, the Russian Foreign Ministry Deputy Foreign Minister, Sergey Kavtaradze came to Iran and formally requested for a license to exploit North Oil. The Tudeh Party, while previously opposed to any transfer of privilege to foreigners, when the Soviet Union- their spiritual and co-professional supporters came out, by providing the Balance Scheme they granted the southern oil share to the British and the North Sea's privilege to the Soviet Union. Because the American companies were set to exploit the oil scorecard in northern Iran, immediately the Soviet Union entered the scene and the Tudeh party also met with them. In this context, the efforts of the Tudeh Party to satisfy the Iranian government and parliament in order to agree with the Soviet demand for oil in their own way can be considered. Manuscript profile

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52 - Asymmetric Effects of Monetary Shocks on Real Output in Iran: A Markov-Switching Approach
Hosein Shariri Renani Razieh Salehi Sara Ghobadi

An important issue in macroeconomics is the effect of monetary shocks on macroeconomic variables. How monetary shocks affect the real production in different economic situations such as recession and expansion is vital for policy makings and the effectiveness of the pol More

An important issue in macroeconomics is the effect of monetary shocks on macroeconomic variables. How monetary shocks affect the real production in different economic situations such as recession and expansion is vital for policy makings and the effectiveness of the policies. So, this research tries to test and analyze the asymmetric impacts of monetary shocks on the productions in Iran by using seasonal Time Series Data during 1999-2008 and Markov-Switching model. The results indicate that negative and positive monetary policies in recession and also expansion period have asymmetric effects on domestic production growth. In general, monetary shocks are more effective in recession than expansion.  Manuscript profile

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53 - Right to “Self-Defense” against Cyber-attacks with an Emphasis on the Attacks of the United States of America
Saeid Eid koshayesh Hossein Sorayaii Azar jahangir bagheri

10.30495/cyberlaw.2023.701877

Hostile actions and resorting to coercive force in the cyberspace fields are very important issues that could challenge fundamental principles of the international law. Many States consider the cyberspace as a battlefield and intend to inflict damages through it to thei More

Hostile actions and resorting to coercive force in the cyberspace fields are very important issues that could challenge fundamental principles of the international law. Many States consider the cyberspace as a battlefield and intend to inflict damages through it to their opponent states. United States is considered an avant-garde in these issues. The United States possess many advanced technologies in cyberspace field. In this respect, the necessity of self-defense (legitime defense) against cyber-attacks seems inevitable, although from “treaty law” point of view it lacks the basic internationally supported legislations. It remains to be clarified whether the 51th Article of the United Nations Charter could be used as a legal base for cyber self-defense or not and if that could be entitled self-defense or not. This study employs descriptive-analytical method through data analyzing system. Findings of this study indicate that in the event of a cyber-attack by a State or its agents, a cyber-self-defense could be legally justifiable provided that the legal conditions of the self-defense such as compatibility of self-defense with the attacks and some other international law principles (principle of non-use of force for example) are met, Of course, in the path of self-defense, the principle of proportionality must be observed as the main rule, and as soon as the Security Council effectively intervenes in the crisis, the defense must be terminated. Manuscript profile

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54 - The Reflection of the Roots of Iran and the United States Conflict in International Arena from the Viewpoint of American Media Diplomacy (The Case Study: The Movie 300, the Rise of an Empire)
Bashir Esmaeili Seyed Hassan Malaekeh Alidad Keymasi

Abstract: In recent decade Hollywood cinema is increasingly has paid attention to producing films and serials with the political contents relating to Iran. The set of movies called “300” is trying to exclusively deal with the difference of political thought More

Abstract: In recent decade Hollywood cinema is increasingly has paid attention to producing films and serials with the political contents relating to Iran. The set of movies called “300” is trying to exclusively deal with the difference of political thought of ancient Iran and ancient Greece. Meanwhile the movie 300 tries to simulate the confrontation of ancient Iranian thinking and Greece thinking with the present confrontation of Islamic Republic of Iran thought and the United States. The article first examines the principle of the thinking projected in the movie “300: the Rise of an Empire” and then explains the basis of the contending thought. The hypothesis of the article is that, the movie “300” wants to infuse this point that the political foundation of thinking of East and West had been different form the ancient time and the political elevation of West against the political obstruction and despotism of the East had been continuing ever since. Therefore, the conflict between Iran and the United States in international scene is a confrontation between freedom and democracy and despotism which has their roots in ancient time. The methodology used in the paper is a mix of Van Dyke’s discourse and Roland Barthes analysis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - Security Strategies of China against Geopolitical and Geostrategic Actions of the United States
Mohsen Zamani

Abstract: The relations between China and the United States may be the most complex and the most controversial relations among the big powers. These relations are affected by numerous variables and in many cases have been opposite and unpredictable. China is a represent More

Abstract: The relations between China and the United States may be the most complex and the most controversial relations among the big powers. These relations are affected by numerous variables and in many cases have been opposite and unpredictable. China is a representative of the newly emerged powers and the United States is the representative of traditional powers. They have been considered as two rival and conflicting powers in world policies of the twenty first century. These complicated relations and China's emerging as a world power and the consequent repercussion of it is important in international system. Understanding the security strategies of these two countries in geostrategic and geopolitical region of the world will guide us about future prospect of international system. The present article tries to use an analytical model that is a moderation of the model of structural realism of Kenneth Waltz and raises this question that "what is China's security strategy against the geopolitical movements of the United States in geostrategic areas?" It is seen that China's security strategy is having four behavioral models of hard and soft balance, hard trail and soft trail which is based on relative strength, relative security and relative ideology. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical based on library sources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Crisis of Decision Making in North Korea Nuclear Crisis
Saeed Eslamee

Abstract The aim of the present article is to examine the strategies and decisions taken by the United States and North Korea and their outcome during North Korea nuclear crisis. In this direction the article has made use of John Bram’s Theory of Moves. From 1993 More

Abstract The aim of the present article is to examine the strategies and decisions taken by the United States and North Korea and their outcome during North Korea nuclear crisis. In this direction the article has made use of John Bram’s Theory of Moves. From 1993 when the issue of North Korea nuclear program was considered as a crisis for world community, strategies and counter strategies were made by the United States and North Korea. These moves eventually led to production of nuclear weapon and nuclear tests by North Korea in the years of 2006 and 2009. Consequently the United States cut its economic aid to North Korea and imposed extensive economic sanctions against North Korea within the framework of the security council of the United Nations. From the viewpoint of the article each decision (move) taken by each side was for maximizing of interests and minimizing the threat. Of course these decisions had a close relation with the decision taken by the opposite party. Therefore, the strategies of the two countries were fluctuating within the framework of compromise or hardline position. The finding of the study shows that initially the aim of North Korea by producing nuclear weapon was not deterrence but, taking some concessions (security guarantees, fuel, and food) but taking into consideration what North Korea was considering as the United States obstructionism, led to hard decision of making nuclear weapon.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - An Analysis of the Security Crisis in Yemen: the Causes and Context
سید امیر نیاکوئی احسان اعجازی

Abstract The present paper wants to explain the causes of security crisis of Yemen after the Arab Spring by the help of theories of security. Yemen which faced internal conflicts in the past after unification plunged into widespread insecurity and civil war after the A More

Abstract The present paper wants to explain the causes of security crisis of Yemen after the Arab Spring by the help of theories of security. Yemen which faced internal conflicts in the past after unification plunged into widespread insecurity and civil war after the Arab Spring. Taking into consideration the present condition of Yemen, the present paper wants to answer this question that “what factors prepared the ground for the formation of security crisis in Yemen”? The paper uses descriptive-analytical method and the toll for collection of data is library sources. The finding of the study shows that complicated multi-layer mixtures of internal and external factors which strengthen each other have led to the formation of Yemen security crisis. The paper argues that Yemen is moving towards chaotic rule and the military intervention of Saudi Arabia in support of pro-Saudi tribes and groups has exacerbated the insecurity and conflicts. The article explains the Yemen’s development from the viewpoint of Little theory of security. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - The United States Media policy against Russia: Hollywood and New Cold War and Revival of Russia Phobia
Bashir Esmaeil Seyed Hassan Malaekeh

Abstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war ag More

Abstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war against the latter. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, gradually the focus of media war of the United States changed from communism to Islam and the Middle East region. This trend was intensified after September 11, 2001 incidents. A large wave of cultural products was produced with Islam phobia content. Meanwhile by the expansion of the influence of Russia in some regions of the world and formation of a new balance of power and rivalry which some observers interpreted it as new Cold War, the media war of America against Russia has been revived. The main question raised by the article is whether the developments in relations of the United States with Russia have affected media policy of America against Russia?” The finding of the study shows that after some of Russia’s success in strategic places of the world the United States media policy after a period of propaganda against Islamist and the Muslims they are now focusing on Russia phobia policy. The methodology used in the paper is comparative and interpretative. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - The United Strategy and the Regional Order of the Middle East: From Classic Hegemony to Moderate Hegemony
ali mohammadi zia mohammad sotode

Abstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world More

Abstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world has paid special attention to this region and tries to pursue its objectives through different strategies. The present article by a documentary method and referring to documents of national security of the United States wants to know the strategy of the United States within the framework of regional orders. The underlying hypothesis is that the strategy of the United States for creating regional order in the Middle East has undergone change from classic hegemony to moderate hegemony. The finding of the study shows the new strategy of the United States is based on cooperation with the Middle East countries with minimum common interest of them. For this purpose the United States seeks legitimacy and support for the exercise of its power and actions in the region and the world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - The Geopolitics of Ukraine and its Role in the Competition of Russia and the United States of America
Asghar Safari Saeed Vosoghi

Abstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the More

Abstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the ensuing unrest. After this incident Ukraine entered one of its most serious political turmoil after Orange revolution in 2004. As in similar crisis like Syrian crisis in 2011, Russia and the United States took side in favor of the government and protesters and this led to the confrontation of the two. The question raised here is what is the importance of Ukraine for Russia and the United States? The present article argues that the main root cause of confrontation of Russia and the United States in Ukraine is geopolitical importance of Ukraine and geopolitical competition of Russia and the United States in post-Cold War era. Ukraine is one of the most important strategic regions of Eurasia and Eastern Europe. The purpose of the present research is to examine the most important determinants affecting the attitude of Russia and West in Ukraine crisis. For analyzing the above issue, geopolitics theory has been used and the research methodology is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - The impact of women's rights in the foreign policy of the united states towards the Islamic Republic of Iran
Elham satari Gholam Hossein Bolandian

Abstract Women like men are entitled to fundamental social, cultural, economic and political rights, but the question that these rights and their bases are different in Islam and West is a debatable issue and is worth study and scrutiny. The main question raised by the More

Abstract Women like men are entitled to fundamental social, cultural, economic and political rights, but the question that these rights and their bases are different in Islam and West is a debatable issue and is worth study and scrutiny. The main question raised by the present paper is "what is the impact of women’s right on the United States foreign policy vis-à-vis Islamic Republic of Iran"? The underlying hypothesis is that women’s rights has affected the United States foreign policy against Islamic Republic of Iran and it is one of the key factors for continuation of hostility and imposing pressure by the United States against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although there are conventions and rules in the West with slogans like equality and women’s right and responsibility of women is the Islamic Republic of Iran on the basis of gender justice, taking into consideration the ability of women their share and role in decision-making and politics is still low. This can be an excuse for the United States to exert pressure against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and historical, using library tool. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - The United States and Promotion of Democracy in Latin America: The Case of Venezuela
Ahmad Sabouri Nejad Akram Taha

Democracy promotion is one of the most important US strategies after the cold war to keep its dominance and influence in Latin America. Accompaniment and the appropriateness of this policy with the formation of the third wave of democratization caused American politicia More

Democracy promotion is one of the most important US strategies after the cold war to keep its dominance and influence in Latin America. Accompaniment and the appropriateness of this policy with the formation of the third wave of democratization caused American politicians to use it as a tool to promote their plans in the region. By considering democracy promotion (William Robinson’s view) in Latin America with focus on Venezuela as its basis, this article tries to investigate on the basis of what criteria and mechanisms has US applied democracy promotion to Latin America? The results of this study show that over the last quarter, US government has made endless efforts and planning in Latin America to let those elites, who agreed with neoliberal economic system and free market, come to power. Therefore it tried to prevent people, groups, nationalist and left-wing parties and totally, those who opposed neoliberal economic system from coming to power. To this end, destabilization of left and nationalist governments in the target countries was of the most important mechanisms in democracy promotion policy in Latin America; A policy which was pursued during all Hugo Chavez administration and even after that. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - Analysis and Critique of Obama’s Foreign Policy
Hossein Karimifard

Abstract After Obama came into power as president, there has been a shift in the United States foreign policy orientation. While during George Bush unilateralism and emphasis on achieving security and interest through hardware method was on the agenda, Obama based his More

Abstract After Obama came into power as president, there has been a shift in the United States foreign policy orientation. While during George Bush unilateralism and emphasis on achieving security and interest through hardware method was on the agenda, Obama based his foreign policy on multilateralism, soft power, public diplomacy, democracy and international norms. The present article first summarily examines Obama’s foreign policy then the criticism to his foreign policy in the Middle East and Ukraine crisis are reviewed. The article by relying on specialized articles on the United States foreign policy and by analytical explanative method wants to prove the hypothesis that the critics blame Obama for backing out, isolationism, weakening the position of the United States in world affairs and losing the position of leadership. The critics are also of the view that the United States has lost her self-confidence and is not in a position to take firm stand for supporting her allies. For this reason the United States allies have lost their faith in her position as a world leader. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - The Energy Security Policy of the United States and Geopolitics of Iran’s Energy
عنایت اله یزدانی بهمن ربیعی نیا حسین مهدیان

Abstract: The energy relations of Iran and the United States are having a different pattern comparing to energy relations of Iran with other energy consumers of the world. Iran is the second largest country with hydrocarbon reserves and the United States is the biggest More

Abstract: The energy relations of Iran and the United States are having a different pattern comparing to energy relations of Iran with other energy consumers of the world. Iran is the second largest country with hydrocarbon reserves and the United States is the biggest consumer of energy in the world. The energy relations of both the countries are related to the existing political problems between them and are based on confrontation. At present the most important determinant affecting the energy relation of Iran is political obligations. The strategic place of energy security for national security of both Iran and the United States and Iran’s high vulnerability about the energy relations and an economy mainly based on the sale of oil and the  existing political hostility between the two have caused more sensitivity towards each other’s policies. The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to examine and analyze the impact of energy policy of the United States on geopolitics of energy of Iran in the contexts of energy sanctions (sale, foreign investment and energy pipelines) and the increase of world production. The place of both the countries in geopolitical structure of world shows this fact that in most cases the actions of the United States is in the direction of limiting the geopolitical place of Iran and Iran’s reaction to the above said policies is to neutralize or reduce the impact of the policies of the United States. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - Confrontation and Competition of Iran and the United States in Afghanistan after 11 September 2001
Morteza Mossadeghi Seifolah Fazlinejad

Abstract: Afghanistan’s developments are important for Islamic Republic of Iran which is having long borders with that country. The September 11th events and the invasion of the United States to Afghanistan and overthrow of Taliban added to sensitivity and importa More

Abstract: Afghanistan’s developments are important for Islamic Republic of Iran which is having long borders with that country. The September 11th events and the invasion of the United States to Afghanistan and overthrow of Taliban added to sensitivity and importance of this country. Iran and the United States had common interests in overthrowing Taliban but this periodic understanding was marred after the United States president George Bush Junior  declared Iran as “Axis of Evil” in January 2002 and hostility between the two countries further increased. After Obama came into power in 2009, the possibility of military confrontation lowered. The signing of strategic treaty between the United States and Afghanistan added to Iran’s security concern and mutual concern continued and in some stages Iran was accused of helping Taliban. The withdrawal and the departure of American troops provided another opportunity for interaction with Iran. The United States after a decade of unsuccessful intervention in Afghanistan should realize that Iran is a good partner for improving the prospect of peace and stability in Afghanistan. Both the countries have common interests in many issues in Afghanistan including helping Afghan government, fighting smuggling of narcotic drugs, dealing with crisis of Afghan refugees, helping strengthening Afghan security forces and creating suitable atmosphere for national reconciliation but the tensions in relations of Iran and the United States have hindered attaining these objectives. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - A Comparison of the Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches of the United States towards the Nuclear Program of Iran
Hamed Ameri Golestani Behroz Shojaee

Abstract: Iran’s nuclear program is one of the major issues in the relationship of Iran and the United States after the Islamic Revolution. The United States different and ambiguous positions towards the nuclear program of Iran have played a significant role in pr More

Abstract: Iran’s nuclear program is one of the major issues in the relationship of Iran and the United States after the Islamic Revolution. The United States different and ambiguous positions towards the nuclear program of Iran have played a significant role in prolongation and ups and down of the problem. The two approaches of unilateralism and multilateralism are among the most important positions. During George Bush (Junior) presidency, the United States was pursuing unilateralist policies and playing the role of a hegemon. In the last years of Bush administration due to weak policy in the Middle East, it changed into multilateralism. With the arrival of Obama into White House, the United States pursued multilateral policies in various areas including Iranian nuclear program. The outcome of this policy was negotiation with Iran on nuclear program and cooperation with the 5+1 group of countries and a change in Iran’s position. The present article by a comparative approach wants to compare the two approaches of the United States. The main question of the article is “how can we compare the approaches of Bush administration and Obama administration about Iranian nuclear program?” The underlying hypothesis is that the comparison of the policies of the two administrations shows that hegemony and militarism is the indicators of unilateralism and international cooperation and institutionalism are important indicators of multilateralism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - Donald Trump Foreign Policy Survey in the Middle East (Objectives and Interests)
saeed jahangiri Alireza Azghandi naser garusi

10.30495/pir.2019.664714

The main objective of this article is to examine US foreign policy with the pioneering government of Donald Tramp and seek to rethink the presence of the United States and its interests in a region of major importance for the Middle East. The paper also examines Tramp's More

The main objective of this article is to examine US foreign policy with the pioneering government of Donald Tramp and seek to rethink the presence of the United States and its interests in a region of major importance for the Middle East. The paper also examines Tramp's declared policy on the Middle East and the challenges it faces. The main question of the article is that what is the foreign policy of Tramp in the Middle East based on? In response to the hypothesis of the article, there are several factors involved in US decision-making and foreign policy, and Donald Trump's government, in pursuit of the goals of the United States and its government, contrary to its propaganda slogans and its opposition to policies The former president, as well as the decisive factors such as the pressure of the Zionist lobbies, Saudi Arabia dollars and other factors, have withdrawn from their declarations and inevitably forced them to follow the policies of the past (in the Middle East) And even seeks to increase tensions in the region Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East
Abdolreza Yousefi Mianji Hossein daheshiar Nozar shafiee Rahmat Hajimineh

10.30495/pir.2020.674153

Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign polic More

Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question, various factors of US foreign policy in the Middle East have been examined. The research findings show that the theory of aggressive realism, while fundamental-theoretical in nature, has a practical nature. This theory has given a good answer to the behavior of the actors of the international system. According to the study, Trump's foreign policy seeks to maintain its position in the region and prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon that could destabilize the balance of power and challenge US hegemony in the world. This study is theoretical-fundamental and has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in softening Russia's balance with the America
محمود علیپور گرجی Abdul Majid Seifi Mohadeseh Rozbahani

10.30495/pir.2020.683315

Competition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribut More

Competition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribution of power structure, and the other actors were marginalized. After Georgia and Ukraine crises, Russia began new balancing with the United States, but, it has not the power and influence of previous years and cannot balance directly with the United States, so it has turned to indirect opposition. In this soft balancing, Russia considers the states like Islamic Republic of Iran which have anti-hegemonic approach in their foreign policy. This consideration is caused to this question: what is the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States of America? This article investigates the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States. This article has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - Analysis of the Corona crisis in the United States with emphasis on the crisis of legitimacy of the Donald Trump administration
sayed ghasem zamani Ali Mohammaddoust

10.30495/pir.2021.682942

The main issue in this regard has been Trump's policies and approaches to the fight against and control of the coronavirus on the one hand, and the support of various sections and classes of the American society, including medical, economic, and so on. An issue that did More

The main issue in this regard has been Trump's policies and approaches to the fight against and control of the coronavirus on the one hand, and the support of various sections and classes of the American society, including medical, economic, and so on. An issue that did not materialize in practice and led to protests from a wide range of people, giving him a broad functional legitimacy for Trump and the neoconservative administration. In this article, the authors attempt to answer the question: what impact the Corona crisis has had on the functioning and legitimacy of the Trump administration, and what is the possible future for the US socio-political system? The authors' hypothesis in this article indicates the intensification of the Trump administration's crisis of legitimacy during the outbreak of the Coronavirus in this country, and the findings of the article show that the use of written descriptive and analytical methods, the use of written and library resources indicate the possible occurrence of three It will be a major consequence for Trump. First; Defeat in the upcoming US presidential election; Second, the deepening of bipolarity in the United States and, ultimately, the emergence of security crises in the United States Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - Scrutinizing the probabilities of breaking out a war in the wake of China's rise into arena of great powers
Mahdi Nasr

10.30495/pir.2022.1928839.3255

China alone has questioned lots of presuppositions of the world system after the cold war, those which were in America's benefit. Now the question is whether China's rise, just as status quo, will traverse a peaceful trajectory. To answer this question, we should consid More

China alone has questioned lots of presuppositions of the world system after the cold war, those which were in America's benefit. Now the question is whether China's rise, just as status quo, will traverse a peaceful trajectory. To answer this question, we should consider different suppositions. The first supposition is piece in the meaning of Chinese surrendering to U.S. and the acceptance of American intentions in East Asia and in other regions in the world. The second one is China's confrontation with the United States and entering into war with U.S. in regions dominated by this country, especially eastern Asia. But there is a mediocre third supposition. In this supposition, one country can neither go to immediate war, nor do its interests and power allow it to compromise. Our hypothesis is that China follows the third logic, i. e. neither war nor piece. But if China's rise continues, disputes will grow notably in eastern Asia. This essay uses "offensive realism" as a theoretical framework to be applied on this subject. The results are going to be shown according to history and experimental considerations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Changes in US Middle East Presence Methodology: Reasons and Contexts
amirhossein nemati Jalal Torkashvand alireza naeej

10.30495/pir.2021.686414

Due to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entr More

Due to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entry and exit and the type of action and strategy of trans-regional powers. has it. The United States has always been the most important and influential trans-regional power in West Asia since World War II. The country has always offered interest-based approaches in its foreign policy in line with the changes in politics and power in the region. Following the developments in West Asia in 2011, the foreign policy approach of US governments, as the largest intervening trans-regional power, has undergone more fundamental changes than in the past, and US leaders appear to be seeking a new methodology for US presence in West Asia. Given the importance of the country's role in the global equations, especially the equations of the West Asian region, this article is a percentage with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the theoretical framework of Randall Schuller's balance of interests to answer the important question What is the United States of America in West Asia? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - Offshore Balancing and the United States Foreign Policy toward ISIS
محمود علیپور گرجی Abdul Majid seifi Sanaz Yousefi

10.30495/pir.2021.687154

In recent years, the formation and enlargement of the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) lead to new dynamics in Middle East politics. It regards to the US foreign policy toward the ISIS impact on the new structure of relations, coalitions and disintegrations in the More

In recent years, the formation and enlargement of the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) lead to new dynamics in Middle East politics. It regards to the US foreign policy toward the ISIS impact on the new structure of relations, coalitions and disintegrations in the region. In the basis of offshore balancing grand strategy, the United States tries to prevent in formation any regional hegemon in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: what we can explain the United States foreign policy toward the ISIS(From 2013 to 2017) in the Middle East? The hypothesis of this article is: «the United States by using of offshore balancing grand strategy, in one hand, buck-passing the liability of control of the ISIS to Iran, Syria and Iraq, and the other hand, using ISIS as an instrument for balance of power in the Middle East». The present study is an applied research in a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study indicate that the United States in 2013-2017 is trying to curb ISIS on the one hand and increase its influence on the other hand at the expense of the government to which it has been transferred. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - Scenarios of regional order with the withdrawal of American troops from the Middle East (from the perspective of the TAIDA model)
Ebrahim Meraji Hossein Daheshiar Mohammadreza Dehshiri

10.30495/pir.2021.686819

Proper planning based on future trends to advance national security goals and national interests is one of the most important tasks of strategists in each country.Considering the importance of scenario planning in strategic studies, present paper attempts to use the res More

Proper planning based on future trends to advance national security goals and national interests is one of the most important tasks of strategists in each country.Considering the importance of scenario planning in strategic studies, present paper attempts to use the research methodology of the future research and using the TAIDA model, which focuses on the five approaches of " Tracking, Analyzing, Deciding, and Action", The author seeks to examine possible scenarios for regional order in the event of the withdrawal of US troops from the region. With this statement, the main question of the present study is: What will be the possible scenarios regarding the regional order of the withdrawal of American troops from the region?Scenarios include: - The vacuum of power and the development of the activities of non-governmental forces such as ISIS and the resulting disorder.- The possibility that some countries in the region will prevail and its order will be formed based on their interests.- Formation of regional convergence for security by the countries of the region.Finally, the author will try to express the desired scenario from the point of view of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - Artificial intelligence; The new arena of power competition between China and the United States
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani Javad Ramezanpour Shalmani

10.30495/pir.2023.1976353.3594

New technologies in the post-industrial revolution era have the ability to change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence is no exception. This technology has the ability to penetrate all areas from economy, business and services to security and defense issues. Ac More

New technologies in the post-industrial revolution era have the ability to change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence is no exception. This technology has the ability to penetrate all areas from economy, business and services to security and defense issues. Accordingly, none of the major countries and powers want to be left behind in this field. The main research question is, what effect has artificial intelligence had on the competition between China and the United States? Based on the findings, despite the increased competition and challenge between Beijing and Washington in artificial intelligence and related technologies and the imposition of sanctions by the United States against China in the field of hardware related to artificial intelligence, there is significant cooperation between the scientists of these two countries in the field of producing articles and scientific research. There is. Also, Beijing has been able to overtake the United States in the production of scientific articles, patents related to artificial intelligence and big data. The United States is also a leader in the production of hardware and chips and is trying to use this advantage to stop China's progress. This article is done using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - Security strategies of the United States of America regarding China and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001-2021)
hossein mozneb Mohammadreza Ghaedi reza simber

10.30495/pir.2023.1975798.3588

The impact of American national security strategies on other countries has always been the focus of international relations researchers. Some theorists believe that the all-round growth of China in the last twenty years has threatened the interests of many countries, es More

The impact of American national security strategies on other countries has always been the focus of international relations researchers. Some theorists believe that the all-round growth of China in the last twenty years has threatened the interests of many countries, especially the United States. This research seeks to answer the question, what effect has the security strategy of the United States of America regarding China had on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001-2021)? In response to the proposed hypothesis that "according to the strategic security threats of the United States against China, this country has been looking for new alliances between important regional players, which has led to a strategic alliance between China and Iran". After examining the sources of the first category (economic and security strategies) with a descriptive-analytical method, the results showed: the national security strategy of the United States of America, from 2001 to 2021, has always mentioned China and Iran as an international threat, to The way that China's role is more pronounced and Iran's role in the next stages are in these strategies. According to Stephen Walt, when two or more states face an imminent common threat,... Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - AIPAC and its Influence on the United States of America’s Election
Reza Simbar kianoush Nazari

Abstract: The decentralized and distributed political structure of the United States has led to a situation that many groups and organizations have been able to affect the complicated process of decision making. Although the Jews comprise only three percent of the Unit More

Abstract: The decentralized and distributed political structure of the United States has led to a situation that many groups and organizations have been able to affect the complicated process of decision making. Although the Jews comprise only three percent of the United States population yet they have been able to become the most influential ethnic minority in the power structure of the country. The American Jews have created prominent set of different organizations for influencing the United States foreign policy. In this regard the role of American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as the most powerful and known American Jewish organization is quite conspicuous. The present article wants to know what role AIPAC plays in elections of the members of American Congress and President. The underlying hypothesis is that the majority of congressional and presidential candidates try to attract a positive view of this organization and benefit from its extensive financial support and propaganda. In exchange AIPAC by offering these facilities to candidates wants to shape public opinion and influence foreign policy making institutions to achieve its goals which are mobilizing support for Israel.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - The Impact of Iraqi Kurdistan Geopolitics on Foreign Policy of the United States in Iraq (2003-2012)
Seyyed Jalal Dehghani Firouzabadi Khezr Khadiri Varik

The developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had t More

The developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had to change her approach and implemented the second step of her policies (pursuing objectives through Cohen’s entrances). In this direction the Kurds due to their geopolitical and geostrategic importance attracted the attention of the United States policy makers. The present article by a descriptive analytical method wants to answer this question that what has been the impact of Iraqi Kurdistan geopolitics after the fall of Saddam on the United States foreign policy towards Iraq? The finding of the study shows that the geopolitical features of Iraqi Kurdistan have facilitated the United States ability to influence Iraq’s policies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - China’s Rising Power and the Reaction of the United States and India to it
Abomohammad Asgarkhani Mohammad Javad Ghahramani

Abstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Chinese leaders realizing the change of international system to a multi-polar state and decrease of the power of the United States tried to balance their power against the United States. China’s cooperation w More

Abstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Chinese leaders realizing the change of international system to a multi-polar state and decrease of the power of the United States tried to balance their power against the United States. China’s cooperation with Russia at this period was the manifestation of this perception. But after Kosovo crisis and the failure of Russia to show suitable reaction, China admitted the unipolarity of international system. As a result China tried to strengthen her position internally. The adoption of this policy resulted into increasing power of China in all dimensions. Naturally this evoked the reaction of other neighbouring countries and powers that are having difference with China. The major neighbor of China is India, which is growing and developing fast and claims to play an important role in international system. The question raised by present article is “what are the reaction of the United States as an important power pole and India to the rising power of China?” the article also wants to answer this question as to why the United States with the cooperation of India wants to balance China at a time that China does not want to externally balance them? The article argues that the rise of China’s power will have repercussion for the United States and India. The United States does not want that China should become a hegemon in Asia. India feels threatened by China’ increasing military power and influence in South Asia and close relations with Pakistan. The underlying hypothesis is that the increase in power of China has forced the United States and India to come closer and balance Chinese power and protect themselves from the consequences of the rise of power and influence of China.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

80 - Explaining the Security Strategy of the United States of America vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia in Post-Cold War Era (Text in Persian)
Ali Adami Elaheh Pirozian

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperati More

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperation between the United States and Saudi Arabia had not been free from serious tensions. The Saudi Arabia’s expectations to receive arms and the US no support of Israel and the United States expectations about observance of human rights in Saudi Arabia and providing air base and supply of oil are among the factors that have given serious stress and strain to the cooperative and friendly relations of the two. Unlike what it appears، the cold war between the United States within the framework of combination of realism and idealism had always been problematic. From the viewpoint of both sides، these relations are a necessary alliance but they are quite fragile. The present article is trying to support this hypothesis that the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia after September 11 events had undergone certain changes. It changed from tense cooperation into the policy of containment-suppression. But this strategy did not last long and it could not also continue. After calming down of the post 11 September emotional eruption due to the objectives and interest of the United States it changed from an aggressive position to more moderate form which existed before. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

81 - Economic and Military Take off of China and its Security Impact on Islamic Republic of Iran
محمدعلی بصیری معصومه رشید

Abstract Islamic Republic of Iran and China can be considered as revisionist state in current international system. Economic and commercial relations between the two have prepared the ground for close and friendly relations. In the question of nuclear program of Iran a More

Abstract Islamic Republic of Iran and China can be considered as revisionist state in current international system. Economic and commercial relations between the two have prepared the ground for close and friendly relations. In the question of nuclear program of Iran and Syrian crisis both the countries have had similar stand. What will be the security consequences of the rise of China as a stronger power than the United States for Islamic Republic of Iran? The present article wants to examine the consequences of this event within the framework of Barry Buzan security approach. The Underlying assumption is; that after the rise of China as a stronger power than the United States the international system undergoes change and the United States no longer be able to dominate or put pressure on Iran or jeopardize Iran's security. The methodology used by the article is descriptive-analytical and collection of data is library sources.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers toward America: Accompanying or Balancing? (Case Study: BRICS)
Seyed Ahmad Fatemi Nejad Samaneh Shafi Zadeh Fatemeh Daneshvar

Abstract: BRICS is a group of emerging powers consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa who are pursuing a revisionist foreign policy in challenge to the United States unilateralism in international relations. This group of countries is trying to stre More

Abstract: BRICS is a group of emerging powers consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa who are pursuing a revisionist foreign policy in challenge to the United States unilateralism in international relations. This group of countries is trying to strengthen economic, political and demographic potentials of themselves and can constitute the as main poles of a multi-polar structure of future world. Meanwhile the attempt of this group of countries for creating a multilateral system is a usual practice in international relations which is based on their potentials. The question raised by the present article is what is the foreign policy of BRICS towards the unilateralism practiced by the United States in international relations? The underlying hypothesis is that BRICS has chosen a kind of revisionist policy based on soft balancing against the United States unilateralism. The theory of soft balance should be a suitable approach to examine the hypothesis through two variables, i.e. “disparity of power” and “economic dependency”. Finding of the study shows that BRICS is indirectly trying to strengthen multilateralism in international relations. Manuscript profile

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83 - America's Response to China's Rise: Restoring Balance Strategy
Sajad Bahrami Moghadam

Abstract: The United States as a regional hegemon does not want the formation of rival hegemon for herself in other parts of the world. Therefore, after establishing her regional hegemony in Western Hemisphere tried to prevent rival great powers to gain control of Asia More

Abstract: The United States as a regional hegemon does not want the formation of rival hegemon for herself in other parts of the world. Therefore, after establishing her regional hegemony in Western Hemisphere tried to prevent rival great powers to gain control of Asia and Europe. Some of the great powers like Japan and Germany before 1945 and later the Soviet Union had the potential to become regional hegemony. Presently China after four decades of modernization of the country's vital elements of power is in a position to become a regional hegemon in Asia Pacific in a way that the United States has to reconsider its calculations about China. The present article wants to answer this question why the United States wants to be present in different regions of the world and what factors has affected the United States strategy in Asia Pacific? The underlying hypothesis is that the United States nation security is affected by balance of power in other regions and the presence of the United States in several regions of the world is a response to rise of regional hegemons and the new strategy of the United States in Asia Pacific is a response to rise of China's power. The above hypothesis has been explained with an explanative method.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

84 - Integrative and Disintegrative Factors in Iran and Turkey’s Relations after Coming into Power the Islamist Party of Justice and Development in Turkey (2002-2009
Jalal Derakhsheh Majid Divsalar

The present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to More

The present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to become a regional power، the attitude of the two countries towards the Middle East، nuclear issue of Iran، the Kurdish problem in relations of the two countries، the important factors in expansion of the relations of the two countries، the impact of the United States and Israel relations with Turkey on Iran، the economic cooperation between the two countries and the interaction of these variable on each other. The question، which is raised by the article، is that، what are the factors contributing to integration and disintegration between Iran and Turkey? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

85 - A Study of the Place of Hollywood Cinema in Media Diplomacy of the United States: Representation, Cultural Hegemony and Furtherance of Foreign Policy Goals
Majid Tavassoli Roknabadi Bashir Esmaeili

In recent years there has been an increase on emphasis on terms like media diplomacy, soft power, soft war etc. in political literature. On this issue besides several conferences and lectures, lot of written works has analyzed the furtherance of foreign policy goals thr More

In recent years there has been an increase on emphasis on terms like media diplomacy, soft power, soft war etc. in political literature. On this issue besides several conferences and lectures, lot of written works has analyzed the furtherance of foreign policy goals through media diplomacy. Among the existing literature the term representation has extensive theoretical backing by international politics theoricians and it has not been addressed sufficiently. The present article wants to answer this question that on which theoretical bases Hollywood as a device of American media diplomacy help furtherance of the United States foreign policy? The underlying hypothesis is that representation can explain the relation between media diplomacy and furtherance of foreign policy goals. Among the American media Hollywood has been selected as case study and the time span is Cold War era. Manuscript profile

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86 - An Explanation of the Relations between Iran and USA in Imam Khomeini’s Foreign Policy Discourse
Rahim Afsharian Seyed Asadolah Athari

Abstract: The political orientation of states determines the quality of their relationship. Foreign policy is basically an outcome of the identity theories and their actors cannot act efficiently and in a sustained manner unless they achieve a unified theory and ideolo More

Abstract: The political orientation of states determines the quality of their relationship. Foreign policy is basically an outcome of the identity theories and their actors cannot act efficiently and in a sustained manner unless they achieve a unified theory and ideology. Imam Khomeini considered “Islam” as a different entity so that “others” can be identified in his political identity and perception. Language and ideology emphasizes on justification, production and reproduction of hegemony and unequal power relationship and consider the aim of criticism paying attention to most profound aspect of power in society through exposing the hypocrisy of language. Critical discourse analysis from philosophical point of view is based on social constructivism which by emphasis on human factor reduces the reality to human structure. The aim of critical analysis is to show ideological belief and values which has reflected itself as common sense. Everyone knows that the United States has the role of “hostile” and “other” in Imam Khomeini’s discourse and this role remains until America does not change her behavioral pattern. In response to this question “What are the conditions for normalization of relations between the two countries in Imam Khomeini’s discourse?” factors like “mutual respect” and “change of confrontationist and hostile policy” are recognized. The article by a descriptive method based on library material examines Islamic ideas of Imam Khomeini, his critical discourse analysis in foreign policy and then tests the article’s hypothesis, to prove the general principles.   Manuscript profile

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87 - Evaluating of US Anti-Iranian Sanctions Under the context of Defending Human Rights
Mahmood Jalali Setareh Sadeghi Mohammadi Mojtaba Babaei

Abstract Human rights as one of the main features of civilization and development of human community enjoy special significance in international relations. However, ambiguity in its definition and the instrumental use of this concept are considered as major challenges More

Abstract Human rights as one of the main features of civilization and development of human community enjoy special significance in international relations. However, ambiguity in its definition and the instrumental use of this concept are considered as major challenges for the promotion of the current status of human rights in the World. Under such conditions, the West particularly the US, intervening in the internal affairs of other countries on the pretext of defending democracy and human rights, has launched propaganda against many countries through its public and media diplomacy. From 1993 to 1996, the US imposed over 61 unilateral sanctions on 35 countries which covered 42% of the world’s population. The extraterritorial nature of the unilateral sanctions by the US has caused a controversy. Many states believe that such sanctions violate their sovereignty rights as independent nations. Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the US has always considered 'sanctions' as one of the tools to change Iran’s approach. Washington has highlighted human rights sanctions as 'smart sanctions', imposed under human rights claims to pressure Iran to give concessions and adopt an inactive diplomacy in political fields particularly in nuclear issue. This paper seeks to study the role of human rights sanctions in the US strategy against Iran and find proper and practical approaches to manage the challenges and opportunities facing Iran in this regard. Manuscript profile

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88 - A Study of the United States Foreign Policy in Afghanistan: State Building with Emphasis on Reconstruction of Armed Forces (Text in Persian)
Ali Mohammadian

From the time of military attack on Afghanistan by international coalition led by the United States in 2001، a decade has passed. The consequence of this attack was the fall of the extremist regime of Taliban. After that، the holding of Bon 1 conference on 5th December More

From the time of military attack on Afghanistan by international coalition led by the United States in 2001، a decade has passed. The consequence of this attack was the fall of the extremist regime of Taliban. After that، the holding of Bon 1 conference on 5th December 2001 drew the process of development before Afghanistan for a decade. From that date many developments have taken place which major part of them had security and military nature. Parts of the agreement of Western countries were reconstruction of military and security organs of Afghanistan. In this regard the presence of the United States and its allies within the framework of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been more prominent. They are determined to seek the support of other countries and several international agencies to proceed with the project of state building، to build a strong and stable central government and sustained society in Afghanistan. Certainly taking into consideration the peculiarities of the exclusive society of Afghanistan the formation of security organs and their functioning can be a key lever of central government in bringing stability in Afghanistan. The present article intends to examine the policy of state building in Afghanistan and formation of the structure of a new armed forces and the impact of these measures in creating security and stability in that country. Manuscript profile

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89 - Idea Centric Order: the United States of America's Pattern of Order in Post Cold War International System
Alireza Rezaei

When the power structure changes in international politics in that situation the possibilities and ground for cooperation and new challenges are created and the pattern of relations among the actors will be adjusted out of traditional structure. In transition from bipol More

When the power structure changes in international politics in that situation the possibilities and ground for cooperation and new challenges are created and the pattern of relations among the actors will be adjusted out of traditional structure. In transition from bipolar structure the Americans considered themselves as the triumphant of the cold war and tried to establish their position in international system. The post cold war era created a suitable ground for the implementation of strategic objectives of the United States as the remaining pole of the world order. This referred to the effort of the United States leaders for consolidating their hegemony in post cold war international system. The question which arises is that how can we explain the United States pattern of international order in post cold war era? The underlying hypothesis is that the United States pattern of order in post cold war international order is within the framework of "idea centric order". In idea centric order the hegemony of the single pole designs and manages the world، regional and local dynamics. The idea centric order is based on certain norms، ways، patterns، rules، and criteria which the dominant player formulates، implements and justifies in the direction of its own national interests. Manuscript profile

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90 - The Formation of New Cold War in the Competition of the United States and Russia in Caucasus (Text in Persian)
Esmaeil Shafiee Ali Karam Safari

The study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology a More

The study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology and economic structure of the countries of Caucasus region. Its aim is substituting free market model economy and capitalism with centrally planned and state economies. In this way facilitate the necessary ground for expansion of its influence and also controlling the political structure of the newly independent republics. It also aims at containing regions and forces that challenge the United States. On the other hand Russia which considers itself the Godfather of this strategic region calls this region “the near abroad” and is determined to contain the United States expansion of influence in the region. In the present article by a descriptive analytical method, an attempt is made to raise this question whether a new cold war has started in the Caucasus region after the end of cold war? The underlying hypothesis that the paper examines, is that, with the presence of the United States in Caucasus region, a new cold war has started. On the whole it seems that by increasing the economic, political and strategic and military attractions of the region the possibility of conflict also increases considerably. Manuscript profile

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91 - The Impact of Iranian Nuclear Program on Regional Security System of the Middle East (Persian Gulf) with Emphasis on Offensive Realism Theory
Masoud Jafari Nejad Fidafeh Madabadi

Abstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the More

Abstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the nuclear issue. The position of the United States and the Arab countries of the south of the Persian Gulf is opposition to peaceful Iranian nuclear program. The question raised by the present article is why the United States tried to emphasize that the nuclear program of Iran is a threat to the countries of the region and there existed security problem? The underlying hypothesis is that the securitization of the nuclear issue of Iran along with Iran phobia project can ensure the United States strategic interests in the Middle East particularly the Persian Gulf region. The impression of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region has also shaped on the basis of these propagandas. The present article examines the above issue within the framework of aggressive realism.  Manuscript profile

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92 - The Possible Crises in the United States Relations with China
Hamed Mohagheghnia Jahanbakhsh Moradi

The foreign relations of countries always depend on a set of intentions, objectives, interests, interpretations and interactions which are the outcome of decision making centre in internal structures and international limitations and its repercussions are also seen in d More

The foreign relations of countries always depend on a set of intentions, objectives, interests, interpretations and interactions which are the outcome of decision making centre in internal structures and international limitations and its repercussions are also seen in domestic and external sphere. The bilateral relations of the United States and China are not an exception to this rule. The United States and China expanded their relations from 1971. They had a successful record in interaction with each other in many field especially in economic field but this does not mean that there are no differences between the two. There are always threat and danger of tension and crisis in relations of the two world powers. The most important possible crises in relations of the United States and China are the problem of Taiwan and also the presence of the United States of other powers in sphere of influence of China and the ensuing tensions in that direction. Manuscript profile

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93 - The Role of Emotional Regulation in Predicting Positive Psychological States and Psychological Toughness of Students
Shahriar shahroyi Abdolazim Shahroiee Mehran shahroiee Fatemeh shahroiee

10.30495/psych.2024.1997763.1038

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of emotional regulation in predicting the amount of positive psychological states and psychological toughness of students.The descriptive research method was a correlation type and the statistical population of th More

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of emotional regulation in predicting the amount of positive psychological states and psychological toughness of students.The descriptive research method was a correlation type and the statistical population of the research was made up of all undergraduate students of Ahvaz Azad University in the academic year of 2022-2023 Also, to collect information, Gross and Jan's (2003) emotion regulation questionnaires, Rajaei et al.'s positive psychological states questionnaire (2010) and Ahvaz psychological toughness scale were used.The research data has been analyzed using statistical package for social sciences version 22 at the descriptive and inferential level. The results of the research indicated the role of emotion regulation in predicting the amount of positive psychological states and psychological toughness of students. And according to the findings of the research, the independent variable of emotion regulation has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variables of psychological states and psychological toughness in students. . The sampling method in this research was based on random sampling according to the extent of the population. A sample size of 100 people was selected using Morgan's table. Manuscript profile

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94 - Availability analysis of mechanical systems with condition-based maintenance using semi-Markov and evaluation of optimal condition monitoring interval
Girish Kumar Vipul Jain O. P. Gandhi

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95 - The Role of the Europeans in the Midst of the US-Iran Crisis in January 2020: the Dilemma of being a Normative Power in an Amoral World
سزار کاستیا سمانه کچوئی

Abstract: EU's foreign policy instruments have been mainly designed with a normative approach to contribute to stability and peace in a changing political landscape. However, EU foreign policy faces different challenges that constantly test its ability related to confli More

Abstract: EU's foreign policy instruments have been mainly designed with a normative approach to contribute to stability and peace in a changing political landscape. However, EU foreign policy faces different challenges that constantly test its ability related to conflict resolution, international understanding, and the defence of its Interests, such as the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020. This research will answer the following question: What were the failures of the EU's foreign policy in the middle of the crisis between the US and Iran in January 2020? This paper aims to determine the shortcoming of the EU foreign policy affecting its role as a Global Power during the US-Iran crisis in January 2020. Manuscript profile

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96 - Third Millennium US Military Strategies in the Persian Gulf Region and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Asghar Ghafari Charati Hassan Khodaverdi گارینه کشیشیان سیرکی

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97 - Geopolitical Changes and Crises in The Caucasus
Parvin Dadandish Mohmood Vaezi

The Caucasus has seen numerous crises since the region gained independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Some of these crises have not been resolved yet as evidenced by recent Russia-Georgia conflict. This paper seeks to analyze such crises within the fram More

The Caucasus has seen numerous crises since the region gained independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Some of these crises have not been resolved yet as evidenced by recent Russia-Georgia conflict. This paper seeks to analyze such crises within the framework of significant geopolitical changes unfolded by the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author argues that in the post-Soviet era, the Russians lost much of their control over the region due to their own domestic problems, but it seems that Moscow is not interested in withdrawing further from the region. The author concludes that under current conditions, it seems that as long as all regional and trans-regional powers fail to consider the interests of other powers or try to pose threats to them, the crises will continue to unfold in the Caucasus, while there is no agreed dispute settlement mechanism in the region as well. Manuscript profile

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98 - Recent Developments in Geopolitics of Energy and their Effects on the Political and Economic Future of the Middle East Countries
Ali Bagheri Dolatabadi Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Hassan Abediny Kashkoiyeh

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99 - The Verbal Strategy of the United States in the Process of Securing Iran's Nuclear Program (2001-2021)
Morteza Alikhani Arsalan Ghorbani Sheikhneshin Mohammadreza Ghaedi

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100 - Human Rights in US Foreign Policy
Jila Ahmadi Afshin Zargar

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101 - Evaluation of Possibility Assessment of Russia - China Cooperation on Atlanticism (2011-2021)
Miad Sadeghi گارینه کشیشیان سیرکی Mohammadreza Ghaedi

The expansion of NATO to the East under the policies of Atlanticism is one of the current issues of international relations, which has a lot to think about for the countries involved in this policy, their neighbors and the international order. After the expansion of NAT More

The expansion of NATO to the East under the policies of Atlanticism is one of the current issues of international relations, which has a lot to think about for the countries involved in this policy, their neighbors and the international order. After the expansion of NATO to the east, what will happen in the spheres of influence of NATO and the neighboring countries of those spheres and the conditions created, causes predictions in this field; One of them is the evaluation of the feasibility of cooperation between China and Russia with their own special conditions against this action, that is, Atlanticism. After experiencing many ups and downs in China-Russia relations, these two countries have gradually expanded their comprehensive cooperation since the mid-1990s. In the meantime, the expansion of NATO to the east is one of the important political, military and security issues that has led to the expression of common concern. And at the same time, the cooperation and positions of the two countries have come closer, especially towards the policies and actions of America and even Europe. Russia's concern about the presence of NATO in its borders and China's concern about the close military cooperation of the West with Taiwan have caused the two countries to work harder for mutual cooperation and their development fields. The concept of new Atlanticism provides a framework for analyzing security and normative challenges facing Europe and the world. This work and many similar works emphasize the fact that the behavior of America and its allies in the international system has become the basis for the creation of various coalitions and alliances. From the perspective of this research and emphasizing the threat balance theory, when the hegemon country and its allies create threats, or show threatening behaviors; They will create coalitions and alliances. In this article, an attempt was made to discuss the feasibility of expanding cooperation between China and Russia against Atlanticism by using the theoretical framework of threat balance. And the topic of these cooperation was examined according to the concepts, general capabilities such as (population, economic power, military power, etc.), geographical proximity, offensive capabilities and offensive intentions from the perspective of the threat balance theory. Manuscript profile

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102 - Investigating the Impact of President Joe Biden’s Government on the Relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Emphasizing the Role of Iran
Khalill Janami Hamed Mohagheghnia Hossein Karimifard Hamed Ameri Golestani

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qat More

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qatar and the four Arab countries led by Saudi Arabia.  In the wake of this crisis, the Trump administration took a middle position and encouraging Qatar to accept Saudi’s conditions, especially regarding relations and interactions with Iran. It also undertook a wide diplomatic effort to reduce the crisis, but the differences in the positions of American officials such as Trump, Tillerson, Pompeo and other officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs brings to mind a kind of passivity and lack of determination in order to secure the strategic interests of the United States in the region. With the defeat of Trump in the 2020 presidential elections and the ascension of the Democrats to power and the change of priorities in the Persian Gulf region, especially in relation to Iran, it seems that the performance of the Biden administration regarding the crisis in the relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar is different from that of the Trump administration. The signs of this change can be seen in the change of crisis level and reduction of tensions.  This article aims to examine the diplomatic crisis between Saudi Arabia and Qatar from the perspective of the role of Iran and the view of the new administration of the United States of America and Joe Biden himself on this issue and to answer the basic question of how the variable of Iran can affect the role of the United States of America, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar have an impact on the diplomatic crisis that began between Qatar and Saudi Arabia in 2017, and what direction will the future crisis between the two countries go in the Biden administration, and what will be the impact of other influential factors in the Persian Gulf region?  In this article, using the analytical-explanatory method and using library sources, it shows that the change in the approach of the Biden administration towards Iran will cause the position of Saudi Arabia to become softer towards Qatar, and accordingly, the tension between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, one of the main parts of which was Qatar's relations with Iran, to move towards the mitigation of the crisis and the resumption of relations. Manuscript profile

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103 - The Strategies for Realizing the Strategy of Unilateralism in the US Foreign Policy in the Trump Era
Mohammadreza Asl Javadian Seyed Ali Tabatabaei Panah

With the formation of the new world order after the Cold War under the leadership of America, the foreign policy of this country has fluctuated between the two traditions of unilateralism and multilateralism. From this point of view, interacting with different countries More

With the formation of the new world order after the Cold War under the leadership of America, the foreign policy of this country has fluctuated between the two traditions of unilateralism and multilateralism. From this point of view, interacting with different countries, joining regional alliances and coalitions, interacting with international institutions and organizations as the axes of multilateralism and avoiding alliances and coalitions, pessimism towards organizations and international institutions and ignoring issues such as America's role in promoting human rights and democracy are considered as axes of unilateralism. However, the changes that have taken place in the foreign policy of the Trump era have indicated a tendency towards unilateralism and paying more attention to the national and domestic interests of the United States. Based on this, this article raises the question that which solutions influenced unilateralism as one of the strategies of the Trump administration. In other words, what are the solutions to realize the unilateralist strategy of the United States of America in the Trump era? The hypothesis of the article is: Isolationism instead of interactionism, pessimism and non-cooperation with regional and global institutions and organizations, and the pursuit of America first policy and the priority of America's national and economic interests over the costs of this country, are the solutions to realize the unilateralism strategy in the Trump era. The findings of the article show that based on the approach of realism, Trump, by withdrawing from regional and global agreements, put the government's sovereignty at the top of the globalized order, defend the American identity, emphasize national interests, cost Considering America's support for democracy and human rights and reducing America's military role in the world and military and commercial alliances, it has supported the approach of unilateralism through increasing the internal power of the United States of America. Manuscript profile

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104 - Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Track Two Diplomacy in Iran-US Relations (With an Emphasis on Sports Diplomacy)
Soudabeh Mokhtari گارینه کشیشیان سیرکی Arsalan Ghorbani Sheikhneshin

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105 - Maternal mental states input and children social behavior:the mediator role of theory of mind
Maryam Bordbar Razieh Sheikholeslami, PhD

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of theory of mind in the relationship between mother’s mental states input in daily conversations and children social behavior. The sample consisted of 208 preschool children, their mothers and their te More

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of theory of mind in the relationship between mother’s mental states input in daily conversations and children social behavior. The sample consisted of 208 preschool children, their mothers and their teachers from the city of Shiraz. The research instruments were the Theory of Mind Tasks Battery (Wellman & Liu, 2004), the Maternal Mental States Input Inventory (Peterson & Slaughter, 2003), and the Children Social Behavior Subscale (Teacher form; Corrigan, 2003). The results of path analysis indicated that by mediating of theory of mind, the elaborated mental states input is a positive predictor of children’s social behavior, while non-elaborated non-mental states input predicted the children social behavior negatively. The findings suggested that the type of mother’s speech in daily conversations, by mediating of theory of mind, played effective role in children’s social behavior. Manuscript profile

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106 - Development of human and non-human agent concepts based on the theory of mind:a study of false belief attribution to human .god,angel and magician
Roshanak Nickpour Bahram Joukar

This study aimed to investigate the development of human and non-human agent concepts based on the theory of mind in children. The sample consisted of 150 children (79 females, 71 males) between the ages of 3 and 7 who were selected from Shiraz child-care centres and ki More

This study aimed to investigate the development of human and non-human agent concepts based on the theory of mind in children. The sample consisted of 150 children (79 females, 71 males) between the ages of 3 and 7 who were selected from Shiraz child-care centres and kindergartens. Two Tasks of False Beliefs (Doll House Task; Surprising Content Task) were administered individually to each child. The prediction of agents' behaviors was examined based on false beliefs. Results indicated that children predicted the behavior of magician (a non-human agent) similar to human agent. However, the results of other non-human agentsangel and God) were not consistent with those of Magician. In other words, according to children's views, these agents behave with the least false beliefs. In general, the results indicated that as the age increased, children predicted agent and non-agent behaviors in different ways. It is suggested that culture and family messages have considerable roles in predicting and distinguishing agents' behaviors. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

107 - The legal nature and guarantee of the execution of the Provisional measures of the International Court of Justice in the light of the procedure of the Court and the performance of the countries
mahdiye Ardeshir Moghadam heybatolah Najandi Manesh mohamadali solhchi

10.30495/alr.2022.1950278.2265

Field and Aims: According to its statute, the International Court of Justice has the authority to issue temporary measures in order to protect the rights of the parties to the dispute and also to prevent the spread and deterioration of the dispute. From the beginning, t More

Field and Aims: According to its statute, the International Court of Justice has the authority to issue temporary measures in order to protect the rights of the parties to the dispute and also to prevent the spread and deterioration of the dispute. From the beginning, these appointments have been faced with different interpretations of the related countries. Some countries considered these appointments non-binding; while others considered them binding. There was some disagreement in doctrine as well. In this article, while examining the legal nature of temporary measures, it has been discussed whether there is an enforceable guarantee in international law for the implementation of temporary measures or not? In addition, what is the procedure of countries in this regard?Method: The present research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method.Findings and Conclusions: According to the court's procedure, especially in the Lagrand case, the orders of temporary measures of the court are binding. Therefore, the addressee countries of these agreements are legally required to implement them. The agreement is a temporary measure, including the binding decisions of the court, and the countries use different methods to implement it, including unilateral measures, referring to the Security Council, referring to domestic courts, and countermeasures. The guarantee of the implementation of temporary measures is the same as the guarantee of the implementation of international law. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

108 - The inclusion of representational theories about phenomenal features
Mahdi Homazadeh Abyaneh

The paper deals with a particular group of objections against representational theories about phenomenal experiences. The author, primarily, illustrates the importance of representational theories and clarifies some helpful categories of representational versions which More

The paper deals with a particular group of objections against representational theories about phenomenal experiences. The author, primarily, illustrates the importance of representational theories and clarifies some helpful categories of representational versions which has used in the paper. Then, it focuses on an especial group of objections against the inclusion of these theories. This group of objections undermines the inclusion of representationalism about "bodily sensations" and "intentional states". Opponents, in fact, make some doubts that representational approach cannot explain the phenomenal character of bodily sensations and intentional states. The paper has described these two difficulties, the first one has been discussed among scholars and the later represented by the author. It, finally, peruses the actual and potential responses of representationalists and, then, concludes that representational theories can come over the objections about bodily sensations, but they should give some explaination in order to unravel the objections about intentional states. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

109 - Rise of China and India- US foreign policy toward each other from 2001 to 2019
naser Hadian -Jazy MEHDI BAZVAND

AbstractSince 2001, the relationship between India and the United States has been witnessing a fundamental shift from both sides. Many analysts see the rise of China as one of the main reasons for the positive shifts in the foreign policy of the United States and India More

AbstractSince 2001, the relationship between India and the United States has been witnessing a fundamental shift from both sides. Many analysts see the rise of China as one of the main reasons for the positive shifts in the foreign policy of the United States and India towards each other. Given this point, this study seeks to answer the question of why the rise of China has led to a rapprochement between India and the United States. The results of this study show that as China increasingly seeks to undermine India's national interests, balancing strategy has become a requirement for India's foreign policy toward China. On the other hand, the choice of off-shore balancing by the United States to prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon in East and South Asia has led to a rapprochement between the United States and India. Under such circumstances, the United States could reduce its costs of dealing with the emerging power of China by burden sharing with its partners Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

110 - EU-Iran relations in the light of transatlantic relations (Case study of the Obama and Trump eras)
Ebrahim Bagheri seyed Davood Aghaee

The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence More

The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within BRICS. The findings show that the EU's lack of strategic independence is due to the EU's transatlantic dependence on three levels of institutional security deficit, asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of EU transnational corporations in relation to US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit; Given the United States' security umbrella and lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level; The interdependence of economic, trade, and investment interactions on both sides of the Atlantic and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) have severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The third level concerns the preferences of the market and the private and transnational corporations of the European Union and the rational and risk-taking pattern of companies under secondary US sanctions, which has been a major obstacle to the independence of the EU approach to Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

111 - Persian Gulf Arab Lobbies in the United States:Mechanisms and Goals
Alireza Madadi Hossein karimifard lena abdoulkhane Shiva Jalalpour

The decentralized and pluralistic nature of power in the United States has allowed for a diverse and influential role for a diverse range of ethnic lobbies.Meanwhile, the Arabs of the southern Gulf have focused on lobbying as a reliable foreign policy tool and influenci More

The decentralized and pluralistic nature of power in the United States has allowed for a diverse and influential role for a diverse range of ethnic lobbies.Meanwhile, the Arabs of the southern Gulf have focused on lobbying as a reliable foreign policy tool and influencing US decision-making and policy-making.The scope and dimensions of lobbying and lobbying have increased significantly in recent years.In this connection, the main question of this study is: "What mechanisms and goals have been pursued by the Arab Gulf lobbies in the Persian Gulf since its inception?The findings of the paper suggest that the Arab Gulf lobbies of pluralistic trends and mechanisms such as embassies, foreign-registered lobbyists, individual lobbyists, oil companies, and sponsoring American thought toward goals such as Two-States solution their economic goals and interests, have been confronted with negative agendas, against positive portrayal of themselves, and ultimately with Iran.The present study is a descriptive-analytical one And information collection has also been done in a library-style way and through online resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

112 - Deterrence as a Security-defense Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges, Requirements, and its Strategic Model
Masomeh Ansarifard امیر محمد Haji-Yousefi

Since the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in t More

Since the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in the disputed region of the Middle East, has highlighted deterrence to ensure its security. The present qualitative study aims to see whether Iran's current strategy is consistent with the components of the “new deterrence” by considering identity-, authority-, and interest-based approaches in national, regional and international levels. In this regard, the main hypothesis raised is Iran's security-defense strategy is inspired solely by the military component of deterrence, not all of the new components of deterrence. In other words, the synergy of all dimensions including the military, political, and economic dimensions of Post-Cold War Deterrence did not exist in the strategic equation of Iranian deterrence,and deterrence for Iran has been a military response to deterrent actions of extra-regional adversaries and their regional allies.In this regard, the present study seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding of deterrence and its evolution with a pathological approach in order to explain the appropriate model of deterrence in Iran. Based on the results, Iran's performance is more based on the requirements of asymmetric warfare than deterrence due to the increasing impact of both regional and international environments on the national environment.Further, the success of Iranian deterrence relies on the use of "deterrence with denial" versus "deterrence with punishment." Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

113 - Examining Saudi Arabia's position in US foreign policy regarding Iran's anti-hegemonic role.
sajad hasani arsalan ghorbani-e sheikhneshin Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

The governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the re More

The governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the relations of actors in the Middle East. Organizes the surface of regular areas. The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia and the patterns of interaction and friendship-enmity between the two countries are also a function of the formulations of the structure of the international system and the order of the Middle East. The question of the present article is that what effect does the anti-hegemonic emergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran have on the position of Saudi Arabia in US policy (considering the superior role of the US in the structure of the international system) in the West Asian region? Findings of the article Using neo-realist theoretical propositions show that Washington, in the context of its superior role in the structure of the international system, uses Riyadh as a geopolitical, geostrategic and geocultural weight to maintain balance. It looks at regional forces and countering the emergence and expansion of anti-hegemonic powers such as Iran. This article has been done through qualitative-interpretive method and inference of information through existing documents with descriptive-analytical approach and case information. The need has also been collected by taking methods from available and available sources, including: books, articles in domestic scientific research quarterly and foreign articles, reputable sites and Internet resources, and so on. Manuscript profile

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114 - China in Latin America: goals and strategies Drivers of China's foreign policy developments in Latin America and the Caribbean
roya nezhadzandieh mostafa almasi

n the present international system, the spread and appearance of China has changed into an important and unavoidable matter. That's why this previous regional power, has come to act in the domain of world and extraterritorial context. It has also presented itself as reg More

n the present international system, the spread and appearance of China has changed into an important and unavoidable matter. That's why this previous regional power, has come to act in the domain of world and extraterritorial context. It has also presented itself as regional area power.. Latin America is one of those in which China has had a growing presence. This research is going to find the reason why china is present in the area and to find out the consequences of this presence in terms of Robert Kagan theory. So the authors are to validate this theory: china in the way of increasing power and also balancing geopolitical against the United states and as an answer to America's presence in the south-East of Asia, china has defined Latin America as an important country in its foreign policy. Then three solution including political, financial، military and security matters are investigated considering the fact that countries are trying to increase their level and influence. Findings of the research show that when a power comes to surface in the international system and searches for increasing power and advancing influence in politics and economics, it will do so through different sources and internal, international capacities. The presence of china in Latin America is looked at around this matter. So china needs to be present in Latin America in order to achieve an international power through a multilateral policy and using smart power. Manuscript profile

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115 - China-Russia Strategic Alliance against US Unilateralism and its Impact on Iran's National Security 2009-2021
Tahereh Nezafati Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and chall More

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and challenge America in the position of great power. This competitive process has also affected the national security of other countries. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the alliance between Russia and China against the unilateralism of the United States on Iran's national security. The main question is, what effect did the alliance between Russia and China have on Iran's national security in 2009-2021 against the unilateralism of the United States? It seems that the strategic alliance of China and Russia based on competition and curbing the hegemony of US has had effects in the direction of strengthening and weakening the national security of Iran. The results show that the alliance between China and Russia against the United States affects Iran's national security in the political dimension Iran's emphasis on the role of the United Nations, Iran's membership in the Shanghai Organization, seeking new horizons in BRICS in the military dimension countering Western sanctions and promoting military cooperation with China and Russia in the economic dimension enhancement of economic cooperation, purchase of Iranian oil and gas and Iran's pivotal capability in China's Silk Road project and in the environmental dimension of the cooperation of the two sides with Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

116 - Russian security threats Analysis after the U.S. Pullout from Afghanistan in Central Asia with emphasis on Islamic fundamentalism
hassan ainehvand Ali keyvani Mohammadali basiri

The exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of th More

The exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of the 20-years US military presence in Afghanistan has challenged international relations researchers with the crucial question of what consequences the military pullout of the United States and its allies will have for other actors active in the Middle East, Central and West Asia? And what aspects of their national interests will be affected? Amongst these players is the Russian Federation, that Afghanistan's proximity to Central Asia, as Moscow's traditional sphere of influence, could lead to new crises, including the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism to the national interests of this country. Therefore, the main question of this present paper is that what are the negative consequences of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on Russia's national interests in Central Asia? The main assumption of this paper is that the central Asian region should be considered the center of the world crisis in the future as the most prone region for the growth of Islamic fundamentalism, which will destroy the region's security dynamics and confront Russia to new security threats. The authors try to prove their hypothesis in this paper by applying Regional security complex theory. Manuscript profile

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117 - Transition to Hybrid Balancing in China’s Foreign Policy toward the United States
Abdolmajid Seifi

China is the most important great power that has posed a fundamental challenge to the position of the United States in the post-Cold War era. China's significant economic growth and becoming the second largest economy in the world, significant progress in the mili More

China is the most important great power that has posed a fundamental challenge to the position of the United States in the post-Cold War era. China's significant economic growth and becoming the second largest economy in the world, significant progress in the military and space fields, and the expansion of influence in different regions of the world have strengthened the prospect of expanding this challenge. In the base of grand strategy of offshore balancing, on the one hand, the United States has been trying to buck pass part of the responsibility of containing China to the states that have the desire and ability to contain China, and on the other hand, it is doing straight balancing. Straight balancing of the United States is in the form of a hybrid war. The complexity and multidimensionality of the US approach in this hybrid war has caused China's response to this war to have multiple dimensions, which can be elaborated as a hybrid balancing approach. From this point of view, the main question of this research is that what is China's strategy to deal with the hybrid war of the United States? In response, the present article claims that China's response to the United States' hybrid war is based on hybrid balancing, which takes place in the three dimensions of political, economic, and informational balancing. The present research was done by using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

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118 - China's New Silk Road Initiative (Aims, obstacles and challenges)
Bahram Amirahmadiyan Roohollah Salehi Dolatabad

Abstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Sil More

Abstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Silk Road initiative. Silk Road is one of China's foreign policy initiatives for expanding their influence to other areas. The plan, which almost covers an area of 4.4 billion people 65% of the world's population and 21 trillion of global GDP in total. The initiative was announced by President of China in September 2013 and the two economic belt “New Silk Road" (One road and one belt) and "Marine silk road" has been formed. Effort and dedication of China to promote such huge projects apart from the economic and political consequences could be serious for the country in the lead, also could be the formation of China's ambitious new foreign policy to expand more and trying to play a regional role. Manuscript profile

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119 - U.S. Interventions in the Middle East Uprisings or Revolutions of 2011 and U.S. Intervention Scenarios in Syria
Mohammad Ali Khosravi رقیه مهاجری

Abstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bah More

Abstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. which except for Bahrain, all were overthrown. Although U.S. type of intervention varied in the above mentioned countries, the essential goal behind was to misdirect the national revolutions and maintain U.S. political benefits of the Middle East strategic region. Efforts to survive Bahraini government via repressing of revolutionists, penetrating in Yemen’s revolution and retaining its current political structure by only replacing Abdullah Salih with a pre-selected politician, military intervention in Libya, preventing active participation of Islamists in Tunisian politics, taking advantage of the Egypt overthrown regime’s political survivors in the current structure, etc. has been the major US actions in response to recent revolutions in Middle East. Syria-which has been confronting unrests and crisis in the last two years- has been the only Arab country playing a center-oriented role against Israel. Since Russia and China have been strongly supporting Syria in the UN security council, it may seem the unites states cannot militarily penetrate in Syria. Hence, U.S. options for intervening in Syria are: feed the oppositions with monetary and military aids, Applying harder economic sanctions on Syria and its allies, Stimulating and expanding religious and political differences and finally Penetrating in opposition groups and identifying individuals who will later help US future plans in this regard.     Manuscript profile

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120 - Russia and the United States, Competition and Conflict
Davood Aghaee Alireza Samoodi Mehdi Mosavi

Abstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars thought that the Russian-American confrontation had ended and it would be replaced with cooperation. However, after a short period this optimism gradually faded out and a new period of conflict emerge More

Abstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars thought that the Russian-American confrontation had ended and it would be replaced with cooperation. However, after a short period this optimism gradually faded out and a new period of conflict emerged. Although the new confrontation was not as sever as the previous one, but it implied a new competition in Russian-American bilateral ties. The new conflict and competition could be seen in several areas such as Russian Neighbors (Central Asian Countries & Caucausus), Missile Defense System and Arms Control and Iran as well. In this article, we are going to explain the new competition based on the above mentioned issues.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

121 - Checking of the Legitimacy of Unilateral US Sanctions after Withdrawal of JCPOA to the United Nations Charter
Seyed Hamid Seyed Taghizadeh Leila Raisi Dezaki Bashir Esmaeili

DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1398.12.47.2.7

  Abstract: On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it More

  Abstract: On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it will take action Relative to Restore Iran's nuclear sanctions. Now the question is here that how much does this unilateral action by the United States as a member of the United Nations is proportionate to the United Nations Charter and whether is it legitimate According to the Charter or no. On the other hand, in the framework of the hypothesis, it also seems that “Given that unilateral US sanctions violate several clauses of United Nations Charter, these sanctions are not legitimate in accordance with the Charter.” Therefore, in this article, we will attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method to study the dimensions of this subject and test the hypothesis. Manuscript profile

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122 - An Assessment of Obama's Foreign Policy in the East Asian Region
Mohammad Sadegh Babakan

Abstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from Sout More

Abstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from South Asia and the Middle East to the Asia-Pacific region. This article examines US foreign policy in East Asia with an emphasis on recent history and challenges. It also examines US relations with four key political entities: Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), China and Taiwan. The main purpose of the present paper is to answer the key question of how US foreign policy under Barack Obama's presidency towards East Asia can be assessed. In response to the question the underlying assumption is that Asia is once again the focus of US foreign policy attention and the Obama administration's pivot to East Asia can be seen as the most prominent sign of US pre-occupation announcing the full role of Asia in its foreign policy over the next decade. The results of the research indicate that the American strategic and economic goal is to curb the growth and dynamism of Asia and from the point of view of the realism and deterrence logic the United States will certainly endeavor to prevent China from rising as a strategic competitor in East Asia. It should be noted that the research method used in this paper is of analytical-explanatory nature and using available data. Manuscript profile

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123 - Obama and the Continuity of America's Foreign Policy toward Egypt
Mahdi Habibollahi Seyyed Javad Emam Jomeh Zadeh Hosein Masudnia

Abstract: America relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washingt More

Abstract: America relies on more than half a century experiences in dealing with the Middle East, considers Egypt, a key country in the region. In other words, Egypt is the anchor of stability and security to the West especially America, as in the past decade, Washington and Cairo have close and continuous cooperation to meet common strategic interests in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring developments and overthrow of Mubarak, America's policy toward Egypt was faced with challenges. However, the United States has tried to manage these developments, and Obama administration, regardless the type of Egyptian government, maintained its continuous relationship with this key Middle East country. Despite widespread developments after the Arab Spring in Egypt, the United States maintained the same policy aims from its relationship with Egypt. What are the reasons for the continuation of US foreign policy towards Egypt, especially under Obama's presidency? This research by using descriptive and analytical method and with the use of library and internet resources intends to study and explore the reasons for the continuation of relations between the two countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

124 - J-Street, A New Emerged Lobby in the U.S.A
Ahmad Bakhshayeshi Ardestani Mohammad Shahedi

  Abstract: The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decisio More

  Abstract: The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decision making. Jewish community has taken advantage from this opportunity and has expanded its influence and power in the political structure. Jewish lobbies monitor and filter domestic and foreign politics of the Congress, White House, think tanks and other political institutes. After 2008 election, a new Jewish lobby, J-Street which had similar viewswith president Obama separated from AIPAC. Obama, who took office with the “Change” slogan, believes that solving the Israeli-Palestinian issue is the key to establish peace in the Middle East. And if it was accomplished successfully, America would be able to overcome some of its problems such as financial crisis, public support, and its heavy costing presence in Iraq and Afghanistan. J-Street lobby shares Mr. Obama’s opinion in this regard and promotes the negotiations for a two-state solution in the Palestinian territories. This article studies foundation of J-Street, its views and actions.     Manuscript profile

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125 - America's Strategy in Afghanistan and Its Impact on National Security of Iran
Mohammad Tohidfam Farhad Paydar

Abstract Iran is an important country in the Middle East.The strategic importance of the Hormuz Strait, the Persian Gulf South littoral states, neighboring Pakistan, and Iraq, and most importantly, having a long border with Afghanistan, including the factors that will More

Abstract Iran is an important country in the Middle East.The strategic importance of the Hormuz Strait, the Persian Gulf South littoral states, neighboring Pakistan, and Iraq, and most importantly, having a long border with Afghanistan, including the factors that will affect America's strategy.On the other hand, the issue of terrorism, narcotics, and other factors, make the relationship between the two countries more important and any of action of America in the neighboring countries of Iran, notably in Afghanistan, has impact on Iran's national security. After 9/11, the war on the terror has led to a convergence of many countries with America.There are important issues in the region that influence on the United States long-term policy.Demographics of Iran and Afghanistan, in addition to a major share of these countries in the global economy and alsonuclearization of the region (which Iran has recently joined it) are all the reasons that has led to handling the strategic depth in Afghanistan and Iran by the United States and thereby influence on the political, economic and military equations of the world. Interaction or conflict with the rival powers could significantly impact on America foreign policy.This is the best opportunity for the United States to pursue its long-term interests by its presence in this strategic regionand by combating the roots of terrorism and drug trafficking in order to implementation of the Greater Middle East Plan and democratization of the region realize the dream of world government of liberal democracy. This paper reviews and analyzes the America's strategy in Afghanistan and its impact on national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

126 - U.S. Foreign Policy in the Light of Obama's Pivot to Asia
Farzad Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi Mohammadreza Maleki Seyed Javad Emamjomehzadeh

Abstract: With the start of the presidency of Barack Obama and his promise to change, America's foreign policy orientation altered from the Middle East to Asia, so that Obama during his presidency has made great efforts to focus United States' attention and resources to More

Abstract: With the start of the presidency of Barack Obama and his promise to change, America's foreign policy orientation altered from the Middle East to Asia, so that Obama during his presidency has made great efforts to focus United States' attention and resources to Asia-Pacific. What is the reason of America's strategic orientation change under the Obama presidency from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific? Where should be pursued the context of this change? Due to the proximity of the Obama doctrine to political realism principles, the reason of this change must be tracked on the Obama's realistic policies. Therefore, this study tries to show that how Obama's realistic foreign policy changed the strategic orientation of this country by using the analytical - explanatory method. In this regard, after examining the theory of political realism and Obama realistic doctrine, the Pivot to Asia strategy will be explored which represents an important change in the United States foreign policy from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific. Manuscript profile

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127 - The Paradox of America's Foreign Policy in Syrian Crises
Mohammad sadegh Kooshki Mahjobeh Karimi

In the view of most analysts, the US foreign policy in the Syrian civil war has been very passive and ambiguous. Over the four years of civil war in Syria passed and the US has failed to adopt a firm stance against the crisis and arming the opposition, or full-scale mil More

In the view of most analysts, the US foreign policy in the Syrian civil war has been very passive and ambiguous. Over the four years of civil war in Syria passed and the US has failed to adopt a firm stance against the crisis and arming the opposition, or full-scale military attack on Syria remains uncertain. The resulting discontent among some American allies like Saudi Arabia and passive policies of Washington was considered. The root of this confusion was the ambiguous foreign policy strategy in relation to the confrontation with the Islamic awakening and overall outcome of US confusion in foreign policy at regional and international levels was evident. America’s credibility and global power relations on the one hand and undermine Washington's allies like Saudi Arabia and Israel in this regard can be summarized Manuscript profile

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128 - Comparing Study of Strategies of the EU and U.S. in relation to Combat with Terrorism
Ardeshir Sanaie

Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the More

Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the issue of terrorism was changed into factor in the way of formation to foreign policy of some countries and in the field of international policy: each country based on its values and norms fight against asymmetric threats and terrorism and selected specific strategy. In his way following up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks in U.S.A the doctrine of war against terrorism and combat with mass destruction weapons was compiled by neoconservative party. E.U. approved strategy of combat with mass destruction weapons: which resulted in coalition of great worlds powers against terrorism. In the way of combat with terrorism, Sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks prepared suitable grounds for attacks of U.S.A to Afghanistan in year 2001 and following up attack to Iraq in year 2003 without accompany of EU countries such as: France and Germany and regardless to U.N. which resulted in great gap between relations of EU beyond Atlantic region and U.S.A in the field of combat with terrorism. In the present research it is dealt with this question that: What is similarity and difference among strategies of EU and U.S.A in relation to combat with terrorism?  Manuscript profile

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129 - The U. S. Foreign Policy and Failure of Obama’s Promises and Slogans in the Election
Mohammadali Khosravi Asghar Imani

  Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United States of America Barack Obama on foreign policy with the slogan of change strategies in the American presidential election and the views of conservative and neoconservative parties are analyzed in terms of More

  Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United States of America Barack Obama on foreign policy with the slogan of change strategies in the American presidential election and the views of conservative and neoconservative parties are analyzed in terms of Western liberal’s thoughts which affected by extreme Zionists capitalist in the politics of America's hegemony outside its boundaries. America's new government is also looking at changes in the electoral failure Obama administration's foreign policy is inevitably, some of the priorities of United States foreign policy objective of a comprehensive approach to a multilateral approach objective, the smart change to.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

130 - A Survey on Iran-U.S Relationship in the light of the Strategic Culture
Soheil Godarzi Ahmad Soltaninejad Mostafa Zahrani Mohsen Eslami

Abstract: Describing the dominant patterns of Iran-U.S relations after triumph of the Islamic revolution and even explanation of current situation between the two states through conventional foreign policy and international politics will lead to inefficient and inadequa More

Abstract: Describing the dominant patterns of Iran-U.S relations after triumph of the Islamic revolution and even explanation of current situation between the two states through conventional foreign policy and international politics will lead to inefficient and inadequate researches. Although describing the historical facts and using realistic analyses to explain current non war- non peace situation are beneficent, but could not elucidate continuity of hostility situation between Iran and the United States. Analysis of this Iran-U.S extensive conflict and hostility requires focusing on material structures of power and geopolitical contrast in one hand and regarding the cognitive and nonmaterial fundamentals of action on the other hand. Without a doubt, current pattern of Iran-U.S relationship Influenced by both mentioned factors; this reciprocal process of impact with material and non-material elements of power and security have described this issue as a unsolved multi-faceted and multi-layered conflict. It seems that strategic culture framework as a pattern that mutually respect to state's objective, measurable and visible act alongside non material and invisible structures of practice can be useful to explain dimensions and causes of Iran-U.S conflict. According to this, the main agenda of this article is to illustrate a more detailed image about Iran-U.S conflict through a comparative Survey on elements and components of two state's strategic culture, with respect to significant security aspects of this conflict. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

131 - International Responsibility to Protect and Sovereignty of States
Didukht Sadeghi

Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the emergence of the doctrine of "international responsibility to protect" in the climate of human rights extension and decline of the national states sovereignty. The "responsibility to protect" is an evolving concept that shoes More

Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the emergence of the doctrine of "international responsibility to protect" in the climate of human rights extension and decline of the national states sovereignty. The "responsibility to protect" is an evolving concept that shoes the duties of the governments to provide a legal ethical for humanitarian intervention. The increase of internal wars in 1990's the violation of human rights and the dilemma of implication of humanitarian intervention clearly showed the necessity of the foundation of "responsibility to protect". This doctrine is implication of new thinking on sovereignty, which says sovereignty is not "privilege" but is a "Responsibility". So sovereignty as "control" changed to sovereignty as "Responsibility". Upon This new idea governors should to world community about behavior to their peoples. The "Responsibility to protect" has had two important the effect in international relation, first it became clear that the sovereignty of national states is no more also lute and could be declined. Secondly, the individual rights has become seriously under observation of international community.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

132 - Analysis of the content of the national security strategy of the United States of America towards the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001-2021)
Hossein Mozneb Mohammad Reza Ghaedi Reza Simber

PRB-2303-2429(R1)

After World War II, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America has always claimed supremacy in the international system and has explained its foreign policies based on the national security strategy in every presidential term. On the More

After World War II, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America has always claimed supremacy in the international system and has explained its foreign policies based on the national security strategy in every presidential term. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a regional superpower, has been able to create a new form of regional order with its material and spiritual influence in West Asian countries. The conflict between the interests of the United States and Iran raises the question that the national security strategies of the United States of America during the years 2001-2021 have become in practice what strategies have they turned into in relation to Iran? In response to the proposed hypothesis, "The United States of America, by adopting its aggressive national security strategies towards Iran, is seeking to limit Iran's interests in the international system so that it can increase its interests and finally become the supreme hegemon in The international system should be transformed." After examining the sources of the first category indicators (economic and security strategies) with the method of integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative), the results showed: America initially follows the policy of changing Iran's behavior and containment, and then the policy of engagement and pressure And finally, it turned into containment and behavior change, and in order to implement these strategies during this period, it has imposed more and more diverse sanctions against Iran every year Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

133 - Contexts of US Changing position in post-Cold War: From a historical sociological perspective
Mehdi Zibaei Shahla Najafi

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the success of the United States International Coalition outside Iraq's expulsion from Kuwait in the 1990s, the groundwork was laid for the formation of a US-led unipolar system in the international arena. In this regard, the t More

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the success of the United States International Coalition outside Iraq's expulsion from Kuwait in the 1990s, the groundwork was laid for the formation of a US-led unipolar system in the international arena. In this regard, the then President of the United States of America George Herbert Walker Bush (1988-1992) in a speech used the term "New World Order" to indicate the beginning of a new chapter in political relations based on American supremacy in the international arena, including It was a sentence. Had. However, the emergence of China as an emerging power and the non-implementation of its regional policies in the Middle East over the last two decades is an inadequate indication of US power over the desired order. Now the question is, what have been the factors underlying the decline of the US government over the last three decades? The analysis of historical facts shows a set of results of the development of the neoliberal economy worldwide (deepening poverty in the region), international environmental developments (unexpected results of the globalization process), incorrect goals (biased support for Israel), miscalculations. The invasion of Iraq, etc., which sometimes dates back to before the end of the Cold War, has weakened the US position in the international arena in general and in appearance in particular. In the light of the theory of historical sociology of international relations, the present intends to examine the change in US regional writing over the past few decades. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

134 - Independence of the Internal Auditor; Approaches to Processes that Reduce the Silence and Courage of Internal Auditors
جواد بابایی خلیلی محمدرضا عبدلی حسن ولیان

This study examines the effect of reducing processes in organizational silence of companies on the ethical courage of internal auditors. It is conducted based on a survey-correlation method. Furthermore, it also focused on the responses of 183 accepted internal auditors More

This study examines the effect of reducing processes in organizational silence of companies on the ethical courage of internal auditors. It is conducted based on a survey-correlation method. Furthermore, it also focused on the responses of 183 accepted internal auditors on the stock exchange. Then, partial least squares analysis method was used for the findings in 5 frameworks. Moreover, items like positive statesalong with being independent in doing internal auditing responsibilities and perceived support of the supervisor on courage of internal auditors were carefully considered.Findings show that self-efficacy, level of hope, resilience and perceived support of the supervisor on courage of internal auditors have positive and significant effect as the reducing processes in organizational silence of companies on the ethical courage of internal auditors. Finally, it was concluded that more perceived support of the supervisor will end up to more courage on the behavior of such auditors in their performances.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

135 - A Novel Qualitative State Observer
Sobhi Baniardalani

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Open Access Article

136 - Mathematical Model for the Effects of Intervention Measures on the Transmission Dynamics of Tungiasis
JAIROS SHINZEH Livingstone Luboobi

10.30495/ijm2c.2021.684808

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Open Access Article

137 - American Academic Diplomacy Mechanisms for Attracting Iranian Academicians (1979-2017)
mohamadeaza dehshiri mehdi taheri

Today, with the internationalization of higher education and the facilitation of global communication resulting from the globalization process, the use of higher education's capacity as an effective tool for national interest and soft power by countries in the world, es More

Today, with the internationalization of higher education and the facilitation of global communication resulting from the globalization process, the use of higher education's capacity as an effective tool for national interest and soft power by countries in the world, especially developed countries, has grown more and more today; It can be regarded and interpreted as academic diplomacy The US government is seeking to establish connections with younger generation by expanding its cultural programs and academic diplomacy, creating a platform of relationship with countries' future leaders, inter allia Iran. Looking at the performance of American diplomacy in Iran over the past decades, it can be understood that US is trying to promote American values and lifestyle, to establish a west-oriented middle class, especially in the universities, and also to develop English language as a scientific and communication tool.Accordingly, understanding US experience and practice in the field of academic diplomacy towards a country such as the Islamic Republic of Iran will be important. The main question of the present article is to understand how the US academic diplomacy has attracted academicians, especially the Iranian elites? Our hypothesis is that, using its academic tools as well as educational attractiveness, the country has been able to have the largest educational exchanges around the world, and thus, to disseminate its values to academicians, simultaneously with increasing its soft power. These attractivenesses have led many Iranian scholars to study abroad especially in the United States. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

138 - Analyzing the Determinant Factors in the Military Balance of the Korean Peninsula
Hossein Shahmoradi Mohammad Hasan Sheikholeslami

Korean Peninsula as an ancient and strategic land, is the place of one of the most complex and difficult riddles of the international scene and factors such as the persistence of war condition due to non-signing of a peace treaty and consent to a fragile cease fire, the More

Korean Peninsula as an ancient and strategic land, is the place of one of the most complex and difficult riddles of the international scene and factors such as the persistence of war condition due to non-signing of a peace treaty and consent to a fragile cease fire, the continuous confrontational approach of the United States toward North Korea and its attempts to overthrow the North Korean government have made the military situation of Korean Peninsula more and more complicated. Therefore, the whole Northeast Asian region has also been affected. Meanwhile, this long-standing hostility has created several military alliances between the two Korea and global and regional powers, which in turn has a significant impact on the regional balance of power. In such a situation, the rising tensions between North Korea and the United States from the beginning of Donald Trump presidency and the accretion of threats and provocations from both sides, highlights the need for a thorough examination of the military situation on the Korean Peninsula. Research evidences suggest that in many factors, especially in quantitative terms, North Korea has a significant advantage over its southern neighbor, But South Korea has been able to significantly improve the quality of its military forces due to its military alliance with the United States. Nonetheless, factors such as unconventional weapons and missiles and also nuclear power make any conflict on the Korean Peninsula extremely dangerous. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

139 - Establishment of a missile defense shield in the Persian Gulf region and its impact on the security of the region 2001-2017
Hassan Khodaverdi Aliasghar Ghaffari

The gradual deployment of the United States missile defense shield plan from Europe to the Persian Gulf region over the past decade and the establishment of radar and defensive components of this plan, in the whole Persian Gulf region both in its land and floating zone, More

The gradual deployment of the United States missile defense shield plan from Europe to the Persian Gulf region over the past decade and the establishment of radar and defensive components of this plan, in the whole Persian Gulf region both in its land and floating zone, has implications and also plenty consequences for regional and international systems and has aggravated the fragile security of the Persian Gulf Region. Topics such as the beginning of the arms race, the collapse of the balance of power, the blurred relations, regional instability, and the most important one the trilateral Arab, Israeli, and American alliances can be seen as the security implications of establishing the plan in the Persian Gulf region. Accordingly, the purpose of this research, by using descriptive-analytical method and collecting data with library tools, is to examine the reasons for the formation of the missile defense shield, to analyze accurately its expanding to the Persian Gulf region and its impact on the security of the region. The implementation of this project in the Persian Gulf region will have tremendous impacts on the international system at the head of the Middle East and Persian Gulf and will affect the security of this region and will be sensitive to many countries in the region, including Iran It brings about the nature and final fate of this plan. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

140 - The unilateral performance of the United States and the European Union in the international arena
Mehdi Ashtari Ali Pourghasab Amiri Fakhrodin Abooye

Governments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and More

Governments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and enactment of laws and norms. Unilateralism occurs, unilateralism occurs. After the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States, along with European countries, especially Western Europe, has become a new international arena, which after a while with various events in various places, intervened politically, legally, militarily and economically, violating international law. No country, not even the United States, which has a hegemonic role, or the European Union, can intervene in the affairs of other countries, except in one case, according to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of countries, to which the United Nations is committed. The exception is the issue of humanitarian law, which should not be unilateral and arbitrary with the permission of the Security Council, while the United States openly violates international trade laws, arbitrarily intervenes militarily in various parts of the world, and political institutions. - Domestic law condemns countries Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

141 - An analysis of the possibility of US military action against Iran Until before the election 2024
LOHAMAD PORGORBAN hamidreza tabshiri

10.30495/psq.2023.1982832.2194

The unilateral withdrawal of the US Joint Action Plan (Brajam) was imposed on the Iranian government and nation away from unilateral pressure and sanctions. Former US President Trump, by complaining about the nuclear deal, applied a maximum pressure strategy to achieve More

The unilateral withdrawal of the US Joint Action Plan (Brajam) was imposed on the Iranian government and nation away from unilateral pressure and sanctions. Former US President Trump, by complaining about the nuclear deal, applied a maximum pressure strategy to achieve his goals towards Iran. Credit sanctions on economic oppression and the provision of internal chaos and threatening to use coercive and military warfare as two major approaches to surrender and concession from Iran were on the agenda. The purpose of this analysis is to accommodate US military entry and attack on Iran before the 2024 presidential election. The main question is: Is there a possibility of a US military attack on Iran before the presidential election? The hypotheses that are answered by planning two scenarios, warfare factors and war deterrent factors, and on the other hand, referring to the opinions and opinions of international relations experts, on the priority, preference and power of influencing agents. The deterrent of the war as a barrier and an obstacle to the possibility of a military war against Iran. In this study, we use the analytical and qualitative method using statistics and direct interviews with international relations experts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

142 - Human Rights and Citizen Rights on the Opinion of the Middle Eastern Islamic States with Emphasis on the Iranian Constitution
Amir Sajedi

Human rights and Citizen Rights are both derived from natural and inherent rights of all people and historically have been uniquely addressed among the various world thinkers and by the various schools of religious thought.  It is unfortunately true however that un More

Human rights and Citizen Rights are both derived from natural and inherent rights of all people and historically have been uniquely addressed among the various world thinkers and by the various schools of religious thought.  It is unfortunately true however that until the end of the Second World War the idea of human rights did not find a place in a wider arena of thought.  Although with the declaration of human rights in 1948 and owing to other related conventions, human rights became a world-wide phenomena and many governments in the Middle-East still have not accepted all its clauses. These governments having stated that some aspects of the world human right laws are at odds with the Koranic teachings balk at carrying out their duties with respect to human and citizen rights.  Citizen’s rights are those class of people’s rights which are given as national rights according to the constitution of relevant countries and as such cover only the citizens of the relevant nations. The passage of the constitution of the I.R.I encompassing sections 19, 23, 24, 26, 32, 47, ... which had contained the equal rights and citizen’s rights had generated great hope that the people of Iran will again after much time regain their human rights and citizen’s rights.  The manner that these rights are accepted and are made to coexist with the Sharia and the way the populace of the nations in the Middle East are taught and informed on their quest for human rights and citizen’s rights are among the most noteworthy guides of their governments in carrying out its relevant duties. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

143 - The Role of Higher Educatio in US Cultural Diplomacy: Emphasis on Performance in Iran
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mahdi Taheri

Due to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and More

Due to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and this issue needs more attention to it. According to international experience in the capacity of higher education to cultural diplomacy and policy in this regard could contribute to faster along the road. Different countries according to their economic and cultural power, the cultural and educational exchange programs have invested. America's most prominent and most successful countries in this regard the United States. Through cultural diplomacy programs such as student exchanges and scholarships, Education International projects for foreign visitors, lecture programs, arranged for journalists, English language development, etc., the United States is in transition values and ethical principles. In this context, the United States of America has two major functions, one English and the other quality higher education system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

144 - The impacts of Disagreements between European Union Member States Over this Union’s Positions in the World System
Seyed Hassan Mir Fakhraie

European Union (EU) is one of the most important and coherent state-based  unions in both political and economic dimensions, that has taken great strides in further convergence and coordination and also in expanding its sphere of influence; Although it brought in a More

European Union (EU) is one of the most important and coherent state-based  unions in both political and economic dimensions, that has taken great strides in further convergence and coordination and also in expanding its sphere of influence; Although it brought in a new concept of collaboration and  convergence, between states, to the literature of international relations.  For understanding its position in the global system, more attention is needed actually. In this paper two main objectives shall be followed. First, what has been the impact of disagreements among members of the European Union, on its current position in the world system? And second is studying what would be the impacts of continuation of disagreements and opposing views among the members of European Union on its position, which has been imagined in a multipolar system, and also on its strategic future? A temporary response to above questions would be: The disagreements and opposing views among the members of European Union in different internal and international issues, has faced EU to a lack of functional identity, and so, its strategic role and position in the future world is in doubt and it will just remain as an economical power.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

145 - The Survey of Chinese Government Role in the Development of This Country
Mahnaz Godarzi Hamid Derakhshande

Understanding development trends in countries that have succeeded in achieving this important Theoretical and Applied great value for policy makers and elites in developing countries. Among the successful countries in achieving development, no doubt China has been a suc More

Understanding development trends in countries that have succeeded in achieving this important Theoretical and Applied great value for policy makers and elites in developing countries. Among the successful countries in achieving development, no doubt China has been a success on the road to development. The first and most important factor in the success of the country, there is a developmental state. The government, through the elite development-oriented, efficient bureaucracy and its nationalist nationalism, was able to design and implement appropriate policies and rational, Policies that were designed with the purpose of development and industrialization. The success of the pro-development efforts developmental state and administrative system. The aim of this paper is to examine the developmental state of China's development goals that are politically oriented Showed that the function of the driving force behind the development of this country songs and strategies pursued within state structures.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

146 - An analysis of the types and examples of the apostate in Salafist jurisprudence with a focus on Ibn Taymiyyah's point of view
Hozehali bahrame maryamsadat hashemi

Apostasy, which means leaving the religion of Islam, is one of the fundamental concepts that has become a challenging issue among theologians, jurists and commentators since the beginning of the formation of Islam. After the death of the Messenger of God, the first prob More

Apostasy, which means leaving the religion of Islam, is one of the fundamental concepts that has become a challenging issue among theologians, jurists and commentators since the beginning of the formation of Islam. After the death of the Messenger of God, the first problem of the Caliph of the Muslims (Abu Bakr) was the attacks that started due to apostasy. Throughout the history of Islam, the concept of apostasy has become an argument for the discourse of Ahl al-Hadith and Salafism, and by using this concept, their opponents have accused themselves of apostasy and have committed many acts of violence and murder. In these days, the assassination of the apostate Salman Rushdie has once again raised the concept of apostasy in international news agencies. In the current situation, knowing the precise and far from distorted concept and nature of apostasy is a necessity. Based on this, the research is going to answer this specific question, who are the types and examples of apostates in the discourse of Salafists? With a document analysis method, he explored the Salafi texts focusing on Ibn Taymiyyah's point of view, and in the end he came to the conclusion that in the eyes of the Salafists, apostasy has a wide scope and includes many Islamic rulers and Islamic sects and sects, which has a significant meaning for the Islamic world. It is very harmful. Examples of apostasy range from denying the Most High in His Names and Attributes to attributing reprehensible attributes to mocking and mocking God and His Messenger. It includes the necessary denial of religion and the abandonment of prayer, as well as philosophers and mystics and many nobles and those who bow down to the rituals and festivals of Christians and associate with infidels and intercessors other than God. Manuscript profile

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