آب و هوا

Open Access Article

1 - Determination of Limit of Thermal Comfort in Arid Climate (Case Study: Yazd City)
Mohammad Hassan Sadeghi Ravesh Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei

      In sustainable development process, native evaluation of limit of thermal comfort with the goal of energy conservation is necessary in different climates.  Because with determination of these limits, energy loss is declined considerab More

      In sustainable development process, native evaluation of limit of thermal comfort with the goal of energy conservation is necessary in different climates.  Because with determination of these limits, energy loss is declined considerably and causes to decline of unsuitable energy consuming. With respect to, more than 60 percent of Iran area is located in arid and ultra arid climate and therefore recognition of limit of thermal comfort in this climate has multiplied importance.             For calculation of limit of thermal comfort, Yazd city was considered with arid and cold climate as the case study in this research. The limits of thermal comfort were reformed on the basis of the latitude of the study area. Then the limits of thermal comfort were calculated for warm and cold terms of the year according to the climatic data and field observation and on the basis of corrected diagram of Olgyay.        The obtained results show that thermal limit was assessed for summer condition 21.8 º - 27 º and for winter condition 20.4 º - 23 º and also optimum limit of relative humidity was assessed 18% -53%.        The proposed thermal and humidity limits, maintains proper internal conditions, reduces energy unsuitable consumption during of years   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Periglacil environment and its lower border in sabalan mountain
عبدالحمید Rajaei علی Dalal Oghli

The sabalan periglacial environment is characterized by patterned ground and nivation,large phenomena obtained from mass movement such as rockylacier and solifluction,production of talus and breaking rock scarp. This zone extends into the glacier zone,too. Above the low More

The sabalan periglacial environment is characterized by patterned ground and nivation,large phenomena obtained from mass movement such as rockylacier and solifluction,production of talus and breaking rock scarp. This zone extends into the glacier zone,too. Above the lower periglacial border the basic aspect of the vegetation cover is ofuro – siberian type. There are various methods to determine the periglacal lowerborder, and comparison of the results obtained by various methodes show that differenttechniques can give different results. The height of periglacial lower border obtainedby various methodes ranges from 2800 to 3655 m, but the lower limit of periglacialactivity with regard to MAAT of about 3000 m. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A stutdy of climatic changes of late quaternary with using geomarpholgical evidence in Neor basin
رسول Samadzadeh

Talesh mountains because of being located near caspian sea is one of the humid areas of iran, this charactristic due to the climatic changes followed by predominance of glacial and interglacial periods during the quaternary has led to dominance of different erosion real More

Talesh mountains because of being located near caspian sea is one of the humid areas of iran, this charactristic due to the climatic changes followed by predominance of glacial and interglacial periods during the quaternary has led to dominance of different erosion realms in different altitudes of these mountains. The most important legacg of these changes in the Neor trough include :lake terraces, lake sediments ,alluvial fan,and fault trough,which are affected by nivation process during the cold seasons and by are eroded by fluvial during warm seasons. In this paper we will study the geomorphological evidence for identification and reconstruction of paleoclimate in Neor basin. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Spatial analysis of the impact of the climate on the military equipments in Iran
محمود Ahmadi بهلول Alikhani

Climate affects all military activities specially military sites and equipments. Thisresearch is undergone to analyse the impact of the climate on the military equipmentsin Iran. For this purpose the daily climatic elements were obtained for 117 weatherstations during 1 More

Climate affects all military activities specially military sites and equipments. Thisresearch is undergone to analyse the impact of the climate on the military equipmentsin Iran. For this purpose the daily climatic elements were obtained for 117 weatherstations during 1982-2004 period. The daily temperature, relative humidity, rainfalland wind were analysed according to the climatic thresholds of the major militarymaterials. The weather elements variations over the country were weighted accordingAHP model. Finally the stations were grouped according to their suitability formilitary equipments into three good, moderate, and weak regions. Stations such asMinab showed highest rate of suitability of 98 % and stations such as Jusk showed thelowest suitability rate of 66%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Application of Digital Atmosphere 2000 Software in Spatial Analysis of Climatic Features in Iran
M.A khorshid-Doost یوسف Ghavidel

Features such as thunderstorms and dust storms, foggy, snowy, and rainy days alongwith days containing frozen rainfalls have occupied great importance in fields likeagriculture, transportation, health, and environment. In this paper some abilities ofDigital Atmosphere s More

Features such as thunderstorms and dust storms, foggy, snowy, and rainy days alongwith days containing frozen rainfalls have occupied great importance in fields likeagriculture, transportation, health, and environment. In this paper some abilities ofDigital Atmosphere software have been used in a spatial analysis of some of theabove-mentioned climatic features of Iran. The results indicate differences in spatiotemporaldistribution of the factors under study. Thunderstorms take a higher positionamong climatic elements studied, and the greatest spatial changes belong to the type ofdust storm distribution patterns. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Evidences of Pleistocene glacial geomorphology in the northern slope of Khashchal mountain (western Alborz)
Jalilaldin Sorour Nima Farid Mojtahedi

Identification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected More

Identification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected. Detecd evidence are Glacial erasionablation landform like,glacial cirques, glacial valley and Glacial deposits Include glacial moraine. Resultshow during Pleistocene period, climate in northern slope of khashchal mountain hadlower temperature and probably with more precipitation in compare to recent climate.Erasion and morphogenes glacial processes have been active. While nowdaysevidence showing because of high evelation and precipitation and temperaturesituation in region, subglacial morphogenes process (freezing and melting)dominate inthe region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Water balance of climatic and climatic types in kashf-roud basin
هادی Ghanbarzadeh زین العابدین Jafarpour

Kashf roud basin is a section of qara – quran basin which is located in the northeast ofkhorasan. Water balance and climatic type of this basin are to be analysed on the basisof hydroclimatic elements wite regard to water defesit in khorasan, research in thebalanc More

Kashf roud basin is a section of qara – quran basin which is located in the northeast ofkhorasan. Water balance and climatic type of this basin are to be analysed on the basisof hydroclimatic elements wite regard to water defesit in khorasan, research in thebalance of water of the region becomes of great significance for the correct use of landand use of surface as well as ground water resources of the region.The present research aims at(1) the balance of climatic waters of the said baisin; and(2) at indentificatoin of climatic types of the area under in vestigation.Analysis of the water balance of the kashf roud basin demonstrates that alongside thereducation of rainfall evaporation strongly increases and result in the rise of need forwater in the warm seasons, to the extent that rate of evaporation during summermonths research 53.4 to 55.9 of the entir anume. Low quality of land for preservationsummer priod requires on efficient system of irrigation.According tornth wite the most important climatic types in the region are arid or semiarid with the objectives of this article arei) to calculate the water balance climatic water budget of the basin, and …ii) to show climatic types of the region.By analyzing the water balance in the kashaf rud Basin, whit the decrease ofprecipitation and in crease in temoerature, evaporation increases rapidly and aprofound shortage of water is expericnd during thewarmer months of the year. Thesummerrate of evaporation is between 53.4 to 55.9 percent of annual evaporation.Since the soil is deficient of water from late spring to early autumn, an efficientirrigation system is required.According to the “thornthwaite” method, the major climatic types in the basinare arid and semi-arid, with a scarce surplus of water.The results of the study of climatic water budget in kashaf rud basin have shownthat water-surplus is only during the cold months of the year and most of it is wasted.Considering the dry and semi-arid climate of the region, a comprehensive irrigationplan should be in the first priority of economic planning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Analysis of environmental system the western slopes of Baghrodagh moruntians and these roles in genesis Biomes fandoghlu forest
R. Samadzadeh

West slopes of bagrodag and fandoglu area, with having unique autumnal forests,beautiful and green pastures and naturel and human making extents, that is one of thewell-known natural attractions in west-north of country, has been situated in the endwest of ardebil provi More

West slopes of bagrodag and fandoglu area, with having unique autumnal forests,beautiful and green pastures and naturel and human making extents, that is one of thewell-known natural attractions in west-north of country, has been situated in the endwest of ardebil province.In this research, in order to survey existing relationships of vegetation in area andits forest distribution,with environmental factors and identification of limiting(preventing) factor and identification of effective factors in its area formation, withsurvey of any environmental factors, commence of providing different environmentalmaps from a direction and vegetation maps from the other direction and finallycombined maps from them has been done.With survey of these maps, has been recognized that none of climatic factors,preventing or limiting factors, in forest formation are not considered. But these factorsare effective in the kind of vegetation. Among these, two factors of humidity and thedirection of wind, have been effective more than other factors and due to have rates ofarea and plant community from passing humidity of area level, play role in thevegetation concentration and its present.Trough, continuosly protection of forest and pasture areas has been done and thecmpletness of growth stages has been provided for plants, can be hoped to makingforest areas in all over the study area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Factors influencing of rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change in Sari County, Mazandaran
Roja Rahmanzadeh Zidi Mehdi Charmchian Langerodi

10.30495/jaeer.2022.63683.10899

Climate change has led to significant reductions in agricultural productivity in both developing and developed countries. Farmers' accurate understanding of climate change leads to effective activities to protect their lives from the damage caused by climate change. In More

Climate change has led to significant reductions in agricultural productivity in both developing and developed countries. Farmers' accurate understanding of climate change leads to effective activities to protect their lives from the damage caused by climate change. In this regard, this study aimed at factors influencing of rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change in Sari County in 2021. The statistical population of study includes rice farmers of Sari County in Mazandaran Province (N=24502). According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table, 271 rice farmers were selected as a statistical sample. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts' opinions. Also, based on the Average Variance Extracted (0.519>AVE< 0.549) and Composite Reliability (0.858>CR<0.921), the questionnaire had a convergent validity and appropriate reliability. SPSS16 and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. The results of structural equation modeling showed that access to information sources, rice farmers' motivations, social characteristics and rice farming income had a positive and significant impact and distance from rice field to residence and age had a negative and significant impact on rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change and 76.2% of the variability of rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change are explained by these six variables. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Agroecological Zoning of Sugar Beet Cultivation Based on Soil Nutrients and Climatic Conditions (Case Study: East Azarbayjan Province)
Behrouz Sobhani vahid safarianzengir Batol Tabatabaei

10.22034/jest.2020.28698.3741

Background and Objective: At present, agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors of the country and that it can be said that economic growth is not possible without agricultural growth. Each agricultural product requires specific climatic and environmenta More

Background and Objective: At present, agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors of the country and that it can be said that economic growth is not possible without agricultural growth. Each agricultural product requires specific climatic and environmental conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental capabilities of East Azarbaijan province for growing sugar beet (ArcGis). Methodology: The data have been studied in consist of annual precipitation and raining of growth duration, temperature, evaporation, relative humidity, sunny hours, number days without freezing and hence height, slope, direction and depth of soil. The used of suitable ecological condition of sugar beet cultivation, production information layers and each series of data were valued and classificated that combined by GIS area and analysed with using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (ranking, rating and analytic hierarchy process). Findings: The results showed that the environmental capability of sugar beet cultivation plays an important role in the province of East Azarbaijan, and the factors affecting the climatic factors play an important role. It should be noted that in the overlapping method, temperature and precipitation factors play the most important role. Particularly, the role of precipitation is the highest. Discussion and Conclusion: The final results show the fact that climatic elements and factors  Together, they play an effective role in the process of assessing the environmental capabilities of sugar beet cultivation. The share of each of the climatic elements and factors during the growing period of the studied crop is not the same. By adapting the effective layers in the sugar beet planting process in GIS environment, it is possible to identify suitable areas for planting this crop. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Investigating the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law
Meisam Norouzi Mehdi Eskandari Khoshgu

Preventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspectiv More

Preventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law. This research focuses on the potential links between nuclear energy as an option to reduce climate change and nuclear disarmament and, respectively, discusses topics such as current nuclear risks, the scale of the nuclear-climate challenge, nuclear security and Its relationship with nuclear energy, non-proliferation and disarmament, management of nuclear disarmament and basic steps to address the challenges of proliferation and disarmament and the political links between maintaining and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime, nuclear disarmament and the growth of nuclear energy It has been done on a large scale. The use of nuclear energy places unprecedented demands on global systems for the verification, control and security of weapons-usable nuclear material. Reducing or abandoning or emptying many nuclear weapons and equipment and their final ban also requires new approaches to manage the huge global stockpile of weapons-usable nuclear materials. The international community should take measures so that nuclear energy can help reduce climate change in the long term. As a result of such actions, nuclear disarmament becomes more practical, desirable, and unattainable, and lays the foundations for a world in which nuclear technology contributes to sustainable development while nuclear weapons begin to fade from the scene. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - 5
نسترن رحیمی محسن بختیار

5

5 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Investigation on Regulations and Commitments of the Climate Change Convention and Assessment of their Implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Farideh Atabi Mehrdad Nazemi Amir Abbas Sedighi Narmin Tavakoli

Climate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Cha More

Climate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCCC) to maintain the current concentration levels of the green house gases in the atmosphere in order to minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. The convention has envisioned common but different responsibilities for all parties. Iran is also a party to the Convention and has developed the Empowerment Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to meet its commitments with financial support of the Global Environmental Facilities (GEF) and the UNDP Office located in the Department of the Environment in Iran. In the present study, after reviewing climate change and green house phenomenon, the steps to form the UNFCCC, its goals and the commitments of member countries towards the Convention as well as its status in Iran, have been investigate. Although Iran has honored most of its commitments, the major drawbacks are weak regulations, lack of research and mismanagement of activities. The inadequate coordination amongst different sections of Iran and ineffective environmental laws are the major challenges to the implementation of the Climate Change Convention in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Monitoring seasonal tourism at the northwest of Iran using Tourism Climate Index (T.C.I)
Behroz Sobhani Vahid Safarian Zengir

10.22034/jest.2018.13790

Abstract Background and Objective: Recognizing the climatic potentias, as a basis for human activities, provides the predominant foundation for environmental and land use plannning. Most of the tourists follow climate considerations to choose the destination. The aim of More

Abstract Background and Objective: Recognizing the climatic potentias, as a basis for human activities, provides the predominant foundation for environmental and land use plannning. Most of the tourists follow climate considerations to choose the destination. The aim of this study was to evaluate and render the zoning of seasonal tourism at the northwest of Iran using tourism climatic index (T.C.I). Method: In this study, to assess the climatic conditions from the tourism perspective, the climatic data from 22 synoptic stations in the northwest Iran for a period of 20 years (1990-2010) were collected. In this model, a 7-parameter system was used. These parameters included mean maximum temperature, average temperature, average minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, total monthly precipitation, sunshine hours and daily average wind speed. The TCI index was used for data analysis and the tourism climate maps were drawn for four seasons using GIS. Findings: The results show that the TCI index has a large variety of topography in the northwest because of conflicts over the years. Summer with the conditions as infinite ideal: 7, ideal condition: 10, excellent quality: 3, acceptable: 1 and very good condition: 1 ranked the first among other three seasons. Autumn with the conditions as perfect: 4, very good: 11, good: 3 and acceptable: 4 ranked the second. Spring season with the spesifications as very good: 2, good: 2, acceptable: 11 and insignifcant: 7 ranked. Winter with the conditions as acceptable: 1, insignificant: 14, poor: 5 and very poor: 2 ranked the fourth place and the most unfavorable condition among the other seasons. Discussion and Conclusion: Northwest of Iran with great tourist attraction can be pioneer in local and foreign tourism. Beautiful scenery and unique and varied climate conditions in all seasons can greatly contribute to the development of this industry and lead to great benefits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Degradation of Expired Herbicides Stockpiles of Agricultural Supportive Services Company
Elham Shahinfar Ahmad Heidari Mohammad Reza Damavandian Babak Heidari Alizadeh

Background and Objective: Expired pesticides are a major problem in many countries. Thus, we need to know the effective factors in pesticides degradation to prevent environmental damage of them. In many cases restructuring or demolition costs of the expired pesticides a More

Background and Objective: Expired pesticides are a major problem in many countries. Thus, we need to know the effective factors in pesticides degradation to prevent environmental damage of them. In many cases restructuring or demolition costs of the expired pesticides are more than their primary production. Method: This study investigated the possibility of applying the expired pesticides stockpiles of agricultural supportive services company. Quality control tests were performed according to the FAO, CIPAC and pesticide manufacturers' guidelines. Results: The results were classified based on the different groups of pesticides, physical state of herbicides formulation, producing companies, date of production and location of warehouses. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test, in case of significance. The risk test was performed to determine the relative risk for the variables using SPSS-18 software. Conclusion: Result showed a significant correlation between the time lagged after production of herbicides and degradation percentage of herbicides. The degradation percent of expired insecticides was highest and that of expiered herbicides and fungicides was at the second and third rank, respectively. The degradation percent of the expired herbicides formulated in the country was 52% and that of the expired herbicides formulated in India/China was 67%. The results show that 55% of the herbicides with liquid formulation and 26% of the herbicides with solid formulation were degraded. Considering the degradation rate of herbicides, there is no statistically significant difference between the warehouses at 4 climatic regions Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Simulation and prediction some of climate variable by using multi line SDSM and Global Circulation Models (Case study: Bar Watershed Nayshabour)
Siavash Taei Semiromi Hamid Reza Moradi Morteza Khodagholi

One of the weaknesses of GCMs model are large spatial scale in  simulated of climatic variables that for hydrological studies and water resources in the range of watershed area are not sufficiently accurate. So should by using the different techniques that downscal More

One of the weaknesses of GCMs model are large spatial scale in  simulated of climatic variables that for hydrological studies and water resources in the range of watershed area are not sufficiently accurate. So should by using the different techniques that downscale. Then downscaled outputs are used for assessing the impact of climate change on hydrological studies. Among downscaling approaches, statistical methods are of great importance among hydrologists due to their easy and quick performance. In this study, statistical model (SDSM) was evaluated for simulating and predicting minimum and maximum temperature, precipitations in the bar Nayshabur watershed. For executing SDSM model outputs of CGCM1 and Hadcm3 models were applied. Daily data of minimum and maximum temperatures precipitations for the basic period (1970-2000) were simulated under three A1, A2 and B1 scenarios. Based on Statistical parameters, outputs of Hadcm3 model under A2 more compatible with the basic period. Obtained results showed that during 2010-2039, 2040-2069and 2070-2099, the average temperature 0.01, 0.3 and 0.6, the average minimum temperature 0.3, 0.5 and1. 4 and the average maximum temperature 0.7, 1.4 and 2.7 ° C will increase compared to the basic period in the studied basin. Also, the results showed that within three studied periods, the average rainfall will decrease 6, 10 and 17 mm respectivity comparing to the basic period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Litigation and International Responsibility; Instruments deal with the lack of performing commitments concerning climate change
Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Sobhan Taiebi Shima Naderi

Creating and articulating the human rights of the people is necessary. Therefore human rights in dealing with environmental problems, not indifferent and more serious issues in the light of environmental considerations within the international legal has institutionalize More

Creating and articulating the human rights of the people is necessary. Therefore human rights in dealing with environmental problems, not indifferent and more serious issues in the light of environmental considerations within the international legal has institutionalized. One of the most important environmental problems of global climate change is caused by the violation of the international obligations of states.However, conventions, protocols and other international documents on climate change with emphasis on the prevention of air and water pollution seems not yet developed, developing and least developed in the implementation of these documents and regulations are in trouble and international agreements output is positive and strong. It is necessary to describe the purpose of the pathology of non-fulfillment of international commitments on climate change, examines the legal framework of the effective tools in this regard, be addressed. Therefore, its Necessitated, Be investigated to Investigating violation of international obligations on climate change. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Environmental Diplomacy and Climate Change; Constructive strategic approach to reducer
Sobhan Tayebi Mahnaz Zarabi

Our Common Future”, “The future we want”, “Green Future” and Future ahead, the result of the numerous international conferences on important environmental issues in the international arena and was derived from the perspective of Earth's inh More

Our Common Future”, “The future we want”, “Green Future” and Future ahead, the result of the numerous international conferences on important environmental issues in the international arena and was derived from the perspective of Earth's inhabitants and rulers of the world. The process developed in the context of international interactions and has its origin for human rights. The precise form taken on this matter within the framework of diplomacy and it has responded to many concerns. But, it's taken in the meantime, however, significant actions, but there is still present environmental risks as problems facing the international community and The environmental problems may be the result of a social crisis that is considered a threat to peace and security. So, Climate change, including new or emerging risks which will consist of many challenges, including global warming, greenhouse gases instability, destruction of the ozone layer, melting ice, rising sea levels, ocean phenomena, acid rain. This Research based on the principles and methods, and library studies. This Research is Established Inquiry Environmental Diplomacy as Effective Strategy in Climate Change Control. Although international mechanisms of climate change on the agenda is a significant range of activities, the most important way to be successful is the process special attention to cooperation in regional, international and global diplomacy that takes place in the context of the environment. Manuscript profile

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19 - راهکارهای مقابله با تاثیرات تغییرات آب و هوایی و گازهای گلخانه‌ای بر محیط ‌زیست ایران از منظر حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران
مرتضی صادقی غزاله کبیرآبادی هاشم امیری

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20 - The effects of climatic conditions on seasonal population fluctuation of date palm scale Parlatoria blanchardi Targ. (Hem.: Dispididae)
Masoud Latifian Mahshid Zaerae

Palatoria blanchardi Targ. is an important of date palm in Iran. The population was monitored monthly by leaf sampling during 4 years (2000-2004). Sample unit was 3 leaves that taken from 3 strata of the palm canopy of ten trees. Weather data (temperature and relative h More

Palatoria blanchardi Targ. is an important of date palm in Iran. The population was monitored monthly by leaf sampling during 4 years (2000-2004). Sample unit was 3 leaves that taken from 3 strata of the palm canopy of ten trees. Weather data (temperature and relative humidity) were obtained from Abadan meteorology station. Correlation analysis and sigmoid models including Monomolecular, Logistic, Gompertz, Weibull and Richard models were used to study the relationship between population density and  weather parameters. Pest activities started in March and population increased by increasing of temperature and humidity. Result showed that there were three overlapping periods of activities in field. The first, second and third periods of activities started in April, September and December respectively. The first period was longest and the third period was shortest. There was significant correlation between population abundance and weather condition including temperature and relative humidity. The order of relative influences of climatic factors on seasonal population fluctuation showed that the effect of temperature was greater than the effect of relative humidity. The highest population occurred when temperature was between 16 º C and 24 º C and relative humidity was between 42 and 63 percent.  Manuscript profile

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21 - Biology of potato tuber moth, Phthorimea operculella Zeller (Lep.: Gelechidae), on two potato cultivars
M. Shahabi A. Rajabpour

Potato tuber moth, Phthorimea operculella, is one of the most important pests of potato in Iran. Biology of the pest on two commercial potato cultivars, Sante and Arinda, was studied in Andimeshk, north of Khuzestan province, Iran. Samplings were weekly performed from t More

Potato tuber moth, Phthorimea operculella, is one of the most important pests of potato in Iran. Biology of the pest on two commercial potato cultivars, Sante and Arinda, was studied in Andimeshk, north of Khuzestan province, Iran. Samplings were weekly performed from two separate fields cultivated by two cultivars during two agricultural seasons (2013-2015).  Adults and immatures monitoring were done by using sex pheromone trap and direct count respectively. Results showed that adults occurred with two months difference in the first and second agricultural seasons which is related to different means temperature in the two studied seasons. Significant correlation was observed between adult densities and weekly means temperature. First adults appeared on both cultivars in early February and December in the first and second agricultural seasons and peaked at the end of March, respectively. The peaks of egg number were observed at The end of March for the first and second agricultural seasons, respectively. First larvae were observed in early and mid of March in the first and second years.  Larvae peaked at The end of March and mid of April for the first and second years, respectively. No considerable difference was observed among occurrence, peak and activity time of the developmental stages of potato tuberworm on The two tested cultivars. Manuscript profile

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22 - The population fluctuations of Euzophera bigella (Zeller) and Cydia pomonella (L.) at quince orchards
P. Kermani H. Farazmand J. Karimzadeh A. Avand-Faghih

The lepidopterans Euzophera bigella (Zeller) (Pyralidae) and Cydia pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae) are the most important pests of quince trees in Iran, as they cause the qualitative and quantitative losses on quince fruits. The present study was performed to monitor the p More

The lepidopterans Euzophera bigella (Zeller) (Pyralidae) and Cydia pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae) are the most important pests of quince trees in Iran, as they cause the qualitative and quantitative losses on quince fruits. The present study was performed to monitor the population fluctuations of E. bigella and L. pomonella using synthetic pheromone traps at quince orchards in Falavarjan (Isfahan, Iran). In addition, the influence of climatic factors on population fluctuations was studied. It was found that E. bigella adults appeared in early March, showing four population peaks during growth season. The adults of L. pomonella were, however, showed up in middle March with five seasonal population peaks. The populations of male E. bigella were positively correlated with relative humidity, weekly rainfall (up to 3.5 mm), weekly means of minimum and maximum relative humidity and temperature (higher than 25 °C). In addition, when rainfall was 1.2 mm, no significant effects of weekly means of minimum and maximum relative humidity and temperature were observed on E. bigella densities. The population densities of male E. bigella also showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.58) with relative humidity. Manuscript profile

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23 - ارزیابی پتانسیل های آسایش اقلیمی استان خراسان جنوبی باروش TCI
محمود رحمانی

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24 - Investigation of the relationship between climatic elements ‎and pterygium's disease (Case study: Sabzevar)‎
Hasan Reza ei Maryam Moradi Mohamad Motamedirad Hamed Piri

Climate is one of the most influential structural factors of the planet Earth and without a doubt, nature, man and all manifestations of life are affected by climatic conditions on a large scale. Climate, as an old discipline, influences the medical geography of disease More

Climate is one of the most influential structural factors of the planet Earth and without a doubt, nature, man and all manifestations of life are affected by climatic conditions on a large scale. Climate, as an old discipline, influences the medical geography of diseases and many other disciplines related to the environment and daily human life. Pterygium is one of the most common eye diseases that is affected by climatic elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between climatic elements and pterygium's disease in Sabzevar. For this study, the statistics of patients referred to Sabzevar Heshmatieh Hospital during the years 2015 to 2020 who had pterygium disease and also the climatic data of Sabzevar synoptic station have been used. After data collection, ANOVA test and Pearson correlation in SPSS software analyzed the relationship between climatic elements and pterygium disease. The results of this study showed that the monthly correlation of climatic elements, maximum temperature (July and August) and average temperature (August), sundial (June, July and August), average rainfall (August), There are number of rainy days (July), wind speed (August) and maximum wind speed (July and August) with pterygium disease at 95% confidence level. It seems that the climate, which includes a set of different elements such as maximum, average temperature, sundial, rainfall, number of rainy days, wind speed and maximum wind speed that can play an important role in ocular pterygium. Manuscript profile

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25 - Investigation of the relationship between climatic elements ‎and pterygium's disease (Case study: Sabzevar)‎
Hasan Rezaei Maryam &lrm;, Moradi Mohamad Motamedirad Hamed Piri

Climate is one of the most influential structural factors of the planet Earth and without a doubt, nature, man and all manifestations of life are affected by climatic conditions on a large scale. Climate, as an old discipline, influences the medical geography of disease More

Climate is one of the most influential structural factors of the planet Earth and without a doubt, nature, man and all manifestations of life are affected by climatic conditions on a large scale. Climate, as an old discipline, influences the medical geography of diseases and many other disciplines related to the environment and daily human life. Pterygium is one of the most common eye diseases that is affected by climatic elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between climatic elements and pterygium's disease in Sabzevar. For this study, the statistics of patients referred to Sabzevar Heshmatieh Hospital during the years 2015 to 2020 who had pterygium disease and also the climatic data of Sabzevar synoptic station have been used. After data collection, ANOVA test and Pearson correlation in SPSS software analyzed the relationship between climatic elements and pterygium disease. The results of this study showed that the monthly correlation of climatic elements, maximum temperature (July and August) and average temperature (August), sundial (June, July and August), average rainfall (August), There are number of rainy days (July), wind speed (August) and maximum wind speed (July and August) with pterygium disease at 95% confidence level. It seems that the climate, which includes a set of different elements such as maximum, average temperature, sundial, rainfall, number of rainy days, wind speed and maximum wind speed that can play an important role in ocular pterygium Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Detection of Climate Change in Dez River Basin using Dynamical Downscaling
SIMA RAHIMI BONDARABADI Massoud Goodarzi Tayeb raziei

Any changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing imbalance status in system components. However, these changes along whit their effects the future should be simulated. There are different methods for the use of climate models is the most reliable.Here i More

Any changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing imbalance status in system components. However, these changes along whit their effects the future should be simulated. There are different methods for the use of climate models is the most reliable.Here in this research, climate change status in Dez river basin where a major basin for water and agricultural yields is studied. For this purpose, the PRECIS model was used. PRECIS is an exponential dynamics downscaling model used to estimate the temperature and precipitation rates for the period of 2070 to 2100 under A2 and B2 scenarios. According to the results of climate change assessment under scenario A2 for Dez river basin, precipitation would decrease up to 22% and up to 5 degrees centigrade would rise in average maximum and minimum temperature while concerning B2 scenario, a decrease in precipitation up to 33% and a rise in temperature rise up to 3°C are estimated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The impact of prevailing wind changes on Mashhad airport flights with climate change approach
محمد خلیل نژاد محمد خلیل نژاد رضا برنا منوچهر فرج زاده اصل منوچهر فرج زاده اصل

 Floods are one of the most frequent and destructive natural disasters that cause severe financial and financial losses every year. Flood damage is on the rise due to human manipulation of river systems and river construction. In this regard, one of the most import More

 Floods are one of the most frequent and destructive natural disasters that cause severe financial and financial losses every year. Flood damage is on the rise due to human manipulation of river systems and river construction. In this regard, one of the most important non-structural measures to reduce flood damage is the preparation of flood risk zoning maps and their use in spatial planning. In this regard, the HEC-HMS model was used to simulate rainfall-runoff and identify flood zones and fuzzy logic was used to overlay the subject layers and prepare the flood line map. The simulation results show the high efficiency of HEC-HMS model in simulation of rainfall-runoff of Rudball catchment and estimation of peak flood discharges. The conversion of rainfall to runoff at the surface of the Rudball Basin is mainly controlled by geomorphometry and land cover. The highest peak runoff and peak flow rates are in the upstream sub-basins of the Rudball Basin. This is due to high slope, low soil permeability, abundance of impermeable surfaces and high CN. The combination of thematic layers using fuzzy logic showed that about 8.6% of the basin area was located in areas with high risk of flooding. These zones mainly correspond to the floodplain of the Rudbal River. These lands are always exposed to floods due to the low valley and low slope. Most of the settlements in the study area are located downstream of the basin. This has increased the risk of flooding. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Spatio-temporal Assessment of Climatic Comfort in Hamedan Province Using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Nervous Stress Indices
Mohammad Ghasem Torkashvand

Abstract Climate conditions is one of the most important and affecting factors on different aspects of life, especially the health and human comfort. In this study, using bioclimatic and Tourism indices including; Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Nervous S More

Abstract Climate conditions is one of the most important and affecting factors on different aspects of life, especially the health and human comfort. In this study, using bioclimatic and Tourism indices including; Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Nervous Stress, climatic comfort of Hamedan province is evaluated. For each of the indicators, were used climatic parameters of the 9 meteorological stations in the province in 14-year period (2014- 2001). Then, different areas of the province have been evaluated in terms of above bioclimatic indices. The results show that different areas of the province have a large variety of climatic comfort during the year. Based on PET, in May (Malayer, Nahavand, Tuyserkan, Razan, Ghahavand and Famenin Stations), in September (Hamadan station) and in October (Asadabad, Famenin and Ghahavand) are under optimum climate conditions, and "non stress". Also, based on the Nervous Stress index; in June, Hamedan and Famenin stations and in July, all stations are in "warm and comfortable" condition. In August; Hamedan, Malayer, Nahavand and Razan stations are in "Comfortable" and the rest of the stations are in "warm and comfortable". In September; all stations are in the "cool" condition. In general, according to the above indicators examined in terms of climatic comfort, the best time in the province are May, September and October respectively. However, based on Nervous Stress index, comfort conditions provides only in August. During this period, in addition to the optimal climatic comfort, natural beauty across the province is also very favorable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - The Role of Spatial Management Institutions in Area Resiliency with an Emphasis on Climatic Fluctuation Risks (A Case Study of Bonab)
javad Hajializadeh asgar rashidi ebrahimhesari

We witness cities high risk taking in recent years as a result of climate changes. Climate changes result in higher temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and increased droughts. However, reduced risk and vulnerability were ignored.  The research method is More

We witness cities high risk taking in recent years as a result of climate changes. Climate changes result in higher temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and increased droughts. However, reduced risk and vulnerability were ignored.  The research method is survey and its logic is inductive and its most important advantage is interoperability of the obtained results. The SPSS and Lisrel Software are used for data analysis and statistical tests and Arc GIS software were used in order to display spatial maps. In this study, spatial management institutions variable including institutions and stakeholders of Bonab city and surrounding villages management was considered as dependent and endogenous variable was measured and analyzed in thirteen dimensions based on Hyogo vision and Framework. The reduced risks of climate fluctuations were measured and analyzed in six dimensions in order to increase the region's resiliency as exogenous variable. Output calculations based on single-sample t-test (T) indicated that urban- regional management principles were unfavorable in the study area and generally in spatial management dimension. The casual network that is determined by structural equations is 2.32 based on X2 / DF value and since the obtained value is smaller than 3, it shows that the model fitness is appropriate. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) must be less than 0.08 that is equal to 0.063 in the proposed model. GFI (goodness of fit index) and (adjusted goodness of fit index) AGFI indices are equal to 0.91 and 0.90 respectively that must be greater than 0.80. The results of five indices are presented including increased comparative fit, relative fitness, Bentle Bonett normative fit, and Tucker-Lewis fit and comparative fit index based on data goodness of fit and structural model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - راهکارهای مقابله با تاثیرات تغییرات آب و هوایی و گازهای گلخانه‌ای بر محیط ‌زیست ایران از منظر حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران
مرتضی صادقی غزاله کبیرآبادی هاشم امیری

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Open Access Article

31 - -
shahriar khaledi faramarz khoshakhlagh mehdi khazaee

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- Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - The Effect of Ornamental Plant Species in Reducing Pollution and Purifying the Air of Sports Facilities
Jalil Pourzarnegar Firoozeh Pourzarnegar

Ornamental plants are one of the cheapest and most natural elements for air purification and pollution reduction. The ability of this type of plant species to absorb pollutants and purify the air is undeniable. Today, due to industrialization and technological progress, More

Ornamental plants are one of the cheapest and most natural elements for air purification and pollution reduction. The ability of this type of plant species to absorb pollutants and purify the air is undeniable. Today, due to industrialization and technological progress, air and environmental pollution has become an important concern in developing countries. The purpose of this research is the effect of ornamental plant species in reducing pollution and purifying the air of sports venues. Pollutants that affect the cleanliness of sports places include: Benzene, Formaldehyde, Carbon Monoxide, Trichloroethylene, Ammonia, Fume and Xylene. Eight plant species include: English ivy (Hedera helix), Aloe vera, devil's ivy (Epipremnum aureum), dwarf date palm (Phoenix roebelenii), spider plant (Chlorphytum comosum), variegated snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii'), boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis') and bamboo palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii). In order to purify the air and reduce pollution, pollutants were investigated for air purification and reduction of pollutants in this research. According to the results of this research (P < 0.05), the necessary information to predict the correlation of air purification with different plant species statistically showed that, based on the model, eight studied plant species have a natural correlation with air purification and Sansevieria trifasciata has the greatest effect in reducing pollution and purifying the air of sports venues (Beta = 0.348, Value = 0.966). The results showed that in any part of the world, the studied plant species are among the most effective species in air purification, so they are suitable for streets, parks and sports places. It is suggested that by using the results of this research, the relevant officials and stakeholders should pay more attention and use the mentioned plants to improve the air quality of the city and sports facilities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Predicting rainfed barley crop yield using Artificial neural network and fuzzy neural systems in Khorasan provinces-Iran
Ahad Madani Abbas Khasheyi َAlireza khakzad sivaki

10.2./jpps.2022.691244

In this research, we try to predict the yield of rainfed barley in Khorasan provinces using climatic parameters and two methods of artificial nervous netwework (Ann) and fuzzy neural system (Anfis). Calculations were performed with MATLAB software and then the statistic More

In this research, we try to predict the yield of rainfed barley in Khorasan provinces using climatic parameters and two methods of artificial nervous netwework (Ann) and fuzzy neural system (Anfis). Calculations were performed with MATLAB software and then the statistical indices of correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and full mean error (MAE) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. Last year's yield and rainfall had an effective role in reducing prediction error and increasing correlation coefficient in both Ann and Anfis methods. Last year's yield and evapotranspiration made the Anfis method more accurate than the Ann method. The results of both Anfis and Ann methods for model L inputs, which included rainfall, relative humidity and last year's yield, showed that this model achieved the highest accuracy among the input models. However, in the Anfis method for model E inputs, which included evapotranspiration, rainfall, relative humidity and minimum temperature, the results showed that it was more accurate than the Ann method. The greatest difference in accuracy in estimating yield between the two Anfis and Ann methods was observed with R inputs model, which includes moisture inputs, Dew point temperatures and maximum temperatures. The presence of radiation parameters at the inputs reduced the accuracy of yield estimation in both methods. Overall, the Anfis method was more accurate in estimating yield than Ann. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - بررسی تغییرات آب و هوایی در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر
زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی

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Open Access Article

35 - نگرشی دیگر بر شرایط آب و هوایی ایران دوره‌ی یچچالی کواترنر
محمد.رضا اصغری مقدم

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Open Access Article

36 - Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on International Security
Masoud AKHAVAN KAZEMI Tayebeh Sadat Hoseini Fereshteh Bahramipoor

DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1398.12.46.1.4

Today, environmental concerns, has become a serious security question in international relations and created a major inquietude for statesmen and policy makers. Since environmental problems caused by climate change are becoming more serious, it would transform to an inf More

Today, environmental concerns, has become a serious security question in international relations and created a major inquietude for statesmen and policy makers. Since environmental problems caused by climate change are becoming more serious, it would transform to an influential variable in internal or international conflicts. Climate changes not only destroy human natural habitats but also disrupt social arrangements and increase the likelihood of violent conflicts and endanger peace and international security and affect the environmental justice. The aim of this study is to identify threats and environmental factors resulting from climate changes and analyze their effects on peace and security in the international system. The findings of this study suggest that future climate changes have un undeniable impact on national integration of societies and on the peace and stable security in the international system and will cause the new types of disputes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Differences between puberty in boys and girls in cold, tropical and temperate climates based on medical findings and field data
sayed mohammad keykavosi

According to the Quranic criteria in the sixth verse of Surah An-Nisa, puberty is a natural phenomenon with the actualization of sexual talent and reproductive powers, which in jurisprudential and legal principles, girls reach the age of 9 years and boys reach the age o More

According to the Quranic criteria in the sixth verse of Surah An-Nisa, puberty is a natural phenomenon with the actualization of sexual talent and reproductive powers, which in jurisprudential and legal principles, girls reach the age of 9 years and boys reach the age of 15 as the beginning. The duty is considered to be religious, civil and criminal obligations and responsibilities. However, the willingness to accept the responsibilities and limitations of puberty for girls and boys of different races, diverse climates, as well as differences in community culture and social health status and other factors, is not the same. Setting a fixed standard for all of them seems inappropriate. Therefore, the researcher with the aim of re-reading the jurisprudential and legal principles in the category of maturity criteria, while paying attention to the audience of hadiths in the critique of jurisprudential citations to maturity narrations, the rate of maturity variable in heterogeneous climates according to field research and Measured and examined medical components. According to the results of the present study, girls and boys living in cold climates and weather conditions have reached puberty with a considerable delay of their kind in the warm regions of Siri and at an older age have a correct understanding of social responsibilities and duties. They find themselves. Manuscript profile

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