Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Degradation of Expired Herbicides Stockpiles of Agricultural Supportive Services Company
Subject Areas : environmental managementElham Shahinfar 1 , Ahmad Heidari 2 , Mohammad Reza Damavandian 3 , Babak Heidari Alizadeh 4
1 - MSc Student of Agriculture Entomology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2 - - Associate professor of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. * ( Corresponding Author)
3 - Associate professor, Department of Plant Protection, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 - Assistance professor of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: expired herbicides, climate zones, date of production, physical state of the formulat,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Expired pesticides are a major problem in many countries. Thus, we need to know the effective factors in pesticides degradation to prevent environmental damage of them. In many cases restructuring or demolition costs of the expired pesticides are more than their primary production. Method: This study investigated the possibility of applying the expired pesticides stockpiles of agricultural supportive services company. Quality control tests were performed according to the FAO, CIPAC and pesticide manufacturers' guidelines. Results: The results were classified based on the different groups of pesticides, physical state of herbicides formulation, producing companies, date of production and location of warehouses. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test, in case of significance. The risk test was performed to determine the relative risk for the variables using SPSS-18 software. Conclusion: Result showed a significant correlation between the time lagged after production of herbicides and degradation percentage of herbicides. The degradation percent of expired insecticides was highest and that of expiered herbicides and fungicides was at the second and third rank, respectively. The degradation percent of the expired herbicides formulated in the country was 52% and that of the expired herbicides formulated in India/China was 67%. The results show that 55% of the herbicides with liquid formulation and 26% of the herbicides with solid formulation were degraded. Considering the degradation rate of herbicides, there is no statistically significant difference between the warehouses at 4 climatic regions
1- GIFAP, 1985. Options for ensuring quality in stored products. Technical Monograph No. 10. Brussels.
2- FAO, 2001. Baseline study on the problem of obsolete pesticide stocks, FAO pesticide disposal, series 9, The Problem of Obsolete Pesticides, Food and agriculture organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy. available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X8639E/x8639e00.htm
3- FAO, 1995. Prevention of accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks provisional guidelines, FAO pesticide disposal, series 2, The Problem of Obsolete Pesticides, Food and agriculture organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy. p.3-7. Available at:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/v7460e/v7460e.pdf
4- Mwandia, A. and Touni, E. 2006. Obsolete pesticides in Africa - raising awareness of social and environmental implications. Article presented at the International Conference on Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Environmental Fate, Effects and Public Health Implications, Tanzania.
5- Satyavani, G., Gopi, R., Ayyappan, A., Balakrishnamurthy, S. and Neelakanta Reddy, P., 2011. Toxicity effect of expired pesticides to freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. J. of Agri. and Environ, 12: 1-9
6- Kreisler, E. and Heiss, R. 2008. Managing expired pesticides as hazardous waste across borders. The Eighth International Conference on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement, Washington, DC.
7- Dasgupta, S., Meisner, C. Wheeler, D. 2010. Stockpiles of obsolete pesticides and cleanup priorities: A methodology and application for Tunisia, J. of Environ manag. 91(4): 824-830.
8- Shah, B. P. and Devkota, B., 2009, obsolete pesticides: their environmental and human health hazards. J. of Agri. and Environ, 10: 60-66.
9- WHO/UNEP (World Health Organization/United Nations Environment Programme). 1990. Public Health Impact of Pesticides Used in Agriculture. Publisher World Health Organization, Geneva, 128 p, available at: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39772.
10- FAO, 1996. Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual, FAO pesticide disposal, series 3, The Problem of Obsolete Pesticides, Food and agriculture organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy. p.12. available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm
11- Heidari, A. 2010. Research Strategic Plan for Pesticides. IRIPP press. 271 p, in Persian.
12- CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council). 1970. Analysis of technical and formulated pesticides. Compiled by R. deB. Ashworth, J. Henriet& J. F. Lovett; edited by G. R. Raw. Volume 1. Published by HarpendenCollaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council.
13- CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council).1995. Physico-chemical methods for technical and formulated pesticides. EditorsW. Dobrat&A. Martijn. Volume F. Published by HarpendenCollaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council.
14- Bhattacharyya, A. Barik, S. R. Ganguly, P. 2009. New pesticide molecules, formulation technology and uses: Present status and future challenges, J. of Plant Protec. 1 (1): 9-15.
15- Spliid, N. H., Helweg, A., Heinrichson, K. 2006. Leaching and degradation of 21 pesticides in a full-scale model biobed. Chemosphere. 65 (11): 2223-32.
16- Fishel, F. 2001. Temperature effects on storage of agricultural pesticides. Department of Agronomy, available at: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1921.
