هدف ادبیات تعلیمی اصلاح اخلاقیات، پرورش اندیشه‌ها و رشد افکار جامعه، برای رسیدن به خوش‌بختی است. یکی از مفاهیمی که اغلب در ارتباط با مطالعات تعلیمی و همسو با آن مطرح می شود، مسألة تعهد شاعر (Commitment) و رسالت شعر است که خود به عنوان پاره‌ای از پیکرجامعه شناسی ادبیات به شمار می‌رود. در این میان، گاهی برخی شعرا از سوی هنرمندان هم عصر خود، متهم به دوری‌گزینی از اجتماع وعدم تعهد شده‌اند و این امر، آنها را هدف انتقادهای تند و تیزی از سوی منتقدین قرار داده است. مقاله حاضر، به دنبال یافتن ابعاد اجتماعی و مصادیق تعلیمی در اشعار سپهری با ارایه شواهدی از آثار وی می‌باشد. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، گویای این واقعیت است که سپهری شاعری فاقد تعهد نبوده و بر احوال مردم روزگار و مشکلات جوامع آنان آگاهی داشته و در جستجوی یافتن راه‌هایی برای رفع دردها و کمبودهای ایشان نیز بوده است. Manuscript profile

The present mixed-methods study investigated the relationship between learners’ achievement goals and academic performance. It also explored the goal motives of English language learners. The research, a cross-sectional survey, studied 372 BA University English language learners majoring in English language teaching, translation studies, and English literature at Islamic Azad University, Kerman and Zahedan branches. To collect the data, the learners’ Achievement Goal Questionnaire (Elliot et al., 2011) was submitted to English language learners either in person or via email. Their academic achievement was calculated based on the university report including both theoretical and practical courses. In addition, a semi-structured interview was used to explore the learners’ reflections concerning the orientations of their achievement goals. Correlations showed that achievement goals correlated positively with academic performance among English language learners. And among learners’ achievement goals, task-avoidance goals, other-approach goals, and other-avoidance goals could predict learners’ academic performance meaningfully. Besides, the qualitative findings revealed that English language learners’ goals are motivated by prior experience, personality, academic achievements, and interests. In brief, the study of the academic goals of students can facilitate the identification of their goal orientations and therefore can become a support tool for teachers when selecting materials and adapting the contents of the curricular program accordingly. Manuscript profile

Selves-theory has some implications for EFL learning. Among different English skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it requires ideology transfer as a main element of selves-theory. However, writing academically in a foreign language is a complex struggle for many undergraduate and graduate students and it has attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics since the last decades of the twentieth century. The present study aimed to explore Iranian EFL learners’ possible selves construction as influenced by teaching IELTS writing skills. To this end,a quasi-experimental design was used. From among IELTS candidates taking part in five IELTS preparation centers in Kerman,90 (45 males and 45 females) candidates were selected as the participants of the present study through cluster sampling. The Possible Selves in Students Questionnaire developed and validated by Zadshir et al. (2020) was used to identify the expected possible selves of the participants. To analyze the data,descriptive statistics and Multi-Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were run. According to the results, feared selves were stronger than expected and responsible selves among the participants before training on IELTS writing skills. Further,it was revealed that expected and responsible selves were stronger than feared selves among the participants after training on IELTS writing skills. Finally,it was proved that training on IELTS writing skills had a significant effect on EFL learners& construction of the possible selves as well as the dimensions of the possible selves in the future. Implications of the results for EFL curriculum planners,teachers and learners have been discussed. Manuscript profile

AbstractViolence as an unavoidable part of human beings' experience is so widespread within individuals' contacts that in most cases is ignored or taken for granted. However, violence is subject to various misperceptions that make the study of it challenging. Theoretically, this paper adopts the three forms of violence suggested by Slavoj Žižek: subjective, objective and systemic violence in order to explore how Žižek proves the ways by which, violence is perceived and misperceived. In doing so, this paper applies political discourse analysis, Black gender feminism, and psychoanalytic methods to be the approaches of this study. By applying Žižek's theories of violence on Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Beloved as the corpus of the study the current paper explores violence and the ways it is misrepresented. The objective of this paper is to explore the strategies which lead to misperception of violence. The conclusion drawn from this paper shows that Žižekian systemic violence that generates other forms of violence should remain hidden as dark matter of physics. Some pseudo-activities, ideologies or pseudo-ideologies can be at work in their manifest and latent forms when something that is so obviously omnipresent remains invisible or is misperceived. Manuscript profile

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این پژوهش اولین شاهکار نمایشی سوزان-لوری پارکز، بی‌ثباتی‌هایِ ناهیودا در ثِرد کینگ دام، را از دیدگاهی جدید بررسی می‌کند. سبکِ تو در تویِ نمایش‌نامه‌نویسی وی -در حالی که داستان‌های در هم تنیده، یادآور سبک قصه‌گویی شهرزاد ایرانی است- به ترسیم گذشتۀ پایمال‌شدۀ سیاهپوستان از سوی قدرت مسلطِ تاریخ‌نویسی سفیدپوستان تمرکز دارد. این مقاله با دیدگاه دلوزی-باروکی زوایای کمتر دیده شده یا نادید شدۀ سبک دراماتورژی وی را می‌کاود. پارکز در این نمایش‌نامه، بر بومی به سبک نئوباروکی، تلفیقی از معماری، موسیقی، اسطوره و هنرهای اجرایی اجرا می‌کند. فیگورهای نمایش‌نامۀ وی که توسط گفتمان مسلط، در ابتدا به «بدن های بدون اندام» تبدیل شده اند، در حال «شدن» به «بدن های اسکیزوفرنی» در طی «مسیر گریزِ» موسیقیایی جازی هستند؛ در حالی که حماسۀ ستم‌های رفته بر سیاهپوستان را سر می‌دهند. در پایان این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود که نویسنده به عنوان نمایش‌نامه‌نویس زن آفریقایی-آمریکایی، سبک دراماتورژی خویش را، در اولین شاهکار نمایشی‌اش با الهام از ساختاری دلوزی-باروکیِ، از سایر نویسنده‌های زن سیاهپوست متمایز کرده و به عنوان ابزاری برای مبارزه و مقاومت در مقابل نظام سلطه‌گر به کارگرفته‌است. پارکز همان شهرزاد قصه‌گو است که نه تنها از جان خویش گذشته(ازجان‌گذشته‌ای گم شده) بلکه سبک نمایش‌نامه‌نویسی سیاهپوستان را نیز بهبود و در نهایت نجات بخشیده‌است. Manuscript profile

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go within the framework of Paul Virilio's influential theories. The novel challenges conventional science fiction by seamlessly integrating speculative elements, focusing on character development, and exploring the complexities of human relationships. At its core, the narrative delves into the theme of simulation through human clones destined for organ donation. The story traces the characters' journey from their sheltered upbringing at Hailsham to the ethical dilemmas of cloning, questions about the nature of humanity, and the struggle for individual identity. Hailsham, a meticulously constructed simulation, conceals the truth about the clones' destinies, conditioning them to accept their fates. The narrative prompts reflections on determinism, free will, and autonomy, emphasizing the role of memory and narration in conferring meaning upon their lives. Never Let Me Go transcends genre boundaries to explore the human condition, love, and friendship within a dystopian context. This analysis employs Virilio's theories to enrich our understanding of the novel's intricate exploration of simulated existence and genuine humanity. Manuscript profile

In this literary study, the aim is to unveil the secrets of the novel, Revolutionary Road, where a deep analysis of human experience in the face of social expectations is revealed. This literary research draws on the intertwining of Freudian and Virilian analyses to crystallize the global ancient struggle between individual aspirations and social principles. Beyond the confines of mid-20th-century America, the Revolutionary Road depicts a global stage where secretive movements, societal expectations, and relentless progress of modernity are exposed. Confronting these challenges, the present study emphasizes the need for individual awareness, critical thinking, and cultural exchange on the global stage. It underscores the importance of reconsideration in educational domains and determining policies in shaping individual will and independence. This interdisciplinary exploration emerges not only as literary research but also as an impactful call for global awareness and a self-aware society, manifesting itself on global levels. Additionally, it advocates for transformative changes in societal perspectives. Manuscript profile

This study examined the effects of explicit metalinguistic corrective feedback on the accurate use of English regular past tense structure. The main purpose was to investigate whether the immediate provision of metalinguistic feedback after writing task completion or its delayed provision after two days in the next classroom session could differentially impact the structure accuracy. One-hundred and five Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) learners agreed to take part in this study and were assigned into three conditions: immediate metalinguistic feedback, delayed metalinguistic feedback, and control condition without any feedback. A repeated-measures ANCOVA was used to provide answers to the research question. Results revealed the superiority of the delayed metalinguistic feedback over both the immediate feedback and control conditions in the immediate post-test. And, in the delayed post-test, the immediate metalinguistic feedback outperformed the other groups. The implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are further discussed. Manuscript profile

هدف این مقاله بررسی وقایع نگاری نارنیا لوئیس بر اساس نظریه ویریلیو است. نظریه درومولوژی ویریلیو نشان می‌دهد که چگونه دیدگاه انسان با افزایش سرعت تغییر می‌کند و چگونه این موضوع غیریت و ذهنیت را به وجود می‌آورد که به سمت یک قدرت پانوپتیک می‌رود. شاید بتوان گفت ربات‌های آینده در داستان‌های لوئیس نیز ارائه شده‌اند: بحث این تحقیق این است که ربات‌های جهان دیگر همان انسان‌هایی هستند که در آینده به وسیله ابزارهای دیگر به آینده نزدیک‌تر می‌شوند. ، که محدودیت های زمانی را از طریق سرعت فرا می گیرد. شخصیت‌های لوئیس به‌عنوان آینه‌ای برای خوانندگان، به‌عنوان وسیله‌ای بصری برای بررسی خود عمل می‌کنند و تصویر خود خواننده و تصویر آرزوهایشان را که از طریق تحقیقات و نوآوری‌هایشان برآورده می‌شوند، منعکس می‌کنند. لوئیس توضیح داده است که چگونه جهان بینی این شخصیت ها آنها را به موجوداتی غیر از آنچه بوده اند منتقل می کند، زیرا آنچه که خود را از دیگران متمایز می کند، دیدگاهی است که از طریق آن جهان دیده می شود. شخصیت های لوئیس را می توان نمایندگان جامعه دانست. از آنجایی که بحث اصلی این مقاله این است که شخصیت های سریال سایبورگ هستند و در یک گفتمان سایبورگ زندگی می کنند، باید از اصول گفتمان پانوپتیکون برای حمایت و اثبات استدلال استفاده کرد. به نظر می رسد شخصیت ها از نظر غایت شناختی هدفمند هستند، اما اهداف آنها با جنبه های منفی انسان تنیده شده است. Manuscript profile

Writing academically which has recently attracted much attention in the field of applied linguistics, is a complex process for many candidates. Among the four language skills, writing is more tied to selves-theory since it needs ideology transfer, the main element of the theory. This paper made an effort to examine the effect of training on IELTS writing skill on Iranian EFL students' construction of the possible selves in the future. In doing so, an experimental study was employed and 90 candidates of both genders were chosen to participate based on cluster sampling method. The instrument of the study was a related questionnaire (Zadshir et al., 2020) which was used to check the expected possible selves of the participants. Descriptive statistics and Multi-Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were run to analyze data. Findings of the study indicated that expected and responsible selves were stronger than feared selves among the participants after treatment. That is to say, training on IELTS writing skills had a remarkable effect on Iranian EFL students’ construction of the possible selves and the dimensions of the possible selves in the future. Implications of the results for EFL curriculum planners, teachers and learners have been discussed. Manuscript profile

Suzan-Lori Parks, as a female black playwright, in her postmodern drama, Venus, has portrayed the condition of living of a black South African girl, subjugated under the hegemonic power of dominant colonizers. Saartje Bartmann, later renamed as Venus Hottentot, is seduced and then exploited by the colonizing power, both men and women. In the process of being sent from Africa to Europe, she is being watched, performing ritual dance and then, scrutinized by the colonizers. In this regard, the present study aims to read Venus by borrowing a different perspective from Deleuzean terminology to clarify and open up the less-discussed and investigated aspects of Parks’s drama to conclude that Venus’s slavery narrative, resembling a Deleuzean Watched without Organs, while entails a process of becoming different and against the dominant power, a schizoid person. It can be inferred as a form of Parksean resistance against the dominant metanarratives and creating her own mini-narrative. Manuscript profile

This article offers a comparative analysis of the societal implications stemming from postmodern urbanization. It employs Asghar Farhadi's The salesman and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman as dual narrative prisms, grounded in Paul Virilio's theoretical paradigm. The study intricately examines the interplay of technology, culture, and societal dynamics within evolving urban landscapes. Meticulously exploring this terrain, it uncovers the nuanced tension between tradition and modernity, shedding light on the erosion of traditional values in rapidly modernizing cities like Tehran and New York. Characters' responses lay bare the dissolution of familial bonds and shifting social roles, reflecting broader urban trends. Through the lens of Virilio's "critical space" concept, the investigation reveals the transformation of urban environments into "cities of the beyond," marked by a swift influx of information and communication technologies. Additionally, the research underscores the pivotal role of cultural production, spanning literature, art, and film, in revealing societal perspectives on postmodern urbanization. By dissecting the reverberations of these shifts, the study offers invaluable insights into potential policy interventions that promote sustainable, equitable, and innovative urban progress. This article provides a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted repercussions of postmodern urbanization, adeptly bridging literary works, theoretical constructs, and real-world societal dynamics. The urgency of comprehending the consequences of technology-driven urbanization resonates within Iran's post-war context and extends globally. The findings illuminate the intricate process of reconciling tradition with modernity, serving as a foundational basis for interdisciplinary research aimed at forging more inclusive and sustainable urban landscapes. Manuscript profile

این پژوهش اولین شاهکار نمایشی سوزان-لوری پارکز، بی‌ثباتی‌هایِ ناهیودا در ثِرد کینگ دام، را از دیدگاهی جدید بررسی می‌کند. سبکِ تو در تویِ نمایش‌نامه‌نویسی وی -در حالی که داستان‌های در هم تنیده، یادآور سبک قصه‌گویی شهرزاد ایرانی است- به ترسیم گذشتۀ پایمال‌شدۀ سیاهپوستان از سوی قدرت مسلطِ تاریخ‌نویسی سفیدپوستان تمرکز دارد. این مقاله با دیدگاه دلوزی-باروکی زوایای کمتر دیده شده یا نادید شدۀ سبک دراماتورژی وی را می‌کاود. پارکز در این نمایش‌نامه، بر بومی به سبک نئوباروکی، تلفیقی از معماری، موسیقی، اسطوره و هنرهای اجرایی اجرا می‌کند. فیگورهای نمایش‌نامۀ وی که توسط گفتمان مسلط، در ابتدا به «بدن های بدون اندام» تبدیل شده اند، در حال «شدن» به «بدن های اسکیزوفرنی» در طی «مسیر گریزِ» موسیقیایی جازی هستند؛ در حالی که حماسۀ ستم‌های رفته بر سیاه‌پوستان را سر می‌دهند. در پایان این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود که نویسنده به عنوان نمایش‌نامه‌نویس زن آفریقایی-آمریکایی، سبک دراماتورژی خویش را، در اولین شاهکار نمایشی‌اش با الهام از ساختاری دلوزی-باروکیِ، از سایر نویسنده‌های زن سیاهپوست متمایز کرده و به عنوان ابزاری برای مبارزه و مقاومت در مقابل نظام سلطه‌گر به کارگرفته‌است. پارکز همان شهرزاد قصه‌گو است که نه تنها از جان خویش گذشته(ازجان‌گذشته‌ای گم شده) بلکه سبک نمایش‌نامه‌نویسی سیاهپوستان را نیز بهبود و در نهایت نجات بخشیده‌است. Manuscript profile