The problems of epileptic EFL learners are more serious than those of normal learners. Mostly, in the context of language learning, they perform weakly in productive and verbal skills. This study investigated whether a social, meta-cognitive, and problem-solving skills training package affects foreign language anxiety, and vocabulary learning of epileptic EFL learners. The participants were selected through purposive sampling from among those referring to the Long Term Video EEG Monitoring Center in Kerman. To collect the data, the FL Anxiety Scale, TOEFL Vocabulary Test, Quick Placement Test, and the Social, Meta-cognitive, and Problem-solving Skills Training Package were recruited. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, and ANCOVA were run. The findings of the study showed that the effectiveness of the mentioned training package on Iranian epileptic EFL learners’ FL anxiety and vocabulary learning in online was more effective than in the traditional context. The results have implications for the epileptic EFL learners and EFL teachers. Manuscript profile

Selves-theory has some implications for EFL learning. Among different English skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it requires ideology transfer as a main element of selves-theory. However, writing academically in a foreign language is a complex struggle for many undergraduate and graduate students and it has attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics since the last decades of the twentieth century. The present study aimed to explore Iranian EFL learners’ possible selves construction as influenced by teaching IELTS writing skills. To this end,a quasi-experimental design was used. From among IELTS candidates taking part in five IELTS preparation centers in Kerman,90 (45 males and 45 females) candidates were selected as the participants of the present study through cluster sampling. The Possible Selves in Students Questionnaire developed and validated by Zadshir et al. (2020) was used to identify the expected possible selves of the participants. To analyze the data,descriptive statistics and Multi-Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were run. According to the results, feared selves were stronger than expected and responsible selves among the participants before training on IELTS writing skills. Further,it was revealed that expected and responsible selves were stronger than feared selves among the participants after training on IELTS writing skills. Finally,it was proved that training on IELTS writing skills had a significant effect on EFL learners& construction of the possible selves as well as the dimensions of the possible selves in the future. Implications of the results for EFL curriculum planners,teachers and learners have been discussed. Manuscript profile

Bipolar disorder, as a known disorder throughout the world, negatively affects people personally and socially. In addition, it leads to malfunction and dysfunction in their profession. To help bipolar people, a variety of approaches have been proposed among which positive thinking training can be mentioned. Moreover, professional identity is of importance in the quality of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ teaching. This study, using a grounded theory design, aimed at modeling bipolar EFL teachers’ professional identity patterns before and after training on positive thinking. The participants consisted of 25 bipolar EFL teachers (16 males and 9 females) who were purposefully selected from EFL teachers teaching in private language institutes in Kerman, Iran. Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale and a semi-structured interview were used to collect the data. Concerning the results, a model was proposed wherein, before positive thinking training, the bipolar EFL teachers had a fear of teaching failure, did not emphasize students’ needs, used mainstream teaching methods, had the fear of being known as unknowledgeable, and had the fear of being known as irresponsible and unaccountable. However, after positive thinking training, the bipolar EFL teachers had good communication, classroom management, and motivational skills, were more willing to reach professional development and more proficient in the English language, used the best teaching methods, and had good verbal skills. The findings have some implications for EFL teacher education administrators and bipolar EFL teachers. Manuscript profile

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Purpose: This study endeavored to find out the possible relationship between reflectivity and impulsivity as cognitive learning styles and vocabulary/ grammar development as sub-skills among EFL learners.Methodology: Two intact classes of the third-grade students were selected by the researchers and Oxford Placement Test was run for homogenizing them. After that, Barrat’s (2005) Impulsive/ Reflective questionnaire was given to the participants and they had to respond the translated items in a limited time. Regarding the score scale provided by the questionnaire, the participants were labeled as reflective and impulsive ones. Next, a standard grammar/vocabulary test, extracted from their book, administered to them and the scores were recorded by the researchers. Then, the scores of the questionnaires and tests sent to SPSS software for analyzing and interpreting the data. In inferential statistics, the researchers used correlation test to examine the possible relationship between the students' learning styles and their sub-skills development.Findings: Results of the study indicated a positive relationship between the students' sub-skills achievements (vocabulary/ grammar) and their learning styles (reflectivity/ impulsivity). In other words, reflectivity and impulsivity had effect on the students' performance in sub-skills, as the reflective students presented better performance and made fewer errors than the impulsive ones in vocabulary and grammar tests.Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the higher the reflectivity of the learners is, the more successful they tend to be in such tests. It is expected that the findings of the research indicate the importance of learning styles in educational environment. Manuscript profile

Purpose: Most organizations including English language institutes require an assessment system that collects and analyzes data to evaluate and improve their performance. One essential technique to conduct such an assessment involves a discussion of an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, commonly known as SWOT analysis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the framework of Shokuh language institute in Kerman, Iran, by applying the SWOT analysis. Methodology: To achieve the aims, a case study design was utilized using the SWOT analysis plan. The participants of this study included some students, teachers, parents and staff members from Shokuh language institute in Kerman. The participants were selected through purposive method of sampling. Semi-structured interview was used to collect the required data. The content of the transcribed interviews was qualitatively analyzed through coding procedures to identify the four components of SWOT analysis namely strength, weakness, opportunity and threat.Findings: Based on the result of SWOT analysis, some strengths including knowledgeable teachers, good behavior of the manager, authorities, holding TTC courses, rewards, discounts, etc., and some weakness namely shortage of physical facilities, no social event, lack of technological facilities, enough advertisement, and lack of credit of the certificate were identified. Moreover, some opportunities specifically having classes for different levels, taking advantage of virtual advertisements, using new teaching methods were revealed. However, unlike other institutes, unavailability of skilled and qualified teachers and lack of application of technology and online examinations were found among the threats. Manuscript profile

House wives hold a specific position at home, as it is known to everyone. However, the presence of some known issues including their financial dependence to the husband, has made them a vulnerable group in the society, whatever is its development status. This study aimed at investigating the effect of virtual English language teaching on Iranian house wives’ emotional regulation, anger control. In so doing, a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design was used. The target population of this study included all Iranian house wives. From the population, about 60 Iranian house wives from different cities of Iran were selected through available sampling. The participants were randomly divided into two groups namely, the experimental and control groups. The required data were collected through the following instruments: The Persian version of Anger Control Questionnaire, developed and validated by Buss and Perry (1992);; and the Persian version of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2003). Data analysis was conducted running descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Leven test, and one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings confirmed a significantly positive impact of virtual English language teaching on Iranian House wives’ emotional regulation, anger control . The findings have implications for top-level educational authorities, social emergency administrators, and future researchers. Manuscript profile

The present study aimed to develop and validate a model of Iranian EFL teacher classroom fairness using a sequential exploratory mixed methods design (QUAL + quan). The participants consisted of two groups. The first group consisted of 250 Iranian EFL teachers who were selected through available sampling through virtual groups in social networks. The second group of participants included 150 Iranian EFL learners at the intermediate level from different private language institutes in Iran were selected through available sampling from different virtual groups in WhatsApp or Telegram. The following instruments used for data collection in the present study: A Demographic information scale and a closed-ended questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted through thematic analysis by MAXQDA software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis through SPSS and AMOS 24 software. Finally, the reliability of the developed model of Iranian EFL teacher classroom fairness was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to the results, a model of Iranian EFL teacher classroom fairness developed in four main components, including teaching fairness, evaluation fairness, classroom management fairness, and classroom communication fairness. Finally, the proposed model of Iranian EFL teacher classroom fairness found to be valid and reliable. The findings have some implications for policymakers, teacher educators, teacher education administrators, and curriculum developers Manuscript profile

House wives hold a specific position at home, as it is known to everyone. This study aimed at investigating the effect of virtual English language teaching on Iranian house wives’ emotional regulation, anger control, and domestic violence. In so doing, a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design was used. The target population of this study included all Iranian house wives. From the population, about 60 Iranian house wives from different cities of Iran were selected through available sampling. The participants were randomly divided into two groups namely, the experimental and control groups. The required data were collected through the following instruments: The Persian version of Anger Control Questionnaire, developed and validated by Buss and Perry (1992); the Domestic Violence against Women, developed and validated by Mohseni Tabrizi et al. (2011) in Persian; and the Persian version of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2003). The findings confirmed a significantly positive impact of virtual English language teaching on Iranian House wives’ emotional regulation, anger control and domestic violence. The findings have implications for top-level educational authorities, social emergency administrators, and future researchers. Manuscript profile

This study sought to investigate translation strategies in translation of culture-specific items (CSIs) in Persian translation of ‘The Egyptian’ novel by Mika Waltari. To this end, it benefited from corpus-based comparative content analysis design within a qualitative approach. The corpus of this study consisted of 150 pages of the novel ‘The Egyptian’ by Mika Waltari along with their Persian translations by Zabihollah Mansouri, which were selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis included parallel comparison of the source text and its translation in terms of the occurrence of different types of translation strategies used in the translations. Furthermore, statistical procedures which were conducted consisted of calculation of frequency and percentage of different translation strategies (to identify the most and least frequent strategies) and chi-square test (to see if there is a significant difference between the frequencies of different strategies used by the translator). The results of data analysis showed that the translator has used the following translation strategies: Calque, equivalence, adaptation, literal translation, modulation and omission. Moreover, it was found that the most frequent strategy was calque. Furthermore, the lowest frequency belonged to modulation and omission. In addition, a significant difference was revealed between the frequencies of different translation strategies. The findings have some implications for translation students, translation teachers, and translators. Manuscript profile

The present descriptive study aimed at investigating the human and machine Persian translations of The Kite Runner by Khalid Hosseini, and comparing the applied translation strategies in the translated texts for culture-specific items (CSI). To this end, based on Newmark’s (1988) category, the applied strategies were identified in the two translations and compared. The obtained results showed that Naturalization and Transposition strategies were the most frequently-used strategies by both human translators and machine translation. The results also showed that machine translation could not present a comprehensible translation due to overuse of these strategies (75%). It was further revealed that the spirit of the original text was not lost in the translated versions due to the closeness of Iranian and Afghan cultures. In fact, the translated versions kept the real beauty and creativity of the original work. However, the remorseful theme of the source text was kept intact to a great extent in the human translation of the novel, while machine translation lost it. Thus, the general impression is that culture-specific terms make it difficult for the machine translation to achieve complete word-for-word and semantic equivalence, and that the human translator must have a broad knowledge of the literature and traditions of both the source and target languages. Manuscript profile

This study aimed to investigate the impact of self-regulation training and instruction on EFL learners’ short-term andlong-term retention of English vocabulary in online classes. The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design. The participants of this study included 60 Iranian maleintermediate EFL learners chosen from among 68 learners studying English at a private language institute inKerman, Iran based on their PET scores. The original sample was selected through convenience sampling. Theparticipants’ ages ranged from 17 to 30. The following instruments were used in this study: a Preliminary EnglishTest (PET) and two researcher-made vocabulary tests. To analyze the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,Descriptive statistics and Repeated Measures ANOVA were used and according to the results of data analysis, self-regulation training and instruction had a significant effect on EFL learners’ short-term and long-term retention ofEnglish vocabularies in online classes. The findings have some implications for EFL teachers, EFL learners, andcurriculum planners. Manuscript profile

This study sought to investigate the problems and challenges of the current state of teaching translation in post-graduate studies. In so doing, it used a content analysis design within a qualitative method. The participants consisted of 20 (10 males and ten females) translation teachers who were selected through purposive sampling. To collect the required data, a semi-structured interview was used in the form of individual and focus group interviews. To analyze interview data, the content of transcribed interviews was qualitatively analyzed by the researcher to identify the common themes and categories in them, based on an exploratory theme-based approach. The results of the thematic analysis of interview data led to the identification of some problems and challenges including students’ lack of willingness to learn translation, the emphasis on practical elements in teaching translation, lack of an effective teaching translation program, students’ demotivation, and so on. Moreover, a program consisting of five steps was suggested for using technology in teaching translation in post-graduate studies in Iran. The findings have some implications for translation teachers and students, and authorities. Manuscript profile

The purpose of holistic language teaching is the development of the learners’ ability to handle both their language oral skills as well as maximizing their life skills. This study aimed to fulfill these objectives through a mixed-methods design, using holistic teaching procedures. The participants of the study comprised 60 Iranian EFL pre-intermediate learners homogenized through Cambridge Placement Test, from a population of 78 students who had been selected by simple random sampling. They were divided into two experimental and control groups (30 students in each group) who received the treatment--a holistic and sequenced series of listening-speaking activities, and traditional teaching instruction, respectively. Four instruments were used to collect the data for analysis: Cambridge Placement Test, a comprehensive test of speaking and listening used as pretest and posttest, a questionnaire to estimate the learners’ self-efficacy and finally, an unstructured interview. The findings of the study proved that the experimental group that was exposed to the holistic teaching procedures outperformed the control group, meaning that the participants in this group performed more satisfactorily in both listening and speaking. Moreover, their self-efficacy improved to an acceptable level as they expressed in the interview their satisfaction with the use of holistic teaching procedures. These findings have some implications for both teachers and students concerning the enhancement of language interaction in and outside the English classes. Manuscript profile

This paper aimed to critically look at team teaching tactics and the role it plays in achieving teaching and learning effectiveness. Specifically, using psychological counseling procedures, this study examined the benefits this learner-centered attitude brings to the student teachers and students, and also discussed different possible issues that may arise. To this purpose, a mix-methods design which comprised pretest, posttest, questionnaires, and interview was utilized to collect the necessary data. 52 Iranian high school EFL students were selected through purposive sampling and divided into a Control Group (CG) and an Experimental Group (EG). Also, two English language teachers, and a teacher as counselor were purposively selected to participate in team teaching procedure. The control group was taught through traditional methods of language teaching and the experimental group was taught through team teaching procedures. The posttest results showed that there were significant differences in favour of the experimental group between the two groups in terms of their oral proficiency.Also, the results obtained from the questionnaires revealed that that there were significant differences in the participants’ outlook towards using team teaching methods in the language class. It was further found that there was a very strong evidence of partnership between team teaching plus counseling practice and inherent academic motivation as well as between team teaching and counseling procedure. The findings of the study are valuable for English language instructors, materials developers, program planners, and education administrators. Manuscript profile

There have been few representative studies investigating Iranian senior high school students’ L2 selves shaped by the ELT reform. Thus, the current study was an attempt to ponder on the ideal-self, ought-to self, and L2 experience orientations of Iranian EFL high school students. Moreover, it intended to seek whether there was any relationship between three L2 motivational variables of Iranian EFL high school students across gender and residential background. To this end, 200 males and 184 females from Iranian senior high schools in South part of Iran were selected through purposive sampling. Based on a mixed methods design, the study was conducted to gain the breadth and depth of the issue under investigation. The results showed that there was no substantial gap between male and female learners in L2 motivational preference of English learning. In addition, there was a significant difference between female and male students’ views on ought-to self. Moreover, it was observed that there was no marked difference between the L2 experience of female and male L2 learners. Regarding residential background, there was a significant difference among the mean ranks of the urban residential participants at three L2 motivational orientations but, there was not a significant difference among the mean ranks of the rural residential participants. The findings of the study recommend the incorporation of L2 motivation in teaching methods to improve the learning environment and learner investment in language learning. Manuscript profile

This study aimed to investigate the impact of web-based cooperative teaching through strategy-based instruction on EFL learners’ speaking and listening skills. Moreover, the use of cooperative teaching was hypothesized to have impact on the EFL learners’ self-efficacy. To this purpose, the study followed a mixed-methods design by implementing both qualitative and quantitative data gathering procedures through tests, questionnaire and interviews. The population of the study was made up of 48 EFL learners in a language institute in Kerman, a city in the south east of Iran. In order to collect data, four instruments were used: Cambridge Placement Test to homogenize the participants, pre- and post-listening and speaking tests, a questionnaire to estimate EFL learners’ self-efficacy and finally an interview. Based on the obtained results, it was revealed that the learners in the online group improved much more satisfactorily than those taught through traditional teaching procedures. It was, therefore, concluded that collaborative teaching strategies were effective in the web environment. Besides, meaningful relationships were observed between the use of the applied strategies and the oral skills. Furthermore, the results of the questionnaire clearly indicated the learners’ self-efficacy improvement from pre- to post-administration. Finally, the resulted obtained from the interview showed the positive effect of web-based cooperative and strategy teaching in the oral language class. In fact, majority of the learners in the online group clearly maintained that using collaboration in the web-environment could enhance their learning level. The findings of the study are of much help to language teachers who observe learning problems among their students. They can also assist learners who suffer from communicative difficulties in the situations where they have to collaborate with other groups and exchange ideas. Manuscript profile

The present study was done to evaluate two dimensions of written language proficiency i.e., complexity and accuracy through SHAD application as a social network. Moreover, the study analyzed the participants' attitude towards the mentioned application. This research was a quasi-experimental study in which two groups were compared with each other. It also focused on the quantitative method and the questionnaire data were analyzed descriptively. To do this, a total of 80 twelfth grade high school students were selected based on the convenience sampling to participate in the present work to establish an experimental group (students learning writing under SHAD app condition) and a control group (students learning writing in class condition). The data were collected and moved to SPSS software and the output is firstly analyzed and then discussed and represented. That is to say, after a course of writing training, data analysis was done by using pretest, posttest and questionnaire results. The obtained results showed that the use of SHAD application had no significant impact on improving the perfection of the student’s writing skills, while it significantly affects improving the complexity of their writing skills. The study has also illustrated the positive students’ attitude towards E-learning i.e., SHAD application. On the whole, the participants’ overall satisfaction was achieved by this study. Manuscript profile

The present study tried to analyze Iranian EFL teachers’ barriers for Professional Development (PD). More specifically, the study analyzed the EFL teachers’ constraints and barriers in PD as well as the relationship between EFL teachers’ gender, level of education and teaching experience and their barriers in continuous professional development. In doing so, a total number of 41 EFL teachers of different language institute of Kerman were selected. The data were gathered through a related questionnaire which focused on EFL teachers' barriers. The data were inserted into SPSS software and both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Based on the results, teachers' barriers referred to system and schools than personal matters. It might mean that the educational system does not support and encourage PD activities or the teachers believe that PD programs should be organized and take place in schools. Moreover, the findings indicated that there is no significant difference between male and female EFL teachers’ barriers, restrictions or constraints in their PD. The results also showed no significant difference between teachers' level of education and teaching experience and their barriers and constraints for professional development. The findings might prove fruitful and innovative for the managers of foreign language education centers, teachers, and policy makers. Manuscript profile

This study sought to investigate the culture-oriented concept in a literary text based on Newmark's (1998) model. More specifically, the study was conducted to find the applied strategies in English translation anecdotes of Gulistan Sa'adi. It also highlighted if Newmark's strategies distributed equally through the translation. Moreover, the shortcomings of the translation were presented. The corpus composed of the Persian textbook of Gulistan Sa'adi as Source Text (ST), with the English translation as Target Text (TT) by Rehatsek (2010). Data were analyzed and the results are presented in the form of tables. After analyzing and interpreting data, some major shortcomings have been observed in the English version as vague, unclear, meaningless translation and omitted words have been observed in the English version. Moreover, all the cultural strategies were applied by the translator, but none of them were equally distributed in English translation of Gulistan Sa'adi. Based on the received data, "Paraphrase" and "Synonymy" strategies have been used in many cases and frequently by translator. "Paraphrase" strategy is most commonly used in the cases that the translator could not find any equivalents for the source items and the translator is forced to explain the meaning of the cultural items and the explanation is much more detailed than the equivalents. In the case of synonymy strategy, the translator renders near translation of an SL word or expression with a TL expression, but not completely. However, the least frequent strategies were "naturalization", "shift /modulation" and "couplets" strategies which found just in one case. Manuscript profile

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research was to find out more about the professional development needs of Iranian translation teachers, taking the role of gender and education degree into account. In line with the objectives of the study, a qualitative research method using content analysis was applied. To do this, 15 male and 15 female Iranian EFL teachers with MA and Ph.D. degrees in different branches of English field including translation and TEFL were selected as the contributors in the research through purposive sampling from teachers teaching translation courses in different universities including Islamic Azad University, Kerman branch, and Shiraz Branch. A semi-structured interview, designed in six open-ended questions by the researcher through consulting the previous studies, was used to collect the appropriate data. The method utilized for data analysis included qualitative content analysis. According to the results, some professional development needs were extracted from interviews as knowledge of teaching methods, affective factors, evaluation procedure, good class communication, critical thinking, etc. Moreover, it was found that gender does not play a significant role in the professional development needs of Iranian translation teachers. However, the results confirmed that educational level plays a significant role in the professional development needs of Iranian translation teachers. Manuscript profile

This study addressed the effect of different types of Cognitive Linguistics (CL)-based instruction on EFL learners’ modal verbs learning. To explore this, a quasi-experimental pre-test posttest control group design was used. As the participants, three classes of intermediate EFL learners(60 female) from a private language institute in Kerman, Iran were selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used to collect data included the Quick Placement Test (QPT) and two parallel multiple-choice fill-in-the-blank modal verbs tests. During the treatment period, the two experimental groups benefited from conceptual instruction and verbal instruction on modal verbs. However, the control group enjoyed non-CL-based instruction on modal verbs.To analyze the data, normality test, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using SPSS21 software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used to check the normality of distribution of the data. Descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean was run to measure the pattern of the participants’ performance in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test. Inferential statistics involved one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Post hoc test. The results of data analysis confirmed the effectiveness of both types of CL-based instruction (i.e., conceptual instruction and verbal instruction) on EFL learners’ modal verbs learning. Moreover, as shown by the results, conceptual instruction was more effective than verbal instruction on EFL learners’ modal verbs learning. The findings have some implications for EFL learners, teachers, and curriculum planners. Manuscript profile

The researchers noticed the empty place of a model of classroom management literacy for Iranian EFL teachers in the extant literature. By employing a mixed-methods design, this research developed a model of classroom management literacy for Iranian EFL teachers. To achieve this aim, 30 Iranian EFL teachers who were experienced and Ph.D. holders in TEFL, participated in the qualitative phase via random sampling method from virtual groups of high school EFL teachers in WhatsApp or Telegram. Moreover, 300 Iranian EFL teachers as the participants of the qualitative phase were conveniently selected to participate in the quantitative phase. Data collection was done via a closed-ended questionnaire, an open-ended questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview. In the qualitative stage, a model of classroom management literacy was developed, involved the grounded theory-based data analysis. In the quantitative phase, using Structural Equation Modeling (SPSS and AMOS 24 software), the developed model of classroom management literacy for Iranian EFL teachers was exposed to validity and reliability analysis. According to the qualitative and quantitative results, a model of classroom management literacy for Iranian EFL teachers developed in two main categories, including knowledge resources of classroom management and classroom management practices. These two categories consisted of some sub-categories. At a more specific level, these two categories were sub-categorized into some strategies. Moreover, the results showed that the developed model of classroom management literacy for Iranian EFL teachers was of high validity and reliability. The findings have some implications for EFL teacher education researchers, policymakers, curriculum developers, and teachers. Manuscript profile

This qualitative study aimed to investigate the effect of reciprocal scaffolding techniques in EFL classes on Iranian EFL learners’ views in a Language Management System (LMS) environment. In doing so, 32 pre-intermediate EFL students of a language institute in Kerman were selected based on a simple random sampling method. The data gathering tools included a homogeneity test and then related interviews. The participants received reciprocal-scaffolding techniques instruction in their online class via LMS. They practiced the teaching strategies which encouraged learners’ independence in the LMS environment. At the end of the course, the participants were interviewed based on the data saturation technique. The results of the interview analyzed the positive and negative views of EFL learners toward the use of these strategies in the LMS context. Findings indicated that the usage of reciprocal teaching and scaffolding and their integration offered greater learning chances in terms of additional learning resources in the context of the LMS. The final stages of RT scaffolding were related to the students’ independence and autonomy, so they could study the extra sources without getting help from the instructor. Totally, all factors resulted in high learners' satisfaction with the techniques. The study suggested some pedagogical implications for EFL teachers and learners in using reciprocal scaffolding techniques in the EFL context. Manuscript profile

The present study considered the role of E-learning in EFL learners’ identity construction. It specifically tried to highlight the extent that different aspects of students’ identity were constructed in the virtual teaching context. It also identified the most/least dominant types of identity construed in the E-learning context and explored the possible difference between male and female learners as far as E-learning identity is concerned. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted survey research as a quantitative method with a sample of 80 newcomer students of both genders. The study centered on the Internet via Adobe Connect Application for virtual classes. It is worthy to mention that participants of the study experienced E-learning during a term in the case of virtual education imposed by COVID-19. The data were collected through Aspect Identity Questionnaire (AIQ) and moved to SPSS software to be analyzed and interpreted. Results indicated that a high extent of language learning identity was achieved among the participants, and relational and collective identity types were identified as the most and least dominant ones in them, respectively. Moreover, findings of overall language learning identity presented no difference in both genders (male & female EFL learners). Manuscript profile

The present study sought to investigate the idiomatic expressions in a literary Text based on Baker's (19992) model. More specifically, this study is conducted to find strategies for translating idioms into the English language. It also highlighted if Baker’s strategies were distributed equally through English translation. More importantly, the shortcomings of the idiom translations were presented. The corpus is composed of Moradi Kermani's The Date Palm as Source Text (ST), with the English translation as Target Text (TT) by Croskery (2017). Based on the received data, "translation by paraphrase" strategies have been used in many cases and frequently by the translator. This strategy is most commonly used in translating idioms when the translator cannot find any equivalents for the source idiom. The least frequent strategies related to "using an idiom of similar meaning and form" that translator attempts to find an expression in the target language which is equivalent to the source language both in terms of meaning as well as lexical items. Manuscript profile

The present study analyzed the relationship between translators’ creativity and their translation quality. It also aimed at finding the possible connection between the Iranian translators' gender and the quality of their translation. To achieve this end, 40 translation students of both genders were selected from Azad University of Kerman participated in this study. First, the Oxford placement test was administered to achieve a homogeneous sample. Second, Kaufman creativity Scale was distributed to them for exploring the translation students’ creativity. Third, an examination of poem translation was administered to the sample. Having finished their translation, the researcher applied Waddington's (2001) model to assess the quality of translation. Data were descriptively and inferentially presented, and the results were shown in the form of tables and figures. According to the careful analysis, a significant relationship was found between students’ creativity and the quality of their translation; however, no significant association was achieved between Iranian translators’ gender and their translation quality. It is hoped that the present study's findings will open new horizons for translation students and masters, leading to good awareness of the role of individual differences in the process of translation. Manuscript profile

AbstractThe present study explored EFL learners’ satisfaction with different aspects of the online learning context. Moreover, it tried to investigate learners’ attitude towards the challenges and obstacles of online learning. Also, the possible differences between male and female learners' attitudes towards online learning contexts were assessed. To achieve this end, the researchers adopted survey research as a quantitative method with a sample of 75 intermediate students of both genders. It is worthy to mention that the participants of the study experienced online learning through Google Meet during a term. By the end of the term, the selected EFL learners were provided with two related questionnaires and they were asked to answer the items carefully. The first questionnaire explored EFL learners' satisfaction with online learning environment, and the second one investigated the participants' views on challenges and obstacles of such a context. The data were collected and moved to SPSS software and the outputs were discussed and represented. Based on the findings, the students indicated a high level of satisfaction with online learning. Additionally, the students' negative attitude was observed towards the challenges and obstacles of online contexts. Also, no difference was seen in the males’ and females' attitudes towards online learning contexts. Manuscript profile

The present study has analyzed the translation of public signs in Kerman and some cities (Mahan, Zarand, Rafsanjan, and Sharbabak) around it. To do this, 100 public signs of the mentioned cities were randomly selected by the researchers, and the data of this project were collected and evaluated based on Nord's (2001) model. This research was generally intended to investigate these signs from linguistic and cultural levels. Also, highlighting the frequency of the errors and identifying the shortcomings of the English translations were the other objectives of the study. Data were collected by the researchers and processed through the SPSS software. In other words, the descriptive data included frequencies and percentages represented by the corresponding tables and figures. The results of this study indicated that most of the errors were related to the cultural level. That is to say, "informativeness" and "word-for-word translation" were the most frequent types of all. Moreover, some shortcomings of the Persian translations were analyzed and interpreted by the researchers. Manuscript profile

The current research tried to investigate Iranian EFL learners’ perceptions of teacher classroom fairness as well as the main problems of their teachers’ implementation of classroom fairness. In doing so, the present study used a qualitative procedure, and 30 Iranian EFL learners at the intermediate level from different private language institutes participated in it. They were selected through available sampling from different virtual groups in WhatsApp or Telegram. This study benefited from two semi-structured interviews consisting of five open-ended questions, designed by the researchers. Data were gathered and analyzed through MAXQDA software. The results revealed EFL learners' perceptions of teacher classroom fairness included using the same techniques and extra teaching activities for all students, showing equal respect to all students, teacher's objectivity in grading, teacher's interacting with all students, obliging all students to observe the classroom rules, etc. Moreover, EFL learners' perceptions of the main problems of their teachers' implementation of classroom fairness were identified as time limitations, diversity of students' needs, differences in the socio-economic level of students and performance, mismatch between teachers and students, students' impoliteness, and inattention to morality. Findings can enrich the attitudes and activities of different groups of stakeholders in ELT, including policymakers, teacher educators, teacher education administrators, and curriculum developers. Manuscript profile

This experimental study investigated the impact of reciprocal-scaffolding teaching procedures on two aspects of learners' quality: their self-efficacy and speaking and listening skills. The study also analyzed the EFL learners’ attitudes on the use of reciprocal-scaffolding strategies via LMS. Moreover, it highlighted the possible difference between the effect of reciprocal-scaffolding strategies on EFL learners' oral skills and their self-efficacy. To this end, 48 pre-intermediate Iranian EFL learners were selected as the participants. A concurrent embedded mixed-methods design was employed to collect qualitative and quantitative data through the pre and posttest PET-test and an interview at the end of term. The results of independent samples t-tests and paired t-tests indicated that students who received treatment in form of integration of scaffolding and reciprocal strategies received both statically and practically significantly higher marks on speaking and listening skills, and self–efficacy than did the students in the control group. There was also a significant relationship between self-efficacy and success in speaking and listening performance. It can be inferred that reciprocal-scaffolding strategies have a significant positive impact on the improvement of oral skills. Finally, the results of the interview revealed the positive and negative attitudes of students towards the use of the strategies in LMS context. Manuscript profile

The present work adopted a multiphase design to investigate the effect of using web-based collaborative and strategy-based approaches on EFL learners' oral skills. Moreover, a more comprehensive objective was to check if the use of collaboration and strategy instruction could enhance EFL students' self-efficacy. The participants of the study consisted of 85 intermediate EFL learners who were studying at a language school in Kerman. To collect the data, four instruments were used: Cambridge Placement Test to homogenize the participants, pre- and post-listening and speaking tests, a questionnaire to estimate EFL learners’ self-efficacy, and an interview. The results suggested that most of the students preferred cooperative learning strategy-based instruction. The findings indicated that the effective use of web-based collaboration in speaking and listening classes that could have a remarkable effect on the linguistic input of the learners. The sample also proposed that the appreciation of the program was a given sign of the positive effect of both web-based instruction and collaboration in the web environment. Above all, the results of the speaking and listening tests revealed that the participants improved satisfactorily. Manuscript profile

This research sought to identify the translation strategies employed by male and female translators for the rendition of philosophical terms in two Persian translations of Explaining Post-modernism from Skepticism to Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault, based on Vinay and Darbelnet's model. To achieve this objective, a mixed-methods design was used. The corpus of the study consisted of 100 pages from the English book along with their Persian translations by Poursafir, Zohrabi, and Ehsani. The results obtained from the statistical analysis of the elicited data showed that Zohrabi and Ehsani have employed literal translation, translation by paraphrase, content transposition, form transposition, borrowing, and deletion strategies in translating philosophical terms into Persian. The most and the least frequent strategy applied by them were literal translation and deletion, respectively. The results also revealed that Poursafir has benefited from literal translation, translation by paraphrase, content transposition, form transposition, and borrowing strategies in his translation. The most and the least frequent strategy used by him were literal translation and borrowing, respectively. As for gender, while there were minor alterations between the frequencies of different strategies used by male and female translators, the differences were not significant. The findings of this study provide operational directions for future translators of philosophical works. Manuscript profile

AbstractThis study aimed at exploring Iranian B.A-level and M.A-level translators’ conceptions of research and investigating whether translators’ conceptions of research are different in terms of their education level. To this aim, a survey descriptive method was employed. Sample of the study included 60 M.A and B.A students of translation (30 males and 30 females) from different branches of Islamic Azad University. This selection was done based on convenience sampling. The data of this study were collected using Meyer, Shanahan and Laugksch’s (2007) questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using qualitative content analysis of the data. Results of data analysis showed that B.A-level and M.A-level translators have their own conceptions of research. Also, it was found that the participants’ conceptions of research were different in terms of their education level. In a more specific sense, M.A-level translators’ conceptions of research were more scientific and technical.Keywords: Conception; Research; Translator; Translation Manuscript profile

The present research analyzed Berman's (2000) negative deformation tendencies in the Persian translation of Chevalier's Girl with a Pearl Earring.The data came from a sample of 100 sentences that were randomly selected from the novel translated into Persian by Goli Emami. The researchers read the English text line by line carefully to find the negative deformation tendencies based on the mentioned model. After finding the mentioned cases, the equivalences used in the Persian translation were found by the researchers. Then, the extent of the translatability of negative deformation tendencies and the most/least frequent ones were presented by the researchers. The results revealed that most deformation tendencies applied in the source text (ST) were not translatable in the target language (TL) by the Persian translator. Also, the most frequently applied tendency in translating the statements was rationalization which seemed to affect syntactic structures. However, the least frequent one was the effacement of the superimposition of languages which refers to the omission of the traces of different forms of languages that coexist in the ST in translation. The significant issue was that the destruction of linguistic patterning which destroys the constructions and patterning of the ST and quantitative impoverishment which is loss of lexical variation in translation, were not employed in the translation. Manuscript profile

This study aimed to explore the perceptions of Iranian undergraduate (B.A) and graduate-level (M.A) translation studies students’ about research and investigated whether translation students’ research concepts are different in their education level. To this aim, a descriptive survey method was employed. The participants of this study included 60 M.A and B.A students of translation studies (30 males and 30 females) from different branches of Islamic Azad University in Iran. This selection was made based on convenience sampling. The data of this study were collected using Meyer, Shanahan and Laugksch’s (2007) questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using qualitative content analysis of the data. Results of data analysis showed that B.A-level and M.A-level translation students have a good perceptions about research. Also, it was found that the participants’ perceptions of research were different in terms of their education level. In a more specific sense, M.A-level translation students’ perceptions of research were more scientific and technical compared to the undergraduate students’. Manuscript profile

The present study explored localization of computer games in Persian translation versions. Also, it investigated the applied strategies by Iranian translators in localization of computer games. Also, it found the shortcomings of the translation regarding localization. The corpus was composed of five computer games. The data of this project were collected and evaluated based on Tomaszkiewicz's (1993) model. After that, all the data were collected by the researcher and processed through SPSS software. This study indicated that there was a very significant difference between the frequencies of the applied strategies. That is to say, the most frequently used strategy was "literal translation", while the least frequent ones identified as "omission" and "borrowing". However, "Replacement of the cultural term with deictic" avoided in transactions of the games since it cannot make a natural and acceptable translation. Manuscript profile

This research presented the use of bilingual dictionary and addressed the EFL translation students' points of view on the use of bilingual dictionary in translating polysemous words (English to Persian). Moreo- ver, it aimed at finding the possible relationship between the effect of using bilingual dictionary by stu- dents in translating polysemous words and their achieved scores. In the study 30 translation students of both genders were opted based on convenience sampling. Questionnaire and translation tests were two instruments which were employed in this study. At first, MA students were asked to translate 20 sen- tences including polysemous words by use of monolingual dictionary. After that, the second test with the same procedures were administered to the same students. However, they were allowed to use bilingual dictionary. Then, the questionnaires were distributed to them and the participants have filled them care- fully without any time limitation. At the end, all the data was gathered and analyzed. The results of this study indicated that the use of bilingual dictionary had a positive impact on the participants' performance in translating polysemous words, also they had positive perspective on the use of bilingual dictionary in translating polysemous words. Manuscript profile

Trying to motivate language learners is one of the most demanding yet vital challenges faced by L2 teachers. Dealing with Dörnyei’s motivational theory, the current research was an attempt to ponder the ideal-self, ought-to-self, and L2 experience orientations of Iranian EFL high-school students. Moreover, this study examined whether there was any relationship among three L2 motivational variables across gender and residential background. To this end, 200 male and 184 female junior-high-school students were selected through cluster sampling. The newly designed L2 motivational self-system questionnaire consisted of three main variables, in which 13 items were related to Ideal L2 Self, 12 with ought-to L2 Self, and the other nine with L2 Learning Experience. The findings revealed no significant difference between male and female students in L2 motivational orientation for English learning, and female learners’ L2 motivation in English language learning was affected by L2 motivation compared to male learners. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between female and male students’ scores in ought-to L2 self. Moreover, it was found that there was no significant difference between female and male learners’ L2 experience. Regarding residential background, there was a significant difference among the mean ranks of the city participants at three L2 Motivational Orientations but there was no significant difference among the mean ranks of the rural participants at three L2 Motivational Orientations.Keywords: Educational transition; Gender; Residential background; Second language (L2) motivation; Second language (L2) selvesTrying to motivate language learners is one of the most demanding yet vital challenges faced by L2 teachers. Dealing with Dörnyei’s motivational theory, the current research was an attempt to ponder the ideal-self, ought-to-self, and L2 experience orientations of Iranian EFL high-school students. Moreover, this study examined whether there was any relationship among three L2 motivational variables across gender and residential background. To this end, 200 male and 184 female junior-high-school students were selected through cluster sampling. The newly designed L2 motivational self-system questionnaire consisted of three main variables, in which 13 items were related to Ideal L2 Self, 12 with ought-to L2 Self, and the other nine with L2 Learning Experience. The findings revealed no significant difference between male and female students in L2 motivational orientation for English learning, and female learners’ L2 motivation in English language learning was affected by L2 motivation compared to male learners. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between female and male students’ scores in ought-to L2 self. Moreover, it was found that there was no significant difference between female and male learners’ L2 experience. Regarding residential background, there was a significant difference among the mean ranks of the city participants at three L2 Motivational Orientations but there was no significant difference among the mean ranks of the rural participants at three L2 Motivational Orientations. Manuscript profile

An aspect responsible for lack of suitable communicative skills is inappropriate level of motivation among the learners. The goal of this study was to consider the impact of using film watching on the pragmatic motivation of EFL learners. To this purpose, an experimental study was carried out with medical students. The sample of the study was composed of 60 nursing students aged 19 to 24. To ensure that the participants English proficiency, Quick Oxford Placement Test (OQPT) was run. Finally, 54 participants established the subjects of the study; then, being randomly classified into two equal groups of experimental (EG=27) and control (CG=27). Pre and post Pragmatic Motivation Questionnaire (Tajeddin and Zand-Moghadam, 2012) were used to collect the data. The results of the study indicated that watching films by the EFL learners could impact their level of motivation significantly. The achievements suggested the extensive use of movies in the language classes that could lead to both pragmatic knowledge and the subjects’ level of pragmatic motivation. Manuscript profile

Writing academically which has recently attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics, is a complex process for many candidates. Among the four language skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it needs ideology transfer, the main element of the theory. This paper made an effort to examine the effect of training on IELTS writing skill on Iranian EFL students' construction of the possible selves in the future. In doing so, an experimental study was employed and 90 candidates of both genders were chosen to participate based on cluster sampling method. The instrument of the study was a related questionnaire (Zadshir et al., 2020) which was used to check the expected possible selves of the participants. Descriptive statistics and Multi-Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were run to analyze data. Findings of the study indicated that expected and responsible selves were stronger than feared selves among the participants after treatment. That is to say, training on IELTS writing skills had a remarkable effect on Iranian EFL students’ construction of the possible selves and the dimensions of the possible selves in the future. Implications of the results for EFL curriculum planners, teachers and learners have been discussed. Manuscript profile

Nowadays many different methods and strategies regarding English language teaching have been proposed by many theorists but they seem to fail to fulfill the needs of the learners and they came up to be not satisfactory. Post-method pedagogy (PMP) has appeared recently as a concept beyond the concept of all methods. In post-method pedagogy, teachers develop a learning design based on their learners’ needs and the situation of learning. In another words, many of the methods are context-based while PMP is a class-room based approach. The present article tries to investigate the opinions of 50 EFL teachers from universities of Kerman in Iran (i.e., Bahonar university, Islamic Azad university, Payam Nour university, and Institute of Higher Education) and opinions of 150 students of B.A in English teaching from Azad University of Kerman in Iran to analyze the efficacy of post- method pedagogy in English Language Teaching. In so doing a qualitive research with a focus on the case study was conducted. The instruments used in this research were two questionnaires, one by Nikita and et.al (2016) to check for the opinion of the teachers on the efficacy of post-method in English language teaching and the other questionnaire by Tigli (2014) to check for the opinion of learners. The results have shown that 31.00% of EFL teachers strongly agreed with the efficacy of the post-method and among B.A students of English language teaching, 29.76% agreed that post-method was effective in English language teaching. Manuscript profile

This study aimed at exploring Iranian thesis supervisors’ views on examiners’ fair in examining M.A. Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL )thesis in Iran. In so doing, a phenomenological design was used. 20 M.A. thesis supervisors participated in the study who were selected through purposeful sampling. To collect the data, a semi-structured interview was used. Data analysis was conducted via manual thematic analysis. According to the results, the following views were among those extracted for M.A. theses supervisors about examiners’ fair: Examiners’ unfair in Examining Theses; Inattention to the Standards of Thesis Writing; Judgment Based on Personal Mood; Examiners’ Personal Problems with Supervisors; and Examiners’ Relation with Students. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that according to the perceptions of Iranian TEFL thesis supervisors, examiners are not just and fair in examining theses. They pay attention to the issues such as previous relations, personal problems, practicing power and such matters which are non-relevant to thesis itself. It can also be concluded that Iranian TEFL thesis examiners, at least according to thesis supervisors' views, are illiterate or unknowledgeable in terms of statistics and some research topics. This is a reason for their unfair in examining theses. The results have some implications for M.A. thesis examiners, students, higher education administrators, and researchers. Manuscript profile

Classroom discourse and interaction, particularly the balance between teacher talking time (TTT) and student talking time (STT), are critical elements in (English as a Foreign Language) EFL settings. While some research has explored various facets of classroom discourse and interactions, few studies have specifically examined the TTT and STT ratio across a broad spectrum of EFL classes through direct observation. Addressing this gap, this observational study aims to evaluate the TTT/STT ratio in 83 diverse EFL classes in Kerman, Iran. Furthermore, it investigates if this ratio correlates with teachers' gender, years of teaching experience, and class level. To this end, the study involved 83 EFL teachers, including both genders, with teaching experience ranging from 1 to 15 years, teaching classes at elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels. Findings revealed that TTT constituted approximately 61.49% of total class time on average, with STT comprising 38.51%. No significant differences were detected in relation to teachers' gender, teaching experience, or class level. The implications of these results are discussed. Manuscript profile