List of articles (by subject) Phytochemistry
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Open Access Article
1 - The effect of rootstocks on the peel phenolic compounds, cartenoids, chlorophylls and ethylene of Younesi tangerine (Citrus reticulata).
Behzad Babazadeh DarjaziStudies have demonstrated that phenolic compounds andcarotenoids are essential for prevention of diseases. On the other hand,endogenous ethyleneenhancestheripeningof fruitsand stimulatesthe biosynthesis of carotenoidsas well aschlorophylls destruction. The aim of this s MoreStudies have demonstrated that phenolic compounds andcarotenoids are essential for prevention of diseases. On the other hand,endogenous ethyleneenhancestheripeningof fruitsand stimulatesthe biosynthesis of carotenoidsas well aschlorophylls destruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on phenolic compounds andcarotenoids. The contents of individualphenolic compoundsin peel were evaluated by HPLC. Total flavonoids content was determined using colorimetric assay. Free radical activity was evaluated with DPPH reagent, and total carotenoid and chlorophylls contents were measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylenein fruits was determined by Gas chromatography. HPLC analysis identified seven phenolic compounds in the peel of Younesi tangerine. Hesperidin was the major compound for all rootstocks. Among the six rootstocks studied, flying dragon demonstrated thehighest level of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and ethylene. Findings suggest that the rootstocks can affect the amount of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and ethylene of the fruit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Composition Of The Centaurea Hyracanica Bornm. Essential Oils In Different Parts Of Iran
Fatemeh Askari Fatemeh Sefidkon Mehdi MirzaCentaurea hyrcanica is a kind of wheat flower. It is distributed in North and North-East of Iran. This study aimed to determine chemical composition of essential oil of C. hyrcanica for food supply, cosmetics-health industry and medicinal uses. The plant parts of C. hyr MoreCentaurea hyrcanica is a kind of wheat flower. It is distributed in North and North-East of Iran. This study aimed to determine chemical composition of essential oil of C. hyrcanica for food supply, cosmetics-health industry and medicinal uses. The plant parts of C. hyrcanica were collected at flowering stage from four localities in Mazandaran, Tehran and Semnan Provinces in May and June 2016. The plant parts including of stem plus the leaf [SL], inflorescence IF and root R were dried and crushed in laboratory. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oils yield of stem plus the leaf, inflorescence and root (w/w dried weight) from different localities varied in range of 0.03-0.14%, 0.03-0.28% and 0.02 -0.77%, respectively. The major constituents of essential oils obtained from different parts of C. hyrcanica populations were caryophyllene oxide (13.6-44.8%) and spathulenol (3.6-16.9%). The major constituent of only root essential oils was found cis-pinane (9.1%-24.2%). Ethyl tetradecanoate (≤18.8%) as a major constituent in different populations of C. hyrcanica except Pol sefid samples. 1-Hexadecene, -eudesmol, -eudesmol and borneol were major compounds in essential oils of Pol sefid samples. Results of this study suggest that growing of C. hyrcanica in highlands condition is rich in essential oil and aroma profile, therefore growing and cultivation of these plants in cold regions is appropriate for producing high economic amount of extracted essential oil and aroma profile for therapeutic uses and food technologists. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - A comparative study on phytochemical potentials of Rubus loganobaccus L.
Saeede Ekbatan Hamadani Hossein Lari Yazdi Mohammad Hassan Asareh Sara SaadatmandRaspberries composed of various varieties, are popular ingredients of daily diet with highly distinguished biological activities. In this study, a comparative investigation was conducted on various chemical potential of methanol extracts from Rubus loganobaccus L. leaf MoreRaspberries composed of various varieties, are popular ingredients of daily diet with highly distinguished biological activities. In this study, a comparative investigation was conducted on various chemical potential of methanol extracts from Rubus loganobaccus L. leaf parts cultured in greenhouse and open-field. Biochemical activity of the extracts obtained from the field cultured leaves were observed to be higher than greenhouse cultured plants. In the antioxidant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the field cultured leaves were better succeeded in radical scavenging with IC50 as low as 1.08 ± 0.75 μg/mL while in reducing power assay, open-field plants against greenhouse plants had a higher EC50 (2.82 ± 0.70 and 2.41 ± 0.75 μg/mL, respectively). Considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity were observed in open-field plants and greenhouse plants in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) tests with a similar pattern, in which the lowest MIC and MBC in open-field and greenhouse plants were 5 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL, respectively, against Bacillus cereus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. This experiment revealed that leaf parts of Rubus loganobaccus cultured in greenhouse and in field possess a number of biological properties including antioxidative and antimicrobial potentials with the superiority of the later source which indicates the criticality of using natural products to improve human health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Phytotoxicity of black cumin (Nigella sativa), dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica), dill (Anethum graveolens), and soybean (Glycin max) residues on emergence and establishment of wheat
Sian Fallah Zahra Alimohammadi Zohrab Adavi Mojtaba KarimiAllelopathic effects of plant residues is an important research avenue regarding optimization of rotation systems in agronomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effects of four plant residues, namely, black cumin, dragonhead, dill, and soybean on MoreAllelopathic effects of plant residues is an important research avenue regarding optimization of rotation systems in agronomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effects of four plant residues, namely, black cumin, dragonhead, dill, and soybean on the germination and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in different cropping systems. Results showed that application of organic manure for previous crops reduced the residue phytotoxicity and consequently alleviated the adverse effect of plant residues on the leaf area, length, and dry weight of the wheat root, affecting chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids of wheat seedling leaves. In the presence of plant residue, the length and dry weight of the wheat roots were more negatively affected in comparison with shoots. The greatest allelopathic inhibition was observed for the wheat cultivated in the residue of black cumin, but soybean, dill, and dragonhead residues also potentially showed inhibition effects. It can be concluded that agroecosystems in which autumn wheat is in the rotation should be avoided where there are residues of soybean, black cumin, dragonhead, and dill. The tillage system in the same condition may not be agronomically suitable because of the allelopathic effects of previous crops. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Comparison between antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. and Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.) P. Karst from Iran
Shamameh Mohammadifar Syamak Fallahi Gharaghoz Mohammad Reza Asef Shayan Atousa VaziriMembers of Ganoderma genus, belong to Basidiomycota, such as Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum have been noticed in traditional and modern medicine and pharmacology for their medicinal properties and bioactive compounds. The present study is undertaken to deter MoreMembers of Ganoderma genus, belong to Basidiomycota, such as Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum have been noticed in traditional and modern medicine and pharmacology for their medicinal properties and bioactive compounds. The present study is undertaken to determine whether there is difference between chemical properties of G. applanatum and G. lucidum. The fresh mature fruiting bodies of fungi growing on common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), were collected in Neka, a county in Mazandaran Province, Iran, and their antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds content were examined by spectrophotometer and HPLC method. According to the chemical analysis, the total phenols and flavonoids content, betulinic acid and also antioxidant activity measured by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP methods in G. applanatum were higher than the other, but G. lucidum had higher content of total polysaccharides and proteins. Also the two other terpenoids (oleanolic acid and ursolic acid) were very low in these two fungi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Substitution of inorganic fertilizers with organic manure reduces nitrate accumulation and improves quality of purslane
Sina Fallah Behjat OmraniGrowers often apply high amounts of chemical fertilizers for vegetable production and this application contributes to concerns about nitrate levels in food. An experiment was conducted to investigate soil N amendment effects for reducing the nitrate accumulation and imp MoreGrowers often apply high amounts of chemical fertilizers for vegetable production and this application contributes to concerns about nitrate levels in food. An experiment was conducted to investigate soil N amendment effects for reducing the nitrate accumulation and improving the quality of fresh purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Treatments included four levels of animal manure as follows, N-based broiler litter (T1), P-based broiler litter (T2), N-based cattle manure (T3), P-based cattle manure + urea (T4), four levels of chemical fertilizer equivalent to organic treatments, and a T0 (no fertilizer and manure). Results showed that nitrate levels of broiler litter and cattle manure treatments were significantly lower than those of chemical fertilizer treatments. The highest level of nitrate in the first harvest was recorded in the T7 treatment and higher levels were recorded in T5 and T7 treatments in the second harvest. In the first harvest, T1 and T2 treatments had higher appearance quality but in the second harvest, appearance quality of T2 and T5 treatments showed a significant increase compared to the other treatments. It is concluded that organic manure application results in higher quality as compared with the inorganic fertilizer andreduces nitrate accumulation in fresh purslane. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Comparison of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant potentials of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. extracts obtained from different extraction methods.
Ehsan Karimi Hawa Z. E. Jaafar Pooyan MehrabanJoubaniExtraction methods are very important processes for separation of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants before analyses. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds include a broad variety of structures and functionalities that are required for the production of foods and food a MoreExtraction methods are very important processes for separation of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants before analyses. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds include a broad variety of structures and functionalities that are required for the production of foods and food additives and there are different methods for the their extraction. In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of leaf extracts from three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth (variety alata, pumila, and lanceolata) were investigated by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and reflux extraction methods. Furthermore, DPPH radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were applied to test the antioxidant activities. Results revealed that total phenolic (3.14, 3.03, 2.94 mg GAE g-1 DW) and flavonoid contents (2.08, 2.1, 1.85 mg Rutin g-1 DW) in the leaf extracts of Labisia pumila varieties alata, pumila, and lanceolata by MAE method were significantly higher than reflux extraction method, which was possibly responsible for the higher antioxidant activities in all three varieties of L. pumila Benth. These findings further illustrate that MAE has a bright prospect for extracting active ingredients from plant materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effect of vermicompost and mycorrhiza fungi on yield and growth of milk thistle and antioxidant system activity.
Foroozan Nikkah Naeeni Ali Reza Ladan Moghadam Pezhman Moradi Mehdi Rezaei Vahid AbdoosiIn this study, the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi was investigated on growth, yield, chlorophyll pigments, leaf antioxidant enzymes, and seed silibinin content of Silybum marianum, milk thistle. The seeds were inoculated by two species of mycorrhiza fungi, MoreIn this study, the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi was investigated on growth, yield, chlorophyll pigments, leaf antioxidant enzymes, and seed silibinin content of Silybum marianum, milk thistle. The seeds were inoculated by two species of mycorrhiza fungi, Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices, and plants were irrigated and treated with 0, 25, 50, and 75% vermicompost after culturing. The treated plants were then compared to control plants in a greenhouse experiment. The results showed that growth parameters including leaf area, and plant height and yield significantly increased in mycorrhiza fungi treated plants especially along with 75 % vermicompost treatment. The effects of symbiotic relationship between milk thistle and G. intraradices were more pronounced than G. mosseae. Moreover, combination of mycorrhiza and vermicompost increased the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b), total chlorophyll, and carotenoid. Also, a significant decrease was observed in activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase after vermicompost and mycorrhiza treatment. The results showed that silibinin decreased significantly in vermicompost application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Morpho-phytochemical attributes of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench exposed to salicylic acid and citric acid
Seied Mehdi Miri Leila Badri Pezhman MoradiThe morpho-phytochemical responses of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) to foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and citric acid (CA) at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mM (in four-leaves stage and two weeks later) were determined in a field experiment. The results MoreThe morpho-phytochemical responses of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) to foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and citric acid (CA) at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mM (in four-leaves stage and two weeks later) were determined in a field experiment. The results indicated that elevated levels of SA and CA induce plant growth and biomass, including plant height, number of branches, leaves and flowers, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and SPAD value. The highest flower number, flower yield/plant, shoot fresh and dry weight were obtained by 10 mM SA combined with 5 or 10 mM CA. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased about 1.9 fold with 5 or 10 mM SA combined with 10 mM CA. HPLC analysis revealed that SA and CA enhanced phenolic acids (cynaric acid, chichoric acid, echinacoside, chlorogenic acid and caftaric acid) production in plants. There was a significant positive correlation between number and yield of flowers with all morpho-phytochemical attributes except root weight. The data suggested that combination of SA and CA especially at 5 and 10 mM may have higher capacity to improve morpho-physiological traits and phenolic contents of E. purpurea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Growth, essential oil yield and components of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) influenced by Salicylic acid and Proline
Mahboube Pourghadir Seyed Abbas Mirjalili Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Pezhman MoradiToday, the use of essential oils of medicinal plants has become very important for human health. Proper nutrition of medicinal plants plays a critical role in the quantitative and qualitative performance of their essential oils. In order to investigate the effects of fo MoreToday, the use of essential oils of medicinal plants has become very important for human health. Proper nutrition of medicinal plants plays a critical role in the quantitative and qualitative performance of their essential oils. In order to investigate the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and proline on the vegetative and biochemical characteristics of savory, an experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at the Research Farm in Islamic Azad University, Saveh branch, Iran. Treatments included salicylic acid (0.5 and 1 mM) and amino acid proline (1.5 and 3 g/L), and the control. Foliar application was done in three phases: stem elongation, flower initiation, and flowering. Plant height, number of flowers and side-stems, fresh and dry weights of leaves and shoots, and essential oil percentage and ingredients were investigated. Results indicated that the maximum number of flowers (21.66), plant height (47.26 cm), leaf dry weight (5.34 g), and leaf fresh weight (16.17 g) were observed by applying 1.5 g/L proline. The maximum shoot dry weight (8.85 g), shoot fresh weight (48.53 g), and number of side-stems were observed by applying 1 mM salicylic acid. The highest (183.65 kg/ha) and the lowest (76.92 kg/ha) essential oil yield were achieved by applying 1.5 g/L proline and control, respectively. The most typical components of essential oil were γ-terpinene and Carvacrol. In conclusion, the highest effects on essential oil yield were obtained under the foliar application of 1 mM salicylic acid and 1.5 g/L proline. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Evaluation of Four Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Compounds of Two Medicinal Vegetables, Froriepia subpinnata and Eryngium planum
Edris Shabani Mohammad Mahmoudisourestani MohammadYounis MahenIn this experiment, the effect of four extraction methods including; percolation, maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave on the amount of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Froriepia subpinnata and Eryngium planum were investigated. In MoreIn this experiment, the effect of four extraction methods including; percolation, maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave on the amount of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Froriepia subpinnata and Eryngium planum were investigated. In percolation and maceration methods, 70% methanolic extract was used to measure antioxidant compounds. In ultrasonic method, 1 g of powdered dry material with 10 ml of methanol 70% was exposed to a sonicator at rate of 20 KHz at 40 °C for 10 minutes. In microwave assisted extraction, 1 g of powdered dry material and 10 ml of methanol 70% was extracted with a household automatic microwave oven at 300 w irradiation for 30 second. The highest amount of total phenol in F. subpinnata and E. planum was observed in the microwave method and the highest amount of flavonoids was observed in the maceration and percolation methods, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity of F. subpinnata was 98.48% in the microwave method. Antioxidant activity data of E. planum showed that percolation method with 96.54% and microwave method with 90.82% in comparison with other methods played a special role in increasing of this trait. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of microwave method can lead to better extraction of F. Subpinnata and E. planum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The comparison of the antioxidant capacity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the two species of Lamiaceae (Thymus migricus L. &Origanum vulgar
Afsaneh Amjadipoor Siyavash Hoseini Sarghin Rashid Jamei Naseh AbdollahzadeThe Lamiacae family is one of the largest herbal familiesWhich has about 200 genera and two to five thousand species. This family contains important medicinal herbs. Thymus migricus and Origanum vulgar are two important species of this family that have anti-oxidant and MoreThe Lamiacae family is one of the largest herbal familiesWhich has about 200 genera and two to five thousand species. This family contains important medicinal herbs. Thymus migricus and Origanum vulgar are two important species of this family that have anti-oxidant and anti-radical properties. In this study, total phenol content and anti-CAD activity of absolute ethanol extract, absolute methanol, ethanol 50%, and methanol 50% were studied in two species of Origanum.vulgar and Thymus.migricus in West Azarbaijan province.The most phenolic, flavonoid, regenerative, inhibitory power of fat peroxidation, radical accumulation power and total antioxidation were found in methanolic extract of Origanum.vulgar species.The results showed that the antioxidant activity, the free radical control, and the fracture velocity of the chain, in addition to the total phenol, depend on the nature of the compounds.Generally, Origanum.vulgar can be used as a natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industry.aaaa.aa.aaaa aa aa aa aa aa aa . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Variation in steviol glycoside contents of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaves under various leaf drying processes
Mojtaba Karimi Fatemeh Direkvand-moghadam nafiseh SheibaniStevia (stevia rebaudiana) leaves contain valuable sweet compounds, called steviol glycosides (SVglys), which the quantity and quality of these sweet compounds may be changed during the leaf drying process. The present study was conducted to survey the SVglys changes du MoreStevia (stevia rebaudiana) leaves contain valuable sweet compounds, called steviol glycosides (SVglys), which the quantity and quality of these sweet compounds may be changed during the leaf drying process. The present study was conducted to survey the SVglys changes during different leaf drying methods applied for stevia leaves. The stevia leaves were similarly harvested before flowering and dried by different methods including oven (45 and 75 ˚C), shade, infrared, microwave, sun, and freeze-dry, and thereafter the SVglys were assessed. The results showed that the SVglys content and its compositions such as stevioside (Stev) and rebaudioside A (Reb A) were significantly affected by leaf drying methods. The highest content of SVglys and Stev was stabilized using infrared, microwave, sun, and freeze-dry methods while the other methods showed a lower content of SVglys and Reb A. The significant high content of Reb A was recorded by freeze-drying and sun methods. Our results conclusively showed that freeze-dry and sun drying methods were seen more effective than other drying methods in SVglys retention in leaves and recorded the lowest SVglys losses during the drying process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A Tribute to Late Professor Mahlagha Ghorbanli
This edition of IJPPcelebrates ten years of steady publication of Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. The story of IJPP is that of a journey that started from a local forum where the researchers and scholars mainly from the Islamic Azad University could share findings MoreThis edition of IJPPcelebrates ten years of steady publication of Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. The story of IJPP is that of a journey that started from a local forum where the researchers and scholars mainly from the Islamic Azad University could share findings of their studies, gradually developing into an international peer-reviewed journal indexed by Islamic World Science Citation Center (https://isc.gov.ir/en) and SCImago Journal & Country Rank (www.scimagojr.com).We heartily appreciate numerous authors, both local and international, whose contributions have led us reach this far and look forward to more original research reports to move even further. This edition is dedicated to late Mahlagha Ghorbanli, the emerita full professor of plant physiology in Kharazmi University, the first institution for teacher education in Iran. With her broad range of expertise and comprehensive knowledge of various research avenues in the field of plant physiology combined with a warm, caring, and supportive personality, professor Ghorbanli was the first Editor-in-Chief of IJPP, a prominent figure who was able to lead the editorial board of IJPP through the challenges inherent in starting a scientific journal. We owe much of what we have achieved to her scholarship and visions. May her soul rest in peace! Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology Editorial Board Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on some physiological characteristics of salt stressed Ocimum basilicum L. Shekoofeh Enteshari* and Sepideh Hajbagheri
The present study investigates the effects of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices on the resistance of green basil plants to salinity stress. The findings suggested that there was an interaction of effects between mycorrhiza fungi inoculation and salt stress on the p MoreThe present study investigates the effects of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices on the resistance of green basil plants to salinity stress. The findings suggested that there was an interaction of effects between mycorrhiza fungi inoculation and salt stress on the physiological characteristics of Ocimum basilicum L. On one hand, salinity decreased percentage of root colonization, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and content of photosynthetic pigments in inoculated basil plants. On the other hand, mycorrhiza fungus – inoculated plants experienced increase in root length, dry and fresh weights of shoot and content of photosynthetic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Degree of salt tolerance in some newly developed maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. Maria Zahoor*, Rehana Khaliq, Zafar Ullah Zafar and Habib-ur-Rehman Athar
Salinity is a major abiotic-stress worldwide which decreases crop growth productivity. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether salt stress has adverse effects on growth, photosynthetic efficiency, biochemical properties and nutrient status of maize MoreSalinity is a major abiotic-stress worldwide which decreases crop growth productivity. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether salt stress has adverse effects on growth, photosynthetic efficiency, biochemical properties and nutrient status of maize. An experiment was carried out with seeds of four varieties of maize which were allowed to germinate for one week. Afterwards, one-week old maize seedlings of each variety were subjected to 0, 150 mM NaCl for four weeks. Significant decreasing effect by salinity was found in shoot-root fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll contents, total soluble proteins and macronutrients of all maize varieties. From the results, it is obvious that amino acids concentration increased under salinity as compared to control in all maize varieties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Response of potato species to salt and osmotic stress in vitro and the role of acetylsalicylic acid: non-enzymatic antioxidants . Fatemeh Daneshmand1*, Mohammad Javad Arvin2
In a series of experiment, the response of two contrasting potato species, namely, Solanum acaule (tolerant) and Solanum tuberosum cv. Agria (intolerant) to salt (80 mM NaCl) and drought stress (15% polyethylene glycol;PEG) was studied in vitro. Furthermore, the role of MoreIn a series of experiment, the response of two contrasting potato species, namely, Solanum acaule (tolerant) and Solanum tuberosum cv. Agria (intolerant) to salt (80 mM NaCl) and drought stress (15% polyethylene glycol;PEG) was studied in vitro. Furthermore, the role of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) (1 and 10 µM) in alleviating oxidative stress was investigated. In Agria cultivar, NaCl and PEG reduced shoot dry weight, carotenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, ascorbate and glutathione pool, proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. NaCl and PEG also increased proline content, malondealdehyde (MDA) level and the activity of ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and the effect of PEG was more severe. In S. acaule, on the contrary, NaCl had no effect on shoot dry weight and MDA, but increased the contents of carotenoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, ascorbate and glutathione pool as well as the activity of P5CS and PAL and proline content. However, the response of this species to PEG was different from that of NaCl and reductions in shoot dry weight and in most antioxidants and an increase in MDA were observed. ASA, especially 1 µM, profoundly improved plant performance in both species and under both types of stress via increasing the PAL and P5CS activity and most non-enzymatic antioxidants contents and decreasing ProDH activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Effect of pix on germination, growth, carbohydrates and antioxidant enzymes in cotton seed. Maryam Niakan*, Abdolrashid Habibi and Mahlagha Ghorbanli
Pix is a plant growth regulators thatinterfereswithotherhormones and affectthegerminationandgrowthof cotton.In thisstudythe effect ofdifferentconcentrationsof pix, namely, 0 (control),10, 20, 30and40 ppm on germination,radicledry weight, radiclelength,insolubleandsolubl MorePix is a plant growth regulators thatinterfereswithotherhormones and affectthegerminationandgrowthof cotton.In thisstudythe effect ofdifferentconcentrationsof pix, namely, 0 (control),10, 20, 30and40 ppm on germination,radicledry weight, radiclelength,insolubleandsoluble sugarsandantioxidantenzymes activity (catalase, peroxidase and poly phenol oxidase) incottonseedling (Gossypium hirsutum L.cv Ci-Ocra) in Petri disheswereexamined. The results showed that germination percentage and radicle growth increased in concentration of 20 ppm of pix, alsoradicledry weight reducedat concentrations10and40 ppm. In addition, analysis of data revealed thatdifferent concentrations of pix did not affect catalase enzyme activity while it increasedperoxidase and poly phenol oxidase activityas compared to thecontrol. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Application of exogenous organic acids and remediation process of lead and cadmium contamination in canola plants. Hakimeh Oloumi*, Effat Ahmadi Mousavi and Neda Hasibi
Heavy metal contamination of soil, water and air has caused serious environmental hazard in the biosphere due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. A variety of metal binding ligands such as organic acids and amino acids involve in the heavy metal remediation mec MoreHeavy metal contamination of soil, water and air has caused serious environmental hazard in the biosphere due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. A variety of metal binding ligands such as organic acids and amino acids involve in the heavy metal remediation mechanisms by plants. This paper analyses the possible role of amino acid histidine and organic acids, namely, citric, oxalic and fumaric acids to elevate the absorption of Pb and Cd by canola plants. Soaked seeds were placed in plastic dishes of 10cm diameter with a layer of filter paper on bottom and 10 ml aqueous solution of each treatment with certain Pb and Cd and concentration was added. After 72 hours, the content of Cd and Pb in canola seedlings was measured using atomic absorption technique. All data compared using ANOVA test and SPSS (v. 17) and p<0.05. The results showed that oxalic acid and citric acid elevate the accumulation of cadmium in experimental group (plants under Cd treatment with no organic acid exposure). Although all organic acid treatments (including histidine as a mono-carboxylic acid) increase Pb absorption and accumulation by canola plants, Pb accumulation was higher in plants just under Pb treatment with no additional carboxylic acid exposure. Therefore, the possible role of organic acids in heavy metals detoxification and resistance processes by canola plants is suggested for further research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Interactive effects of silicon and NaCl on some physiological and biochemical parameters in Borago officinalis L. Shekoofeh Enteshari1*, Razieh Alishavandi2 and Kourosh Delavar 3
In this research we investigated the role of Si in improving salt tolerance in the medicinal plant Borago officinalis L. Borago was pretreated with 0, 0.5 and 1.5 mM Si (as sodium silicate, Na2(Si O2)3) and then treated with four levels of NaCl, namely, 0, 60, 90 and 12 MoreIn this research we investigated the role of Si in improving salt tolerance in the medicinal plant Borago officinalis L. Borago was pretreated with 0, 0.5 and 1.5 mM Si (as sodium silicate, Na2(Si O2)3) and then treated with four levels of NaCl, namely, 0, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl. Then the effects of silicon and NaCl were observed on some physiological and biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation malondealdehyde (MDA) and other aldehydes, proline, protein and carbohydrate contents. NaCl significantly increased MDA, other aldehydes and proline contents. Addition of 0.5 mM Si decreased the level of reducing sugars in salt-stressed plants in the leaves. But in plants pretreated with Si and then exposed to NaCl, MDA, other aldehydes contents and carbohydrate in the roots decreased significantly. Protein content on the other hand, increased significantly (P<0.05). Results showed that pretreatment with Si can alleviate NaCl stress in the plants under study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The study of Allelopathic potential in three species of Glaucium Mill. on Sinapis arvensis L. Mahlagha Ghorbanli1, Afsaneh Gran 1* and Amir Zolfaghary 2
Charlock (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a serious weed of agriculture, especially in spring sown crops. Genus Glaucium Mill. belongs to Papaveraceae and members of this genus have several alkaloids in laticiferes. The present research focuses on effects of aquatic extract of MoreCharlock (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a serious weed of agriculture, especially in spring sown crops. Genus Glaucium Mill. belongs to Papaveraceae and members of this genus have several alkaloids in laticiferes. The present research focuses on effects of aquatic extract of Glaucium oxylobum, G. elegans and G. grandiflorum on many physiological factors of Charlock. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the seed germination and growth factors in charlock as affected by water soluble constituents of three species of Glaucium. Aboveground tissues of these plants were collected during flowering stage and dried. Five concentrations of aqueous extracts were used: full- strength (33.3 g lit-1), three-fourth - strength (25 g lit-1), half- strength (16.7 g lit-1) and quarter- strength (8.3 g lit-1) and blank (0 g lit-1). Charlock seeds were placed in petri dishes containing the Glaucium extracts, or distilled water (control). Seed germination percent was calculatedafter ten days. In general seed germination of Charlock declined progressively with increasing concentration of the Glaucium extracts. According to our results, with increasing concentration of aqueous extract, Charlock growth factors such as root and shoot length, root and shoot fresh and dry weight were inhibited. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Maraveh Tappeh Region, North of Iran. Seyedeh Zohreh Mirdeilami1 *, Hossein Barani1, Masumeh Mazandarani 2, Gholam Ali Heshmati1
An ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among the most well-known Turkmen indigenous herbal practitioners in northeast of Golestan Province (Maraveh Tappeh), north of Iran, in order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of local plants used by the rural Turkmen p MoreAn ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among the most well-known Turkmen indigenous herbal practitioners in northeast of Golestan Province (Maraveh Tappeh), north of Iran, in order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of local plants used by the rural Turkmen people to prevent or treat illnesses. Nineteen local practitioners of Turkmen traditional medicine, ages 55 to 65, were interviewed using a questionnaire. The survey revealed that 45 plant species most of them belonging to Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae and Fabaceae family are used as traditional medicine in the region for treatment of various diseases. Among these plants, 20 species have been used mostly as anti-inflammation, anti-infection, diuretic, sedative, carminative, vermifuge, laxative and tonic to treat cough, cold, skin wounds, cramp, infections, digestive disorders, cardiovascular disorders, stomachache, menstrual problem, UTI (urinary tract infection), IBS (irritable bowel syndrome), diabetes, migraine, headache, hemorrhage and circulatory disorders. The paper also reports features such as local name, life form, the current diseases, plant species used for the treatment, their medicinal effects, the plant part used, plant status, number of citation, and methods of their preparation and administration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Investigating the chemical composition of different parts extracts of bipod nettle Urtica dioica L. in Tonekabon region. Saeideh Habibi Lahigi1*, Kumarss Amini2, Pezhman Moradi1 and Kobra Asaadi1
Bipod nettle Utrica dioica L has therapeutic properties in treatment of human chronic diseases such as anemia, joints pain and skin diseases. In this research the major components of extracts in different parts of plant (root, stem and leaf) were identified by gas chrom MoreBipod nettle Utrica dioica L has therapeutic properties in treatment of human chronic diseases such as anemia, joints pain and skin diseases. In this research the major components of extracts in different parts of plant (root, stem and leaf) were identified by gas chromatography (GC) apparatus. Twenty compounds were identified, the most important of which were Neophytadiene (25.21%), Phtaleic acid (8.15%), Dibutyl phtaleate (7.37%), Bis (2-ethyl hexyl) maleate (6.32%) and 1,2-benzenocli carboxylic acid (7.62%). The study revealed that the amount of these compounds in leaf was greater than in other parts of plant. Thus to extract the antibacterial compounds in Urtica dioica L., it is recommended to use leafs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Effect of post-flowering water stress on yield and physiological characters of grain sorghum genotypes. Mohammad Mostafa1, Maryam Shahbazi2*, Azim Khazaei3, Jahanfar Daneshian3, Soheil Naddafi2 and Hashem Pourirandoust2
Droughtis oneof the most importantfactors limitingcrop productioninarid and semiaridregions, such as Iran.In order to study drought stress in four grain sorghum varieties (Kimia, Sepideh, KGS15 and KGS23), an experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with MoreDroughtis oneof the most importantfactors limitingcrop productioninarid and semiaridregions, such as Iran.In order to study drought stress in four grain sorghum varieties (Kimia, Sepideh, KGS15 and KGS23), an experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with three replications in a split plot arrangement. Water treatments were considered the main plot at three levels: irrigation after 60 mm evaporation as well-watered, normal irrigation till flowering and then irrigation after 120 mm evaporation (mild water stress), and water withholding after flowering (severe water stress). There were significant (P£0.05) decrease in grain yield, seed index, SPAD number and stomatal conductivity in post-flowering water stress, particularly in severe stress.Sepideh cultivar had the highest yield reduction of 73%, and KGS23 genotype had the least yield reduction of 29%, but still it was a good genotype if well-watered and the best in moisture stress conditions. Sepideh and KGS15 had a greatly significant reduction in stomatal conductivity of flag leaves in severe water stress and displayed premature leaf and stalk senescence. KGS23 as tolerant genotype with more elevated stomatal conductance under water stress probably had a more efficient water uptake by roots in comparison with the other genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Troubleshooting With You Transformation . Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
26 - In vitro carbohydrate stress: salicylic acid increases soluble invertase activity in Pistacia vera L. in vitro plantlets. Françoise Bernard *, Majid Baghai and Shirin Hadad Kaveh
The action of salicylic acid (SA) has been well investigated in plant resistance against pathogen attacks but its role may be extended to a more global anti-stress plant cell strategy. The expression of defense-related functions may be also enhanced by elevated hexose l MoreThe action of salicylic acid (SA) has been well investigated in plant resistance against pathogen attacks but its role may be extended to a more global anti-stress plant cell strategy. The expression of defense-related functions may be also enhanced by elevated hexose levels. To verify if there exists a relation between these two defense programs, SA effect on soluble acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was investigated in in vitro grown Pistacia vera plantlets from isolated embryonic axes, at different doses of exogenous sucrose. For this purpose embryonic axes were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g.L-1 sucrose (control range) with 50 µM SA. After one month of growth, roots and shoots were used for analysis separately. SA treatment significantly enhanced the soluble invertase activity in tissues. The increase was more remarkable in root tissues. Sucrose limitation (10 g.L-1) SA-treated plantlets and sucrose osmotic stressed (50 g.L-1) SA-treated plantlets have shown very important increases in invertase activity and this was accompanied with a significant raise of total protein in spite of growth reduction. The implication of soluble invertase in the anti-stress strategy of these tissues seems to be important. It is likely that hexose signaling of defense expression may be related to the action of salicylic acid on soluble invertase activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Agro-physiological performance of wheat genotypes under normal moisture and drought conditions. Hafiz Muhammad Akram*, Abdus Sattar, Abbas Ali and Mushtaq Nadeem
Scarcity of water for irrigation is an alarming issue of Pakistan and the problem is being magnified rapidly with the passage of time. Shortage of water is thus, a limiting factor in increasing per unit area wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield that is staple food of most MoreScarcity of water for irrigation is an alarming issue of Pakistan and the problem is being magnified rapidly with the passage of time. Shortage of water is thus, a limiting factor in increasing per unit area wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield that is staple food of most of the people. Eventually, the gap between production and consumption is widening day by day and Pakistan is now suffering from food crisis. Hence, to find out the wheat genotypes having comparatively more drought tolerance, a field experiment was conducted during 2005-06 and 2006-07 on 497 wheat genotypes, which were subjected to drought conditions in addition to growing under normal soil moisture conditions. Screening of the genotypes was done on the basis of some Physiological and Agronomic attributes such as, Stomatal Conductance, Net Photosynthetic Rate, Transpiration Rate, Photo Active Radiation, Plant Height, Productive Tillers, Grains per Spike, 1000-Grain Weight, Biological Yield, Grain Yield per Plant and Harvest Index. Drought stress adversely affected all these parameters, which expressed significant decrease in their values except harvest index, which was significantly increased irrespective of genotypes during both the years of study. The genotypes under study, on the basis of above physiological and agronomic attributes were grouped into high yielding drought sensitive, high yielding drought tolerant, low yielding drought tolerant and low yielding drought sensitive groups, employing cluster analysis. Thus, out of 497 sixteen wheat genotypes were ranked as high yielding drought tolerant which can be successfully grown under drought conditions without substantial decrease in grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effects of salicylic acid on the induction of physiological and biochemical changes in Brassica napus L. under water stress. Maryam Mazaheri Tirani1, 2*, Fatemeh Nasibi1 and Khosro Manoochehri Kalantari 1, 3
Drought stress is considered as a restricting factor in plant production and salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to minimize the harmful effects of many stresses including drought. In this study, salicylic acid was sprayed on the leaves of Brassica napus at the 4-leaf MoreDrought stress is considered as a restricting factor in plant production and salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to minimize the harmful effects of many stresses including drought. In this study, salicylic acid was sprayed on the leaves of Brassica napus at the 4-leaf stage at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM for two days. Plants were subjected to drought stress (withholding water for five days). Drought stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll and carotenoids) and anthocyanins content but increased lipid peroxidation, proline and ethylene. SA at 1 mM alleviated damage caused by drought stress on all parameters measured. It is concluded that salicylic acid can considerably alleviate damages caused by drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum Rech.F. in Golestan province of Iran. Masoumeh Mazandarani1*, Samira Makari 2, Gholam Reza Bajian2, Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam3 and Mehdi Abrodi4
The aim of the present experiment was to study the relationship between secondary metabolites content (phenol and flavonoid) and antioxidant activity in root, stem, leaves, and fruits of Heracleum gorganicumRech. F. The various parts of plant were collected in Ziarat Mo MoreThe aim of the present experiment was to study the relationship between secondary metabolites content (phenol and flavonoid) and antioxidant activity in root, stem, leaves, and fruits of Heracleum gorganicumRech. F. The various parts of plant were collected in Ziarat Mountainin Golestan province. Total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) contents were determined spectrophotometrically and antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) method. Results showed that the TP varied from 1.31±0.22 to 14.6±0.52 mg GAE g -1 in the parts and TF contents were between 2 ±0.5 to84.84 ± 11.65 mg QUE g-1. Antioxidant Activity(IC 50)was measured in ranges 0.11±0.01 to 0.23±0.015mg ml-1 in DPPH method. There was a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites content. The results of the present study showed that the leaves of H. gorganicum had the highest content of TP and TF compounds and antioxidant activity, providing natural sources for antioxidant compounds. This confirmed traditional uses of the plant by the rural healers as antiseptic, digestive, carminative and epilepsy in north of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Effects of season and soil conditions on the mycorrhizal status and colonization of seven grass species. Mahmood Ghorbani*, Jalil Khara and Nasser Abbaspour
In this study seven plant species were collected from the forest of Arasbaran located in the northwest of Iran. Sampling was conducted in May and August and roots were used for calculating vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization percentage during the same period. MoreIn this study seven plant species were collected from the forest of Arasbaran located in the northwest of Iran. Sampling was conducted in May and August and roots were used for calculating vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization percentage during the same period. Fine roots were separated, washed and put in FAA solution as a fixative. Through the time, root colonization of all plant species increased significantly. Soil collected from rhizosphere of each plant species was physico-chemically analyzed and spore number was determined. Similar to VAM colonization of roots, spore population per 1 gram rhizosphere soil of all plants except Melilotus officinalis increased through the time. Rhizosphere soils were used for analysis of EC, pH and soil available N, P and K. Soil texture also was analyzed. Soil EC had very high correlation (r = 0.923, p < 0.05) with spore number and pH had high but negative correlation with both spore number and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. Among the soil available nutrients, N showed high correlation with root colonization and specially spore populations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Effects of form and level of orthophosphate on growth, uptake and distribution of some elements in maize (Zea mays L.cv.ksc700). Soraya Fattahpour, Kamaladdin Dilmaghani and Hassan Hekmat Shoar*
In this study, the plants of maize (Zea mays L.cv.ksc700) were grown in Hoagland solution containing 1, 3 and 5 mM KH2PO4 or K2HPO4 under controlled conditions. At similar levels of mono and diphosphate, plants supplied with monophosphate have produced higher content of MoreIn this study, the plants of maize (Zea mays L.cv.ksc700) were grown in Hoagland solution containing 1, 3 and 5 mM KH2PO4 or K2HPO4 under controlled conditions. At similar levels of mono and diphosphate, plants supplied with monophosphate have produced higher content of dry matter and characterized with higher total chlorophyll content and longer and well proliferated root system than those treated with similar levels of diphosphate. Plants fed with monophosphate exported more than 50% of the total produced substances toward root system whereas, for the plant supplied with diphosphate, it was less than 20% approximately. In addition, there were a positive and significant correlation between the rate of the uptake and the content of the measured elements such as P, N, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Na+ and monophosphate level; however, the same elements except for K+ negatively correlated with diphosphate. In both groups, the major proportion of the absorbed elements was more or less accumulated in leaves in relation to that of other parts of the plants. At the end of experiment, while pH decreased in the root medium supplied with monophosphate, an increase was observed in pH of those containing diphosphate. Differences between means values related to the same parameters in most of the cases were significant at P<0.05. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Effect of artificial drought stress on seed quality of bread wheat . Alpay Balkan*
The aim of the present study was to determine effects of artificial drought stress on the characteristics of germination and seedling growth in bread wheat cultivars. The material of experiment consisted of seeds obtained from eight bread wheat cultivars with different MoreThe aim of the present study was to determine effects of artificial drought stress on the characteristics of germination and seedling growth in bread wheat cultivars. The material of experiment consisted of seeds obtained from eight bread wheat cultivars with different response to drought (Alpu 2001, Sultan 95, Konya 2002, Eser as sensitive cultivars; Karahan 99, Tosunbey, Kate A1 as resistant cultivars and Golia as moderate-resistant cultivar) after their treatment, in the previous year, by artificial drought stress through using chemical desiccant (4% potassium chlorate-KClO3). The laboratory experiment was conducted in randomized split plot design with 4 replicates. Results indicated that cultivars had almost a significant effect on all measured characteristics. The highest water uptake and root number were observed in the moderate-resistant cultivar. The resistant cultivars had relatively higher values than the other cultivars for germination percentage, coleoptile length, seedling length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. However, the highest mean germination time, root length and root fresh weight were observed in drought sensitive cultivars. The non-desiccant seeds showed higher performances for root number, coleoptiles length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight than desiccated seeds. In contrast, desiccated seeds had better values of water uptake and germination percentage than non-desiccant seeds. As a result, it was concluded that artificial drought stress by desiccant application affected negatively seed quality due to its detractive impact on seed size in bread wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Effects of different levels of osmotic potential on germination percentage and germination rate of barley, corn and canola. Bagher Gharoobi1, Meysam Ghorbani2 and Mostafa Ghasemi Nezhad2
Iran is located in a hot and dry region. As a result of low precipitation and a vast area of salty and alkali soil, osmotic pressure is very high in most parts of the country (i.e., osmotic potential is more negative). In the present study four levels of osmotic pressur MoreIran is located in a hot and dry region. As a result of low precipitation and a vast area of salty and alkali soil, osmotic pressure is very high in most parts of the country (i.e., osmotic potential is more negative). In the present study four levels of osmotic pressure (-0.25, -0.35, -0.45, -0.50 MPa) were created artificially, by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and treatment of three seed types, namely, barley, corn and canola. The study aimed at finding the seeds with better germination potential under high osmotic pressure. The seeds' germination potential under different levels of osmotic pressure was also investigated. The experiment was conducted with four replications at the Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, in a completely randomized design. Parameters under study were germination rate and germination percentage. Results showed that germination rate was not affected by osmoticpotential. Considering germination percentage, only osmotic potential of -0.50 reduced germination percentages of corn seeds. Levels of osmotic potential did not affect seed germination in barley and canola. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Plasmid isolation. Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
35 - Responses of growth and antioxidative enzymes to various concentrations of nickel in Zea mays leaves and roots. Fatemeh Ghasemi*, Reza Heidari, Rashid Jameii and Latifeh Purakbar
To assess nickel-induced toxicity in plants, Zea mays seeds were germinated and cultured on nutrient solution with nickel concentrations of 50-200 μM for a period of two weeks. Observed biological makers included biomass, soluble and total protein contents, and the a MoreTo assess nickel-induced toxicity in plants, Zea mays seeds were germinated and cultured on nutrient solution with nickel concentrations of 50-200 μM for a period of two weeks. Observed biological makers included biomass, soluble and total protein contents, and the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in the leaves and roots of maize. The fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots increased in 50 μM nickel but decreased in 100 and 200 μM. Soluble and total protein contents were significantly increased by increasing nickel concentrations up to 200 μM nickel in both roots and leaves of maize. Significant increases of ascorbate peroxidase (the highest activity at 200 μM nickel), catalase (the highest activity at 50 μM nickel), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (the highest activity at 100 μM nickel) were observed in the leaves and roots of Zea mays seedlings at all tested nickel concentrations. Guiacol peroxidase activity was decreased in the leaves and roots of Zea mays seedlings exposed to different levels of nickel. The present results suggested that treatment with different levels of nickel may enhance the antioxidant activities in the leaves and roots of Zea mays seedlings, thus alleviate Ni-induced oxidative damage and enhance Ni tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Effect of gamma irradiation or potassium on oxidative stress and antioxidant system of cadmium stressed Brassica rapa (L.) plant. Shaimaa Abd El-Hameed Abo Hamad, Mahmoud Abu Elyazeed Abd Elhaak and Khalil Mahfouz Ghareeb Saad-Allah*
The effect of cadmium chloride concentrations (25.50, 75, and 100 mg/kg soil), seeds pre-irradiated by low doses of gamma rays (15, 30, 45, and 60 Gy), potassium chloride (60 mg/kg soil) and the combination of cadmium + gamma and cadmium + potassium on Brassica rapa ger MoreThe effect of cadmium chloride concentrations (25.50, 75, and 100 mg/kg soil), seeds pre-irradiated by low doses of gamma rays (15, 30, 45, and 60 Gy), potassium chloride (60 mg/kg soil) and the combination of cadmium + gamma and cadmium + potassium on Brassica rapa germination, oxidative stress and antioxidant system were investigated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Germination percentage decreased progressively by increasing cadmium chloride concentrations. Gamma irradiation and potassium treatment enhanced the germination and reduced cadmium toxicity when combined with it. All of the treatments relatively caused overproduction of H2O2. Peroxidase and catalase activities were increased by the cadmium concentrations while ascorbic acid was decreased. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Effect of drought stress and different planting dates on safflower yield and its components in Tabriz region. Afsoon Tayebi 1*, Hossein Afshari 2, Farhad Farahvash 3, Jafar Masood Sinki 2 and Somayeh Nezarat4
In order to study the impact of drought stress and planting date on safflower yield and yield components, an experiment was performed in Tabriz region in 2011. The experiment was carried out as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design. The main factor MoreIn order to study the impact of drought stress and planting date on safflower yield and yield components, an experiment was performed in Tabriz region in 2011. The experiment was carried out as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design. The main factor which was applied as split plot includes drought stress with three levels: (S1) 80 ± 3 mm evaporation from basin level of class A, (S2) 120 ± 3 mm evaporation from basin level of class A, (S3) 160 ± 3 mm evaporation from basin level of class A. The subsidiary factor studied in this research was studying 2 levels of planting date including (D1): conventional planting date in region (date: 2011/4/19) and (D2): 20days later from conventional planting date in region (Date: 2011/5/9). The sub-subsidiary factor was two different safflower cultivars include (V1): Isfahan local cultivar and (V2): Goldasht as modified cultivar. According to results the impact of drought stress on plant dry weight and leaf dry weight, plant height, number of branches and sub-shrubs, capitul in plant and seed in capitul as well as seed yield was significant. The effect of planting date on the traits being studied in this research was significant. The interaction of drought stress and planting date, except in dry weight of leaf, was not significant in other traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi and precursor feeding improve protein and trypthopan decarboxylase enzyme content in Cathaaranthus roseus L. Samaneh Rahmatzadeh1*, Jalil Khara1 and Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar2
To obtain a better understanding of the mycorrhizas as an elicitor, and precursor feeding effects on the protein content and TIAs biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus L., foliar application of four concentrations of tryptophan (0, 150, 250 and 350 mg/l) on some growth pa MoreTo obtain a better understanding of the mycorrhizas as an elicitor, and precursor feeding effects on the protein content and TIAs biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus L., foliar application of four concentrations of tryptophan (0, 150, 250 and 350 mg/l) on some growth parameters and chemical compositions of mycorrhizal plants were investigated. The results revealed that the total protein content in the shoots and roots was higher respectively in G. etunicatum and G. versiforme mycorrhizal plants treated by 350 mg/l tryptophan, and this enhancement was significant at 5% statistical level. The evaluation of SDS-PAGE obtained results showed that the application of mycorrhizas and tryptophan led to significant accumulation of a 50-55 kDa M.W protein in the shoots and roots which probably could be attributed to TDC enzyme. From this observation we could suggest that the treatment of both mycorrhizas and tryptophan may be resulted in high expression of TDC enzyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Seasonal changes in antioxidant activity, flavonoid, anthocyanin and phenolic compounds in Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale and Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau from Babol forest sites in north of Iran. Mahlagha Ghorbanli*, Tannaz Amirkian Tehran and Maryam Niyakan
The epiphytic lichen Flavoparmelia caperata were collected randomly from mountain forest sites of Firouzja (north of Iran) at 780m altitude, 36° 05' N latitude and 52° 40'E longitude.Also Physcia dubia was collected randomly from forest sites of Daronkola (north MoreThe epiphytic lichen Flavoparmelia caperata were collected randomly from mountain forest sites of Firouzja (north of Iran) at 780m altitude, 36° 05' N latitude and 52° 40'E longitude.Also Physcia dubia was collected randomly from forest sites of Daronkola (north of Iran) at 220m altitude, 36° 21' N latitude and 52° 43'E longitude. The study wasaimed at recording the effects of seasonal changes on antioxidant enzymes activities and flavonoid, anthocyanin and phenolic compoundsthe two lichen species. The results showed that peroxidase activity in both species increased significantly in winter. The activity of polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in both species and catalase in P. dubia were increased in summer. In spring, polyphenol oxidase activity increased significantly more than in winter in Physcia dubia. Phenolic compounds in Flavoparmelia caperata increased significantly in winter compared to spring and summer, but in Physcia dubia they increased significantly in summer compared to winter and spring. Flavonoid and Anthocyanin compounds in Flavoparmelia caperata increased significantly in winter compared to spring and summer. In Physcia dubia, Flavonoid decreased significantly in spring compared to winter and summer, and anthocyanin increased significantly in winter compared to spring and summer. The results revealed that seasonal acclimation depended on the changes in antioxidants enzymes activity, flavonoid, anthocyanin and phenolic compounds in lichens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - B-Glucan contents in calli of Oryza sativa L. var Hashemi under different nutritional treatments . Golnaz Tajadod1*, Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr2, Zeinab Kalami1
Studies show that Oryza sativa L. contains a structure named β-glucan with anti cancer properties. In the present study, a tissue culture for rice was carried out and β-glucan content was measured under various sugar and vitamin levels in basic MS medium. Seed MoreStudies show that Oryza sativa L. contains a structure named β-glucan with anti cancer properties. In the present study, a tissue culture for rice was carried out and β-glucan content was measured under various sugar and vitamin levels in basic MS medium. Seeds of Hashemi cultivar were cultured on MS medium. Two plant hormones, namely, 2,4-D (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mg/l) and kinetin (0,0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/l) were used to form callus after one week. To extract β-glucan, calluses were incubated by three different sugar treatments with concentrations 15, 30, and 45 g/l and by three vitamin treatments with concentrations 2/5, 5, and 10 cc. After 30 days, those calluses treated with sucrose 45 g/l had a deeper yellow color than other calluses. In fact, higher concentrations of sugar led to deeper color of calluses which were more rigid and dry and, at the same time, more fragile and less bright in color. The calluses were then dried in an oven, and soluble and insoluble sugars were extracted. Results indicated that highest levels of soluble and insoluble sugars (including β-glucan) were achieved in medium containing 3% sucrose. Increase in vitamins did not generally affect soluble and insoluble sugars levels, and just in the medium containing 5cc vitamin, insoluble sugars increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Early induction of phenolic compounds in aluminum-treated roots of Brassica oleracea L. Roya Saghian1 and Faezeh Ghanati2*
There are evidences showing that adverse impacts of aluminum (Al) on plants growth and development are associated with its effect on plasma membrane and cell wall. Influence of Al on peroxidation of membrane lipids, wall-bound phenolics, lignin, soluble phenolics and th MoreThere are evidences showing that adverse impacts of aluminum (Al) on plants growth and development are associated with its effect on plasma membrane and cell wall. Influence of Al on peroxidation of membrane lipids, wall-bound phenolics, lignin, soluble phenolics and the activity of certain enzymes involved in metabolism of phenols, i.e., phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was measured in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Red Dynasty). The plants in their vegetative growth phase were treated with 60 μM AlCl3 in a Hoagland solution, pH 4.5, for 6 h. Aluminum was rapidly absorbed by the plants. The effect of Al on the peroxidation of membrane lipids of both roots and shoots was not significant compared to those of the control plants. The activity of PAL in both roots and shoots and of PPO of roots was significantly higher in Al-treated groups, compared with the control ones. The contents of pectin-bound phenolics as well as lignin contents of plants were significantly enhanced by Al and the increase of phenolics of shoots in Al-treated plants were much more pronounced. While anthocyanin content of the plants increased by Al, total contents of flavonoids were not significantly affected by Al treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Investigating the most effective compounds in medicinal plant of Sambucus nigra in Azarbayjan region. Kobra Asaadi 1 , Pezhman Moradi 1*, Kumarss Amini 2, Saeideh Habibi Lahiji1
For many years now, identification of native medicinal plants which are effective in improving human health has been the focus of attention by the United Nations World Health Organization. Sambucus nigra is a valuable medicinal plant used for a long time in traditional MoreFor many years now, identification of native medicinal plants which are effective in improving human health has been the focus of attention by the United Nations World Health Organization. Sambucus nigra is a valuable medicinal plant used for a long time in traditional medicine for prevention and treatment of common diseases such as cold, joint swell, and rheumatic pains. In this research, root, stem and leaf samples of Sambucus nigra were collected at altitude of 850 m from Souly valley in Azerbaijan region in northwestern Iran and the plant extracts were obtained from dry samples powder. Various compounds were identified by gas chromatography apparatus. The most important compounds included quercetin (11.3%), sambunigrin (7.6%), astragalin (5.7%), isoquerctin (4.8%), delphinidin, 3-rutinoside(6.1%), cyaniding -3, and 5 diglucoside (4.1%). The study also revealed that the amount of these compounds in leaves was generally more than in the other parts of the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Gel Purification of PCR Products. Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
44 - Growth responses and aquaporin expression in grape genotypes under salinity. Nayer Mohammadkhani*, Reza Heidari, Nasser Abbaspour and Fatemeh Rahmani
The effects of salinity on growth, leaf area and water relations of two grape genotypes (Gharashani and Shirazi) were studied under 2-week salinity (25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). Growth and fresh weights of all plant parts were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by increasi MoreThe effects of salinity on growth, leaf area and water relations of two grape genotypes (Gharashani and Shirazi) were studied under 2-week salinity (25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). Growth and fresh weights of all plant parts were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by increasing salinity in bothgenotypes. Shirazi showed a higher decrease in shoot and root lengths and fresh weights than Gharashani. It also had a higher decrease in water potential and relative water content and a lower increase in leaf area as compared with Gharashani. There was a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) between water potential and leaf area in two genotypes. Under salinity stress the expression of aquaporin PIP2.2 decreased significantly (p<0.05) in roots and leaves of Gharashani, but it was higher in roots than in leaves. In roots and leaves of Shirazi the expression of this gene was partly increased. Considering growth factors and water relations, it seems that Shirazi is a sensitive genotype, but Gharashani can partly tolerate salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Effects of electromagnetic field radiation on inducing physiological and biochemical changes in Satureja bachtiarica L. Fariba Ramezani Vishki1*, Ahmad Majd2, Taher Nejadsattari1 and Sedighe Arbabian2
As organisms exposed to various abiotic and biotic environmental impacts, plants are able to recognize and respond to their surrounding environment with high specificity. Electromagnetic field radiation is an important effective stress factor on growth and development o MoreAs organisms exposed to various abiotic and biotic environmental impacts, plants are able to recognize and respond to their surrounding environment with high specificity. Electromagnetic field radiation is an important effective stress factor on growth and development of plants. Our research focused on plants grown from wet pretreated seeds with low frequency electromagnetic field exposure comparing them with the control. Three replicates were used in the experiment with 30 seeds in each sample. The treatment wet seeds, were spread on the moist filter paper in Petri dishes before they were placed between parallel coils of electromagnetic radiation generator and were exposedby a magnitude of 1mT, for 2hr. Controlseedswere placed between coils under similar conditions but not connected to the power. Morphological comparison of the treated and control samples showed that the percentage of seed germination and average root length of the treatment plants increased, but the difference in root length was not significant. A significant decrease in the mean shoot length, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight was observed. Also, electromagnetic radiation exposure caused significant decrease in the rate of Chlorophylla and chlorophyll b. However, carotenoid and activity of non-enzymatic antioxidant content in treatment samples significantly increased in comparison with control plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Optimum conditions for asparaginase extraction from Pisum sativum subspp. Jof. Zena Abdulla Khalaf, Nabeel Khalaf Al-Ani* and Hameed Majeed Jasim
Asparaginase was extracted from plant parts of Pisum sativum subspp. Jof collected from a field crop. Asparaginase activity was detected in seeds, stems and leaves extracts. Enzyme activity was higher in seeds extracts (30.0 U/ml) compared with leaves extracts (26.4 U/m MoreAsparaginase was extracted from plant parts of Pisum sativum subspp. Jof collected from a field crop. Asparaginase activity was detected in seeds, stems and leaves extracts. Enzyme activity was higher in seeds extracts (30.0 U/ml) compared with leaves extracts (26.4 U/ml) and stems extracts (16.1 U/ml), respectively. Optimum conditions for the activity of crude asparaginase extracted from plants seeds were studied. Results showed maximum activity of asparaginase was achieved when the enzyme was incubated with 200 mM of asparagines in a ratio of 1:3 (V/V) at 37 °C for 30 minutes in the presence of 0.05 M of potassium phosphate buffer solution at pH 8.Asparaginase activity was equal to 602.6 U/ml under optimum conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Antioxidant and antiradical activities of Rosa canina and Rosa pimpinellifolia fruits from West Azerbaijan. Somaye Fattahi, Rashid Jamei* and Siavash Hosseini Sarghein
Rosa canina L. is a member of Rosaceae family, which is well-known for its high phenolic contents. These compounds are known to possess antioxidant and antiradical effects. In order to compare the antioxidant and antiradical activity of wild Rosa phenolic extracts, two MoreRosa canina L. is a member of Rosaceae family, which is well-known for its high phenolic contents. These compounds are known to possess antioxidant and antiradical effects. In order to compare the antioxidant and antiradical activity of wild Rosa phenolic extracts, two wild Rosa species (Rosa canina L. and Rosa pimpinellifolia L.) were selected from Takab, Oshnavieh and Qasemloo Valley of Urmia, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, in 2011.The fruits of R. canina and R. pimpinellifolia were collected and then methanolic extracts were prepared from these fruits. The extracts' total phenolic and flavonoid contents and scavenging capacity for radicals nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH were analyzed. Fruit extracts, respectively, had a range of 176.48 ± 2.71 and 225.65 ± 2.50 mg gallic acid equivalents /100 g methanolic extract in total phenolic content, 0.41± 0.02 and 2.02 ± 0.03 mg quercetin/100 g methanolic extract in total flavonoid content, 22.41 ± 0.64% and 58.10 ± 0.72% in hydrogen peroxide, 79.16 ± 0.61% and 87.78 ± 0.10% in DPPH, and 76.93 ± 2.31% and 236.76 ± 16.04% in nitric oxide radical scavenging percentage. The findings suggested that radical scavenging capacities of R. canina and R. pimpinellifola extracts in different populations positively correlated with phenolic content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Effect of various levels of iron on morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of Glycine max var. Pershing. Somayeh Pooladvand1, Mahlagha Ghorbanli 2* and Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr 3
Iron is a necessary mineral for plants' biological redox system and an important component of many enzymes. In the present study, effect of iron on morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of soybeanwere investigated. The experiments were arranged in a c MoreIron is a necessary mineral for plants' biological redox system and an important component of many enzymes. In the present study, effect of iron on morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of soybeanwere investigated. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS with multiple range Duncan test (P < 0.05)as the statistical tool for comparison of means. The findings suggested that FeSO4increased seed production, nodule formation andthe number of pods and leaves. However, higher concentrations of FeSO4reduced nodules and leaf numbers. It was also observed that antioxidant enzymes activity in roots and shoots gradually increased with an increase in FeSO4 concentration. The iron content in the treated plants increased in proportion to the increase in FeSO4. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Composition of the volatile oil, tissue culture and micro-regeneration optimization of wild Yarrow (Achillea biebersteinii). Hamidreza Ghasempour*, Shokouh Dabiri and Mitra Cheraghi
Achillea biebersteinii is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant that belongs to Compositae family with useful properties, such as: anti-diaphoretic, antihemorrhagic, antiinflammation, antibiotic, antifungal and antioxidant effects. The objectives were; to determine the MoreAchillea biebersteinii is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant that belongs to Compositae family with useful properties, such as: anti-diaphoretic, antihemorrhagic, antiinflammation, antibiotic, antifungal and antioxidant effects. The objectives were; to determine the composition of essential oil components with the use of GC and GC/MS. Forty–two components were found and 98% of the identified oil constitunts categorized with above medicinal properties were; 1, 8 cineole (30.9%), cis-ascaridole (12.8%), alpha-terpinene (9.6%), alpha-terpineole(6.3%) and camphor (4.3%), with 37 minor extra components. Therefore, efforts have been directed to micro-propagation through in vitro culture with a view to producing secondary metabolites. So in this research, tissue culture has been optimized in four stages. At first seeds were sterilized then placed in different proportions of MS media. After 10 days the young seedlings emerged and after cutting their roots, were placed on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (2, 5, 10 mg/lit) in order to study its effects on Shoot induction. At 5 and 10 mg/lit both shoot and callus formed (with higher proportion at 5 mg/lit). At this stage, three characters of young seedlings have been analyzed: The number of leave/ the length of leave and the length of the tallest leave. In the third stage, young seedlings have been placed on MS media with no growth regulator. Then, the young seedlings were transferred to MS media supplemented with 2 mg/lit IBA. The best media for incubator use were MS media supplemented with 5 and 10 mg/lit of BAP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Effect of bio-fertilizers on performance of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Seyed Hosein Sokhangoy*, Khalil Ansari, Davood Eradatmand Asli
Biological fertilizers are compounds comprising various free living microorganisms that are able to change the basic nutrients into available form through biological procedures. Being an important source of nutrients in sustainable agriculture, these fertilizers lead to MoreBiological fertilizers are compounds comprising various free living microorganisms that are able to change the basic nutrients into available form through biological procedures. Being an important source of nutrients in sustainable agriculture, these fertilizers lead to better seed germination and development of root system. In order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizers on the medicinal plant, dill (Anethum graveolens), an experiment was conducted in completely randomized blocks with 3 replications using 4 treatments in Lueen plains in Saveh, central Iran. Treatments included nitroxin (Azospirillum and Azotobacter), Pseudomonas florescence containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria, mixture of nitroxin and Pseudomonas florescence fertilizers, and control (no fertilizer).Findings suggested that application of biological fertilizers significantly increased seeds performance, biological yield per plant, plant height, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike, number of seeds per plant, and the weight of 1000 seeds. Among the treated plants, mixed treatment of nitroxin and Pseudomonas florescence caused maximum increase in most of the parameters under study. This was followed by nitroxin treatment which resulted in the second most pronounced difference with the control. The minimum and maximum seed performances were observed in mixed treatment of nitroxin and Pseudomonas florescence (16.31 g per plant) and control plants (9.8 g per plant), respectively. In general, results of the present study revealed that application of biological fertilizers plays a remarkable role in improving growth characteristics and yield compounds of Anethum graveolens and they can be viewed as a suitable replacement for chemical fertilizers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Post-anthesis changes in internodes dry matter, stem mobilization, and their relation to the grain yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Mohsen Abouzar1, Maryam Shahbazi2*, Sepideh Torabi1, Hamid Reza Nikkhah3 and Soheil Nadafi2
Making an increase in the yield of agricultural plants including barely is considered as the main challenge for researchers in agriculture related sciences. Water-soluble carbohydrates transport and source–sink relations have a significant effect on the grain yiel MoreMaking an increase in the yield of agricultural plants including barely is considered as the main challenge for researchers in agriculture related sciences. Water-soluble carbohydrates transport and source–sink relations have a significant effect on the grain yield. This study was carried out in order to examine genotypic variation of storage and remobilization ability of carbohydrates in eighteen developed and two commercial varieties of barley. The study was arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Samples were collected at anthesis and 14, 21, and 28 days after anthesis. Dry matter and length of peduncle and penultimate, and other physiologic and morphologic characters including leaf area index and SPAD number were examined in different stages after anthesis. At the maturity, grain yield and its components were measured. A positively significant correlation was observed between the dry matter of the last two internodes during grain filling andthe rate of stem remobilization and grain yield. According to the findings, a high level of variability rate of stem remobilization was observed in different barley genotypes which can be used in barley breeding program. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - RNA isolation (Total RNA Extraction from High Polysaccharide Plants). Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
53 - Phytoremediation: a green technology . Sarwat Ismail
The technology of phytoremediation is cost effective and ecologically friendly in which plant utilizes its natural abilities to restore environment. In nature there are a number of plants existing with innate mechanisms for removing heavy metals from soil, air and water MoreThe technology of phytoremediation is cost effective and ecologically friendly in which plant utilizes its natural abilities to restore environment. In nature there are a number of plants existing with innate mechanisms for removing heavy metals from soil, air and water as a survival strategy. Among several subsets of phytoremediation, the widely studied strategies are (a) phytoextraction (b) phytofiltration (c) phytovolatilization and (d) phytostabilization. Application of organic / inorganic chelants in soil directly affects the solubility of heavy metals and consequently increases their accumulation in plants that enhances phytoextraction. In the present review current knowledge about the phytoremediation and its techniques are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Identification and comparison of essential oil composition and mineral changes in different phenological stages of Satureja hortensis L. Naser Karimi1*, Mojgan Yari1 and Hamid Reza Ghasmpour2
Satureja hortensis L., (summer savory) is an annual, herbaceous aromatic and well-known medicinal plant. S. hortensis essential oil has a high percentage of carvacrol which is responsible mainly for its biological activity. The biomass production, essential oil composit MoreSatureja hortensis L., (summer savory) is an annual, herbaceous aromatic and well-known medicinal plant. S. hortensis essential oil has a high percentage of carvacrol which is responsible mainly for its biological activity. The biomass production, essential oil composition and mineral content of Satureja hortensis are known to be dependent on its growth and development conditions. The aim of this work was, therefore, to evaluate the essential oil composition as well as minerals content at different stages of growth of Satureja hortensis. The growth media was 10 cm diameter pots containing perlite watered using Hoagland nutrient solution. Plants were harvested at different stages of growth (before flowering and after flowering period) and dry weights were measured. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS. Before flowering stage and in full flowering stage, 29 compounds were characterized. In both stages, carvacrol showed the highest rates of the compounds an increasing trend from before flowing to flowering so that it changed from 47.77% to 49.96% whereas α-terpinene and cymene had a decreasing trend from before flowing to flowering stage. There was a rapid uptake of minerals during early growth and gradual dilution as the plant matured. Phosphorus and magnesium concentrations increased with expansion of growth and development in shoots and roots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Micropropagation of Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum L.) from different explants to flowering onset . Fatemeh Rezaee, Faezeh Ghanati* and Laleh Yusefzadeh Boroujeni
Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum L.) is a very popular, ornamental plant. Due to low germination of its seeds, usual techniques for its propagation are not efficient. The present study was aimed to establish callus from explants of different plant parts of Eustoma grand MoreLisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum L.) is a very popular, ornamental plant. Due to low germination of its seeds, usual techniques for its propagation are not efficient. The present study was aimed to establish callus from explants of different plant parts of Eustoma grandiflorum L. Raf Shinners in B5, LS and MS media with modifications. The results showed that among different plant parts, leaf explants were pioneer to produce callus. Basal LS medium containing 3 mg/L IAA, 3 mg/L NAA, 0.1 mg/L kinetin, and B5 medium containing 0.225 mg/L BA and 1.86 mg/L NAA were the best media for induction of callus. The calluses in LS media started for organogenesis (rhizogenesis) earlier than those in B5, and MS medium containing 3 mg/L IAA, 3 mg/L NAA, and 2 mg/L Glycin. All calluses from aforesaid media were able to regenerate new plants. Flowering onset occurred after 84 days growing under 16/8 h photoperiod, 25±2 ºC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses in some plants and their relationship with soil factors and seasons. Mahmood Ghorbani*, Jalil Khara and Nasser Abbaspour
Mycorrhizal association in seven plants grown in Arasbaran forest located in the north west of Iran was investigated. The soil samples were collected from the plants rhizosphere. Physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere soils like soil texture, pH, EC and some extract MoreMycorrhizal association in seven plants grown in Arasbaran forest located in the north west of Iran was investigated. The soil samples were collected from the plants rhizosphere. Physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere soils like soil texture, pH, EC and some extractable nutrients such as N, P and K were recorded. The number of spores in rhizosphere and percentage of root mycorrhizal colonization were found. Soil physico-chemical analyses were done on August while spore number and root colonization were studied in May and August. All the data collected in this research were analyzed by the statistical software, SPSS. Results showed that different plant species colonized differently by VAM fungi, and spore number and root mycorrhizal colonization increased through the time from May to August. Among the physicochemical factors, soil N content had high correlation with root colonization and soil extractable P had high correlation with soil spore number. pH had a high negative correlation with spore number. Among the plant species, Stachys pubescens showed the most VAM fungi root colonization and Cruciata laevipes rhizosphere soil showed the highest spore number. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Effects of alumina nanoparticles on morphological properties and antioxidant system of Triticum aestivum . Ali Riahi-Madvar*, Fatemeh Rezaee and Vahidreza Jalali 2
The negative and positive effects of alumina nanoparticles have been reported for various plant species, while the mechanism that brings about these effects has not yet been clearly understood. Here, the effects of different concentrations of nano-scale alumina on growt MoreThe negative and positive effects of alumina nanoparticles have been reported for various plant species, while the mechanism that brings about these effects has not yet been clearly understood. Here, the effects of different concentrations of nano-scale alumina on growth and enzymatic antioxidant system of wheat seedlings are investigated. The results show while root growth is affected by the nanoparticles (NPs), other morphological properties including seed germination, shoot length, and dry biomass were the same as the control plants’ properties. This can be attributed to selective permeability of seed coats which confronts roots with excess in the NPs and low rate in transportation of this material to the shoot. Interestingly, while root elongation was significantly improved in both treatments of 50 and 1000 mg/L nano-scale alumina, length of the roots were measured slightly lower than control in cases of 200 and 500 mg/L treatments. Additionally, the activity of superoxidase dismutase and catalase were elevated for treatments of 200 and 500 mg/L while growth of the roots was apparently decreased and the uptake of aluminum by the roots was more than the uptake for other concentrations. However, due to the potential retarding of alumina nanoparticles on root growth for some plant species, it seems that the activity of antioxidant enzymes which reduces the level of free radicals (O˙-, H2O2) is responsible for reducing phytotoxicity effects of these particles on seedlings. In conclusion, it is proposed that oxidative damage can be introduced as a way of inducing toxicity in plants through the uptake of nanoparticles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Antioxidant enzyme activity in response to iron and copper in Cuminum cyminum L. Maryam Peyvandi1*, Soheyla Pirghayesh Ghourshagh2, Fatemeh Saeid Nematpour2, Malagha Ghorbanli3
In this study, the interaction between iron and copper on growth parameters (plant height, fresh weight of roots, stem’s length, fresh weight of shoots, fresh and dry weight of seeds), total proteins and the antioxidant enzymes activity in Cuminum cyminum L. were MoreIn this study, the interaction between iron and copper on growth parameters (plant height, fresh weight of roots, stem’s length, fresh weight of shoots, fresh and dry weight of seeds), total proteins and the antioxidant enzymes activity in Cuminum cyminum L. were investigated. This experiment was carried out in completely randomized blocks with 9 treatments in 3 repetitions. Plants were treated with Fe fertilizer (0, 3, 6 kgh-1) together with CuSO4, 5H2O (0, 100, 200 µM). Maximum level of stem length and shoot fresh weight was observed in Fe3Cu100. In the treatment of Fe6Cu100, root weight was significantly increased. Fresh and dry weights of seeds were significantly increased under Fe3 treatment. High concentration of Fe fertilizer with low concentration of CuSO4 decreased catalase and peroxidase enzymes activities. However, by increasing concentration of Cu in both Fe levels, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Effect of exogenous Gama-aminobutyric acid on physiological tolerance of wheat seedlings exposed to chilling stress . Praviz Malekzadeh*, Jalil Khara and Reza Heidari
Accumulation of γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) is associated with stress factors in plant systems. The objective of the current study was to compare GABA concentration in wheat plants under chilling stress. After 48 h treatments of seedlings under chilling stress com MoreAccumulation of γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) is associated with stress factors in plant systems. The objective of the current study was to compare GABA concentration in wheat plants under chilling stress. After 48 h treatments of seedlings under chilling stress combined stresses with and without GABA, morphological and biochemical assays were conducted. It was observed that the inhibition of seedling roots elongation caused by chilling stress was significantly mitigated by GABA. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were changed; the content of malondialdehyde was increased in chilling stress but reduced in GABA treated seedlings. GABA can alleviate oxidative damage caused by chilling stress in wheat seedlings by activating antioxidant defense responses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Effect of seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azospirillum and different nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.) , Mahboobeh Naderifar1*, Jahanfar Daneshian2
In order to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on yield of canola plants in Qazvin, Iran, a split-plot design was conducted on the base of randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included 3 levels of ni MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on yield of canola plants in Qazvin, Iran, a split-plot design was conducted on the base of randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 75 and 150 kg ha-1) and bio-fertilizers on four levels (no inoculation, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and a combination of Azotobacter and Azospirillum). Results showed that nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on yield and yield components. Significant increase was observed in all characters with applying bio-fertilizers. Interaction of effect of nitrogen and bio-fertilizers treatments on seed yield showed when no nitrogen fertilizer was used, the highest seed yield was obtained from the combined use of bio-fertilizers. But with application of 150 N (kg ha-1), the highest seed yield was obtained when no bio-fertilizers were applied. The oil yield was also influenced by experimental treatments so that the highest oil yield was obtained from 75 and 150 kg ha-1 N treatments. The combined use of bio-fertilizers also was statistically superior to other treatments. According to findings of the present study, it can be concluded that farmers can obtain the same canola yield if they apply half the conventional allocation of nitrogen with bio-fertilizers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - RNA Isolation (Small RNA Extraction). Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
62 - Water relations of wheat influenced by exogenous application of growth substances under moisture stress. Hafiz Muhammad Akram*, Abdus Sattar, Hafiz Saeed-ur-Rehman and Abbas Ali
Water potential is amongst the most useful parameters for the measurement of the degree of water stress in plants. With the objective of mitigating adverse effects of moisture stress on water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential of wheat variety Inquilab- MoreWater potential is amongst the most useful parameters for the measurement of the degree of water stress in plants. With the objective of mitigating adverse effects of moisture stress on water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential of wheat variety Inquilab-91, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using two moisture levels viz., normal moisture supply and moisture stress at crown root stage. The moisture levels were randomized in main plots and growth substances including distilled water, Ethephon @ 400 mg l-1, Paclobutrazol @300 mg l-1, SADH @ 2000 mg l-1 and Triadimefon @ 200 mg l-1 were kept in sub-plots. Whereas, stages of growth substances application, i.e., pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar spray at crown root development, heading and grain filling were randomized in sub-plots. Water stress at crown root development stage was imposed simply by withholding irrigation. Moisture stress significantly lowered water potential and pressure potential and enhanced osmotic potential while growth substances application ameliorated all the traits under study; however, stages of application showed a varied response in this regard. Ethephon application @ 400 mg l-1 had pronounced effect with higher water potential (-1.584 MPa), osmotic potential (-1.781 MPa) and turgor potential (0.217 MPa) values. Amongst the stages of growth substances application, pre-sowing seed soaking in different growth substances was found to be the most effective in maintaining plant water balance. Interaction of moisture levels, growth substances treatments and stages of their application was highly significant. Thus, Ethephon application @ 400 mg l-1 as pre-sowing seed treatment under moisture stress conditions depicted the highest values of water potential (-2.080 MPa), osmotic potential (-2.268 MPa) and turgor potential (0.186 MPa). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and essential oil content and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. Mayam Zolfaghari1*, Vahideh Nazeri1, Fatemeh Sefidkon2 and Farhad Rejali3
The potential of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) - Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum and G. intraradices- to enhance the production of essential oil and plant growth parameter was investigated in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). The AMF inoculation significantly i MoreThe potential of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) - Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum and G. intraradices- to enhance the production of essential oil and plant growth parameter was investigated in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). The AMF inoculation significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry matter yield, oil content and oil yield as compared to non-inoculated basil plants. Essential oil content in plants inoculated with G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum was significantly higher than other treatments. Shoot fresh weight significantly increased by all three mycorrhiza fungi species, but only inoculation with G. intraradices and G. fasciculatum increased root dry weight. Also oil composition improved with AMF inoculation and linalool and methyl chavicol that enhance the essence quality, increased in inoculated plant compared to control plants. These results demonstrate that AMF concomitantly increase essential oil production and biomass in an herbaceous species rich in commercially valued essential oils. Therefore, AMF potentially represent an alternative way of promoting growth of this important medicinal herb, as natural ways of growing such crops are currently highly sought after in the herbal industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Investigation of proline, total protein, chlorophyll, ascorbate and dehydroascorbate changes under drought stress in Akria and Mobil tomato cultivars. Mahlagha Ghorbanli1*, Maryam Gafarabad2, Tannaz Amirkian1and Bahareh Allahverdi Mamaghani3 1
In this study the effects of drought stress on proline, protein, chlorophyll a/b, ascorbate and dehrydroascorbate were investigated in Akri and Mobil cultivars of tomato species. The seeds were cultured at 23 °C with 15-16 hours light period and irrigation was done MoreIn this study the effects of drought stress on proline, protein, chlorophyll a/b, ascorbate and dehrydroascorbate were investigated in Akri and Mobil cultivars of tomato species. The seeds were cultured at 23 °C with 15-16 hours light period and irrigation was done based on field capacity control (FC), mild drought stress (⅔ FC) and severe drought stress (⅓ FC) under greenhouse conditions. After nine weeks of sowing, leaf, stem and root were isolated and studied for various indices. The results indicated that amount of proline increased significantly in mild and severe stresses in root, but in stem and leaf proline increased only under severe drought stress. Chlorophyll a and b and total protein decreased significantly in mild and severe stress in leaf, stem and root. Ascorbic acid (ASC) increased but dehydro ascorbate decreased significantly in both species. It could be concluded that in both cultivars proline and ASC content increased under severe and mild drought stress although soluble protein and chlorophyll a/b decreased under severe stress. Therefore, in tomato plants osmolyte such as proline and also ASC as an antioxidant compound increased against drought stress. Protein accumulation has protecting role under mild stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activities from different parts of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Mazandaran . Masoumeh Mazandarani1 *, Azar Momeji1, Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam2
The relationshipbetween secondary metabolites content and antioxidant activity was studied in aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale R. Br., at various altitudes and periods of growth in north of Iran. Total phenolics (TP), and total flavonoids (TF) contentsin aerial par MoreThe relationshipbetween secondary metabolites content and antioxidant activity was studied in aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale R. Br., at various altitudes and periods of growth in north of Iran. Total phenolics (TP), and total flavonoids (TF) contentsin aerial parts of the plantwere investigated spectrophotometrically and their antioxidant activitieswere obtained byTotal Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) method and then compared with standards such as butylatedhydroxyanisole, butylatedhydroxytoluene. Findings demonstrated that the TP content of aerial parts of Nasturtium officinalewere 8.03 to 9.35 mgGAE in vegetative period and 6.5 to 7.65 mgGAE in generative period. Also, TF contents were 26.5 to 31.11 mgQuE in vegetative period and 36.89 to 42.65 mgQuE in generative period. The highest secondary metabolitescontentsof TP were found in vegetative period. Aerial parts in high altitudes (1400 m) hadalso high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. IC50 contents in aerial parts of the plant were 932 to 1494 µg/mlin TAC method.The highest antioxidant activity and radical scavenging effects were observed in vegetative period with the lowest IC50, 932 to 1227.5 µg/ml, whereas generative period with the highest amount of IC50 had the weakest antioxidant activity. Findings showeda positive correlation between antioxidant activity and the most important secondary metabolites,which explains why this plant is used by the rural healers in north of Iran for nutritionand anti-inflammation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Effects of salinity and drought stress on germination and seedling growth of Avena fatua L. and Phalaris minor L. Arezo Dinari 1*, Fariba Meighani 2 and Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr 1
Avena fatua and Phalaris minor are narrow-leaved weeds that pose problems for many crops. In order to study the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on germination and initial seedling growth of Avena fatua and Phalaris minor, an experiment wa MoreAvena fatua and Phalaris minor are narrow-leaved weeds that pose problems for many crops. In order to study the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on germination and initial seedling growth of Avena fatua and Phalaris minor, an experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications under laboratory conditions during 2011-2012. Eight levels of NaCl: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mM, and 8 PEG concentrations: 0 (control), 15.6, 100.7, 151.4, 190.5, 223.6, 279.3, and 326.2 g/L were used. The findings suggested that in both weed plantlets, increase in NaCl and PEG concentrations resulted in reduced seed germination, and seedling shoot and rootlet length, as compared with the control with no drought stress. In the treatments with high concentrations of NaCl and PEG, seed germination in both weeds approached zero which suggests their sensitivity to salt and drought stress. Overall, it seems that Avena fatua was more tolerant to salt and drought stress in comparison with Phalaris minor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - The effect of nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solvent bacteria on growth physiology and vitamin C content of Capsicum annum L. HalehTayeb Rezvani1, Pezhman Moradi2* and Foruzandeh Soltani3
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers on yield quantity and quality of Capsicum annuum L., an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications in 2011. All plants were treated before transplanting in pots in greenhouse con MoreIn order to study the effects of biofertilizers on yield quantity and quality of Capsicum annuum L., an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications in 2011. All plants were treated before transplanting in pots in greenhouse condition by biological fertilizers including nitroxin and biophosphates. Treatments included 3 concentrations of nitroxin (1:3, 1:5 and 1:7) diluted by water, 2 levels of biophosphate fertilizer (inoculated and non- inoculated plants) and NPK (2:6:1.5 g per pot) fertilizer. The control group had no treatment of chemical and biofertilizer. Results revealed that the highest yield (3177.85 g/plant) dry weight and fresh weight (5.43 g and 120 g) respectively, were obtained by nitroxin 1:5 combined with phosphate solubilizing bacteria treatment. This combination of biofertilizers (nitroxin 1:5 and biophosphate) significantly improved leaf phosphorous and nitrogen content, 0.27% and 2.16%, respectively. Calcium content of fruits treated by nitroxin and biophosphate also showed considerable increase (0.33%). Vitamin C content was enhanced in combined treatments of nitroxin 1:5 and 1:3 with biophosphate. Application of low concentrations of nitroxin and biophosphate made no significant difference with control plants. Based on this investigation the best fertilizer concentration and combination for sweet pepper production in greenhouse condition was nitroxin 1:5 together with biophosphate fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Biochemical study of some populations of Gundelia tournefortii L. in West Azarbaijan . Arezoo Fathalivand, Siavash Hosseini Sarghein, Rashid Jamei
Some populations of Gundelia tournefortii were compared based on chemotaxonomical characteristics. In this study, some biochemical compounds such as total protein and storage proteins of shoot were studied. The populations were compared on the basis of biochemical chara MoreSome populations of Gundelia tournefortii were compared based on chemotaxonomical characteristics. In this study, some biochemical compounds such as total protein and storage proteins of shoot were studied. The populations were compared on the basis of biochemical characteristics using statistical methods. Different populations were collected from mountains of west Azarbaijan province. Total protein content was assayed through Lowry method and storage proteins content was determined by through electrophoresis via silver nitrate staining method. The results of electrophoresis showed that populations could be classified in 3 clusters. Orumieh, Ghushchi and Shahindej populations were included in cluster 1. Also cluster 2 comprised population of Bukan and the remaining populations including Mahabad and Takab were classified in cluster 3. The results of total protein showed the maximum total protein in Shahindej population (739 mg/100 g) and minimum total protein in Takab population (465 mg/100g). Keywords: Fathalivand, A., S. Hosseini Sarghein and R. Jamei. 2013.'Biochemical study of some populations of Gundelia tournefortii (L.) in West Azerbaijan'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology3 (2), 683-686. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Effects of planting date and salicylic acid on physiological traits of forage maize hybrids . Mehrnaz Zarei 1*, Jafar Masood Sinaki 2, Ali Rahbari 1, Hossin Abaspour2
Temperature changes occur in nature faster than other stressors. Plants due to inability to move and change their position, are exposed to extensive variations in daily or seasonal temperature, and therefore, should quickly and effectively adapt to temperature stress. I MoreTemperature changes occur in nature faster than other stressors. Plants due to inability to move and change their position, are exposed to extensive variations in daily or seasonal temperature, and therefore, should quickly and effectively adapt to temperature stress. In order to study the effects of heat stress on physiological traits of forage maize hybrids, a factorial split plot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2011. Treatments consisted of two maize varieties Ks 704 and N 504, 2 concentrations of salicylic acid (0 mM and 1 mM) and 2 different planting dates (July 5th and 26th). The plant height, stem diameter, plant dry weight, dry matter production (DMP) and protein content (CP) were measured. Results showed that plant height was affected under the interaction of three factors of the study, i.e., planting date, hybrid and spraying salicylic acid. Plant height in the variety N 504, treated with 1 mM salicylic acid and the planting date of July 26th was 64.76% more than in the treatment including 0 mM salicylic acid and the planting date of July 5th. Maximum dry weight per plant was observed in the plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid planted on July 26th. Dry matter production (DMP) in Ks 704 sprayed with 1 mM salicylic acid and the planting date of July 26th was 73.71%. On the other hand, the protein content (CP) in shoots with 0 mM salicylic acid was 15.68%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - One-Step Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
71 - Fractional purification and kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of polyphenol oxidase extracted from three segments of Solanum melongenas and Musa sapietum fruits . Paul Chidoka Chikezie1*, Adaeze Rose Akuwudike1, Chinwendu Maureen Chikezie1 and Chiedozie Onyejiaka Ibegbulem2
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from three segments of Solanum melongenas and Musa sapietum fruits and partially purified. The specific activity of PPO was measured at each purification step to ascertain level of enzyme purity. In all cases, PPO conformed to Mich MorePolyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from three segments of Solanum melongenas and Musa sapietum fruits and partially purified. The specific activity of PPO was measured at each purification step to ascertain level of enzyme purity. In all cases, PPO conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics, showing different values of kinetics parameters. Michaelis-Menten constant (PPOKm) of S. melongenas mid-section and anterior segments showed no significant difference (p < 0.05), whereas the posterior gave PPOKm = 4.6±0.49 mM (p > 0.05). Maximum PPO activity (PPOVmax) was highest in the posterior segment: PPOVmax = 0.602±0.09 U. Mid-section of M. sapietum exhibited the highest Km value (PPOKm = 5.8±0.69 mM) compared with the anterior (PPOKm = 3.9±0.69 mM) (p > 0.05) and posterior PPOKm = 4.9±0.11 mM segments (p < 0.05). Overall, M. sapietum PPOKm values were relatively higher than those of S. melongenas. Posterior S. melongenas exhibited the highest PPOVmax = 0.602±0.09 U, whereas the lowest value was registered in the anterior segment of M. sapietum PPOVmax = 0.234±0.09 U. Substrate specificity for PPO (PPOVmax/Km) extracted from various segments of S. melongenas was in the increasing order of Mid-section > Posterior > Anterior, whereas that of M. sapietum was Mid-section > Anterior > Posterior. PPOVmax/Km between the two fruits showed strong positive correlation (r = 0.862339). Catechol was a better substrate for PPOS. melongenas than PPOM. sapietum. The experimentally observed kinetic parameters of S. melongenas and M. sapietum signified the presence of PPO isoenzymes and non-uniform distribution of PPO in the two fruits. Keywords: Chikezie P. C., A. R. Akuwudike, C. M. Chikezie and C. O. Ibegbulem. 2013. ' Fractional purification and kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of polyphenol oxidase extracted from three segments of Solanum melongenas and Musa sapietum fruits stress'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (3), 703-710. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulator on stalk yield and bioethanol in sweet sorghum . Maryam Usofzadeh1 *, Mashalla Daneshvar1, Abbas Almodares2 and Hamid Reza Eisvand1
In this study, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulator (ethephon) application on leaf chlorophyl, stem height and diameter, stalk yield, total sugar and bioethanol of sweet sorghum were determined. Four nitrogen treatments 0, 100, 200 and 300 Kg Ur MoreIn this study, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulator (ethephon) application on leaf chlorophyl, stem height and diameter, stalk yield, total sugar and bioethanol of sweet sorghum were determined. Four nitrogen treatments 0, 100, 200 and 300 Kg Urea ha-1 and four ethephon concentrations 0, 800, 1000, and 1200 ppm were applied on sweet sorghum in a split plot on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that interaction of nitrogen and ethephon on stalk yield was significant. The highest stalk yield (30.91 t ha-1) was obtained with the application of N4E4 (300 kg Urea ha-1 and 1200 p.p.m (ethephon) and the lowest (12.15 t ha-1) with control and N2E1 (100 kg Urea ha-1 and 0 ppm ethephon). Maximum amount of total sugar (12.06 %) was obtained at 300 Kg Urea ha-1. The lowest bioethanol was 2423 L ha-1 at 0 ppm ethephon and the highest was 4424 L ha-1 at 1200 ppm ethephon. Based on these results, it is suggested to apply 300 Kg Urea/ha and ethephon at 1200 ppm to have the highest bioethanol in sweet sorghum. Keywords:Usofzadeh, M., M. Daneshvar, A. Almodares and H. R. Eisvand. 2013. 'Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulator on stalk yield and bioethanol in sweet sorghum stress'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (3), 711-716. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The effects of magnetic fields on growth and enzyme activities of Helianthus annuus L. seedlings. Maryam Peyvandi*, Neda Kazemi Khaledi, Sedighe Arbabian
In recent years, many research studies have been conducted on the effects of magnetic field on plants. But certain mechanisms regarding magnetic influences have not been defined yet. In this study, effects of magnetic fields (MF) on the growth parameters and enzyme acti MoreIn recent years, many research studies have been conducted on the effects of magnetic field on plants. But certain mechanisms regarding magnetic influences have not been defined yet. In this study, effects of magnetic fields (MF) on the growth parameters and enzyme activities of Helianthus annuus L. were investigated. Sterilized seeds in sterile conditions were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mT of MF. One day after the treatments percentage of seed germination was increased at 0.5 mT. Different MF densities had no significant effects on root length and fresh weight of leaves. The highest level of shoot length was gained at 1 mT. In this treatment the activity of auxin oxidase was significantly decreased compared with that of the control samples. The activity of the catalase and peroxidase were decreased by MF. The minimum level of protein content and catalase and peroxidase activity were observed in the samples exposed to 1 mT of MF while there were no significant differences in the ascorbate peroxidase activity of different treatments. MF caused a reduction in chlorophyll a, b in all treatments compared to the control. The Results confirmed that the intensity of the MF had different effects on the growth parameters and enzyme activity. Keywords:M. Peyvandi, N. Kazemi Khaledi and S. Arbabian. 2013. 'The effects of magnetic fields on growth and enzyme activities of Helianthus annuus L. seedlings'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3(3), 717-724. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Effect of salinity stress on Vicia faba productivity with respect to ascorbic acid treatment. Awatif Ali Mohsen, Mohsen Kamal Hassan Ebrahim and Wael Fathy Saad Ghoraba*
A field experiment was carried out to study the response of presoaked faba bean seeds (Vicia faba cv. Misr 2) in freshly prepared ascorbic acid (50 ppm) or distilled water (control) for 4 hrs at natural environmental conditions, to salinity stress. NaCl treatments cause MoreA field experiment was carried out to study the response of presoaked faba bean seeds (Vicia faba cv. Misr 2) in freshly prepared ascorbic acid (50 ppm) or distilled water (control) for 4 hrs at natural environmental conditions, to salinity stress. NaCl treatments caused a reduction in all productivity and yield parameters as compared with control, particularly at high NaCl level (150 mM), whereas the number of pods per plant, fresh weight of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and fresh weight of seeds per pod were reduced. In the mean time, ascorbic acid had no effect on the yield parameters. Salinity stress increased the protein content of seeds to some extent. Ascorbic acid treatment to salinized plants remarkably increased the protein content. Also, seed alkaloids were increased with salinity stress, but the response was more pronounced at 100 mM NaCl whether alone or combined with ascorbic acid. The results revealed that protein pattern showed considerable effects of salinity stress on the protein bands. Application of ascorbic acid induced the synthesis and increased the intensity of the original protein bands and caused the appearance of additional new bands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The effect of arsenic and heavy metals on growth and metal accumulation by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Naser karimi1*, Masumeh Khanahmadi2 and Zhaleh Soheilikhah1
The present investigation assessed the effects of a metalloid (arsenic) and two heavy metals (cadmium and mercury), on the growth and metal accumulation in two medicinal plant species, artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and Savory (Satureja hortensis L.). The experiment was MoreThe present investigation assessed the effects of a metalloid (arsenic) and two heavy metals (cadmium and mercury), on the growth and metal accumulation in two medicinal plant species, artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and Savory (Satureja hortensis L.). The experiment was conducted hydroponically in spiked solution with different concentrations of arsenic (0, 20, 100, and 500 µM), cadmium (0, 10, 50, 250, and 500 µM) and mercury (0, 5, 25, and 50 µM) for four weeks. Under elevated arsenic and heavy metal stresses, root and shoot biomass of artichoke and savory were reduced. Shoot dry weight was significantly (p<0.05) decreased at arsenic supply levels of 20-500 µM, cadmium levels of 10-500 µM and mercury levels of 5-50 µM compared to the control plants. Similar response patterns to arsenic, cadmium and mercury supply levels were noted for root dry weight in the two plant species. Arsenic and heavy metal accumulated by the plants root and shoot linearly increased with increasing their supply levels. More accumulation of arsenic, cadmium and mercury was observed in roots than shoots in artichoke and savory. Artichoke had higher metalloid and heavy metal uptake, bioaccumulation factor, and root-to-shoot translocation efficiencies than those of savory. This can be attributed to a greater accumulating capacity in artichoke. Overall results indicated that metal phytoextraction using the artichoke can be applied to clean up soils moderately contaminated by arsenic, cadmium and mercury in polluted lands. Keywords:karimi, N., M. Khanahmadi and Zh. Soheilikhah. 2013. 'The Effect of Arsenic and Heavy metals on Growth and Metal Accumulation by Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and Savory (Satureja hortensis L.)'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (3), 737-747. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The effects of methyl jasmonate and salinity on germination and seedling growth in Ocimum basilicum L. Shekoofeh Enteshari* and Tahereh Jafari
About 10 percen of lands around the world under crops planting are affected by salinity. Therefore, comprehensive researches have been conducted to minimize the harmful effects of salinity in agriculture. The purpose of this study is examination of the Mmethyl jasmonate MoreAbout 10 percen of lands around the world under crops planting are affected by salinity. Therefore, comprehensive researches have been conducted to minimize the harmful effects of salinity in agriculture. The purpose of this study is examination of the Mmethyl jasmonate effect on reducing the effects of salinity in germination and vegetative stages of the basil plant.For the methyl jasmonate treatment, seeds were soaked in methyl jasmonate (0,0/1 and 0/01 µM) and then seeds were placed on filter papers wet using NaCl (50, 100, 200 mM). Then, the morphological parameters examined. The results indicated that high concentration of salinity cause to decrease in germination percentage and Methyl jasmonate cause increase in germination percentage, and this indicated the positive effect of methyl jasmonate on improvement of stress conditions in plant. Furthermore, salinity increases the growth of root and shoot, and methyl jasmonate offsets this reduction. Keywords:Enteshari, Sh. and T. Jafari. 2013. 'The effects of methyl jasmonate and salinity on germination and seedling growth in Ocimum basilicum L. stress'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (3), 749-756. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Comparative effects of abscisic acid and two Sulfonamide compounds on tomato under drought conditions . Leila Zeinali Yadegari*, Reza Heidari, Jalil Khara
The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and its two agonists, Sulfacetamide (Sa) and Sulfasalazine (SS) on tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Super chief) under drought stress were studied. Eight-week plants were treated with ABA (25 and 50 mg/L MoreThe effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and its two agonists, Sulfacetamide (Sa) and Sulfasalazine (SS) on tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Super chief) under drought stress were studied. Eight-week plants were treated with ABA (25 and 50 mg/L), Sulfacetamide (Sa) (25, 50 and 100 mg/L) and Sulfasalazine (SS) (25, 50 and 100 mg/L). Solutions were sprayed daily and sampling was done at 48 h, 96 h, 144 h and 48 h after re-watering (recovery phase). Treated plants showed relatively greater drought tolerance. This indicates that, Sulfacetamide and Sulfasalazine improved resistance in tomato, like ABA, increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalasthise (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). On the other hand, abscisic acid, Sulfacetamide and Sulfasalazine reduced H2O2 and MDA contents in the plants under study. Daily application of these agonists during moisture stress period was effective in increasing tomato plants tolerance to drought as was ABA. Keywords: Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The effect of salt stress on proline and soluble sugars contents in borage under hydroponics condition. Simin Zahed Chakovari* and Gholamreza Bakhshi Khaniki
Borage is an important medicinal plant which must be cultivated commercially in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical industry. This study was done under hydroponics condition. Seeds of Borage were obtained from Neka Research Center (North of Iran) MoreBorage is an important medicinal plant which must be cultivated commercially in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical industry. This study was done under hydroponics condition. Seeds of Borage were obtained from Neka Research Center (North of Iran). After applying Benomyl fungicide, the seeds were rinsed with distilled water and planted in vermiculite. After germination and appearance of two leaves, the plants were nourished by 0.5 Longshtein solutions. At 4-leaf stage, the plants were divided into two groups: control and salinity. Proline and soluble sugars contents were regularly studied under saline condition. While the content of proline increased, soluble sugars experienced a decrease under salinity. It was concluded that Borage was able to resist against stress due to change of contents of these compounds under salinity. Keywords:Zahed Chakovari, S. and Gh. Bakhshi Khaniki. 2013. 'Effects of salt stress on proline and soluble sugars contents in Borage under hydroponics condition'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (3), 765-769. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
80 - Screening for accumulator plants in turquoise mine, Nyshabour (Iran). Mahlagha Ghorbanli1, Mozhgan Farzamisepehr2* and Nafiseh Sabohimogadam3
Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem. This study was conducted in a turquoise mine in Nyshabour (Iran) to find accumulator plant(s). Concentrations of metals were determined both in the soil and the plants growing in the mine. Concentrations of total K, Ca, Na, MoreHeavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem. This study was conducted in a turquoise mine in Nyshabour (Iran) to find accumulator plant(s). Concentrations of metals were determined both in the soil and the plants growing in the mine. Concentrations of total K, Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu in the mine area were higher than the control soil. The results showed that four dominant vegetations namely Vincetoxicum scandens Sommier et Levier., Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl., Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. and Onosma bulbotrichum Dc.prod accumulated heavy metals. Based on the results, it was concluded that Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. is the best accumulator for Fe , but the best Cu accumulator is Onosma bulbotrichum Dc.prod. Keywords:M. Ghorbanli, M. Farzamisepehr and N. Sabohimogadam. 2013. 'Screening for accumulator plants in turquoise mine, Nyshabour (Iran)'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (4), 779 -784. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Metabolic adaptations to arsenic-induced oxidative stress in Isatis cappadocica. Naser Karimi* and Zahra Souri
Arsenic is considered as one of the most important environmental contaminant elements. Some plant species can grow in arsenic contaminated soils and they are able to reduce arsenic toxicity. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted on Isatis cappadocica, a n MoreArsenic is considered as one of the most important environmental contaminant elements. Some plant species can grow in arsenic contaminated soils and they are able to reduce arsenic toxicity. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted on Isatis cappadocica, a newly-discovered As hyperaccumulator. Accordingly, we conducted this experiment to compare the interaction of effect of arsenic and phosphorus on total chlorophyll and antioxidant compounds (carotenoids, anthocyanin and proline) of I. cappadocica for better understanding the mechanisms applied by this species. Therefore, the plants were grown for 6 weeks in a medium, embedded with combinations of 50, 200, 800 and 1200 μmol l−1 arsenic and 5, 50, 200, 800 and 1600 μmol l−1 phosphorus, respectively. The highest concentration of arsenic was obtained in plants treated with 1200 μmol l−1 As and 5 μmol l−1 phosphorus. Increasing arsenic concentration in the medium led to increase in antioxidant compounds. The ability of Isatis to accumulate more than 700 mg kg-1 arsenic in the shoots, illustrates the high resistance of this plant to arsenic and the existence of efficient mechanisms including increase of antioxidant compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Oxidative markers in five Iranian alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars under salinity stress . Nader Chaparzadeh1* and Faramarz Mehrnejad2
Five alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) cultivars from different areas of Iran were evaluated for oxidative markers under salinity conditions. Plants were grown in hydroponic condition by Hoagland nutrient solution containing different amounts of NaCl (control, 50 and 100 mM). MoreFive alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) cultivars from different areas of Iran were evaluated for oxidative markers under salinity conditions. Plants were grown in hydroponic condition by Hoagland nutrient solution containing different amounts of NaCl (control, 50 and 100 mM). Relative growth rate, membrane stability, lipid peroxidation, proline, hydrogen peroxide and relative water contents were determined. Results indicated that salinity decreased membrane stability, relative water content and growth parameters and increased lipid peroxidation, proline and hydrogen peroxide contents. Important variation was observed for all traits by increasing salinity. There were significant differences between cultivars in amounts of decrease or increase in the measured traits. In general, low membrane stability was observed in Sahand ava cultivar. Regarding salt stress, Yazdi cultivar was successful in maintaining membrane stability and relative growth rate. Keywords:Abbreviations: AOS: activated oxygen species; MSI: membrane stability index; RGR: relative growth rate; RWC: relative water content; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances Chaparzadeh, N., F. Mehrnejad, 2013. 'Oxidative markers in five Iranian alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars under salinity stress'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 3 (4),793-799 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Tobacco responds to salt stress by increased activity of antioxidant enzymes . Ali Asghar Hatamnia1,*, Nasser Abbaspour1, Reza Darvishzadeh2, Fatemeh Rahmani1, Reza Heidari 1 1
In order to understand the response of tobacco to salt stress, antioxidant enzyme activities, plant biomass and ion content were analyzed in two oriental tobacco genotypes (Basma 31 and SPT 406). Tobacco plants were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl for 12 days MoreIn order to understand the response of tobacco to salt stress, antioxidant enzyme activities, plant biomass and ion content were analyzed in two oriental tobacco genotypes (Basma 31 and SPT 406). Tobacco plants were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl for 12 days. The fresh and dry weight as well as shoot and root length of Basma 31 were greater than those of SPT 406 under increasing salt stress. On exposure to NaCl, SPT 406 showed a higher Na/K ratio than that of Basma 31. Activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes increased with increasing NaCl content in leaves of two genotypes, but activities of three enzymes in leaves of Basma 31 were higher than SPT 406. Activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in roots of Basma 31 and SPT 406 increased with increasing external NaCl concentration up to 150 and 100 mM, respectively. The highest guaiacol peroxidase activity in roots of Basma 31 and SPT 406 was observed in 100 and 50 mM NaCl, respectively. These studies established that Basma 31 was able to tolerate higher salinity in comparison with SPT 406. Our results suggested that catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase play a major role in estimating the salt stress tolerance of tobacco genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Evaluation of salicylic acid foliar application and drought stress on the physiological traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum) cultivars . Ebrahim Bagheri1*, Jafar Masood Sinaki1, Mahdi Baradaran Firoozabadi2 and Mohammad Abedini Esfhlani3
A split plot factorial experiment in RCBD with 3 replications was performed in 2012-2013. Three sesame cultivars namely Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, and Darab 1 in the main plot were subjected to drought stress at different growth stages, i.e., control (full irrigat MoreA split plot factorial experiment in RCBD with 3 replications was performed in 2012-2013. Three sesame cultivars namely Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, and Darab 1 in the main plot were subjected to drought stress at different growth stages, i.e., control (full irrigation), withdrawing irrigation at 69 BBCH (end of flowering stage) and withdrawing irrigation at 79 BBCH (fully grown fruits). Two levels of the foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 0.6 mM) were considered as sub plot. Results indicated that the highest level of carotenoid rate was 0.265 mg/g FW measured at 69 BBCH stage 69 cut of irrigation. The maximum of height, oil percentage, harvest index and grain yield under control treatment were 99.67 cm, 48.26%, 18.2%, and 1147.33 kg, respectively. The results showed that withdrawing irrigation at 69 BBCH caused a significant increase in carotenoid concentration and best results under control conditions were obtained in Darab 1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Allelopathic effects of different phenological stages of Cassia occidentalis L. on Parthenium hysterophorus L. Narsingh Bahadur Singh*, Sanjay Kumar, Deepti Singh and Kavita Yadav
The effect of leachates of different phenological stages of Cassia occidentalis L. on Parthenium hysterophorus L. was studied. Seed germination, radicle length, plumule length and fresh and dry weight of Parthenium were recorded. Pigments and protein contents were also MoreThe effect of leachates of different phenological stages of Cassia occidentalis L. on Parthenium hysterophorus L. was studied. Seed germination, radicle length, plumule length and fresh and dry weight of Parthenium were recorded. Pigments and protein contents were also measured to evaluate relation between biochemical and biophysical parameters of Parthenium under stress. The leaf leachate of Cassia in different developmental stages and pod and seed leachates exhibited varying effect. The Cassia leachate obtained from the leaves of vegetative and flowering stages was more phytotoxic. It caused maximum inhibition of germination and seedling growth of Parthenium. Biochemical parameters, viz. protein and chlorophyll were also influenced. Root and shoot growth and fresh and dry weight decreased in almost all the treatments. The inhibition of germination was in order of vegetative > flowering > fruiting > fruit ripening > pod > seed while 25 and 50% concentrations of seed leachate stimulated the germination. The 100% concentration of leaf leachate from vegetative stage completely inhibited the germination while highest concentration of leaf leachate from vegetative, flowering, fruiting and fruit ripening stages caused the death of the plants. The average inhibition of parameters of seedlings in pot culture was in order of fruiting > vegetative > fruit ripening > flowering > pod > seed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The role of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in growth and phosphate concentration of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) . Mojtaba Yousefi Rad* and Nazila Heshmatpoure
In order to study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth, morphological characteristics and phosphate uptake by rapeseed (Brassica napus L. Hyola 401), an experiment was performed in 2010. The study was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design with th MoreIn order to study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth, morphological characteristics and phosphate uptake by rapeseed (Brassica napus L. Hyola 401), an experiment was performed in 2010. The study was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments included plants inoculation by Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 11, strain 4, strain 169, the dual combinations of strains 11+4, 11+169, 4+169, combination of all three strains studied (11+169+4) and treatment without inoculation (control plant). The findings suggested that application of strain 169 increased plants height, number of leaves and pod; however, it was ineffective on dry and wet weight of root and shoot compared to control and other treatments. It also increased phosphate concentration of roots and shoots compared to the control plant. Results showed strain 169 had successful and important function on improving growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. Var Hyola 401). On the other hand, these bacteria caused an increase in phosphate uptake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Grouping of bread wheat cultivars by seed storage proteins. Sonia Kahrizi1, Mohammad Sedghi2* and Omid Sofalian2
To determine seed storage protein banding patterns in some bread wheat cultivars and the similarity of banding patterns among different cultivars, an experiment based on seed storage protein electrophoresis (albumin and globulin) was performed. Water and salt soluble pr MoreTo determine seed storage protein banding patterns in some bread wheat cultivars and the similarity of banding patterns among different cultivars, an experiment based on seed storage protein electrophoresis (albumin and globulin) was performed. Water and salt soluble proteins were extracted in sixteen wheat cultivars using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and banding pattern was obtained. Studied cultivars were Karaj 3, Atila 50, N-8019, Khazar 1, Shahriar, Darya, Chenab, Kouhdasht, Augusta, Toos, Cros shahi, C-845512, Saysons, Ghermezak, Sardari and Tajan. Based on dendrogram, sixteen wheat cultivars were placed in four groups. Cultivars that were placed together in a group were more similar than the others considering morphological characteristics and growth habits. Electrophoretic patterns of seed albumin and globulin proteins in sixteen wheat cultivars showed that these sixteen cultivars are different in terms of protein banding patterns. It means that the albumin and globulin can be used in genetic evaluation to evaluate genetic distances and identify the cultivars. It can also be used for genetic evaluation of seed storage proteins, including investigation of genetic distances and proximity between species and cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Protein purification from whole tissues . Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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Open Access Article
89 - Effect of thiourea on proteins, catalase, guaiacol-peroxidase and protease activities in wheat leaves under H2O2 induced oxidative stress . Ajmad Hameed1*, Liala Jafri2 and Muneer A. Sheikh2
The effect of different thiourea (TU) concentrations (10 and 20 mM) on antioxidants, protease activity and protein content with and without H2O2 (50 mM) induced stress was investigated in wheat leaves. A gradual decrease in protein content with a peak at 72 hours was ob MoreThe effect of different thiourea (TU) concentrations (10 and 20 mM) on antioxidants, protease activity and protein content with and without H2O2 (50 mM) induced stress was investigated in wheat leaves. A gradual decrease in protein content with a peak at 72 hours was observed in stressed as well as control leaves. This gradual decrease in leaf protein content at different time intervals was completely prevented by 20 mM TU treatment. Leaf protease activity was increased due to oxidative stress by H2O2 while it decreased after 20 mM TU treatment under stressed and non-stressed condition. In general, catalase (CAT) activity increased under oxidative stress and after both thiourea treatments. However, at 72 hours, CAT activity reduced along with simultaneous increase in peroxidase activity under H2O2 induced stress. Actually, stress induced reduction in CAT activity at 72 hours was compensated with peroxidase. Oxidative stress and TU treatments generally raised the peroxidase activity. TU treatment followed by oxidative stress condition also increased the leaf peroxidase activity irrespective of applied concentration. Again, H2O2 and TU treatment induced reduction in CAT activity at 96 hours was compensated with a prompt increase in peroxidase activity. Collectively, H2O2 treatment increased the antioxidant and protease activities. Moreover, thiourea treatments prevented the protein loss (20mM TU), decreased the protease activity and enhanced the CAT and peroxidase activities which resulted in protective effects. Dose dependent effects of TU treatments were observed mostly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Impact of postharvest prohexadione calcium treatment on PAL activity in tomato fruit in response to chilling stress. Norali Ghiasi 1* and Farhang Razavi 2
Freshly harvested tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) were pre-treated with 0, 50, and 100 µM prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) and then stored at 1°C for 21days to investigate the effect of Pro-Ca treatment on electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), prol MoreFreshly harvested tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) were pre-treated with 0, 50, and 100 µM prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) and then stored at 1°C for 21days to investigate the effect of Pro-Ca treatment on electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and total phenols contents, and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in relation to chilling injury (CI).Treatment with Pro-Ca, without significant difference between two applied concentrations, mitigated chilling injury, reduced EL and MDA content and increased proline content. Also, our results indicated that during storage time fruits treated with Pro-Ca exhibited significantly higher PAL activity, but total phenols content was not significantly affected by Pro-Ca treatments. These results suggested that Pro-Ca protects tomato fruit from CI by activation of PAL enzyme, enhancing proline contents and reducing MDA content, and thus maintaining membrane integrity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Investigating critical growth stage of cotton subject to water deficit stress . Fiaz Ahmad*, Shabab Ud Din, Asia Perveen and Mohammad Naveed Afzal
Critical growth stage of cotton crop was investigated by artificially imposing water stress under field conditions. The crop was given water deficit stress for a period of 30 days at squaring (SS) and first boll split (BS) phases by maintaining the leaf water potential MoreCritical growth stage of cotton crop was investigated by artificially imposing water stress under field conditions. The crop was given water deficit stress for a period of 30 days at squaring (SS) and first boll split (BS) phases by maintaining the leaf water potential (yw) at –2.2+0.2 MPa whereas in control plots yw was maintained at -1.6+ 0.2 MPa by irrigation scheduling. The average irrigation water applied during two years was 2432 m3, 2174 m3, and 2194 m3 in NS, SS, and BS treatments, respectively. The results revealed that the imposed water stress, at either stage of crop, had adverse effects on cotton crop performance. The main stem height decreased by 12% and 7.4%, inter-nodal length by 9.2% and 4.3% in SS and BS, respectively over NS treatment. The decrease in dry biomass production was 4% and 7% in leaf; 21% and 11% in stalk and 20% and 13% in fruit in SS and BS treatments, respectively. Gas exchange characteristics were also adversely affected by imposed water stress showing a decrease of 18% and 28% in stomatal conductance, 16% and 22% in transpiration rate and 24% and 30% in net photosynthetic rate in SS and BS treatments, respectively. The decrease in seed cotton yield was 9.5% and 2.8% in SS and BS treatments, respectively. Chlorophyll (SPAD values), electrolyte leakage and cell injury values increased over non stressed crop. Lint percentage and fibre strength increased whereas fibre length decreased significantly in BS treatment. It was concluded that the squaring phase is more critical to water deficit stress in cotton. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Effects of UV B and UV C radiation on viability, growth, and major natural compounds of Malve neglecta L. cells . Faezeh Ghanati*, Faezeh Khatami, and Ebrahim Bemani
Callus cultures were established in vitro from leaf explants of Malva neglecta and were sub-cultured several times until a rapid-growing cell line was obtained. The calluses were exposed to different doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation as follows: 0, 432, 864, and 1296 MoreCallus cultures were established in vitro from leaf explants of Malva neglecta and were sub-cultured several times until a rapid-growing cell line was obtained. The calluses were exposed to different doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation as follows: 0, 432, 864, and 1296 J/m2 for UV B and 0, 612, 1284, and 1836 J/m2 for UV C, corresponding to 0, 30, 60, and 90 min radiations, in tandem. Exposure to UV, in particular for longer periods, reduced the viability and membrane integrity of Malva cells. This however, increased total contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and wall-bound phenolic acids. Among different pharmaceutical compounds of Malva cells increase of malvidin, catchin, cinnamic acid, and tannic acid was remarkable in UV-treated cells, compared to those of the control cells. According to the results, treatment of Malva cells with UV provides an attractive alternative to whole plants for effective production of specific phenolic compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Effects of ascorbate foliar application on morphological traits, relative water content and extract yield of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under salinity stress. Elham NiKi Esfahlan1, Alireza Pazoki2*, Halimeh Rezaei3, Davood Eradatmande Asli 4 and Mojtaba Usefirad5
Ascorbate is a strong antioxidant which has remarkable biological effects on plants growth, including an improvement in plants' tolerance under salinity stress conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress and its interaction with ascorbic acid was inv MoreAscorbate is a strong antioxidant which has remarkable biological effects on plants growth, including an improvement in plants' tolerance under salinity stress conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress and its interaction with ascorbic acid was investigated on some morphological traits, cell membrane stability, leaf relative water content, and extract yield of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under greenhouse conditions. This research was down as factorial based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The plants were treated in different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 70, 140, and 210 mM) and ascorbic acid (0, 10, and 20 mM) for 4 weeks after germination. In the treated plants with salt, increases in sodium chloride concentration reduced growth parameters such as roots and shoots fresh and dry weights, roots and shoots lengths, extract yield and relative water content (RWC). However, cell membrane stability and extract percent increased. Under the same salt stress conditions, increase in ascorbic acid concentrations improved all the studied characters, so that spraying 20 mM ascorbate conducted to the maximum amount of extract percentage (0.0054 %) and extract yield reduced(0.037 g/plant). The study also revealed that purslane is a medicinal plant with a high resistance to salinity stress and can generally be cultivated in saline soils Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Effect of nitroxin biofertilizer on morphological and physiological traits of Amaranthus retroflexus. Ali Reza Rahi*
Greenhouse experiments in a completely randomized design were carried out to investigate the effects of nitroxin fertilizer (0, 1 and 2 li/ha) on morphological and physiological traits of Amaranthus retroflexus in 2013. The traits in the study included plant height, fre MoreGreenhouse experiments in a completely randomized design were carried out to investigate the effects of nitroxin fertilizer (0, 1 and 2 li/ha) on morphological and physiological traits of Amaranthus retroflexus in 2013. The traits in the study included plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots, roots, stem and leaf, Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. Findings showed that nitroxin biofertilizer had linear and nonlinear regression effect on the fresh and dry weights of shoot. Increase in nitroxin also increased fresh and dry weights of leaf, stem, chlorophylls a, b, total Carotenoids and anthocyanin as well as carotenoids content of the plants linearly. The results showed that the correlation between the traits there is a significant relationship. Also fresh weights shoot with each of traits dry weights shoot, fresh and dry weights of leaf, fresh and dry weights of stem and dry weights of shoot with each of traits fresh and dry weights of leaf, fresh and dry weights of stem and fresh weights of leaf with each of traits fresh and dry weights of stem, dry weights of leaf and dry weights of stem with each of traits dry weights of leaf and stem there is a significant relationship. Chlorophyll a with chlorophyll b, total, carotenoids and flavonoids and chlorophyll b whit chlorophyll total, carotenoids and flavonoids and chlorophyll total whit carotenoids and flavonoids and carotenoids with flavonoids there is a significant relationship. The results of step-wise regression analysis showed that dry weight of stem, had positive and fresh weight of shoots reduced effect on dry weight of shoots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Antioxidant responses of Golden delicious apple under cold storage conditions. Nader Chaparzadeh* and Bahram Yavari
An understanding of biochemical events of cold storage may lead to more effective methods of preventing apple fruits from ripening and keeping their quality. This study aimed at determining the level of reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbic acid, and the activity of as MoreAn understanding of biochemical events of cold storage may lead to more effective methods of preventing apple fruits from ripening and keeping their quality. This study aimed at determining the level of reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbic acid, and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes changes in pulp of Golden delicious apple cultivar during cold storage. Apples were kept in common cold storage condition (1 oC, 95% - 97% RH) for 135 days for subsequent analysis.During cold storage condition, no significant changes were observed in the content of reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbic acid. However, levels of total flavonoids declined as storage time progressed. Superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were decreased while the activity of catalase was increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Influence of planting date and sulfur coating in seed coating solution (SCS) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds: physiological traits. Mohammadali Rezaei*, Fatemeh Bagherian
In order to investigate the influence of sulfur coated seeds in SCS (a moisture absorbent polymer layer on seeds) on physiological traits of cotton, a field experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with 3 replications. Three pl MoreIn order to investigate the influence of sulfur coated seeds in SCS (a moisture absorbent polymer layer on seeds) on physiological traits of cotton, a field experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with 3 replications. Three planting date included early (E), optimum (O), and delayed (D) planting time. Seed coating priming treatments consisted of F (fuzzy seeds, control), FS (fuzzy seeds with SCS), FSS (fuzzy seeds with sulfur coating and SCS), D (delinted seeds), DS (delinted seeds with SCS), DSS (delinted seeds with sulfur coating and SCS). Findings showed that the effects of planting date and seed coating treatments on chlorophyll, anthocyanin, proline, and glycine betaine content were significant. Interaction of treatments of seed coating and planting date treatments showed that treatments of seeds with ED, EDS, ODS and DDSS, had the highest content of chlorophyll. EFSS treated seedlings had the highest content of anthocyanin (0.58 mg g-1Fw) which increased with treatments application while anthocyanin content decreased in EDS and EDSS treatments, in comparison with ED. The highest (0.76 mg g-1Fw) and lowest (0.21 mg g-1Fw) concentrations of anthocyanins were recorded when F seeds were planted at optimum date (OF) and delayed (DF) planting dates, respectively. In three planting date treatments of ED (8.82 µg g-1Fw), OFS (8.83 µg g-1Fw), and DDS (9.37 µg g-1Fw), the highest proline content was obtained. In early planting treatments, glycine betaine content decreased in all coating treatments. ED and EDS treatments had lowest glycine betaine content. Treatments of seed coating in optimum and delayed dates of planting resulted in identical amounts of glycine betaine production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Farsi Abstract
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Open Access Article
98 - Effects of foliar spraying kinetin on growth parameters and photosynthesis of tomato under different levels of drought stress. Maryam Niakan* and Alireza Ahmadi
The effects of 2 concentrations of kinetin, i.e., 2 and 4 mM together with 2 levels of drought stress, i.e., moderate (35% soil saturation capacity) and severe (20% soil saturation capacity) were investigated on the growth parameters of tomato including fresh and dry le MoreThe effects of 2 concentrations of kinetin, i.e., 2 and 4 mM together with 2 levels of drought stress, i.e., moderate (35% soil saturation capacity) and severe (20% soil saturation capacity) were investigated on the growth parameters of tomato including fresh and dry leaf weight, leaf number, leaf surface area, fruit number, fruit weight, and enzymatic antioxidants. To this end, first tomato plants cultivar super strainwere planted in pot culture. During the early growth stage, the plants were subjected to 2 drought stress levels (35% and 20%) as well as normal irrigation (control: 50% soil saturation capacity). Also the plants were treated with foliar spraying of kinetin for 60 days. There were a total of 9 treatments in the experimental study based on a completely randomized design with 4 repetitions. The finding suggested that spraying kinetin at both levels of moderate and severe drought stress improved growth parameters in tomato. While soluble sugars increased under drought stress, the insoluble sugars content decreased. Application of kinetin on the other hand reduced soluble sugars and increased insoluble sugars content under various levels of drought stress. Finally, chlorophyll a and b contents were reduced under drought and kinetin application had no significant effect on plant pigments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on the yield and secondary metabolites of medicinal plant Rubia tinctorum L. under salinity conditions. Zainab Zamani 1*, Hossein Zeinali 2, Jafar Masood Sinaki 3 and Hamid Madani 4
In this study the effect of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150) kg/ha and four levels of super phosphate triple (0, 50, 100, 150) kg/ha were investigated on Rubia Inctorum L. (madder) under salinity stress. A factorial experiment was carried out in a re MoreIn this study the effect of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150) kg/ha and four levels of super phosphate triple (0, 50, 100, 150) kg/ha were investigated on Rubia Inctorum L. (madder) under salinity stress. A factorial experiment was carried out in a research farm in Roaddasht, Isfahan based on complete randomized blocks with three replications. The results of the variance analysis showed that increase in flavonoids content (at 330 nm) was statistically meaningful under various levels of phosphorous fertilizer and interaction of phosphorous with nitrogen (P≤0.01). Flavonoid content was also significantly increased under various levels of nitrogen (P≤0.05). Moreover, the amount of proline in the leaves of madder showed significant variation under different levels of phosphorous, nitrogen, and the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorous at P≤0.01. Also the performance of shoots was significantly affected by different levels of phosphorous and its interaction with nitrogen at P≤0.01. Flavonoids contents at 330 nm wavelength varied between 0.78 to 0.411 nanometer and while the maximum of this flavonoid level was observed under the application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen and phosphorous, the minimum was related to 150 kg/ha of phosphate and the control (0 kg/ha nitrogen). This suggests that by increase in phosphorous and decrease in nitrogen fertilizers, phenolic compounds are reduced in the plants. The maximum and minimum proline contents were observed under 150 kg/ha nitrogen and phosphorous treatment and control, respectively. The performance of shoots varied ranging from 1.75 to 0.75 kg/m2. Maximum performance was recorded under 150 kg/ha nitrogen and phosphorous treatment and the decrease in phosphorous negatively affected plant performance. The results therefore suggest that yield and secondary metabolites increased with an increase in nitrogen and phosphorous treatment in the salt stressed madder. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Response of salt-stressed Vicia fava plant to application of ascorbic acid on the growth and some metabolites. Ali Mohsen, Mohsen Kamal Hassan Ebrahim and Wael Fathy Saad Ghoraba*
The present work aimed at investigating changes in growth and some metabolic activities in NaCl-stressed bean plants, and assessing the role of ascorbic acid to alleviate these changes.The field experiment was carried out to study the response of presoaked fava bean see MoreThe present work aimed at investigating changes in growth and some metabolic activities in NaCl-stressed bean plants, and assessing the role of ascorbic acid to alleviate these changes.The field experiment was carried out to study the response of presoaked fava bean seeds (Vicia fava cv. Misr 2) in freshly prepared ascorbic acid (50 ppm ≈ 0.3 mM; as recommended dose as described by El-Tayeb, 1995) or distilled water (control) for 4 hrs at natural environmental conditions, to salinity stress during different growth periods. At vegetative stage, the fresh and dry weights were decreased with salt treatment. The shoot length was hardly, if at all, affected by salinity stress either in the plants treated with ascorbic acid or not. The pigment biosynthesis was substantially affected by salt treatment. Addition of ascorbic acid to stressed plants reduced the inhibitory effect of NaCl on pigment content. Salinity enhanced the accumulation of reducing sugars in both root and shoot of Vicia fava, particularly at the high level of NaCl during the vegetative stage of growth. Whereas, the salt stress caused a decrease in the sugars content of both plant organs during the flowering and fruiting stages. NaCl treatment caused a reduction in sucrose content of Vicia fava root at the high level of NaCl during vegetative stage. In addition, the polysaccharide content of roots and shoots gradually increased with the progress of age, except at fruiting stage. These findings suggest that ascorbic acid achieved better results during growth stages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Effects of foliar spraying acetyl-coA on dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll a, and antioxidant enzymes of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Mahshad Hosseini1*, Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar2, Babak Delkhosh3, Pezhman Moradi4
Acetyl coenzyme A is an important molecule in metabolism playing role in many biochemical reactions. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. In order to find out MoreAcetyl coenzyme A is an important molecule in metabolism playing role in many biochemical reactions. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. In order to find out if this chemical compound could affect physiological and morphological characteristics of rosemary plant, the present study was carried out in a factorial design including two factors (acetyl-co A and the time of treatment application) based on the completely randomized block design. Acetyl-coA was used in 6 different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mM) which were applied to plants 1, 2, and 3 times witha seven - day interval. The application of acetyl-coA 200 mM, had significantly improved the factors such as dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll a, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Effects of Response of Ocimum basilicum to the interactive effect of salicylic acid and salinity stress. Maryam Delavari1, Shekoofeh Enteshari1* and Khosrow Manoochehri Kalantari2,3
In this study, the role of salicylic acid pre-treatment (0.01, 0.1 mM was investigated)in inducing salt tolerance in sweet basil. Results showed germination percentage, length of shoot and root, fresh and dry weight of leaf, and photosynthetic pigments were decreased in MoreIn this study, the role of salicylic acid pre-treatment (0.01, 0.1 mM was investigated)in inducing salt tolerance in sweet basil. Results showed germination percentage, length of shoot and root, fresh and dry weight of leaf, and photosynthetic pigments were decreased in response to high salinity but the lipid peroxidation, coefficient allometry, and soluble sugars increased. In plants pre-treated with salicylic acid (especially 0.01 mM)the adverse effects of salinity on all measured parameter were alleviated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Growth and physiological parameters under salinity stress in Lotus corniculatus. Marjan Azarafshan and Nasser Abbaspour *
Salinity is a main and common stress which decreases the amount of agriculture products and natural plants in many areas of the world. In this study, the effect of salt stress on three varieties of Lotus corniculatus 'Karaj', 'Jolfa', and 'Ardabil' was investigated. Pla MoreSalinity is a main and common stress which decreases the amount of agriculture products and natural plants in many areas of the world. In this study, the effect of salt stress on three varieties of Lotus corniculatus 'Karaj', 'Jolfa', and 'Ardabil' was investigated. Plants were cultured in hydroponic condition with four NaCl treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 mM). The amounts of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars as well as Na+ and Cl- were analyzed. The results showed that sodium and chloride content in all varieties significantly increased in shoot (p<0.05). The amounts of proline and soluble sugars significantly increased in all varieties (p<0.05). However, increasing in NaCl concentration raised significantly glycine betaine content in leaves of the varieties (p<0.05). As far as the measured factors are concerned, it seems that 'Jolfa' and 'Karaj' have a higher capacity to tolerate salt stress particularly in 100-150 mM NaCl compared with 'Ardabil'. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - In vitro micro propagation, callus induction and shoot regeneration in safflower L. cv. Lesaf. Hamidreza Ghasempour1,3*, Zhaleh Soheilikhah1 ,Ali Reza Zebarjadi2, Saba Ghasempour4 and Naser Karimi3
The present study was conducted to induce callus from different in vitro grown seedling explants of shoot, root and leaf segments in order to develop shoot buds and rooting from callus. The sterilized seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium, and then the expla MoreThe present study was conducted to induce callus from different in vitro grown seedling explants of shoot, root and leaf segments in order to develop shoot buds and rooting from callus. The sterilized seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium, and then the explants were cultured from seedling and transferred to an MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP, kinetin, NAA, and 2, 4-D growth regulator hormones. Among all explants, the leaf explants should produce significant callus induction (97.79 %) on MS + 1.0 mgl-1 BAP medium. After 4 weeks, the obtained calluses were transferred to a new regeneration media with different concentrations of BAP and NAA and then the calluses were sub cultured on the same medium every 2 weeks. Overall, the maximum regeneration frequency was obtained from MS medium containing 0.1 mgl-1 NAA and 1.0 mgl-1 BAP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Effects of two arginine enantiomers (L and D) pre-treatment on some physiological parameters and the expression of arginase 1 gene in tomato plants under drought Stress. Fereshteh Mirzaie1, Mohammad Mehdi Yaghoobi2, Khosrow Manouchehri Kalantari1 and Fatemeh Nasibi1*
Arginine (Arg) is reported to contribute in reduction of destructive effects of biotic and abiotic stresses through three pathways and their end products (proline, polyamine and nitric oxide). Two isomers of arginine (L and D) have been applied as pre-treatment and then MoreArginine (Arg) is reported to contribute in reduction of destructive effects of biotic and abiotic stresses through three pathways and their end products (proline, polyamine and nitric oxide). Two isomers of arginine (L and D) have been applied as pre-treatment and then tomato plants were subjected to drought stress. The effects of these isomers on some physiological parameters and expression of arginase 1 (ARG I) (one of the enzymes in proline biosynthesis) pathway have been investigated. The results showed that leaf relative water content (RWC) of tomato plants under drought stress decreased and pre-treatment with L-Arg improved RWC, but D-Arg did not. Drought stress caused a significant decrease in photosynthetic pigments but arginine had no effect on these parameters. Sugar content and lipid peroxidation level increased under stress. However, arginine treatment caused decrease in lipid peroxidation while it did not change sugar content significantly. Proline also significantly increased under drought stress and L-Arg many time increased it content. Increment in expression of arginase1 may be the cause for this increment. On the other hand, the expression of arginase1 and proline content with D-Arg was less obvious. The results of the present study indicate that in tomato plant in addition of L-Arg, arginase can use D-Arg substrate to produce proline. However D-Arg has been reported as an analog of L-Arg which could block ADC pathway. Our molecular and biochemical results showed that this enantiomer could not inhibit arginase pathway. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
107 - Comparison of compost and compost tea effects on Cress ( Lepidium sativum L.). Mozhgan Farzamisepehr1* and Azade Reza1, 2
This study was conducted to determine the effect of compost and compost tea on growth and physiological parameters of Lepidium sativum L. 30-day-old Cress plants treated with compost and compost tea were harvested and different growth and physiological parameters were m MoreThis study was conducted to determine the effect of compost and compost tea on growth and physiological parameters of Lepidium sativum L. 30-day-old Cress plants treated with compost and compost tea were harvested and different growth and physiological parameters were measured. Compost tea application increased RGR, SLA, ULR and RLAGR. The contents of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b in the plants significantly increased at the media supplemented with compost 25% and compost tea 75%. While total soluble sugars in leaves of the treated cress plants decreased total non-soluble sugars, proline and total protein contents increased with an increase in compost and compost tea contents in culture medium..From among different measured macro elements, K was further observed as compost levels rose in the growing media Finally, the highest contents of micro-elements were measured at medium supplemented with 75% compost and compost tea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Estimation of genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using SSR markers under salinity stress . Fatemeh Gholizadeh1* and Saeed Navabpour2
In order to study the genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), 29 genotypes consisting land races, pure and improved lines were evaluated using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 30 SSR primers were used to amplify some part of rice genome in germplasm MoreIn order to study the genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), 29 genotypes consisting land races, pure and improved lines were evaluated using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 30 SSR primers were used to amplify some part of rice genome in germplasms, the PIC values ranged from 0.07 (RM 340) to 0.71 (RM 7426) with an average of 0.45. The results showed a total number of 106 amplified bands. Among them, the primer RM7426 showed the highest number alleles while the lowest was observed for RM340 primer. Average number of observed alleles in total genotypes was 3.53. The lowest PIC value was observed in RM445, RM466, RM3345, and RM7424 primers and the highest PIC value was observed in RM7426, RM1337, RM47, and RM5430 primers. PCA components explained 84.40% of variation. The clustering patterns of the genotypes were assigned into three clusters based on their response to salinity and morpho-physiological characteristics. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes in salt tolerant, intermediate tolerant and sensitive classes. The results showed that information from SSR data can complement information obtained from quantitative methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Allelopathic effects of rhizome aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon L. on seed germination and seedling growth of Legumes, Labiatae and Poaceae Homa Mahmoodzadeh* and Mitra Mahmoodzadeh
Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of rhizomes of Cynodon dactylon L. were studied on seed germination and seedling growth of three legume crops (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., and Vicia faba L.), three Labiatae species (Thymus vulgaris L., Melissa offici MoreAllelopathic effects of aqueous extract of rhizomes of Cynodon dactylon L. were studied on seed germination and seedling growth of three legume crops (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., and Vicia faba L.), three Labiatae species (Thymus vulgaris L., Melissa officinalis L., and Mentha spicata L.), and two species of Poaceae (Avena fatua L., Sorghum halepense L.). Seed germination of all Labiatae species was completely inhibited at treatments more than 2% rhizome extract of Cynodon dactylon but in other species, except Phaseolus vulgaris, complete failure of seed germination was recorded only at treatments more than 6% in Vicia faba and Sorghum halepense and 10% in Pisum sativum and Avena fatua. Seed germination of Phaseolus vulgaris was not completely inhibited but it was low at high concentration of the extract. The extract had strong inhibitory effect on root elongation of seedling in legums and Labiatae to shoot elongation in Poacae. Rhizomes of Cynodon dactylon may be a source of natural herbicide against Sorghum halepense which will help to control invasive plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Response of chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll content, and biomass to dust accumulation stress in the medicinal plant, Plantago lanceolata L. Mehran Alavi1*, Mozafar Sharifi1 and Naser Karimi2*
In arid and semi-arid areas of the world, excessive mineral aerosol carried by air parcels is a common climatic incident with well-known environmental side effects. In this study, the role of sand-dust accumulation was investigated on various aspects of photosynthetic y MoreIn arid and semi-arid areas of the world, excessive mineral aerosol carried by air parcels is a common climatic incident with well-known environmental side effects. In this study, the role of sand-dust accumulation was investigated on various aspects of photosynthetic yield of Plantago lanceolata including chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, effective quantum yield of PSII photosystem (ФPSII), maximal quantum yield of PSII photosystem (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR), and biomass. P. lanceolata was exposed to a gradient of dust concentrations (0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5 g/m3 (T3)) in a dust chamber for a period of 60 days. Results of this experiment indicated that chlorophyll content of shoot is negatively correlated with the intensity of the dust exposure. Exposure of plant in T1, T2 and T3 treatments of dust caused a reduction in ΔF/Fm´ at 4%, 21%, and 26%, respectively. At the same time a reduction of 19%, 22%, and 46% in three treatments was observed for ETR. However, dust accumulation on the plant had not a significant reduction in Fv/Fm. Chlorophyll content had a significant reduction in the chlorophyll b. Also, the amounts of reduction in shoot dry mass of T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 26%, 29%, and 32%, respectively, as compared with their respective control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Effect of Hydroxyapatite nanorod on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plant growth and its possible use as nano-fertilizer. Niranjan Bala1, Anindita Dey1, Sukhen Das1*, Ruma Basu2 and Papiya Nandy1
Engineered nano particles may have a variety of effects on plant systems which is not well studied as yet. We have studied for the first time the beneficial effect of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorod on seed germination and growth of chickpea plant. HAP nanorods have been s MoreEngineered nano particles may have a variety of effects on plant systems which is not well studied as yet. We have studied for the first time the beneficial effect of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorod on seed germination and growth of chickpea plant. HAP nanorods have been synthesized by sol gel technique and then characterized. Chickpea plants have been allowed to germinate and grow in sterile sand containing HAP nanorod and this resulted in enhancement of both germination rate and plant growth radically. The maximum increase was observed in the presence of 1 mg/ml Hap-nanorod where the plant growth rate was more than two times over the control. Electron microscopic study provided the evidence of accumulation of nanoparticles within the plant tissue. These nanoparticles have great potential to be used as nano-fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Micropropagation of Matthiola incana using BA and IBA. Behzad Kaviani
Matthiola incana (Brassicaceae) is an important ornamental plant, which is used as cut flower, pot plant, and landscape. Traditionally, it is propagated via seeds, but interest is given in vegetative propagation of parental lines as well as superior single plants. Micro MoreMatthiola incana (Brassicaceae) is an important ornamental plant, which is used as cut flower, pot plant, and landscape. Traditionally, it is propagated via seeds, but interest is given in vegetative propagation of parental lines as well as superior single plants. Micropropagation by organogenesis is an efficient in vitro propagation method for Matthiola incana. Starting from seeds, apical bud is produced and propagated in MS medium containing benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Seeds from mother plants were germinated on MS medium without growth regulators. Apical buds from in vitro germinated seedlings were subcultured on solid MS medium supplemented with BA and IBA, both with concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 5 mg L-1. Four-week-old in vitro plants obtained from apical buds showed successful shooting and rooting. MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L-1 BA + 1 mg L-1 IBA resulted in the highest shoot length (2.90 cm/plant). Largest number of node (5.72/plant) was obtained in MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 BA + 1 mg L-1 IBA. When the shoot tips were inoculated in the medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 IBA without BA, the best result was observed for root number (5.95/plant). Shoot tips cultivated in media containing 0.5 mg L-1 IBA without BA showed maximum root length (15.36 cm/plant). Also, the content of fresh weight and dry weight were obtained. About 85% of the micropropagated plantlets were established successfully in acclimatization medium. Regenerated plantlets were morphologically identical with mother plants. This protocol has proven useful for tissue culture propagation of Matthiola incana. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Effect of mycorrhiza application on plant growth and yield in potato production under field conditions. Zohrab Adavi 1*and Mahmoud Reza Tadayoun 2
The effect of mycorrhiza fungi was studied on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Fereidoonshahr, Esfahan, Iran during 2013 growing season. The experiment treatments were arranged in a factorial design based on a complete randomized block design with th MoreThe effect of mycorrhiza fungi was studied on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Fereidoonshahr, Esfahan, Iran during 2013 growing season. The experiment treatments were arranged in a factorial design based on a complete randomized block design with three replications. Four phosphorus fertilizer levels of 25%, 50% 75% and 100% P recommended with two levels of Mycorrhiza: with and without Mycorrhiza (control) were assigned in a factorial combination. Results showed that tuber size, number of tuber per plant, tuber yield, and starch yield were significantly higher in inoculated plants than in non-inoculated plants. Tuber size, number of tuber per plant, tuber weight per plant , number of tuber in m2, tuber yield, and starch yield increased with increasing P level above 75% P recommended in non-inoculated plants, whereas no significant difference was observed between 75% and 100% P recommended. The positive effect of mycorrhizal inoculation decreased with increasing P levels due to decreased percentage of root colonization at higher P levels. According to the results of this experiment, application of mycorrhiza in the presence of 50% P recommended had a favorable result and could increase tuber yield and starch production to an acceptable level. Therefore, mycorrhiza could be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical phosphorus fertilizer in organic agricultural systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Generation mean analysis for yield components in common bean. Nasim Akhshi1, Kianoush Cheghamirza2 &3, Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi1*, Hadi Ahmadi1
In order to choose an efficient breeding procedure, it is necessary to have knowledge of the genetic system controlling agronomically important traits. Common bean is one of the major legumes containing large amount of proteins and other valuable nutrients. The aim of t MoreIn order to choose an efficient breeding procedure, it is necessary to have knowledge of the genetic system controlling agronomically important traits. Common bean is one of the major legumes containing large amount of proteins and other valuable nutrients. The aim of this study was to determine genetic parameters for yield and yield components, using six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) derived from DERAKHSHAN×AND1007 and GOLI×D81083 crosses of common bean. A field experiment for these six generations was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measurements included seed yield, pod weight, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed number per plant, and 100 seed weight. Generation mean analysis with three-parameter genetic model showed inadequacy of additive-dominance simple model to illustrate the genetic mechanism of the evaluated traits. Significant differences for two or more individual scaling tests (A, B, C, and D) in both crosses were recorded. Hayman six parameters genetic model suggested that both dominance and epistasis effects were important for most of the evaluated traits. Furthermore, expression of some traits in both crosses was affected by additive gene effects. Broad sense heritability was high for all traits except 100 SW in DER ×A1007 cross. Estimation of narrow sense heritability range was moderate for most traits. For SY and traits where portion of non-additive gene effect was higher, it is possible to exploit heterosis using the plant materials in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Effect of salicylic acid on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) grown under salinity stress. Sunaina and Narsingh Bahadur Singh*
The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on growth and metabolism of Brassica oleracea var. Capitata under salt stress was studied in a hydroponic culture. NaCl at 50 mM concentration and SA at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5mM concentrations were used as treatments. The results showed tha MoreThe effects of salicylic acid (SA) on growth and metabolism of Brassica oleracea var. Capitata under salt stress was studied in a hydroponic culture. NaCl at 50 mM concentration and SA at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5mM concentrations were used as treatments. The results showed that salt exhibited inhibitory effects on shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and RWC of the seedlings. NaCl at 50 mM concentration significantly decreased the photosynthetic pigments and protein content and nitrate reductase activity. Sugar and proline content was significantly increased under the influence of salinity. The antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities significantly increased under salinity due to oxidative damage. Graded concentrations of SA played protective role against the salt stress. SA significantly ameliorates the oxidative stress caused by NaCl. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
117 - Evaluation of cultivated and wild barley cultivars affinities using micro and macro-morphological traits of grain, pollen, and stomata. Sayyedh Masomeh Hosseini 1*, Mahlagh Ghorbanli 2 and Hossein Sabouri 3
In an ongoing research, 24 cultivated and wild cultivars of barley were evaluated for morphological characteristics of grain, pollen, and stomata. Traits of interest included length, width, and area. Results of variance analysis showed that all samples were differed in MoreIn an ongoing research, 24 cultivated and wild cultivars of barley were evaluated for morphological characteristics of grain, pollen, and stomata. Traits of interest included length, width, and area. Results of variance analysis showed that all samples were differed in traits of stomata, grain, and pollen at probability levels of 1 and 5%, suggesting remarkable genetic variation among studied samples. According to cluster analysis, morphological traits of pollen and stomata fell into three cluster and those for grain were categorized in two clusters. Genotypes for arid area like Izeh, Maravetapeh, Kavir, and Nimrooz showed higher levels of stomata densities and area compared to those for cold area like Bahman and A1C84-14. Here, affinity rate of 24 barley cultivars were evaluated using micro and macro-morphological traits as those rare-studied ones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Effects of soilless growing media and extracts of brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on the growth of Robinia pseudoacasia L. Behzad Kaviani1*, Naser Negahdar2 and Davood Hashemabadi1
Ascophyllum nodosum is the most important commercial seaweed. Seaweeds have been applied as soil conditioners in improving plant growth and development in agricultural crops. In current study and for the first time, extracts of brown seaweed A. nodosum improved the grow MoreAscophyllum nodosum is the most important commercial seaweed. Seaweeds have been applied as soil conditioners in improving plant growth and development in agricultural crops. In current study and for the first time, extracts of brown seaweed A. nodosum improved the growth of Robinia pseudoacasia L., an ornamental tree. This research investigated the effect of cultivation beds (sand, perlite, compost and cocopeat) with different ratios and extracts of brown seaweed A. nodosum on the growth of R. pseudoacasia L. in ex vitro conditions. Concentrations used from extracts of A. nodosum were 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg l-1. The 1000 mg l-1 of extracts of A. nodosum developed optimum plant height, node number, longest root, leaf number, dry weight, fresh weight, and plantlets survival when added to culture bed containing sand + perlite + compost with proportion of 1:1:1. About 75% of the propagated plantlets were established successfully in acclimatization medium. Regenerated plantlets were morphologically identical with mother plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Foliar application of nano-chelate and non-nanochelate of zinc on plant resistance physiological processes in cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.). Mohammadali Rezaei* and Hossein Abbasi
Nano-fertilizers are designed in order to gradually release their food contents. They are also manufactured in such a way that the time of their liberation matches with the food product requirement. The use of nano-fertilizers leads to an increase in the efficiency of t MoreNano-fertilizers are designed in order to gradually release their food contents. They are also manufactured in such a way that the time of their liberation matches with the food product requirement. The use of nano-fertilizers leads to an increase in the efficiency of the consumption of food elements. With regard to the strategic importance of cotton plant and the effects of zinc in increasing plant resistance, the purpose of this research study was comparing the effects of mineral fertilizer of zinc (Mi), chelate of zinc (Ch) and nan-ochelate of zinc (NCh) on the growth and some physiological and biochemical process of the cotton plant. To achieve this goal, the cotton plants in field were cultivated in a completely random design. The first phase of the foliar application of fertilizer was at the square stage or squaring (S) and the second and third stages were squaring-flowering (SF) and a week after flowering (F). Results showed the maximum height, fresh weight, and dry weight were obtained in treatments with nano-chelate and chelate of zinc and there were no significant difference in squaring, squaring-flowering, and flowering application stages. The height, fresh weight, and dry weight of cotton plant increased by application of fertilizers Co, Mi, Ch, and NCh in that order. Chlorophyll a and b increased in nano-chelate and chelate of zinc at squaring and flowering stages. Application of chelate and nano-chelate zinc fertilizer in the present study improved physiological processes in cotton as it increased the amount of chlorophyll and antioxidant activity of peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase as a result of increase in fresh and dry weight. Findings suggest that application of zinc chelate and specially the nano-chelate of zinc can improve cotton performance by increasing the number of bolls per plant and mean weight of 20 bolls. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Estimation of seed viability constants for tall wheatgrass, cocksfoot, rye, and sheep fescue to inform gene banking decisions. Hamid Reza Eisvand
Stored seeds deteriorate over time and must be regenerated to ensure that the benefits of ex situ conservation are realized. Prediction of seed longevity is based on the seed viability equation. This equation has four constants which are species specific. The aim of thi MoreStored seeds deteriorate over time and must be regenerated to ensure that the benefits of ex situ conservation are realized. Prediction of seed longevity is based on the seed viability equation. This equation has four constants which are species specific. The aim of this project is the estimation of these constants and prediction of regeneration frequency for Elytrigia elongata, Dactylis glomerata,Festuca ovina, Secale cereal, andSecale montanum. Seeds were equilibrated at 20, 40, and 60% RH and their moisture content was determined after equilibration. Seeds were then sealed in nylon pockets and stored at 30, 35, and 40° C. Germination was tested monthly. Seed viability constants (KE , Cw , CH, CQ) were estimated and regeneration time was calculated for each species. High variation in seed longevity was observed both among the genus and species. Elytrigia elongata with KE=6 and Cw=1.64 had the maximum seed longevity of all species evaluated; seeds stored in an active collection (8% mc, 5° C) would have to be regenerated after 131 years. The minimum seed longevity was obtained for Festuca ovina with KE=4.3 and Cw=0.5; seeds stored in active collections would have to be regenerated after 33 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Assessment of some phenolic acids of artichoke callus under in vitro conditions. Mahsa Sanavi Joshaghani*, Azim Ghasemnezhad, Mahdi Alizadeh and Atana Tanuri
Medicinal plants are the most important sources of life saving drugs for the majority of world's population. Artichoke is one of the oldest medicinal plants from asteraceae family. In the present study, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid accumulation of different organs MoreMedicinal plants are the most important sources of life saving drugs for the majority of world's population. Artichoke is one of the oldest medicinal plants from asteraceae family. In the present study, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid accumulation of different organs of artichoke callus were studied under in vitro conditions in MS, SH, and B5 media. The experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The artichoke seeds were transferred to the sterile Petri dishes containing filter paper immediately after disinfecting under sterile conditions. The obtained seedlings were transferred to half-strength MS medium. Only non-contaminated seedlings were used for preparation of root, leaf, and petiole explants. The SH, MS, and B5 media containing 0.8% agar, 3% sucrose, and 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 (mg/l) 2,4-D were used for callus induction. According to the results, caffeic acid accumulation was not found to be statistically different (α<0.05) among various media but maximum amount of chlorogenic acid accumulation between different media was recorded in SH medium containing 0.75 (mg/l) 2,4-D and with the leaf explant. In all culture media callus formation was related to the presence of 2.4,D. Otherwise, no callus formation was observed in hormone-free media. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Effects of plant essences on physiological characteristics of two cultivars of Iranian commercial pistachio nuts. Mohammad Salmani1, Hossein Afshari1* and Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam2
To study the effects of thyme, savory, mint, and eucalyptus essences on photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, changes of transpiration, and leaf temperature of two cultivars of pistachios, namely, Abbasali and Shahpasand, a research was done in one of the MoreTo study the effects of thyme, savory, mint, and eucalyptus essences on photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, changes of transpiration, and leaf temperature of two cultivars of pistachios, namely, Abbasali and Shahpasand, a research was done in one of the commercial gardens of Damghan in 2012. This experiment was implemented in split, split plot as complete randomized block design, by two essences in five levels (4 experimental essences and one control sample). Cultivar type was evaluated at two levels and three replications and effects of treatments on physiological properties of the samples were studied. Type of essence regarding variance analysis table indicates significant effect on the rate of photosynthesis as %1. Also, effects of cultivars, cultivars × essence, concentration of essence, cultivars × concentration of essence, type of essence × concentration of essence and interaction of type and concentration, were not significant. Thyme essence had more pronounced effects on photosynthesis measure than other essences and was at higher rank with average of 12.22 µmolm-2s-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Seed germination, dormancy breaking techniques of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad plant. Sormeh Gharehmatrossian1*, Yu Popov1 and Mahlagha Ghorbanli2
In the present study, dormancy and germination requirements were investigated in seeds of Citrullus colocynthis (L.). Seeds were subjected to 10 pretreatments in the present study. These pretreatments included hot water (100° C) followed by the seeds placed between MoreIn the present study, dormancy and germination requirements were investigated in seeds of Citrullus colocynthis (L.). Seeds were subjected to 10 pretreatments in the present study. These pretreatments included hot water (100° C) followed by the seeds placed between double layered filter paper moistened with 5 ml of distilled water and kept at 28 - 30 °C, sulphuric acid (98% v/v), for 30 min followed by the seeds placed between double layered filter paper moistened with 5 ml of distilled water and kept at 28 – 30° C, and sulphuric acid (98% v/v), for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after which seeds were placed between double layered filter paper moistened with 5 ml of distilled water and kept at alternating temperatures 20 / 25° C (12h / 12h). In the last four pretreatments, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) seeds were subjected to10 and 20 mg/l GA3 followed by moistening with 5 ml of distilled water, 10 mg/l GA3, or 20 mg/l GA3. Concentrated sulphuric acid was partly-successful in dormancy-breaking. Moreover, germination increased at pretreatments and treatments of various levels of gibberellic acid. The highest germination rate and percentage were obtained at concentration of 10 mg/l GA3. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
125 - Influence of minerals on valerenic acid accumulation in hairy root cultures of Valeriana officinalis L. . Mohammad Reza Dini Torkamani1* and Afsaneh Samadi2
The roots and rhizomes of Valeriana (Valerianaofficinalis L.) are rich with valuable metabolites such as valerenic acid and valepotriates are used as mild sedatives. The aim of the present study was to investigatethe effect of four levels of calcium and potassium compou MoreThe roots and rhizomes of Valeriana (Valerianaofficinalis L.) are rich with valuable metabolites such as valerenic acid and valepotriates are used as mild sedatives. The aim of the present study was to investigatethe effect of four levels of calcium and potassium compounds (half, full, 2 and 4-fold) of normal Murashige and Skoog (MS) media including KI and CaCl2on ValerianaofficinalisL. hairy roots for scaling-up producing valerenic acid. Various explants of 42-day-old sterile seedlings derived from V. officinaliswere used for a genetic transformation viaAgrobacterium rhizogenesA13strain.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and genes primers ofrolB and virDwere conducted to confirm the transgenic nature of the roots and that the roots were bacteria-free. Then,the hairy root cultures of V. officinaliswere maintained in the media for investigations of valerenic acid production ability. After 35 days the valerenic acid content in hairy roots was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the best yielding conditions.The highest valerenic acid (0.69±0.03 mg/g DW) accumulation was obtained from hairy roots culturedin2-fold of calcium media, which was1.92 times higher than normal culture (0.36± 0.01 mg/g DW). The results of this experiment also showed that application of double (880 mg/l) calcium in mediahad a positive effect on growth of transformed hairy roots.The results revealed that calcium concentration in the MS medium may be used for the intensification of the valerenic acid productioninValerianaofficinalis hairy roots cultures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Involvement of auxin in the responses of wheat germination to salt stress . Fateme Masoudi Khorasani, Hilda Besharat and Homa Mahmoodzadeh
The effects of salt stress and auxin on germination factors of three wheat cultivars viz. Sepahan, c-84-8, and c-83-1 were studied under controlled conditions. Germination was assessed using three replicates of 25 seeds in a factorial lay out in Completely Randomized De MoreThe effects of salt stress and auxin on germination factors of three wheat cultivars viz. Sepahan, c-84-8, and c-83-1 were studied under controlled conditions. Germination was assessed using three replicates of 25 seeds in a factorial lay out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) testing combinations of three levels of salinity (0, 4, and 8 dSm-1 NaCl) and three levels of auxin (0, 0.5, and 1 ppm IAA) on seeds of three wheat cultivars in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes. Results showed that increasing concentrations of NaCl reduced germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, seedling fresh and dry weight, and plumule dry weight. Plumule dry weight increased in seeds only at 4 dSm-1. Auxin increased plumule length, seedling fresh and dry weight, and plumule dry weight, but did not influence seed germination percentage and radicle length. C-84-8 cultivar showed high seed germination percentage, radicle length, and plumule length in comparison to other cultivars while c-83-1 cultivar had high radicle dry weights and Sepahan cultivar produced high seedling fresh and dry weights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Effect of cadmium on oxidative enzymes activity in Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.). Homayun Ghasemi1, Mojtaba Yousefirad*1 and Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr
Heavy metals are among soil pollutant resources that in case of accumulation in the soil and absorption by the plant, enter into the food chain and poison the plants or the people who consume those plants. This research was performed in order to examine the role of cadm MoreHeavy metals are among soil pollutant resources that in case of accumulation in the soil and absorption by the plant, enter into the food chain and poison the plants or the people who consume those plants. This research was performed in order to examine the role of cadmium as a heavy metal in the activity of catalase and peroxidase as well as protein concentration in Trifolium resupinatum L. based on a randomized block design with three repetitions. The used treatments included consumption of Cd (NO3)2at four levels, namely, 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm. The plants under study were treated for 10 days. The results of the study showed that catalase activity decreased by the increase of cadmium. Moreover, peroxidase activity increased by an increase inthe consumption of cadmium. The analysis of protein level showed that plantlet protein decreased in high cadmium concentrations. The findings also demonstrated that cadmium concentration in roots was higher than in shoots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Physiological enhancement of medicinal pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo. var. styriaca) with different priming methods. Mohammad Sedghi1*, Bahman Amanpour-Balaneji2 and Javad Bakhshi3
In order to evaluate the effects of priming materials and duration of priming on the seed physiological enhancement and biochemical traits of germination in pumpkin seeds a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replication MoreIn order to evaluate the effects of priming materials and duration of priming on the seed physiological enhancement and biochemical traits of germination in pumpkin seeds a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Treatments were priming with water, NaCl (3%), gibberellic acid (20 mg L-1), and ascorbic acid (20 ppm) for 8, 16, and 24 hours. Seed mass as a control for comparison of different pretreatment methods was measured. Results showed that priming treatments except gibberellin application, caused an increase in radicle length. Increase in priming duration increased the plumule length of seedlings. With increasing duration of priming, radicle length also increased except for seeds primed with NaCl. Seedlings from primed seeds with gibberellin had the highest dry weight (1.08 g) when compared to other priming treatments and control. Percentage and germination rate in the seeds primed with water, gibberellic acid, and ascorbic acid increased with increasing duration of priming and it was observed that the rate of increase was even higher in ascorbic acid treatment. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in sodium chloride and gibberellic acid treatments had the highest and lowest activity, respectively. The activity of these enzymes had upward trend except in halo-priming, and hormone-priming with gibberellin for 24 h was the best treatment considering enzyme activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Effect of seed pre-treatment with L-arginine on improvement of seedling growth and alleviation of oxidative damage in canola plants subjected to salt stress. Fatemeh Nasibi1, 2*, Khosrow Manouchehri Kalantari1, 2 and Adeleh Barand1
Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant productivity and quality. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed treatment with L-arginine on some morphological and physiological parameters of Brassica na MoreSoil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant productivity and quality. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed treatment with L-arginine on some morphological and physiological parameters of Brassica napus under salinity stress. The seeds of canola were pre-treated with three arginine concentrations (0, 5, and 10µM Arg) for 24 hours. Then they were subjected to three levels of salt treatments (0, 50, and 100 mMNaCl) for 7 days. Results of this experiment indicate that salinity stress caused a number of morphological and physiological changes in the canola plant, including decrease in root and shoot length. Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in leaves of canola plant under salt stress. Salt stress also induced changes in antioxidant enzymes activitiessuch as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, (APX), and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). In conclusion, the adverse effects of salt stress on canola can be alleviated by the arginine pre-treatment through modulating activities of antioxidant enzymes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Response of Cannabis sativaL. to foliar application of 2chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride. Hakimeh Mansouri1, 2* and Monir Rohani3
The growth of medicinal plants and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is influenced by plant growth regulators. In this study we investigated influence offour levels (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg l-1) of2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel), a plant growth r MoreThe growth of medicinal plants and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is influenced by plant growth regulators. In this study we investigated influence offour levels (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg l-1) of2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel), a plant growth retardant, on growth parameters and some biochemical parameters of cannabis plants. Cycocel only at 500 mg l-1 decreased shoot length of male plants. The fresh weight of leaves in female plants decreased with 1500 mg l-1Cycocel. The other Cycocel treatments increased the fresh weight of leaves in female and male plants. Root and stem fresh weight of male and female plants showed an increase in most treatments (except for 1500 mg l-1Cycocel). Cycocel at 1000 mg l-1 had enhancing effect on the fresh weight of male and female flowers. Also, the plants treated with Cycocel had a higher content of soluble carbohydrates and protein. Malondialdehyde content was decreased in male and female plants by 500 mg l-1Cycocel treatment. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content increased in male plant leaves under 1000 and 1500 mg l-1Cycocel treatment, but in female plants only 500 mg l-1Cycocel caused an increase in THC content in leaves. While Cycocel decreased cannabidiol (CBD) content in male leaves, in female leaves it increased CBD concentration. In fact, only 500 mg l-1Cycocelled to more CBD content in female flowers while the other treatments declined CBD content in female flowers. The findings showed that the response to Cycocel depended on the sex in cannabis plants. Ineffectiveness of Cycocel in reducing shoot length suggests that cannabis is insensitive to Cycocel as an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis and its application at specific concentrations can be used to improve growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Growth and blossoming of Lilium under various organic fertilizers . Seyedeh Mahboubeh Mousavi1 and Zahra Oraghi Ardebili2*
The present research was conducted to mitigate the environmental contamination and with the aim of evaluating the possible impacts of the application of sugarcane bagasse sewage sludge-based compost (BSC), vermicompost, and fish compost on different aspects of physiolog MoreThe present research was conducted to mitigate the environmental contamination and with the aim of evaluating the possible impacts of the application of sugarcane bagasse sewage sludge-based compost (BSC), vermicompost, and fish compost on different aspects of physiology, growth, and development of Lilliumlongiflorum var Ceb-Dazzle. The bulbs were planted in four different prepared soil mixtures with two levels (0% or 10%) of organic fertilizers including vermicompost, BSC, and fish compost. In contrast to vermicompost, the application of fish fertilizer delayed the germination reactions. BSC and particularly vermicompost had desirable promoting effects on leaf and root system, as opposed to fish compost.Increased proline, soluble carbohydrate, K, and Ca contents were observed in vermicompost and BSC treated samples. In contrast to the fish compost, the application of BSC and especially vermicompost had an improving impact on the blossoming time, qualities of flowers, and the postharvest life of cut flowers. In comparison with fish compost and BSC, vermicompost was the most effective fertilizer to promote growth and development of Lilliumlongiflorum. According to the obtained results, it seems that the horticulture utilization of BSC at this level at least does not have detrimental impacts on plant growth,whereas the application of fish compost, especially the one originated from the sea, may result inundesirable inhibiting effects most probably due to the high electrical conductivity (EC) and toxic metals or products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Cd accumulation abilities of annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata L.) by humic acid and growth promoting bacteria association. Hossein Hassnapour Darvishi1* and Milad Kamajian2
This experiment was carried out to study the effect of humic acid and growth promoting bacteria on uptake of cadmium heavy metal by annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata L.). The experiment was arranged in pot experiment conditions in Isfahan, Iran in 2011. A factorial de MoreThis experiment was carried out to study the effect of humic acid and growth promoting bacteria on uptake of cadmium heavy metal by annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata L.). The experiment was arranged in pot experiment conditions in Isfahan, Iran in 2011. A factorial design was used based on completely randomized block design with four replications. Experimental treatments were humic acid and growth promoting bacteria. Biofertilizers used in the experiment were bacterial species Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, and Pseudomonas putida in a mixture form and Glomus intraradices was used as mycorrhiza fungi. Cadmium heavy metal was applied at 0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1 soil cadmium chloride (CdCl2) levels. Root and shoot cadmium concentrations and translocation factor were measured in the plants under study. The results suggested that there were significant differences between treatment levels and their interactions for all measured characteristics. A significant trendin cadmium accumulation in root and shoot organs were observed with increasing in the cadmium concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
134 - Flowering and fruit set in olive: a review. Esmaeil Seifi1*, Jenny Guerin2, Brent Kaiser2 and Margaret Sedgley3
Olive is one of the most ancient fruit trees and has been cultivated for its oil for thousands of years. A mature olive tree produces about 500,000 flowers. They are borne on inflorescences termed panicles. The number of flowers and their distribution on the inflorescen MoreOlive is one of the most ancient fruit trees and has been cultivated for its oil for thousands of years. A mature olive tree produces about 500,000 flowers. They are borne on inflorescences termed panicles. The number of flowers and their distribution on the inflorescence are specific for each cultivar but can change from year to year. The flower position on the inflorescence affects its gender and opening day. The flowers are either perfect (hermaphrodite) or staminate (male). Olive flowers are wind-pollinated; however, they are visited by insects. Critical conditions such as strong and dry winds, rain, and high temperature affect pollination and may reduce fruit set. Most olive cultivars are self-incompatible or partially self-compatible and need to be fertilized by compatible pollenisers to ensure acceptable production. Furthermore, some cultivars are cross-incompatible and cannot fertilize each other. The degree of SIin olive is widely influenced by climatic conditions and therefore varies from environment to environment and from year to year. In a year with normal flowering, 1 to 2% of fruit set is enough for a commercial yield. The fruit follows a double sigmoid growth pattern like other drupes and contains quality oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Studies on some biomarkers for submergence tolerance in rice cultivars. Sidhartha Banerjee and Malay Kumar Adak*
In the present study, three rice varieties namely Swarna, Swarna Sub1A, and FR13A were evaluated on the basis of their antioxidative responses to screen submergence tolerance capabilities. Fourteen-day- old seedlings were completely submerged for 7 days and were observe MoreIn the present study, three rice varieties namely Swarna, Swarna Sub1A, and FR13A were evaluated on the basis of their antioxidative responses to screen submergence tolerance capabilities. Fourteen-day- old seedlings were completely submerged for 7 days and were observed to have a significant variation in reactive oxygen species like H2O2 and O2-. The variety Swarna recorded maximum accumulation of H2O2 and O2- and showed more susceptibility to submergence. On the other hand, chlorophyll content did not show highly significant variation among the varieties thus proving its uncertainty to be a trait under submergence. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) had declined throughout the submergence period irrespective of varieties, being maximum in Swarna Sub1A and minimum in Swarna. Almost similar phenomenon was recorded in other two varieties showing their submergence susceptibility however with insignificant variation in terms of APX and CAT. The results from the present experiment point at the fact of submergence tolerance with the view of oxidative sensitivity in rice varieties and finally their possible roles as screening indices for submergence tolerance are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Effect of foliar application of naphthalene acetic acid and plant thinning on sugar contents of melon (Cucumis melo) fruit cv. Khatooni. Taher Barzegar*, Meysam Eliyasi Moghaddam and Zahra Ghahremani
Total soluble solid (TSS) content is commercially used as fruit quality index because of its high positive correlation with sugar content. In the present study, The effect of foliar application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, a MoreTotal soluble solid (TSS) content is commercially used as fruit quality index because of its high positive correlation with sugar content. In the present study, The effect of foliar application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg.L-1) at 4 true leaf and fruit set stages and plant training (pruning and thinning) on TSS and soluble sugar (i.e. sucrose, glucose and fructose) contents of fruit were evaluated in melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Khatooni. Results showed that NAA treatments significantly increased TSS and soluble sugar contents. The highest TSS and soluble sugar contents were observed in 100 mg.L-1 NAA. In contrast, TSS and soluble sugar contents were decreased significantly by plant thinning. In mature fruits, an obvious gradient of TSS and soluble sugar contents was detected, ascending from pedicel to middle and umbilicus part of mesocarp. Also sucrose was dominant sugar in ripening fruit. Results of this work suggest that application of 100 mg.L-1 NAA at fruit set could be used to increase TSS and soluble sugar contents of melon cv. Khatooni. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Effects of aluminum toxicity on maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Parviz Malekzadeh1*, Reza Sheikhakbari Mehr1 and Ali Asghar Hatamnia2
Aluminum toxicity is one of the most deleterious factors for plant growth in acidic soils because over 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic. In recent years, considerable research has been conducted to understand the mechanisms of Al toxicity and MoreAluminum toxicity is one of the most deleterious factors for plant growth in acidic soils because over 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic. In recent years, considerable research has been conducted to understand the mechanisms of Al toxicity and tolerance in plants. This paper reviews the effects of different concentration of Al on plant shoot, root physiological parameters such as length, fresh and dry weight, pigment content and antioxidant enzyme such as Catalase Ascorbate and Guaiacol peroxidase, malonyldialdehyde content. Maize (Zea mays L.) seeds were sterilized and these seeds were then germinated in Petri dish.The germinated seeds were allowed to grow at 27°C in darkness, and 5 ml of test solution was added to each Petri dish on the second day. The test solution contained 0, 25, 50, 75, 100mM AlCl3. Aluminum toxicity caused reduction in growth in all treatments. The plants exposed to Al exhibited a substantial decline in growth, pigment content, activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and leaf structure. Data show that 50 mM Al caused increased in MDA content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Seasonal changes of antioxidant enzymes activities, water and osmolyte in four halophyte species Mahlagha Ghorbanli1*, Mohammad Dasturani2, Roksana Bonyadi2 and Bahareh Allahverdi Mamaghani3
Seasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes activities, amount of water, ash, proline and soluble sugars were surveyed during this research in four halophyte species of Varamin County, Tehran, Iran: Salsola turcomanica Litwin, Suaeda arcuata Bunge, Tamarix leptopetala Bunge MoreSeasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes activities, amount of water, ash, proline and soluble sugars were surveyed during this research in four halophyte species of Varamin County, Tehran, Iran: Salsola turcomanica Litwin, Suaeda arcuata Bunge, Tamarix leptopetala Bunge and Cressa cretica L. Plants were collected randomly from their natural habitats in spring and summer. Activity of these enzymes in response to environmental stresses such as salinity increased in shoots of most species from spring (May) to summer (Aug). In T. leptopetala catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were high while peroxidase activity was low in comparison to other species. Peroxidase activity in the other three species and catalase activity in all species were high. Thus, high activity of one antioxidant enzyme in stress condition may be accompanied by the low activity of other enzymes.According to this research, water amount in S. arcuata and S. turcomanica shoots were high and by the increase of salinity water potential reduced. The amount of ash in shoots and roots of all species increased from spring to summer but it was the most in S. arcuata and S. turcomanica. This could be the result of ion accumulation (especially Na+ and Cl-) in salinity condition in these two species. The amount of proline and especially soluble carbohydrates increased in shoots and roots of most species from May to Aug and it was the most in Tamarix and Suaeda. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Light intensity effects on some molecular and biochemical characteristics of Dunaliella salina. Leila Zarandi-Miandoab1,3, Mohammad-Amin Hejazi2*, Mohammad-Bager Bagherieh-Najjar1, Nader Chaparzadeh3
To gain a better understanding of molecular and biochemical events involved in light intensity adaptations of Dunaliella salina, we studied the expression of phytoen synthase (psy) gene; pigments, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids accumulation under two light intensiti MoreTo gain a better understanding of molecular and biochemical events involved in light intensity adaptations of Dunaliella salina, we studied the expression of phytoen synthase (psy) gene; pigments, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids accumulation under two light intensities. The cells were pre-cultured under 50 µmol photon m-2s-1 light intensity and then transferred to two different light intensities of 200 and 1000µmol photon m-2s-1. The psy gene expression in high light (1000 µmol photon m-2s-1) decreased and remained fairly constant until 48 h however, a more decrease was appeared under the low light (200 µmol photon m-2s-1). After 2 weeks cultivation, the high light led to a considerable decrease of Chl a and Chl b contents, and an increase in carotenoids/total chlorophylls and Chl a/Chl b ratios. Total, soluble and non-soluble (starch) carbohydrates; proteins and lipids contents of cells were increased under the high light conditions. The results suggest that D. salina cells can have light intensity dependent adjustments in gene expressions, photosynthesis apparatus function, and structure as well as biochemical cell composition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The effect of salt-pretreated Glomus fasciculatum on salinity tolerance induction of barley plants Ali Torabi1, 2 and Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr*2
The present study reports a factorial greenhouse experiment usinga randomized completeblock design in 2014 which investigated the effects of salt-pretreatedGlomus fasciculatumfungus, salinity, and the interaction effect of these variables on thephysiological properties MoreThe present study reports a factorial greenhouse experiment usinga randomized completeblock design in 2014 which investigated the effects of salt-pretreatedGlomus fasciculatumfungus, salinity, and the interaction effect of these variables on thephysiological properties ofbarley. The first factor was mycorrhizasalinity pretreated with different levels of salt (0, 25, 50and100mM) and the second factor included application of salinityto barley plant at 0,25, 50, 100and200mM. Mycorrhiza pretreatment with 25 mM salt increased fresh and dryweight in theabsence ofsalinitytreatment in the plant but in the presence ofsalinity, it reduced thedry weight oftheplant. Alsomycorrhiza pretreatmentwithsalt reduced the leaf areaandincreasedperoxidase, catalase, polyphenolsperoxidase enzymes activities and malondialdehyde content. Alsoby increasingsalinity, fresh and dryweightandleaf areadecreasedandantioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehydeandproline contents increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Evaluation of callus induction and plant regeneration in Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Sormeh Gharehmatrossian*
In the present study, small segments of cotyledon, apical bud, hypocotyl, and root of 10-day-old seedlings were isolated and transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) base medium with different treatments of phytohormones. Two media were used for apical bud culture: MS wi MoreIn the present study, small segments of cotyledon, apical bud, hypocotyl, and root of 10-day-old seedlings were isolated and transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) base medium with different treatments of phytohormones. Two media were used for apical bud culture: MS with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (Kin) (1 mg/l) and the other medium, MS with double vitamin of MS and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2 mg/l) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.1 mg/l). The findings suggested that capacity of callus generation in BAP and NAA was better than IAA and Kin, but shoot generation and increase of shoot length under IAA and Kin treatment were significant. In BAP and NAA media the callus differentiated in shoot, but generation of shoot and increase in its length was not significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
143 - Sugar Accumulation Pattern and Contents in Developing Fruits of two Iranian Melon Cultivars. Taher Barzegar1*, Mojtaba Delshad2, Abdol K. Kashi2, Caroline Mauve3 and Jaleh Ghashghaie4
Soluble sugar accumulation pattern and contents were studied in two Iranian melon cultivars, ‘Suski Sabz’ and ‘Jalali Zard’ (Cucumis melo L. Inodorous). Sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were determined in different mesocarp tissues of devel MoreSoluble sugar accumulation pattern and contents were studied in two Iranian melon cultivars, ‘Suski Sabz’ and ‘Jalali Zard’ (Cucumis melo L. Inodorous). Sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were determined in different mesocarp tissues of developing fruits during days after pollination (DAP). They were characterised by enhanced accumulation of glucose and fructose during early fruit developmental stages with almost no sucrose detectable. A sharp increase in sucrose occurred from DAP 30 and 40 in ‘Jalali Zard’ and ‘Suski Sabz’, respectively. Then, both glucose and fructose showed a steady decrease with fruit maturation. In mature fruits of both cultivars, an obvious gradient of sucrose accumulation was detected, ascending from pedicel to middle and umbilicus part of mesocarp. Also both cultivars could be considered as high sucrose accumulators. The present results might be useful for future studies on improvement of melon fruit quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Morphological And Physiological Response of Two Accessions of Citrullus colocynthis to Drought Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol. Zahra Mohammadzade and Forouzandeh Soltani *
A biotic stresses can directly or indirectly affect the physiological status of an organism by altering its metabolism, growth, and development. In order to study the effect of drought stress on Citrullus colocynthis samples a factorial experiment was conducted in Horti MoreA biotic stresses can directly or indirectly affect the physiological status of an organism by altering its metabolism, growth, and development. In order to study the effect of drought stress on Citrullus colocynthis samples a factorial experiment was conducted in Horticultural science Department of University of Tehran in 2013. The first factor was two accessions of Citrullus colocynthis (Yazd and Khorasgan) and the second factor was water deficit induced by different osmotic potential levels 0 (the control), -0.4 MPa (slight), -0.8 MPa (moderate) and -1.2 MPa (severe (using polyethylene glycol. The results indicated that fresh and dry weight of seedlings and leaf area decreased in both accessions as osmotic potential increased. Khorasgan samples showed higher net photosynthetic rate than Yazd accession in all osmotic condition. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and proline content of leaves varied between two accessions which Yazd accession represented higher value at different osmotic condition. The present data suggest a relation between proline and total phenolic content and water stress also well-developed antioxidant defense mechanism activated during water stress .Based on this study Yazd accession was more tolerant to drought stress and could use in breeding or grafting program to improve Citrullus species growth under water deficit condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Changes in Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Gourd (Cucurbita pepo L.) Two Varieties under Drought and UV-B Radiation. Nobar Hajihosseinlo*, Siavash Hosseini Sarghein and Rashid Jamei
It emerged recently that there is an inter-relationship between drought and Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in plant responses, in that both stresses provoke an oxidative burst. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of drought stress, UV-B ra MoreIt emerged recently that there is an inter-relationship between drought and Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in plant responses, in that both stresses provoke an oxidative burst. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of drought stress, UV-B radiation and the combined effects of UV-B and drought stresses on two cultivars of gourd seedling. The gourd plants were grown with diurnal regime of 16h light and 8h dark and temperature of 22/26°C (night/day). The relative humidity 60% and average of photosynthetically active radiation was 150 µmol.m-2.s-1. Treatments was started 25 days after planting. Then, 25-days-old seedlings were divided in to four groups. The control and three groups subjected to stress conditions: UV-B radiation, drought stress conditions, UV-B radiation and drought stresses combined. The results of measurement on compounds which absorbs UV including flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenol and antioxidant enzymes activity including catalase, guaiacol peroxidase showed that these parameters increased when plant irradiated with UV-B, drought stress and their combination. Biochemical parameters indicate that with this experiment situation UV-B stress has stronger stress effectors than drought on the growth of seedling of both cultivars. The present results suggested that, under soil drought conditions, enhanced UV-B radiation had not let to greater decrease gourd biochemical markers. The results suggested that co-stresses of supplementary UV-B radiation and drought synergistically functioned and one of them could alleviate the inhibitory effects of another under the condition of arid and semiarid loessial soils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Investigation Reducing Detrimental Effects of Salt Stress on Morphological and Physiological Traits of (Thymus vulgaris) by Application of Salicylic Acid. Elham Harati1*, Bahareh Kashefi1 and Mohammad Matinizadeh2
Salicylic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring plant hormone that has positive effects on growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, especially salinity in plants. To evaluate the effects of SA and salt stress on some morphological and physiological traits and q MoreSalicylic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring plant hormone that has positive effects on growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, especially salinity in plants. To evaluate the effects of SA and salt stress on some morphological and physiological traits and quantitative activities of antioxidant enzymes on thyme (Thymus vulgaris), was conducted a factorial pot experiment based on completely randomized design with four levels of SA (0t 150, 300 and 400 ppm) and four levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM, induced by NaCl) and three replicates. The results showed that salinity increased soluble sugars, quantitative activities of peroxidase and fresh weight and decreased stem height, leaf area and protein content. Interaction effects between salt stress and SA treatments resulted to greater leaf area, fresh weight, protein content and quantitative activities of catalase and peroxidase, significantly. Based the results of this study, leaf sparing of SA, improve physiological traits and alleviate salt stress effects through influencing physiological processes as increasing of antioxidant activity enzymes and soluble sugars content in Thymus vulgaris. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Effects of some PGRs on seedling emergence and CAT and POD activity of maize under low temperature stress. Hamid Reza Eisvand*, Nasim Fathi and Darioush Goudarzi
Low soil temperature is one of the reasons for poor germination and establishment of maize. The aim of this study was to evaluatethe possibilityof improvingthe seedling emergence and performance of maize under low temperature stress. A pot experiment was conducted on Ze MoreLow soil temperature is one of the reasons for poor germination and establishment of maize. The aim of this study was to evaluatethe possibilityof improvingthe seedling emergence and performance of maize under low temperature stress. A pot experiment was conducted on Zea maize (single cross 704) at 14 ºC as cold stress and seed treatments were priming with 200, 300 and 400ppm of GA3; 100, 200 and 300ppm of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA) with a hydro priming treatment and non-primed seed. Results showed that priming with SA 100ppm and AA 100ppm could strongly improve the emergence percentage and rate. SA100ppm and AA 100ppm improved root dry weight better than other treatments. The CAT activity in root was not affected by priming treatments but POD activity increased only by GA3 300ppm. In leaf, CAT and POD activity increased by priming with GA3, SA and AA. There was a negative correlation between CAT activity in root and seedling emergence percentage. There was no correlation between CAT activity in leaf and CAT in root. Meanwhile POD activity in leaf and root was positively correlated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Effects of Different Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Content of Elaeagnus rhamnoides. Hamid Ahani1 *, Hamid Jalilvand2, Jamil Vaezi3 and Seyed Ehsan Sadati4
We studied the response of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn) to drought stress in a nursery. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll content under drought were change rather modest. Growth and physiological differences in response to drought were compared between four Sea Buc MoreWe studied the response of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn) to drought stress in a nursery. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll content under drought were change rather modest. Growth and physiological differences in response to drought were compared between four Sea Buckthorn seedlings treatments inhabited in the Qazvin provenance origin seeds in Mashhad city of Iran. The experimental design included four water regimes (100% of field capacity) and three blocks. Our experiments were under semi-controlled environmental conditions for four growing season. Four-month-old seedlings were examined with four different water regimes corresponding to 2, 4, 8, 12, day's duration. At the end of watering regimes, Chlorophyll content and Photosynthetic of leaves was measured using SPAD, CCI (Chlorophyll Concentration Index) and A (Photosynthetic rate) by several devices. The A was positively correlated with SPAD and DS (Dry Stem) but negatively correlated with the CCI and DR (Dry Root) in all of treatments except 12 day irrigation. CCI was positively correlated with DR, in 2day treatment, with SPAD and DR in 8day with all of traits in 4day and 12 day but negatively correlated with others. There were significant negative correlations between SPAD with DR in first watering regime and DS in third watering regime. Between DR and DS were significant positive correlations only in 12day treatment but significant negatively correlated in 2day and 8day watering regime measured. We concluded SPAD and A were tolerated efficiently between 4day and 8day, then we can irrigate seedlings more than 4day and less than 8day treatment. Different watering treatments employ different strategy for physiological and morphological responses of this plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Effects of Copper Heavy Metal and Interaction With Nitric Oxide on Growth Parameters, Photosynthetic Pigment, Soluble Carbohydrate Content and Antioxidant Enzymes in Portulaca oleracea L. Ferdous Fendereski, Mahlagha Ghorbanli* and Arian Sateei
Copper is one of the heavy metal in plant that causes toxicity at high concentration via producing reactive oxygen species. Nitric oxide can protect cells from oxidative stress produce by reactive oxygen species. Effect of different concentrations of copper (1000, 1500 MoreCopper is one of the heavy metal in plant that causes toxicity at high concentration via producing reactive oxygen species. Nitric oxide can protect cells from oxidative stress produce by reactive oxygen species. Effect of different concentrations of copper (1000, 1500 and 2000 μM) and interaction with nitric oxide (100 and 150 μM) were studied on growth parameters (shoot and root length) and some physiological factors (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, soluble carbohydrate), antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) in Portulaca oleracea L. For this purpose, an experiment was done in complete block random design with three replications under pot condition. Our result showed that nitric oxide treatment increased shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight as well as chlorophyll a and b content under copper stress. Therefore, in stressed plants treated with nitric oxide growth parameter improved and damage to pigments decreased. Copper stress did not affect soluble carbohydrate and increased antioxidant enzyme activity but nitric oxide increased soluble carbohydrate content and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity with exception of catalase and peroxidase. Pre-treatment with nitric oxide had protective role under copper treatment stress with interaction with ROS and photosynthetic pigments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - The Roles of Selenium in Protecting Lemon Balm against Salt Stress. Ghader Habibi* and Somaie Sarvary
Plant metabolism and productivity is influenced adversely by salinity. Exogenous selenium (Se), applied as sodium selenate in biofortification programmes, has been found effective in alleviating the salt induced damage in plants. The study was conducted in order to dete MorePlant metabolism and productivity is influenced adversely by salinity. Exogenous selenium (Se), applied as sodium selenate in biofortification programmes, has been found effective in alleviating the salt induced damage in plants. The study was conducted in order to determine the effects of exogenous Se supply (10 μM) on the resistance of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plants to salt stress (40 mM NaCl). Plant growth was negatively affected by salinity and dry mass production as well as chlorophyll a and b accumulation severely reduced. Selenium significantly improved the growth rate and increased the photosynthetic pigments and total amino acid contents in lemon balm plants subjected to salt stress. Salinity stress caused great membrane damage, as assessed by lipid peroxidation, but Se application significantly reduced the membrane damage because of an efficient scavenging by peroxidases (POD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Compared with the non-selenium treatment, application of Se increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) under salinity. As a result, the physiological and biochemical parameters measured in this study indicated that the salinity had adverse effects on growth of lemon balm plants, but the data also showed that presence of exogenous Se in nutrient solution could alleviate seedling damage under high levels of NaCl in the medium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Farsi Abstracs
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Open Access Article
152 - Protective role of exogenous SNP against heavy metal toxicity in Brassica oleracea (var. Capitata) Narsingh Bahadur Singh*, Himani Singh and Sunaina
The present study is focused on the importance of SNP, a NO donor, as Cd stress modulator on seedlings of cabbage. The exogenously applied Cd induced stress in cabbage seedlings to explore the protective role of SNP. 21-day-old seedlings were grown in Hoagland solution MoreThe present study is focused on the importance of SNP, a NO donor, as Cd stress modulator on seedlings of cabbage. The exogenously applied Cd induced stress in cabbage seedlings to explore the protective role of SNP. 21-day-old seedlings were grown in Hoagland solution and Cd at 0.5 and 0.7 mM concentration with and without SNP. The biophysical and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Cd exhibited inhibitory effects on growth and metabolism of cabbage seedlings. SNP enhanced growth viz. root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings. The pigment content, sugar, and protein contents decreased in seedlings treated with Cd while increased in SNP with and without Cd. The graded concentration of Cd significantly enhanced the antioxidative enzyme viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) to avoid the oxidative damage caused by heavy metal stress. SNP reduced the oxidative damage and provided protection against heavy metal toxicity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Maintaining the postharvest nutritional quality of peach fruits by γ-Aminobutyric acid . Morteza Soleimani Aghdam1*, Farhang Razavi2 and Fatemeh Karamneghad3
Fresh peaches are highly perishable and they deteriorate quickly during low temperature storage which results in losses in nutritional quality. To prevent these adverse effects, peach fruits were treated by dipping with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 2, 4 and 6mM) imm MoreFresh peaches are highly perishable and they deteriorate quickly during low temperature storage which results in losses in nutritional quality. To prevent these adverse effects, peach fruits were treated by dipping with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 2, 4 and 6mM) immediately after harvest and then stored at 1 °C for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Peach fruits treated with GABA exhibited higher flesh firmness and TSS. In addition, GABA treatments were effective in maintaining higher contents of healthpromoting molecules such as ascorbic acid, total phenols and flavonoids as well as DPPH scavenging capacity. These results suggest that GABA could have promising postharvest effect for maintaining quality and enhancing the health benefits of peach fruit consumption by increasing the antioxidant capacity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on antioxidant enzymes in valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). Sara Farzpourmachiani1*, Ahmad Majd2, Sedigheh Arbabian2, Davoud Dorranian3 and Mehrdad Hashemi4
In this research, the effects of electromagnetic fields of various strengths (0, 1 and 2mT) have been investigated on antioxidant enzymes activity in Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). The dry and wet (soaked for 30 min) Valerian seeds were exposed to electromagnetic MoreIn this research, the effects of electromagnetic fields of various strengths (0, 1 and 2mT) have been investigated on antioxidant enzymes activity in Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). The dry and wet (soaked for 30 min) Valerian seeds were exposed to electromagnetic fields 30 min per day for 3 days. Each treatment and control groups had 3 replicates and 10 seeds were employed for each replicate. Results showed that electromagnetic field treatment increased significantly root length, fresh and dry weight, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase activity compared to control for most treatment groups especially in the groups of dry treated seeds. These results showed that electromagnetic fields probably enhanced oxidative stress and treated Valerian seeds probably increased antioxidant enzymes activity to inhibit overproduction of free radicals against electromagnetic fields tension. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Effects of some plant growth regulators and light on callus induction and explants browning in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in vitro leaves culture. Elahe Baharan1, Payam Pour Mohammadi1, Ehsan Shahbazi2 and Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini3
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of light and plant growth regulators on callus induction and explant browning in date palm cultivar, Estameran in in vitro condition. The explants were pretreated by an antioxidant combination (100 mgl-1 citric a MoreThe present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of light and plant growth regulators on callus induction and explant browning in date palm cultivar, Estameran in in vitro condition. The explants were pretreated by an antioxidant combination (100 mgl-1 citric acid and 150 mgl-1 ascorbic acid) for 3 days in 5 °C. Then, the leaf explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with 3 gL-1 of activated charcoal, 75 mgl-1 citric acid and 75 mgl-1 ascorbic acid, for 14 days. After that, explants cultured in callogenesis medium were supplemented with 12 different levels of plant growth regulators including 2,4-D (0 and 5 mgl-1), TDZ (0 and 5 mgl-1), and BAP at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mgl-1), and two incubation conditions (light condition and absolute darkness). The number of explants that induced callus and browning was recorded after six months. Results indicated that 2,4-D and BAP increased browning and this was exacerbated under light condition. Highest callus induction was achieved in medium supplemented with 5 mgl-1 BAP or with 5 mgl-1 TDZ. This experiment showed that low concentrations of cytokinin induced callus in date palm in vitro leave culture and callus induction increased in darkness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Salinity Effects on Potassium Accumulation and Transporters Expression in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Nayer Mohammadkhani1٭, Reza Heidari2 and Nasser Abbaspour2
Hydroponically grown ten grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) were treated with different concentrations of NaCl. Chawga genotype accumulated K+ in its root and shoot even at high salinity. The correlation between Na+ and K+ concentrations in root and lamina of all genot MoreHydroponically grown ten grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) were treated with different concentrations of NaCl. Chawga genotype accumulated K+ in its root and shoot even at high salinity. The correlation between Na+ and K+ concentrations in root and lamina of all genotypes was negative (P<0.05, r2=-0.841) except for Chawga (P<0.01, r2=0.998). Km calculated for K+ and Na+ uptake into root and shoot of Chawga showed that K+ and Na+ compete to enter the plant, especially through roots. Chawga accumulated K+ in plant parts in spite of external higher Na+ due to increasingsalinity.Two KUP/KT/HAK-type potassium transporters are expressed highly in the grapevine during stress. VvK1.1 could play a major role in K+ loading into grape tissues. Under salinity stress the expression of VvKUP1 and VvKUP2 transporter and VvK1.1 channel increased significantly (P<0.05) in roots and leaves of Chawga genotype, but that increase was higher in roots than in leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Interaction of Salinity and Cadmium on Physiological Response of Brassica oleracea L. Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr*
In order to survey effect of salinity and cadmium on catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity , proline accumulation, Malondialdehyde and protein content variation in Brassica oleracea an experiment was conducted in green house condition factorial design based on comple MoreIn order to survey effect of salinity and cadmium on catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity , proline accumulation, Malondialdehyde and protein content variation in Brassica oleracea an experiment was conducted in green house condition factorial design based on completely random block in 2014 year. The first factor was cadmium at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) and second factor was salinity at three levels (0, 50, 100 ppm). According to result of this experiment, catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity and proline and Malondialdehyde accumulation increased with Cd accumulation and protein content decreased. Under salinity stress peroxidase enzymes activity and Malondialdehyde accumulation increased. Interaction effect of cadmium and salinity cause to decrease Malondialdehyde accumulation, decrease protein content and decrease peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Effect of induction medium on embryogenesis of maize anther culture and increase of normal haploid plantlet regeneration with wathman filter paper. Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini1*, Payam Pour Mohammadi2 and Garshsb Rigi Cheshmeali1
This study involves in vitro androgenesis of Zea mays L. via anther culture. In the first experiment, three embryo induction media were tested in ETH-M82 genotype of maize. The results showed that the embryo structures were established 2 to 3 weeks after culturing the a MoreThis study involves in vitro androgenesis of Zea mays L. via anther culture. In the first experiment, three embryo induction media were tested in ETH-M82 genotype of maize. The results showed that the embryo structures were established 2 to 3 weeks after culturing the anthers. The effect of induction medium was signifi cant for embryo frequencies. The obtained results confirm that the induction medium is one of the major supplements that support the development of anthers finalized either to embryo. IMSS medium with 22.4 embryo like structure (ELs)/replication was better than other medium and N6 medium had low production of embryos. In the second experiment, the analysis of variance showed that the percentage of normal regenerated plants was remarkably influenced by using whatman filter paper on regeneration medium (YPNAS).The use of whatman filter paper on the surface of regeneration medium had substantial increased normal plant production. In fact, the percentage of normal plants was 38% more in the presence of whatman paper on plant regeneration medium. In general, considering the morphology, such in vitro normal regenerated plants were very similar to maize seedlings. Such success in producing normal plants in maize anther culture by using whatman paper has not been reported yet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Phytoremediation ability and oxidative enzymes activity of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) in the presence of nickel. Mojtaba Yousefi Rad*, Homayun Ghasemi
Phytoremediation is a relatively new method in agricultural science for removing soil contaminants to some extent through cultivating some plants with the least cost. This research was conducted to examine the role of nickel as a heavy metal in catalase and peroxidase a MorePhytoremediation is a relatively new method in agricultural science for removing soil contaminants to some extent through cultivating some plants with the least cost. This research was conducted to examine the role of nickel as a heavy metal in catalase and peroxidase activities and also to study uptake and transfer ability of nickel in the organs of Persian clover. Experiment was done as randomized complete blocks design with four treatments. Treatments were consumption of Ni (NO3)2 at four levels of 0, 100, 200, 300 ppm. The plants were treated for 10 days. The results of research showed that the increase in nickel concentration reduced LWCA andthe fresh weights of shoot and root; however, it had no effect on the dry weight of shoots, RGR, and leaf area. Moreover, nickel concentration in aerial organ was higher than in roots. The results showed that catalase and peroxidase activity increased by increase of nickel in the nutrient solution. The results of this research indicated that protein content decreased as nickel increased. TF was greater than 1 but BCA and BCF were less than 1 and with increase in soil Ni so did ratios value. Therefore, Persian clover is not suggested as a suitable plant for phytoremediation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
161 - Improvement of lignans production in hairy root culture of Linum mucronatum using abiotic and biotic elicitors .
Afsaneh Samadi Mohammad Reza Dini TorkamaniElicitors could be used as the enhancer of plant secondary-metabolite synthesis and could play an important role in biosynthetic pathways of important medicinal compounds. The present study investigated the effect of abiotic elicitor (fungal extract of Fusarium graminea MoreElicitors could be used as the enhancer of plant secondary-metabolite synthesis and could play an important role in biosynthetic pathways of important medicinal compounds. The present study investigated the effect of abiotic elicitor (fungal extract of Fusarium graminearum) and two abiotic elicitors (methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid) at different concentrations in 18- and 30-day-old cultures of hairy roots infected with two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A13 and 9534. The hairy roots were harvested 48 and 96 h after inoculation. Polymerase chain reaction analysis (PCR) with specific primers rolB and virD genes was performed to confirm the transgenic hairy roots production. Detection and identification of lignan was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results of PCR analysis showed diagnostic bands 780 bp in size related to specific reproduction of rolB gene. Also maximum lignan production for each elicitor was as follow: fungal extract at 1% v/v (12.87 ± 0.66 and 89.65 ± 3.9 mg/gr DW ± SD podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively for), methyl jasmonat at 100 µm (11.37± 0.65 and 75.65 ± 3.9 mg/gr DW± SD for podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively), and salicylic acid at 200 µm (7.97 ± 0.33 and 51.68 ±2.1 mg/gr DW ± SD for podophyllotoxin and 6methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively). Important factors such as strain of agrobacterium (A13), duration of exposure time (48 h), and age of culture (18-day-old culture) affected lignan accumulation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit and leaf of Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica) in Ilam province .
Parviz Malekzadeh Ali Asghar Hatamnia Hatamnia Khoshnood NourollahiThe objective of this study was to evaluate total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf and different parts of fruit (hull, shell, and kernel) of Bene in Ilam province. Total phenolic content was determined with the Folin- Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR); antioxidan MoreThe objective of this study was to evaluate total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf and different parts of fruit (hull, shell, and kernel) of Bene in Ilam province. Total phenolic content was determined with the Folin- Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR); antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were examined by DPPH (2,2diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and nitric oxide radical scavenging methods. Among all the samples tested, leaf contained the highest total phenolic content followed by hull, kernel, and shell. There was a positive correlation between total phenol content and FRAP, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity (r= 0.993, r= 0.972, and r= 0.969, respectively). The results indicated that antioxidant activity of leaf and hull extracts were significantly higher than kernel and shell extracts and this is attributed to their higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The FRAP, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity assay showed that leaf and hull extracts with potent activity can be introduced as a source of natural antioxidant. Compared with BHA, the extracts of leaf and hull revealed a remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity but shell and kernel extracts with higher EC50 had a weak activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The Effect of Zinc excess on antioxidant enzymes, proline and soluble carbohydrates in Plantago major L.
Mahlagha Ghorbanli Sedighe Arbabian Zeinab Taghizadeh TaghizadehThe increase of environmental pollutants especially heavy metals derives from human industrial communities. Zinc is one of the natural elements that exist in biotic environment, plants body, and animals in different forms. Zinc has toxic and lethal effects in high conce MoreThe increase of environmental pollutants especially heavy metals derives from human industrial communities. Zinc is one of the natural elements that exist in biotic environment, plants body, and animals in different forms. Zinc has toxic and lethal effects in high concentrations on plants. Also some plants are introduced as accumulators of this element. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to consider different concentrations of Zn on Plantago major in completely random form and with three replications. The ZnSO4.7H2O was included at 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 700 µmolar concentrations that were applied to the plants during 8 days. The results indicated that catalase enzyme activity increased significantly in comparison with control in root and shoot except at 50 µmolar concentration. Ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity increased significantly only at 50 and 500 µmolar concentrations in comparison with control in shoots but it increased significantly in root with increasing metal concentration. Peroxidase enzyme activity increased significantly only at 50 and 700 µmolar concentration in shoot; however, this enzyme increased significantly in root with increasing metal concentration except at 500 µmolar concentration. The amount of proline increased significantly with increasing of zinc concentration. Soluble carbohydrates decreased significantly in comparison with control in root and aerial organs except at 700 µmolar concentration. These results derive from plant resistance against high concentrations of Zn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Impact of sea salt stress on growth and some physiological attributes of some soybean (Glycine Max L.) varieties.
Khalil M. Saad-AllahThe impact of three levels of sea salt (0.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mS/cm2) on six varieties of soybean (Crawford, G21, G22, G35, G82, and G83) was studied. Growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble protein, free amino acids, free proline, and protein pro MoreThe impact of three levels of sea salt (0.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mS/cm2) on six varieties of soybean (Crawford, G21, G22, G35, G82, and G83) was studied. Growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble protein, free amino acids, free proline, and protein profile of soybean varieties were investigated under sea salt stress. Results of this study showed a considerable decrease in growth criteria (shoot height, root depth, and leaflet area), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids), soluble sugars, and soluble proteins with the increase in salinity level. The total free amino acids and free proline contents were increased with the increase in sea salt level. SDS-PAGE of the seedling proteins showed a significant variation in the protein profile of soybean and the variation is a function of varieties and sea salt level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Response of peppermint to methyl jasmonate application .
Soheila AfkarJasmonate compounds are known as new plant hormones that play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Mints have been used and valued as aromatic herbs for thousands of years. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is used for medicinal and food purp MoreJasmonate compounds are known as new plant hormones that play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Mints have been used and valued as aromatic herbs for thousands of years. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is used for medicinal and food purposes and its essential oil is considered industrially important. Peppermint plants were grown in a greenhouse in pots. At flowering phase, the plants were treated with different concentrations of MeJA (0, 0.1, 0.5 mM) and after 24 h were evaluated for their carotenoid, anthocyanin, phenol, flavonol, flavonoid, H2O2, and proline. Analysis of variance indicated that different concentrations of MeJA caused significant variation in all measured traits except proline. As the latest studies indicated that components such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids are natural antioxidants, the results of this experiment showed a significant increase in the antioxidant potential of Mentha piperita treated with 0.1 mM MeJA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Analysis of the physiological responses of the plane and willow trees against air pollution in Tehran .
Sayyedeh Mahdokht Maddah Farhang MoraghebiTrees can improve air quality, but at the same time, pollution might put them at risk. Plane(Platanus orientalis L) and willow trees (Salix babylonicaL) are important trees in the green space of Tehran. Plane trees in Tehran have experienced early autumn in recent years MoreTrees can improve air quality, but at the same time, pollution might put them at risk. Plane(Platanus orientalis L) and willow trees (Salix babylonicaL) are important trees in the green space of Tehran. Plane trees in Tehran have experienced early autumn in recent years due to severe air pollution. The present study, investigated some physiological traits of these trees under study to determine the cause of early autumn phenomenon. Three regions in Tehran were chosen for the study: Sadra Park as a clean region, Al-Mahdi Park as the polluted region 1, and Avesta Park as the polluted region 2. The results showed that the highest levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins were observed in the leaves of the plane trees of Sadra Park and the leaves of the willow trees of the Avesta Park and Sadra Park. The average concentration of lead (Pb) in the plane leaves was observed in the Avesta Park and the highest cadmium concentration was recorded for the Sadra Park while the concentration of these two metals in the leaves of willow trees in the three regions were not significantly different. This may suggest that the willow trees, by an increase in the amount of anthocyanins of their leaves, prevent the reduction of the amount of photosynthetic pigments under the influence of air pollution. By late spring, the two plants could relatively preserve similar amounts of lead and cadmium in their leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Peroxide isozymes and Malondialdehyde content and ascorbate peroxidase activity in Berberis integerrima and Cercis siliquastrum under Cd-induced stress .
Leila Hakimi Esmail KhosropourROS detoxification is an essential process in protecting plant cells and their organelles, which is caused by ROS generated in stress condition. Peroxidase (POD) isozyme, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity are the indicators of plants MoreROS detoxification is an essential process in protecting plant cells and their organelles, which is caused by ROS generated in stress condition. Peroxidase (POD) isozyme, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity are the indicators of plants for measuring pollution effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate Cd-induced stress on POD isozymes, MDA content, and APX activity in seedlings of Berberis integerrima and Cercis siliquastrum. 100 seedlings were treated with cadmium chloride separately at concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 mg/kg three times at intervals of 15 days. POD activity varied at different levels of Cd stress Cercis siliquastrum, while this was not the case with Berberis integerrima. MDA was slightly increased up to 6000 mg/kg from 5% to 27%, but a sharp increase (41%) was found at 6000 mg/kg compared with 4000 mg/kg Cd treatment in Cercis siliquastrum. The highest MDA content (10.5 µM/ g FW) was recorded at 6000 mg/kg trearment in Berberis integerrima, while the lowest value (2.3 µM/ g FW)was found in control Cercis siliquastrum plants. The maximum and minimum APX activity were found in the treatments of 6000 mg/kg (0.13 unit/mg protein) and control (0.02 unit/mg protein), respectively, for both Cercis siliquastrum and Berberis integerrima. In control Berberis integerrima, APX activity (0.02 unit/mg protein) was higher than that of Cercis siliquastrum (0.006 unit/mg protein) (p ˂ 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that Berberis integerrima is less tolerant than Cercis siliquastrum under Cd-induced stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Effect of UV-B radiation on photosynthetic pigments and UV-absorbing compounds of three different soybean cultivars (Glycine max L.).
Farin Nouri Siavash Hosseini Sarghein Rashid JameiThe effects of UV-B radiation on the amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and polyphenols of three soybean cultivars was studied. After germination in the incubator, plants were put in pots of soil and during 3 weeks and irrigated with Hoag MoreThe effects of UV-B radiation on the amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and polyphenols of three soybean cultivars was studied. After germination in the incubator, plants were put in pots of soil and during 3 weeks and irrigated with Hoagland solution every day. After 3 weeks, plants were exposed to UV-B for 20 min every day for a week. In each cultivar, UV-B reduced chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids and increased anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. The reduction of chlorophyll a and b content was significant between two cultivars Williames, Linfored and L17, Linfored. Carotenoids content showed significant decrease between cultivars Linfored, Williames and Linfored, L17. The anthocyanin and flavonoid contents were affected by UV-B and there was a significant difference in the increase between Williames and L17 and also between L17 and Linfored cultivars. Also increase in phenol content was significantly different between Williames and L17 and also between Williames and Linfored cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Plant sink-source relationships and carbon isotopic labeling techniques . Taher Barzegar* and Fatemhe Nekounam
Taher Barzegar Fatemhe NekounamThe concept of source and sink strength is presently well-recognized and accepted by the scientific community as a pertinent approach describing the mechanisms of carbohydrate partitioning into the different and competing organs at a whole plant or canopy scales. Sink&nd MoreThe concept of source and sink strength is presently well-recognized and accepted by the scientific community as a pertinent approach describing the mechanisms of carbohydrate partitioning into the different and competing organs at a whole plant or canopy scales. Sink–source relationships have a clear role in the size of sink organs. Besides the effect on organ size, sink/source ratio might also affect photosynthesis. Crop biomass productivity is closely related to source and sink capacities and the balance between them. Determination of the carbon balance of a whole plant and relation between source and sink were studied by carbon isotopic labeling techniques. Techniques using 14C or 13C have been used for many years to study the allocation of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis between different parts of the plant. This method also allows calculation of the proportion of the total carbon accumulated in each sink that was supplied by all source leaves, as well as the growth contribution from each source leaf to the main plant sinks. These data are vital to determine the productivity of each source leaf. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - The effects of nano TiO2 and Nano aluminium on the growth and some physiological parameters of the wheat (Triticum aestivum) .
Tooba Aliabadi Akbar Safipour Afshar Fatemeh Saeid NematpourNanoparticles are atomic or molecular particles with at least 1–100 nanometer diameters. They have entered vastly into the world of agriculture and biology; this is because of their special effect and their unique features. Their unknown impact on living things an MoreNanoparticles are atomic or molecular particles with at least 1–100 nanometer diameters. They have entered vastly into the world of agriculture and biology; this is because of their special effect and their unique features. Their unknown impact on living things and the ecosystems has caused a lot of concern. This research was done in order to study the effects of nano-TiO2 and nano aluminium on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Both Nano titanium dioxide and nano aluminium were used in four concentrations {(0, 100, 1000, 2000 mgL-1) and (0, 500, 100, 1000, 2000 mgL-1) respectively}. The experiment was done as factorial in a completely randomized design in 3 replications. The seeds were sterilized and transferred into pots containing sand. When the plants reached four leaves stages, the nanoparticles were sprayed on plants two times in a week internal. The results revealed that nano aluminium decreased the length of root and shoot and the content of chlorophyll; however, it increased the content of proline and malondialdehyde in shoot and root. The treatment of plants in different levels of nano aluminium with nano titanium dioxide especially in 100 mgL-1 concentration increased the length of both the root and shoot. Nano titanium dioxide in 1000 and 2000 mgL1 increased the MDA and proline content. Generally the application of nano titanium dioxide in low concentration can moderate the damage effects of nano aluminium in the range of 100 mgL-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Effects of mycorrhiza on quantitative and qualitative traits of Aloe vera.
Mojtaba Yousefi RadThis study evaluated the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on growth characteristics and gel quality of Aloe Vera. Research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eight treatment of experiment were plant inoculation by different str MoreThis study evaluated the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on growth characteristics and gel quality of Aloe Vera. Research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eight treatment of experiment were plant inoculation by different strains of mycorrhiza, namely, Glomus fassiculatum, G. interaradise, G. mosseae, combination of two strains of G. fasiculatum and G. mosseae, combination of two strains of G. Fasiculatum and G. interaradise, combination of two strains of G. Interaradise and G. mosseae, combination of three strains of G. fasiculatum, G. interaradise, and G. mosseae, and control treatment (without inoculation). The research results indicated mycorrhizal inoculation decreased gel pH and leaf area index, whereas mycorrhiza fungi increased the content of vitamin C, aloin and barbaloin content, relative growth rate, and ratio of mature leaf gel to weight of mature leaf skin compared to control treatment. Results of the present research revealed highest and lowest effects on studied traits was seen in combination of three strains and control treatment, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Biochemical characteristics of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes as affected by seed pre-treatment with growth regulators .
Mona Mohtashami Ahmad Naderi Ali Akbar Ghanbari Mojtaba Alavi Fazel Shahram LakIn order to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment with growth regulators on biochemical characteristics of red bean genotypes, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this research, seed pretreatment MoreIn order to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment with growth regulators on biochemical characteristics of red bean genotypes, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this research, seed pretreatment with growth regulators namely salicylic acid (SA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were applied at four levels including P0: control (pretreated with distilled water); P1: pretreated with NAA hormone (0.5 mM/lit); P2: pretreated with SA hormone (0.7 mM/lit); P3: pretreated with combination of NAA hormones (0.5 and 0.7 mM/lit) and two genotypes of red beans (KS31169 and D81083). The ANOVA results showed that the simple effects and the interactive effects of genotypes × priming with growth regulators on all traits were significant except the relative chlorophyll content. The results of mean comparison for the interactive effect of genotypes and priming with growth regulators showed that application of SA increased the amount of chlorophyll a in D81083 genotype. The highest rate of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll belonged to D81083 genotype with application of NAA. The rates of flavonoids and carotenoids decreased by using growth regulators, therefore the highest rates of these traits were observed in control × D81083 genotype. Seed priming with combined treatments (NAA+SA) led to the highest stability of cytoplasmic membrane in KS31169 genotype. In general, the results of the present study indicated that the use of growth regulators as seed pretreatment will increase the main pigments of photosynthesis and cytoplasmic membrane stability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - PEG imposed water deficit and physiological alterations in hydroponic cabbage .
Sunaina , Nimisha Amist Amist Narsingh Bahadur Singh SinghDrought is one of the major environmental problems in agricultural field worldwide. The present study investigated the effects of water deficit caused by exogenous application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) grown in hydroponic MoreDrought is one of the major environmental problems in agricultural field worldwide. The present study investigated the effects of water deficit caused by exogenous application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) grown in hydroponic culture. Root length, shoot length, dry weight, and relative water content of the seedlings significantly decreased in dose dependent manner. Significant reduction in chlorophyll, sugar and protein content, and nitrate reductase activity were recorded. The increase in proline content was recorded as the concentration of PEG increased. Increasing concentration of PEG affected the antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activity of the seedlings through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stress condition. PEG at higher concentrations significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The cabbage seedlings induced antioxidative defense system to mitigate the adverse effect resulting from altered environmental condition Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Effect of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid chelator in the presence of chromium on growth and some physiological characteristics of sunflower.
Maryam Niakan Fereshteh Kaghazloo KaghazlooChromium is a heavy metal toxic for plants that due extensive industrial applications over the last decade, has become a serious environmental pollution. On the other hand, chelator dissolution and absorption of metal by the plant increase and their use in phytoremediat MoreChromium is a heavy metal toxic for plants that due extensive industrial applications over the last decade, has become a serious environmental pollution. On the other hand, chelator dissolution and absorption of metal by the plant increase and their use in phytoremediation is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of chromium and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) chelator on sunflower (Heliantus annuus L.) through the study of growth parameters, chlorophyll, and soluble sugar amounts and Cr accumulation in plants under hydroponic culture. In order to plant sunflower were treated with different concentrations of Cr (1, 2, 4 and 6 ppm) and EDTA (0, 1 and 3 mg/L) in the medium Hoagland. The results showed that the use of chromium reduced the length of shoots and roots, and chlorophyll, while it increased soluble sugars. Addition of EDTA to the metal increased the shoot and root length and chlorophyll content while it reduced soluble sugars. According to the results, the use of chromium heavy metal in medium increased the amount of it in shoot and root. EDTA application, particularly with higher levels of chromium led to its accumulation in shoot and root. This research suggested positive role of application of EDTA in the presence of chromium heavy metal in increasing the power of phytoremediation of sunflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Assessment of Fatty Acids and Phenolic Content of some Citrullus colocynthis Accessions seeds from Iran.
Maedeh Fereshtian Forouzandeh Soltany Abdolkarim Kashi Mesbah BabalarBitter melon (Colocynth) is a species of herbs, annual medicinal plant of family Cucurbitaceae which are mainly grown in warm regions of Iran. Fatty acids of the seeds of this plant are considered as important materials, medicinally. In this study, essential fatty acids MoreBitter melon (Colocynth) is a species of herbs, annual medicinal plant of family Cucurbitaceae which are mainly grown in warm regions of Iran. Fatty acids of the seeds of this plant are considered as important materials, medicinally. In this study, essential fatty acids of seed collected from nine different regions of Iran were evaluated. The composition of fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, stearic and palmetic acid were measured by GC (Gas Chromatography). The total fatty acid content in the seed was varied from 35% to 40%. The highest content of linoleic fatty acid was found in seeds of Orzooiyeh accessions (72.4%) and the maximum amount of oleic acid was in Khorasgan (13.8%%). Kerman accession was important in case of phenolic content which was 8810.9 mg GAE/g based on results fatty acids contents were significantly differed among different accessions and there were valuable accessions considering unsaturated fatty acids and total phenolic compounds. These plant materials could be used for improving breeding programs and selection to plant as valuable accessions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Effect of salinity stress on biochemical parameters and growth of borage (Borago officinalis L.) .
Simin Zahed Chakovari Shekoofeh Enteshari Nemat QasimovSalinity is one of the most important limiting factors for growth and product of plants around the world. Identification of salt tolerant varieties and improvement of plants tolerance are the most effective way to increase its performance. Experiments were conducted in MoreSalinity is one of the most important limiting factors for growth and product of plants around the world. Identification of salt tolerant varieties and improvement of plants tolerance are the most effective way to increase its performance. Experiments were conducted in a hydroponic system in order to study the reaction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) to salinity in terms of developmental changes and pigment content. Salinity was applied by 100 mM Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate salts by the ratio of two to one on borage at the 4-leaf stage. Wet and dry weights of shoots and roots, chlorophyll, protein, proline, anthocyanins, soluble carbohydrate, and reducing carbohydrates were determined. Decrease in fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots was observed in the salinity condition and the fresh weight loss in shoots was significant (p<0.05). Chlorophyll content also decreased but this was not significant. Salinity stress decreased the amount of protein in shoots and roots compared to control. Proline contents in leaves and roots increased significantly under salt stress compared to control. On the average, in comparison to control, salinity stress decreased the amount of soluble carbohydrates in roots and shoots but this reduction was not significant.The amount of reducing sugars under salinity stress increased in shoots in comparison with control but they decreased in roots. Moreover, the amount of anthocyanin increased under salinity stress in comparison with control plants. It was concluded that borage was able to resist against stress due to the changes in the contents of these compounds under salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
178 - Seed germination of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in response to salicylic acid and halopriming under cadmium stress.
Arezoo Espanany Seyfollah FallahSeed priming is a technique which is potentially able to promote rapid and more uniform seed germination and plant growth as well. In this regards, the presowing effects of seed priming treatments were investigated on some physiological viz. seed germination, germinatio MoreSeed priming is a technique which is potentially able to promote rapid and more uniform seed germination and plant growth as well. In this regards, the presowing effects of seed priming treatments were investigated on some physiological viz. seed germination, germination rate, radicle elongation, shoot elongation, radicle dry weight, shoot dry weight and vigor index. Seeds were subjected to two seed priming methods, hormopriming, and halopriming. Also, untreated seeds were used as control. Halopriming with -0.5 MPa of KNO3 and KCl and hormopriming with 100 mg/L of SA at 15 ˚C were used for 24 h in a factorial experiment with completely randomized design under laboratory conditions. The results showed that hormopriming (100 mg/L of SA) improved the germination rate (no significant difference with KNo3 and KCl), germination percentage, radicle elongation, plumule elongation, radicle dry weight, plumule dry weight, and vigor index under cadmium stress (30 mg/L) at 56.35, 11.9, 30.65, 30.33, 65.21, 71.42, and 46.16%, respectively. In all cadmium concentrations, the maximum of all germination parameters were related to the seeds primed with SA solution. While in primed seed by KNO3 and KCl treatments, exposure to 20 and 30 mg/L Cd decreased radicle length as compared to the control. Also, exposure to 30 mg/L Cd, KNO3 solution showed lower plumule length than control. The amount of reduction in radicle length in primed seeds with KNO3 solution and KCl solution was 11.88% and 6.18%, respectively, in 30 mg/L Cd. However, in all cadmium concentrations, germination percentage and rate were enhanced by KNO3 and KCl solubles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - The effect of cadmium on growth and composition of essential oils of Mentha piperita L.
Maryam Peyvandi Zahra Aboie Mehrizi Mahdis EbrahimzadehCadmium is a non-essential element that induces various toxic responses in plants when accumulated above the threshold level. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of cadmium on growth factors, concentration of cadmium in the rhizomes and leaves, and q MoreCadmium is a non-essential element that induces various toxic responses in plants when accumulated above the threshold level. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of cadmium on growth factors, concentration of cadmium in the rhizomes and leaves, and quality and quantity of essential oils in the leaves of Mentha piperita L. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Rhizomes with uniform weight were planted in pots 30 × 50 × 35 cm. After foliation of all rhizomes, plants were irrigated every other day, for 2 months by different concentrations of CdCl2 (0, 100, 500, and 1000 µM). Results demonstrated that the minimum stem length and fresh and dry weight of leaves were achieved in the plants treated with CdCl2 (500 µM). With increasing the cadmium in treatments, the amount of cadmium in the rhizomes and leaves were also increased. In treatment of CdCl2 (1000 µM) the accumulation of cadmium in the leaves was more than the rhizomes. There were not significant differences in the essential oils contents between treatments. Analysis of the chemical composition of essential oils indicated that the main constituents of all treated plants were 1, 8 Cineole, Dihydrocarvon, Pulegone, and Carvone. Limonene oxide was observed only in the leaves of control plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Physicochemical changes in olive oil (cv. Koroneiki) due to fruit ripening and extraction method.
Akram Salmani Esmaeil Seifi Mahdi Alizadeh Aman Mohammad Ziaiifar Hossein FereydooniThis study was conducted to find the effects of fruit ripening and extraction method on the quantity and quality of the Koroneiki olive oil. The oil samples extracted in six ripening stages were used for further quality analysis. Quality assessment of the oil was conduc MoreThis study was conducted to find the effects of fruit ripening and extraction method on the quantity and quality of the Koroneiki olive oil. The oil samples extracted in six ripening stages were used for further quality analysis. Quality assessment of the oil was conducted according to the standard methods and the composition of fatty acids was measured by gas chromatography. The results showed that there were some significant differences in the percentage of oil among different fruit tissues and harvesting times. In all tissues, the percentage of oil in dry matter increased significantly from 12 Oct to 4 Jan. The mesocarp and seed had significantly higher percentages of oil compared to endocarp. The extraction method and harvesting time had some significant influences on peroxide value. Furthermore, the extraction method showed a significant effect on the refractive index, but not on the other quality traits studied. The oil extracted using soxhlet had higher peroxide value, but lower refractive index compared to the oil extracted by centrifugation. The harvesting time showed some significant effects on the percentage of free fatty acids, K232 value, K270 value and the amounts of total chlorophylls and total carotenoids. There were a higher percentage of free fatty acids in the oil samples produced in later harvesting times. The oil extracted on 1 Mar showed the highest percentage of free fatty acids. On the other hand, the oil samples obtained from earlier harvesting times had higher values of K232 and K270 and higher amounts of total chlorophylls and carotenoids. The results showed an increase in the percentage of oleic acid and linoleic acid during the harvesting times; while, there was a slight decrease in the percentages of other fatty acids studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Physiological response of Gerbera jamesonii L. cut flowers to the cola and peppermint essence.
Mehrdad Babarabie Hossein Zarei Feryal VarastehThis research was conducted to investigate the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita) essence treatment (2000 mg L-1) and cola soft drink treatment separately and in combination with each other on the vase life and some physiological characteristics of gerbera (Gerbera MoreThis research was conducted to investigate the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita) essence treatment (2000 mg L-1) and cola soft drink treatment separately and in combination with each other on the vase life and some physiological characteristics of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cut flowers with factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Distilled water used as control. The results showed that all treatments significantly increased the vase life, solution absorption, petal carotenoids, flower diameter, relative fresh weight, and petal total soluble solids in comparison with control. The highest and the lowest vase life were obtained in the peppermint essence plus cola soft drink treatment (250 ml L -1) with 20.33 days and in the control with 9 days, respectively. The highest amounts of carotenoid, flower diameter, relative fresh weight, and total soluble solids were obtained in the peppermint essence plus cola soft drink treatment (250 ml L -1). The highest amounts of solution absorption were obtained in flowers treated with cola soft drink (250 ml L-1). In general, the results indicated that the peppermint essence as a safe and natural antimicrobial compound and the cola soft drink as a common drink having sugary and acid materials with easy access and being affordable could be used in gerbera cut flower preservative solution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Plant regeneration of Citrus sinensis var. Thamson navel using sodium alginate-encapsulated shoot tips.
Alam Ara Gholami Seyed Vahid AlaviCitrus genus is known as one of the world's major economic agricultural products. In the current research, a method is reported for artificial seed production technology by shoot tips in Citrus sinensis.var. Thamson navel. Alginate is one of the most efficient gelling a MoreCitrus genus is known as one of the world's major economic agricultural products. In the current research, a method is reported for artificial seed production technology by shoot tips in Citrus sinensis.var. Thamson navel. Alginate is one of the most efficient gelling agents in the production of capsule coating in artificial seeding technique. In the current research, impact of different constituents of alginate matrix was investigated on artificial seed germination. In order to produce artificial seeds, shoot tips of Thamson navel were coated by three alginate coating including SA1 containing liquid MS and BA and NAA hormones, SA2 with liquid MS without hormone, and SA3 with distilled water. Alginate coating with BA and NAA hormones was used as control environment. The artificial seeds were then stored in the refrigerator (4 ). Following passing storage period, seeds were placed in MS solid medium with BAP (10 mgl-1) and NAA (1 mgl-1) for conversion to seedlings. Using distilled water instead of MS medium for the preparation of alginate coating significantly reduced the percentage of conversion into seedlings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Effects of savory essential oil on germination parameters of Fusarium infected-seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Fatemeh Rahimian Hamid Reza EisvandHigh use of synthetic pesticides has detrimental effects on the environment. An alternative option is application of natural pesticide compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of replacing Vitavax with savory essential oil to inhibit physiologica MoreHigh use of synthetic pesticides has detrimental effects on the environment. An alternative option is application of natural pesticide compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of replacing Vitavax with savory essential oil to inhibit physiological damages to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds caused by Fusarium oxysprum. A pot experiment was carried out on wheat seeds as factorial on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications. Factors were fungal infection (Fusarium oxysprum infection and non-infection), and fungicide (control, savory essential oil at 10 and 20 ppm and Vitavax 2 g per kg). Fusarium infection decreased seed physiological quality. Using savory essential oil could not inhibit fungal infection in seeds and seedling but Vitavax could. In addition, the savory essential oil decreased somewhat germination percentage and its inhibitory effect on germination increased with concentration. Although there are some reports about anti-fungal effects of savory essential oil under in vitro conditions, such effect was not observed under this pot experiment. This may be due to application of low concentration in this experiment; however high concentration will kill the seeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Evaluating the effects of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on morpho-physiological traits of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) in aeroponic system.
Majid Rostami Zahra MovahediAeroponic culture is an alternative method for optimizing growth of different plants in controlled conditions. Aeroponic systems are an efficient tool for the root studies and improving medicinal root production. In order to study the feasibility of valerian (Valeriana MoreAeroponic culture is an alternative method for optimizing growth of different plants in controlled conditions. Aeroponic systems are an efficient tool for the root studies and improving medicinal root production. In order to study the feasibility of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) production in aeroponic systems and assessing the effects of different NAA concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/l) on some morpho-physiological traits of valerian, the current study was conducted based on a completely randomized design. The results indicated that the effects of the production system were significant for plant height, root length, number of leaves, volume of roots, and dry weight of the shoot and root. Application of NAA hormone had a significant effect on all of the studied traits and by increasing NAA concentration, leaf number, root length and volume, plant height, dry weight of root and shoot, root/shoot ratio, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigments increased significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - The effect of cadmium and mercuric chlorides on some physiological traits in two cultivars of wheat.
Seyedeh Yalda Raeesi Sadati Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh Godekahriz Mohammad SedghiOne of the important abiotic stresses that negatively affect cereals such as wheat is heavy metals. Soil pollution with heavy metals has become one of the major environmental concerns resulting from the industrial development and use of fertilizers containing heavy meta MoreOne of the important abiotic stresses that negatively affect cereals such as wheat is heavy metals. Soil pollution with heavy metals has become one of the major environmental concerns resulting from the industrial development and use of fertilizers containing heavy metals. One way to counteract the negative effects of heavy metals in plants which produce reactive oxygen species is the activation of antioxidant systems in plant cells. In order to study the physiological traits involved in resistance to these stresses, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was wheat cultivars including Gonbad (tolerant to Fusarium) and Tajan (susceptible to Fusarium). The second factor was spraying heavy metals (mercuric chloride at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 µM, cadmium chloride at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mM and control) and the third factor was sampling times after treatments (after 8 and 16 hours). The results showed that the total protein and soluble sugar contents increased with cadmium and mercuric chloride treatments. Furthermore, with increasing concentration of mercuric chloride, the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities decreased while the activities of these enzymes increased with increasing concentration of cadmium chloride. Thus, this study showed that spraying of cadmium and mercuric chloride at micro- and nano-molar concentrations can stimulate and strengthen plant antioxidant system and make plants more tolerant to heavy metals stresses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - The effect of the silicon and aluminum interaction on the physiological parameters of maize.
Kourosh Delavar Faezeh Ghanati Hassan Zare-Maivan Mehrdad BehmaneshAluminum and silicon are usually abundant in the soil and most plants are affected by them. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the interaction of Si (0 and 2 mM) and low concentrations of Al (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM) on some physiological parameters of MoreAluminum and silicon are usually abundant in the soil and most plants are affected by them. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the interaction of Si (0 and 2 mM) and low concentrations of Al (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM) on some physiological parameters of Zea mays var. Merit were investigated and were analyzed by cluster heatmaps for better interpretation of results. Results showed that application of Al increased the fresh and dry weight of maize, and plant growth rate was increased by increasing Al concentration in treatments. However adding Si to Al-treated plants had no effects on the maize plant biomass. Pigments content of plant increased and decreased in Al treatments and Ai + Si treatments, respectively. Also, both Al and Si had negative effect on the activity of antioxidant enzyme and proline content of maize in general. Aluminum treatments mostly enhanced the K and Fe content of plants, but decreased Mg and Ca content. However, adding Si to Al-treated plants reversed this trend. Apparently, Ai and Si have an antagonist effect on the mineral content of the plant. Results of the present study suggested that increasing of the plant pigment content contributes to the enhancing of plant growth rate, and the K content of the shoot in maize has an important role in increasing the plant growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Comparative ionomics and growth factors alteration in Lotus corniculatus under salt stress.
Marjan Azarafshan Azarafshan Nasser AbbaspourIn order to understand the response of Lotus corniculatus to salt stress, ions content and some growth factors were analyzed in three varieties of this plant, namely, Ardebil, Karaj, and Jolfa. Lotus corniculatus plants were exposed to 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl in hyd MoreIn order to understand the response of Lotus corniculatus to salt stress, ions content and some growth factors were analyzed in three varieties of this plant, namely, Ardebil, Karaj, and Jolfa. Lotus corniculatus plants were exposed to 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl in hydroponic condition. The amounts of anions (Cl-and NO3-) and cations (K+ and Na+) in leaves as well as shoot and root dry weights, stem and root length, leaf area, and number of leaves were analyzed. The amount of Na+ and Cl- significantly increased in all varieties. However, with an increase in NaCl concentration, K+ and No3- content decreased significantly in all varieties (p<0.05). Growth factors (root and shoot length and weight, leaf area, and leaf number) declined significantly with increasing NaCl concentration. Considering alterations in growth factors and ions content, it seems that "Jolfa" and "karaj" have a higher capacity to tolerate salt stress particularly in100 and 150 mM NaCl compared to "Ardebil". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - The effect of ageing on antioxidant and biochemical changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds.
Morad ShaaThis research was carried out to study the effect of ageing on antioxidant and biochemical changes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. The experiment laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, B MoreThis research was carried out to study the effect of ageing on antioxidant and biochemical changes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. The experiment laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Boroujerd, Iran in 2015. The seeds of wheat (cv Sardari) were harvested at maturity and ageing treatments were done at 43° C with 100% relative humidity for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days. After ageing treatments enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and biochemical characteristics were measured. The results showed that ageing treatment decreased germination percentage. However, electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde content, and H2O2 were increased as the ageing progressed. Soluble sugars and proteins were decreased with an increase in ageing levels, but soluble protein in control treatment was less than that in days 1 and 2 of ageing. Non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and proline increased until days 1 and 2 of ageing treatments, respectively while they decreased afterwards. Moreover, enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase increased until 1, 2 and 3 days of seed ageing decreasing afterwards. The results of this research showed that increasing of hydrogen peroxide under ageing led to increasing of seeds damage. Also, under ageing treatment, enzymatic antioxidants were more efficient than non-enzymatic antioxidants in removing reactive oxygen species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - The effect of salinity pretreatment of Glomus mosseae on induction of salinity tolerance in Lycopersicum esculentum L.
Mina Anoshee Mozhgan Farzami SepehrTomato (Lycpoersicum esculemtum) belongs to the Solanaceae potato family and is an important crop plant. It is relatively resistant to salinity, but in the saline environment growth and production of the plant significantly reduces. On the other hand, the presence of my MoreTomato (Lycpoersicum esculemtum) belongs to the Solanaceae potato family and is an important crop plant. It is relatively resistant to salinity, but in the saline environment growth and production of the plant significantly reduces. On the other hand, the presence of mycorrhiza fungus can improve the adverse effects of salinity. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted on tomato plants in the Islamic Azad University. The first factor was mycorrhiza treatment with NaCl at 0 (control), 50, and 100 mM, and the second factor included salinity stress at 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 mM. Based on the obtained results from variance analysis, the effects of mycorrhiza pretreatment with NaCl were significant on the root length. Also, the level of salinity pretreatment of mycorrhiza had a significant effect on proline content (p≤0.05). Moreover, salinity treatment had a significant effect on stem length, leaf area, the inoculation percentage of mycorrhiza, and proline content (p≤0.01) and on stem length (p≤0.05). Moreover, salinity pretreatment of mycorrhiza and salinity treatment reduced root length, the inoculation percentage of mycorrhiza, and proline accumulation. Salinity treatment reduced root length, leaf area, stem length, and the inoculation percentage of mycorrhiza while it increased proline content. Finally, it was found that salinity stress reduced the root length, stem length, leaf area, leaf water content, the inoculation percentage of mycorrhiza, potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen while it increased the proline content. Finally, mycorrhiza pretreatment with NaCl was found to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - The modification in quality of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) by selenium and amino acids .
Zahra Oraghi Ardebili Mohammad MoradiThis research was conducted with the purpose of appraising the effect of Selenium (Se) and/or amino acid fertilizers (AA) on improving growth, physiology, and biofortification of parsley grown under high EC condition. Plants were foliarly supplemented with four levels o MoreThis research was conducted with the purpose of appraising the effect of Selenium (Se) and/or amino acid fertilizers (AA) on improving growth, physiology, and biofortification of parsley grown under high EC condition. Plants were foliarly supplemented with four levels of Se (0, 25, 50, 100 mgl-1) and/or two concentrations of AA (0 and 0.2%) three times with a week interval. The significantly increases in the leaf fresh and dry masses as well as improvements in leaf area and stem heights were recorded in Se and/or AA-supplemented plants, as opposed to Se 100. However, the growth inhibiting effects of Se 100 were relieved by AA. In contrast to Se 100, Se 25 AA and Se 50 AA were the most effective treatments to improve the chlorophyll contents. The significant inductions in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase were observed in Se and/or AA treated plants. The usage of Se and/or AA, especially the combined ones, led to the significant stimulations in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). The significantly higher contents of phenolics, a suitable quality indicator with great significance for cardiovascular diseases in humans, were observed in Se and/or AA supplemented plants. The foliar supplementation of amino acids accelerated and/or declined the physiological alterations triggered by Se dependent on the applied concentrations. It could be concluded that the simultaneous supplementation of Se and AA at appropriate levels represents an environmentally friendly way of promoting growth, alleviating stress, and fortifying in parsley. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Physiological responses of two tomato (Lycopersicun esculentum M.) cultivars to Azomite fertilizer under drought stress.
Hamid Noorani Azad Abolghasem Hassan Poor Gholam Reza Bakhshikhaniki Mohammad Ali EbrahimiThis study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and Azomite fertilizer on some physiological traits of two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) cultivars (izmir and Izabella). A randomized complete design with factorial arrangement with thre MoreThis study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and Azomite fertilizer on some physiological traits of two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) cultivars (izmir and Izabella). A randomized complete design with factorial arrangement with three replications was used. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation including FC (control), FC (mild drought stress), and FC (severe drought stress)] along with four levels of Azomite (0, 25, 50 and 100g/pot). Results showed that drought stress reduced stem length, plant dry and fresh biomass, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, carotenoid, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves. Azomite fertilizer increased the stem length, plant dry and fresh biomass, RGR, NAR, RWC, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in leaves in comparison with control plants in both cultivars. Interaction effect of drought stress and Azomite had a significant effect on increasing plant fresh biomass, RGR, NAR, RWC, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Interaction effect of drought stress and cultivar showed significant effect on increasing plant fresh biomass, NAR, RWC, total chlorophyll, and phosphorus. Moreover, the results indicated that the interaction effect of Azomite and cultivar had a significant effect on plant fresh biomass, RGR, RWC, and phosphorus in leaves. In general, Azomite was effective on drought stress tolerance of tomato plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Anti-oxidative response of different wheat genotypes to drought during anthesis .
Nayer Mohammadkhani Parisa SharifiThe aim of this work was to study drought effects on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant compounds, and anti-oxidative enzymes activities in two tolerant (Daric and 92 Zhong), two moderately tolerant (Sabalan and DH-2049-3) and two sensitive (Shark and Tevees) wheat genotyp MoreThe aim of this work was to study drought effects on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant compounds, and anti-oxidative enzymes activities in two tolerant (Daric and 92 Zhong), two moderately tolerant (Sabalan and DH-2049-3) and two sensitive (Shark and Tevees) wheat genotypes. Malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage increased significantly (P<0.05) in flag leaves under drought. The increase was higher in sensitive genotypes compared to the others. Protective enzymes activities (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) and non- enzymatic antioxidants contents (ascorbate and glutathione) increased under drought stress and this increase was higher in tolerant genotypes. There were significant positive correlations (P<0.05) between anti-oxidative enzyme activities and non- enzymatic antioxidants. It seems that peroxidase and superoxide dismutase - that showed higher increase under stress- had an important role in drought tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Promotion of callus initiation, shoot regeneration and proliferation in Lisianthus.
Seied Mehdi Miri Akram Savari Kamelia Behzad Behrad Mohajer IravaniThe effects of plant growth regulators were examined in order to optimize the callus induction, regeneration, and proliferation of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). In vitro leaves provided the explants for callus induction. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoo MoreThe effects of plant growth regulators were examined in order to optimize the callus induction, regeneration, and proliferation of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). In vitro leaves provided the explants for callus induction. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Maximum callogenesis was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 100 μM NAA. Calluses were cultured on MS medium containing 6-benzyladenin (BA) (4.4, 13.3 or 22.2 µM) with or without 0.5 µM IAA and NAA for regeneration. The highest number of shoots (12.3 shoots/explant) developed on MS media with 22.2 µM BA plus 0.5 µM NAA. Individual shoots 1 cm in length were excised and multiplied. The maximal shoot proliferation with an average of 10.2 and 11.2 shoots/explant after 4 weeks of culture was achieved when the shoot tips were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.2 µM BA with or without 0.5 µM NAA. These results indicate that an efficient callus induction and micropropagation protocol of lisianthus had been established. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
195 - Physiological and phytochemical changes induced by seed pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide in Artemisia sieberi under salt stress.
Forouzan Azimian Parto RoshandelSeeds of medicinal plant Artemisia sieberi were pretreated with H2O2 (0, 10, 50, 90, and 140 µM) and grown in saline condition (0 and 150 mM NaCl) for one month. Phytochemical properties such as antioxidant capacity and also salt tolerance in the plans arising fro MoreSeeds of medicinal plant Artemisia sieberi were pretreated with H2O2 (0, 10, 50, 90, and 140 µM) and grown in saline condition (0 and 150 mM NaCl) for one month. Phytochemical properties such as antioxidant capacity and also salt tolerance in the plans arising from H2O2 pretreated seeds under salt stress were examined. Results showed a decrease in H2O2 and malondialdehyde concentrations in the shoots of pretreated A. sieberi. Furthermore, seed pretreatment with H2O2 (particularly at 50 µM) increased photosynthetic pigments content, antioxidant capacity and dry and fresh weights of shoots in the pretreated plants under both normal and saline conditions. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes increased in all pretreated A. sieberi plants particularly at 50 µM H2O2. Data indicated H2O2pretreatment can induce salt tolerance in A. sieberi by supporting physiological and phytochemical processes such as photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species scavenging and detoxification, and also membrane stability in this species. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide pretreatment enhanced reducing power and antioxidant activity in A. sieberi suggesting an increase in its medicinal properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Essential oil composition and total phenolic compounds of naked and normal seed types of different accessions of Cucurbita pepo L. in Iran .
Forouzandeh Soltani Roghayeh Karimi Abodlkarim KashiCucurbita pepo var. styriaca is known as a medicinal crop among other cucurbits and has been cultivated around many decades in some parts of Iran by local farmers. The present study was conducted on 8 accessions of C. pepo seed from various planting zones. All collected MoreCucurbita pepo var. styriaca is known as a medicinal crop among other cucurbits and has been cultivated around many decades in some parts of Iran by local farmers. The present study was conducted on 8 accessions of C. pepo seed from various planting zones. All collected seeds were planted in Horticultural Science Research Field of University of Tehran in three replications with two observations in each replicate based on randomized complete block design. Seed characteristics and phytochemical composition were analyzed after fruit ripening. The result of variance analysis showed that all of the studied characteristics had significant differences among accessions. Gorgan accession (193 gr) and Mashhad accession (102 gr) had the highest and lowest seed weight, respectively which had seed coat in comparison with naked seed types. Among naked seeds, Shahroud accession revealed higher seed weight (148 g). Maximum oleic acid content, an unsaturated fatty acid (vital and important fatty acids), was for Esfahan accession as naked seed. The results showed that maximum total phenolic compound was related to Qom accession with 4 mg GAE/kg and Khomein accession as naked seed type had maximum antioxidant content. Although naked seed is known as medicinal cucurbits because of high amount of un-saturated fatty acid, this study demonstrated that other cucurbits like Chalous accession with normal seeds also had high amount of unsaturated fatty acid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Resistance of various biotypes of Canary grass (phalaris. Spp) to acetyl-CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides.
Rahil Abdi Eskandar Zand Mohammad Reza Naghavi Jahanfar Daneshiyan Nour Ali GhiasiLittle seed canary grass (Phalaris minor L.) is a major weed in wheat fields in some parts of Iran. To evaluate the efficacy of molecular and greenhouse methods in detecting the resistance of 49 biotypes of canary grass(Phalaris. Spp) to acetyl-CoA carboxylase-inhibitin MoreLittle seed canary grass (Phalaris minor L.) is a major weed in wheat fields in some parts of Iran. To evaluate the efficacy of molecular and greenhouse methods in detecting the resistance of 49 biotypes of canary grass(Phalaris. Spp) to acetyl-CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, two methods including whole plant screening and PCR-based molecular methods were applied. Results showed that there were resistant biotypes (ile-1781-Leu) among the studied weed populationand the similarity between greenhouse and molecular methods was 67%. According to the molecular method, an isoleucine (ile) 1781 to leucine (leu) mutation in plastidicACCase enzyme of 30 biotypes (67% of biotypes) was identifiedas a mutation endowing to the clodinafop-propargyl resistance. The partial differences of about 33% between greenhouse and molecular methods can be explained by mutation in another location or through another metabolism –based mechanism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Storage duration and temperature of hydroprimed seeds affects some growth indices and yield of wheat.
Zeinab Farajollahi Hamid Reza EisvandOne of the methods for achieving more yields is to use seed priming technique correctly. When it comes to using seed priming, practically important issues should be taken into account including interval between priming to planting and conditions for storage of primed se MoreOne of the methods for achieving more yields is to use seed priming technique correctly. When it comes to using seed priming, practically important issues should be taken into account including interval between priming to planting and conditions for storage of primed seeds. Thus, it is very crucial to be informed of duration and temperature for storage of primed seeds. This research seeks to compare the effect of temperature and duration of hydroprimed wheat seeds (var Kouhdasht) on growth indices and grain yield. This test was carried out with three replications in Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Lorestan University, as completely randomized block design. The relevant factors include storage temperature (15, 20 and 25° C) and storage duration of hydroprimed seed (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days). The results showed that hydropriming increased number of productive spike and grain yield. Nevertheless, delay (8 days storage) in planting and storage seeds at high temperature (25° C) could decrease benefits of priming. Storage temperature and duration of hydroprimed seeds affect morpho-physiological characteristics as well as yield. Seeds stored at 15 and 20° C showed a better yield than those stored at 25° C. Primed seeds stored at 20° C for 2 days showed a better performance than the other applied treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Effect of various concentrations of different growth regulating hormones on callus weight and the amount of thymol of Thymus daenensis.
Roksana Saleh Mahlagha Ghorbanli Sedighe KhalifeThymus daenensisis a perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family that is a species endemic to Iran. Due to the indiscriminate use of this plant which possesses medicinal values, T. daenensis tissue culture is suggested to increase the quality and quantity of its effec MoreThymus daenensisis a perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family that is a species endemic to Iran. Due to the indiscriminate use of this plant which possesses medicinal values, T. daenensis tissue culture is suggested to increase the quality and quantity of its effective compounds. Callus cultures using leaf and stem explants were subjected to different hormonal treatments. Ten-millimeter explants of leaves and stems were cut up from sterile seedlings. MS medium was used with different concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid, benzyl amino purine, kinetin and 2,4-D (mg per liter) in which callus formation was observed. The highest level of thymol (28/1335 micrograms per gram) was recorded in calluses derived from leaf explants whereas the lowest level was observed in calluses obtained from stem explants. Also the highest levels of thymol, i.e. 65/1313 and 30/1322 micrograms, were observed in treatments of 0.4 NAA+3 BAP and 0.8 NAA+6 BAP mg per liter, respectively. Moreover, the interaction of effects of different treatments of calluses and different concentrations of hormones showed that the highest level of thymol (38/1345 micrograms per gram) was obtained from the treatment of NAA+1.5 BAP 0.2 mg per liter in the calluses derived from leaf explants. In addition, the maximum callus weight (22.1 grams) was related to the treatment of 0.8 NAA+6 BAP milligrams per liter. Results of the callus culture of T. daenensis to enhance the quality and quantity of its active ingredients showed that different explants and hormones with different concentrations and as well as their interactions had a significant effect on the level of thymol and callus weight (p≤0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Biological removal of cadmium from soil by phytoremediation and its impact on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, phenol and malondealdehyde content in Vetiveria zizianoides.
Azhir Khalil Aria Hossein Abbaspour Sekineh Saeidi Sar Mohsen Dehghani GhanatghestaniPhytoremediation is one of the most widely used methods for removing soil contaminants. In this research, the function of Vetiveria zizianoides to remove cadmium from four different treatments with varying amounts of cadmium chloride contamination(including 0, 20, 40, a MorePhytoremediation is one of the most widely used methods for removing soil contaminants. In this research, the function of Vetiveria zizianoides to remove cadmium from four different treatments with varying amounts of cadmium chloride contamination(including 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg per liter) was investigated and physiological changes caused by the accumulation of this metal in the plantwere monitored. According to the obtained results, cadmium accumulation in roots was higher as compared to the shoots. Based on factors such as the amount of biomass and the length of organs, the growth rate was reduced in plants accumulating more cadmium.Our findings also showed that increased concentrations of cadmium chloride in the experimental units caused a significant reduction of photosynthetic pigments compared to control. However, phenolic compounds and malondialdehyde showed a significant increase with increasing concentrations of cadmium chloride. In addition, the cadmium uptake by the plant was increased with increasing concentration of cadmium chloride. Our results clearly showed the high capability of Vetiveria zizianoides for biological removal of cadmium from contaminated soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Effects of phosphorus on antioxidant system in pepper cultivars under saline conditions.
Behrokh Daei-hassani Nader Chaparzadeh Leila Sartibi Masoumeh AbediniSalinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses in one-half of all irrigated lands, causing negative effects on physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in plants. Application of chemical fertilizers, particularly phosphorus (P) fertilizers, may reduce ha MoreSalinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses in one-half of all irrigated lands, causing negative effects on physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in plants. Application of chemical fertilizers, particularly phosphorus (P) fertilizers, may reduce harmful effects of salinity. In this study, an investigation was performed on the effects of exogenous application of different levels of phosphorous (0, 40, and 80 mg/kg soil as CaHPO4) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, the content of soluble proteins, and activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), in shoots of two different cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. (cv DS 77-172 and cv Sera) under different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, and 150 mM). Treatment of salt stressed grown seedling with CaHPO4 increased activity of POD. Under salinity conditions, phosphorous treatment decreased contents of H2O2 and MDA. These results indicate salt-induced deleterious effects in both pepper cultivars alleviated by phosphorous treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Evaluation of the effect of plant growth substances on longevity of gerbera cut flowers cv. Sorbet.
Elham Danaee Vahid AbdossiGerbera is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Several experiments have been done on the effect of different chemical compounds on longevity and quality of cut flowers. In the present study, two experiments based on a completely random design with two trea MoreGerbera is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Several experiments have been done on the effect of different chemical compounds on longevity and quality of cut flowers. In the present study, two experiments based on a completely random design with two treatments and three replications were conducted on gerbera cut flower cv. Sorbet. The first experiment examined the effect of BA, GA3, and SA at 2 concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) as a pulse treatment and then holding vase life solution containing 3 ppm silver nanoparticle with 3% sucrose. The second experiment investigated the effect spray application of BA, GA3, and SA at 2 concentrations (25 and 50 ppm) and then holding vase life solution containing 3 ppm silver nanoparticle with 3% sucrose. Distillated water and 3 ppm silver nanoparticle with 3% sucrose were used as control. During the experiments traits such as vase life, relative fresh weight, anthocyanin content, PAL activity, and SOD activity were measured. Results showed that there was significant difference between treatments and control. As for different concentrations of BA, GA3, and SA followed by NSP and sucrose treatment in the first excrement, SA 100 ppm with 8.9 day longevity compared with control (5.6 day) and in second experiment, SA 50 ppm with 9.8 day longevity compared with control (5.9 day) had better result than other treatments in quantity and quality of enzymatic traits and vase life, respectively. Results revealed that there was significant difference between treatment and control (p≤0.01) in postharvest life in gerbera cut flowers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
204 - Fine quantitation of novel trace taxans in suspension-cultured Corylus avellana L. cells by photo diode array HPLC technique.
Naba Alnajjar Faezeh Ghanati Mehrdad BehmaneshTaxanes are widely known as great family of antitumor compounds. Identification of certain taxanes, particularly taxol, has opened new perspectives for further researches in plant and medical sciences. The aim of the present study was to manipulate chromatographic metho MoreTaxanes are widely known as great family of antitumor compounds. Identification of certain taxanes, particularly taxol, has opened new perspectives for further researches in plant and medical sciences. The aim of the present study was to manipulate chromatographic method in order to detect and quantified novel trace taxanes in suspension-cultured hazel (Corylus avellana L.) cells. A rapid growing cell line established from hazel seeds were grown in a modified LS media. The cells were harvested and extracted at days 10 and 15 when based on growth curve they were in the second half of logarithmic growth phase. Separation of taxanes was conducted by a coupled gradient-isocratic high performance liquid chromatography, equipped with a photo diode array detector. Base on chromatographic behavior and UV spectrum, the method enabled us to determine and quantified not only previously reported taxoides i.e., taxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, but also trace novel ones e.g., cephalomannine, 7-epi-taxol, 7-epi-10-deacetyltaxol and 10-deacetyltaxol. Certain taxanes i.e., 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, taxol, and 10-deacetyltaxol were the most abundant taxanes detected at day 10, while 7-epitaxol, 7-epi-10-deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine were identified and quantified at day 15. Moreover, total content of taxanes was higher in day 15 than day 10. It should be noted that different taxanes bear different applications, for example taxol is directly used in medicine while 10- deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, 10-deacetyltaxol are more considered as valuable precursors in semisynthetic production of other taxanes. Therefore, the results presented here can provide approaches in decision making and time management toward extract maximum amounts of a desired taxan Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Seed oil quality of GA3 induced flowering evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.).
Omid Sohrabi Azim Ghasemnezhad Ahmad Nadimi Manocher ShahbazyGamma-linoleic acid in the seed oil of evening primrose makes it nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable. If evening primrose wants to be cultivated as an annual plant, sowing time is important. By the late sowing and depends to time most plants do not produce flowe MoreGamma-linoleic acid in the seed oil of evening primrose makes it nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable. If evening primrose wants to be cultivated as an annual plant, sowing time is important. By the late sowing and depends to time most plants do not produce flower stem and stay in rosette stage until next spring. To solve this problem, the present study was performed. Seedling were transplanted to 4 kg plastic pots containing a mixture of leaf compost: local soil: perlite (1:2:1 ratio) and placed in outdoor conditions. Non-vernalized plants were then selected and treated with different temperature regimes (1, 2 and 3 weeks in 4-6ºC) and gibberellic acid (GA3) application in different concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm, separately. The results showed that although some physiological parameters were affected by low temperature, no flower stem was produced. In contrast, plants that were treated with GA3 produced flower stem. Time of flowering and the number of flowers were significantly affected by the concentrations of applied GA3. Although yield components of GA3 induced plants were higher than that of normal growth plant, the seed yield of them was low. Surprisingly, the gamma linolenic acid (GLA) percentage of seed oil of plants treated with 2000 ppm GA3 was significantly higher than that of non- treated plants. Finally, it can be concluded that, although the application of GA3 guarantees delayed sowing evening primrose flowering and better GLA production, but low seed yield is a subject that cannot be easily ignored in production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Effect of short-term salinity on photosynthesis and ion relations in two sugar beet cultivars.
Alireza Dadkhah Ghorbanali RassamA factorial pot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design in green house condition to investigate the effect of short-term salt stress on leaf photosynthesis and ion relations of two sugar beet cultivars (Madison and 7233-P29). Plants were expo MoreA factorial pot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design in green house condition to investigate the effect of short-term salt stress on leaf photosynthesis and ion relations of two sugar beet cultivars (Madison and 7233-P29). Plants were exposed to 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 mM salinity (NaCl and CaCl2 in 5:1 molar ratio) for 48 hours. Measurements were done on youngest fully expanded leaves. Salinity caused a significant reduction in stomatal conductance and consequently leaf net photosynthesis in both cultivars. Net photosynthesis of cv 7233-P29 at low level of salinity (50 mM) at 12 h, 24 h and 48 hours after salinity application decreased by 7.4%, 15.1% and 20%, respectively, compared to control. However, reduction in photosynthesis at highest level of salinity (350 mM) at the same times were 62.4%, 73%, and 72.3%, respectively, compared to control. For Madison the percent of reduction was significantly higher than P29. Cultivar P29 at 12 and 24 hours after salinization had significantly higher Na+ content than Madison up to 250 mM. Potassium concentration tended to decrease with increase in salinity. Salinity led to increased Cl- concentration in both cultivars. However, Madison had significantly higher Cl- content than P29 at the highest level of salinity at all three times of sampling. A strong correlation between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (R2=0.98) and weak correlation between photosynthesis and sodium concentration (R2= 0.22), and photosynthesis and chloride concentration (R2=0.55) indicated that in short-term exposure to salinity, stomatal conductance was one of the main causes of photosynthesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Some Biochemical Parameters and Physico-chemical Properties of Oil in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] .
Abbas ali DehpourThe soybean (Glycine max l. merr) is one of oil seed plants from leguminous family. In this study, the effect of gamma radiation on chlorophyll, soluble and insoluble carbohydrate and composition oil seeds were investigated in soybean. Soybean variety J.K was irradiated MoreThe soybean (Glycine max l. merr) is one of oil seed plants from leguminous family. In this study, the effect of gamma radiation on chlorophyll, soluble and insoluble carbohydrate and composition oil seeds were investigated in soybean. Soybean variety J.K was irradiated with 0,100,200 and 300 gamma ray. The treatment and control seeds planed in with four replicates. The highest amount of total chlorophyll content was obtained in control plants. The highest amount of soluble carbohydrate was obtained in 200 gamma ray treatments. The contents of carbohydrates in the leaves tend to increase with increasing gamma ray doses. The elevated levels of the total soluble and insoluble carbohydrates in leaf are considered to be playing an important role in the osmotic adjustment. The results showed that the highest amount of total protein content was obtained in control plants. The contents of protein in the leaves tended to decrease with increasing gamma ray doses. The oil soybean seeds were extracted and analyzed for their chemical and physical properties such as acid value, percentage free fatty acids (% FFA), iodine value, and refractive index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - The effects of rootstock on the flower components of Clementine Mandarin (Citrus clementina).
Behzad Babazadeh DarjaziStudies have shown the importance of oxygenated compounds in beverage and food products. Citrus rootstocks seem to have a profound influence on oxygenated compounds in plants. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of rootstocks on the oxygenated co MoreStudies have shown the importance of oxygenated compounds in beverage and food products. Citrus rootstocks seem to have a profound influence on oxygenated compounds in plants. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of rootstocks on the oxygenated compounds in Citrus clementina. Flower oil components were extracted using an ultrasonic bath and eluted with n-pentane: diethyl ether (1:2). The oils were then analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Forty-one, 41, and 39 flower components were identified in Sour orange, Swingle citromelo and Troyer citrange, respectively. These included aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The major flavor components identified included linalool and sabinene. Among the three rootstocks examined, Swingle citromelo showed the highest content of aldehydes. Since aldehyde content of citrus is one of the most important indicators of quality, it seems that Citrus rootstocks have a profound influence on this factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Evaluation of low temperature tolerance indices in seedlings of Citrus aurantium under potassium nitrate nutrition.
Zeinab Rafie Rad Esmaeil Dordipour Yahya TajvarIn order to evaluate the effects of potassium nitrate nutrition on some low temperature tolerance indices in Citrus aurantium seedlings a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the Institute of Citrus Researc MoreIn order to evaluate the effects of potassium nitrate nutrition on some low temperature tolerance indices in Citrus aurantium seedlings a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the Institute of Citrus Research in Ramsar. Treatments were potassium nitrate nutrition at four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM) and temperature at four levels (25, 0, -3, and -6 °C). Results showed that increasing the concentration of KNO3 reduced superoxide dismutase activity and carotenoid. Concentration of 10 mM potassium nitrate also increased water content, leaf color, proline, phenol, and total chlorophyll. Maximum leaf damage, electrolyte leakage, and carotenoid were observed at -6 °C, while the highest antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity with means 37.7% and 24.4 IU. mg -1 FW, respectively were observed in Citrus aurantiumleaves at -3 °C. Highest electrolyte leakage was observed at concentration 0 mM potassium nitrate and temperature of -6 °C while highest superoxide dismutase was observed at -3 °C with the same concentration of potassium nitrate. Results revealed that concentration of 10 mM potassium nitrate increases Citrus aurantium tolerance under low temperature stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Screening chemical composition of essential oils and antioxidant activities of two Artemisia species from Iran .
Hamzeh Amiri Masoud GoodarziEssential oils of two wild-growing Artemisia species collected from west of Iran during the flowering stage were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Under the optimum extraction a MoreEssential oils of two wild-growing Artemisia species collected from west of Iran during the flowering stage were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Under the optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 23 and 19 constituents were identified in A. fragrans and A. hausskenechtii which represented 92.96% and 90.20% of the oils, respectively. The main constituents of A. hausskenechtii were camphor (42.50), 1,8-cineol (20.91 %) and isoborneol (7.27%). Chrysanthenone (41.05%), 1,8-cineol (11.09%), and n-pentane (9.07%) were the major components of essential oils in A. fragrans. Antioxidant activity was assayed by two complementary test systems, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid systems. Antioxidant activity of polar sub-fraction of A. hausskenechtii was found to be higher than those of the others in DPPH assay while essential oil in A. hausskenechtii had the highest level of antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid test (54.2± 0.5 μg/ml and 80.2±0.8% inhibition rate, respectively). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Effect of postharvest oxalic acid treatment on ethylene production, quality parameters, and antioxidant potential of peach fruit during cold storage.
Farhang Razavi Jafar Hajilou Gholamreza Dehgan Rahim Nagshi Band HassaniThe effects of postharvest oxalic acid (OA) treatment on ethylene production, fruit quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of peach fruit, were examined. Fruits were treated with oxalic acid immediately after harvest and stored at 1° C and 90% relativ MoreThe effects of postharvest oxalic acid (OA) treatment on ethylene production, fruit quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of peach fruit, were examined. Fruits were treated with oxalic acid immediately after harvest and stored at 1° C and 90% relative humidity for 28 days. The oxalic acid treated peach fruit exhibited significantly lower levels of ethylene production, pH, total soluble solids and weight loss and higher levels of firmness and titratable acidity than control. Also, OA treated fruit exhibited significantly higher total antioxidant capacity, which resulted from higher total phenols and flavonoids accumulation. During storage, activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased in both control and treated peaches, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in OA treated fruit were significantly greater than those in control. But, there was no significant difference in catalase activity between OA treated and control fruit. Results suggested that OA treatments could be a promising strategy to delay softening and enhance the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of peaches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
213 - An overview of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their influence on essential oils of medicinal plants: a review article.
Behzad Shokati Zohreh PoudinehOne of the important and necessary practices for improving nutrients availability in sustainable agriculture is using microorganisms. Beside the negative effects of chemical fertilizers on the soil and human health, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are known as an a MoreOne of the important and necessary practices for improving nutrients availability in sustainable agriculture is using microorganisms. Beside the negative effects of chemical fertilizers on the soil and human health, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are known as an alternative to supply the organic nutrients of plants during the past two decades. Enriching soil fertility by eco-friendly methods in medicinal plants could well-support plants growth and production. Most studies found that bio-fertilizers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could promote physio-morphological characteristics and yield of medicinal plants. The mechanisms of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria could be summarized in symbiotic and associative nitrogen fixation, solubilization and mineralization of nutrients, production of phytohormones, vitamins, and antagonistic components against pathogens which enhance plant resistance to the stress and non-stress conditions. This paper also argued that beside the soil type, environmental variables, soil management practices, and microbial interactions, plant species could affect bacterial diversity and composition of the rhizosphere. Three major secondary metabolites of medicinal plants such as Terpenoids, phenolics and alkaloids were also increase due to the impact of microorganisms in metabolic pathway of plants such as Jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Thereby, significant increases in growth and yield of medicinal plants in response to inoculation with PGPR could be one of the promising approaches in sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Effect of salicylic acid on photochemistry and antioxidant capacity in Salvia nemorosa plants subjected to water stress.
Ghader HabibiOxidative stress is commonly induced when plants are grown under drought stress conditions.To analyze how salicylic acid (SA) can partly alleviate drought-induced oxidative stress and negative impacts of drought on physiology and growth of Salvia nemorosa plants, we inv MoreOxidative stress is commonly induced when plants are grown under drought stress conditions.To analyze how salicylic acid (SA) can partly alleviate drought-induced oxidative stress and negative impacts of drought on physiology and growth of Salvia nemorosa plants, we investigated the physiological responses of S. nemorosa to SA application under drought stress. The treatments were composed of Co (control, 100% field capacity), Dr (drought, 50% field capacity), SA (500 µM) and DSA (SA + drought). Plant growth and relative water content (RWC) were negatively affected by drought stress; however, SA treatment significantly improved the growth rate and enhanced the drought tolerance of seedlings. This increased tolerance in SA-supplied plants was obtained by reduced damaging effect on performance index (PIabs) and maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) through improvement of reaction centers (RC/CS) with associated changes in excitation energy trapping (TRo/CS) and electron transport (ET0/CS) per excited cross-section of leaf. Additionally, under drought condition, plants cultivated with SA exhibited better protection against oxidative damage because of higher catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and lower levels of malondoialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The present study suggests that salicylic acid can play a protective role during drought stress by enhancing the photosynthetic capacity and the antioxidant defense system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Worm castings-based growing media with biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for producing organic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in greenhouse.
Mohammad Reza Ardakani Mehdi SharifiOrganic vegetable production has specific research and innovation requirements which are not shared by other parts of the food and farming sector. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of few permitted organic inputs such as arbuscular my MoreOrganic vegetable production has specific research and innovation requirements which are not shared by other parts of the food and farming sector. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of few permitted organic inputs such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, biochar, and different ratios of peat:worm casting on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth, mycorrhizal dependency, biomass production, fruit yield, and soil respiration. The experimental design was a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replicates. Factors included worm casting at three levels (0, 15 and, 30% of the media volume), organic peat-based potting soil at three levels (70, 85, and 100% of the media volume), two Glomus intraradices treatments (inoculated at sowing or un-inoculated), and two biochar levels (10% of total weight of the media or unlamented). Results indicated that worm casting × peat combination significantly affected all measured traits except for the number of fruits in plant and mycorrhizal dependency. Mycorrhizal symbiosis had a significant effect only on shoot dry weight and mycorrhizal dependency. Moreover, biochar application significantly affected shoot dry weight, stem diameter and carbon mineralization. Among the different ratios of worm casting and peat in the growing media, 15% worm casting × 85% peat formed the most suitable medium condition for plants and 100% peat without worm casting was the least suitable. The highest fruit fresh weight (228.7 g/plant) was achieved in 15% worm casting × 85% peat and the lowest fruit fresh weight (175.1 g/plant) was achieved in 100 peat treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Improvement of shoot-tip culture proliferation in banana using PEG6000. Leila Saeedavi, Ali Soleimani* and Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri
In order to improve the shoot proliferation rate of ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ banana shoot tip cultures, polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) was employed at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% (w/v). The medium without PEG was considered as negative control. An increasing of s MoreIn order to improve the shoot proliferation rate of ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ banana shoot tip cultures, polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) was employed at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% (w/v). The medium without PEG was considered as negative control. An increasing of shoot proliferation was achieved in MS medium containing 2% PEG. Furthermore, application of 2% PEG significantly increased the shoot dry weight (DW) as well as root/shoot DW ratio of the regenerated explants. The root/shoot DW ratio, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of leaves were decreased by the increase in PEG percentage. Application of PEG at high concentrations increased the leaf tissue chlorosis and necrosis. The proline and potassium contents of leaf tissue were increased in regenerated shoots from the media containing 2 and 4% PEG. Application of 2% and 4% PEG increased ex vitro plantlets survival rate up to 34% and 40%, respectively compared to the control. In conclusion, the mild osmotic stress caused by the application of PEG 2% improved the in vitro shoot proliferation rate accompanied by an increase in the ex vitro survival rate of regenerated plantlets. Seemingly, the promising results using PEG6000 at the resultant level (2%) are in the main part due to the stress simulation effects and later plantlets’ acclimatization through physio-biochemical mechanisms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Effect of different concentrations of Zinc and their interaction with Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on physiological and biochemical parameters of Plantago major L. Sara Nasiri Savadkoohi1*, Sakineh Saeidi-sar2 Abbas Ali Dehpour3 and Hossein Abbaspour1
Zinc is a necessary micronutrient in plants whose deficiency can alter essential functions in plant metabolism. High concentrations of Zn can be potentially toxic to plants causing phytotoxicity by the formation of reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, sodium nitr MoreZinc is a necessary micronutrient in plants whose deficiency can alter essential functions in plant metabolism. High concentrations of Zn can be potentially toxic to plants causing phytotoxicity by the formation of reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) can protect cells from oxidative damage produce by reactive oxygen species. In this study, we examined the effect of different concentrations of Zn (0, 50, 100, 300, and 500 μM) on growth and physiological parameters of Plantago major L. under various concentrations of Sodium nitroprusside (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM). The results showed that Zn treatment decreased fresh and dry weight and increased the contents of malondealdehyde, antioxidant, and osmolyte. The starch content on the other hand decreased. Moreover, application of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (especially 100 μM) as a donor of nitric oxide, had a favorable effect as it improved the heavy metal stress through increasing the plant’s tolerance against zinc toxicity. However, high concentration of Sodium nitroprusside had a deterrence effect on morphology and physiology of Plantago. major L. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - The effects of various levels of water deficit stress on forage yield and physiological characteristics of four cultivars of clover (Trifolium spp) under low input condition. Dariush Nematollahi1, Hamid Reza Eisvand1*, AliMohammad Modares Sanavi2, Naser Akbari1 and Ahmad Ismaili1
This paper reports a study on the role of antioxidant enzymes and physiological characteristics of clover cultivars in their resistance against water deficit stress in the field conditions. Four cultivars of clover (Trifolium spp) namely, T.resupinatumL., T. incarnatum MoreThis paper reports a study on the role of antioxidant enzymes and physiological characteristics of clover cultivars in their resistance against water deficit stress in the field conditions. Four cultivars of clover (Trifolium spp) namely, T.resupinatumL., T. incarnatum L., Trifolium pretense L., and T. alexandrinum L. under three levels of irrigation including %35, %50, and %65 soil moisture discharge were studied in a split plot experiment with completely randomized blocks design with three repetitions. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of irrigation level on dry forage weight, leaf relative water content, and proline, catalase, peroxidase, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents. The effects of cultivars on dry forage weight, leaf relative water content, and proline, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents of the plants were also significant (P≤0.01). Generally, with an increase in the percentage of soil moisture, the dry forage yield showed a significant decrease. Also, water deficit resulted in increased proline content and also increased activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase antioxidants. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed between cultivars with respect to the level of antioxidant activities. In addition, the effects of soil moisture discharge on the activities of all antioxidants except for those of superoxide dismutase were significant. Moreover, increasing the percentage of moisture discharge led to the reduction in the relative water content of the leaves and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of all four cultivars of clover under study. Finally, the study concludes with recommending T. incarnatum L. as the most suitable clover cultivar for the climatic condition of the study region and under low input management (low irrigation, minimum fertilizer application, no herbicide application, and no weeding). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
220 - Canola seed germination and seedling growth in response to saline condition and bio-priming.
Hojjat Ataei Somagh Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Heshmat Omidi Elnaz Mohammadian Milad HemmatiSeed priming, as a low-cost method, is a technique commonly used to increase germination percentage especially under unfavorable conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bio-priming on the germination of canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds und MoreSeed priming, as a low-cost method, is a technique commonly used to increase germination percentage especially under unfavorable conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bio-priming on the germination of canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds under saline (NaCl) conditions. Seeds of canola var. Hyola 401 were inoculated with plant growth-promoting microorganism (PGPM) including bacterium Bacillus subtilis strain Ham and fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain bp4. The primed seeds were subsequently exposed to four levels of salinity (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 dS.m-1). Results showed that application of priming with PGPM significantly improved the percentage of seed germination, root length and seedling vigor index under saline conditions. Results of this study may provide useful information concerning reduction of undesirable effects due to salinity on canola seed germination which leads to increase of the rate of deployment of canola in areas that are facing salinity of soil or irrigation water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Effect of sodium hypochlorite on control of in vitro contamination and seed germination of Ficus religiosa.
Mohsen Hesami Mohammad Hossein Daneshvar Amin Lotfi-JalalabadiFicus religiosa has great mythological, religious, and medicinal importance in the culture of India and Nepal since times immemorial. The present paper was done to evaluate the potential of sodium hypochlorite in controlling the contamination of F. religiosa micro-propa MoreFicus religiosa has great mythological, religious, and medicinal importance in the culture of India and Nepal since times immemorial. The present paper was done to evaluate the potential of sodium hypochlorite in controlling the contamination of F. religiosa micro-propagation and seed germination of F. religiosa. In this study, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 18 treatments including six different sodium hypochlorite concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 %) and three soaking time of explants (5, 10 and, 15 min) with three replications was conducted. The seeds were inoculated on one-tenth strength of MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium. The lowest rate of contamination (0%) was obtained in treatments containing 20% Sodium hypochlorite at 10 and 15 min immersion and 25% Sodium hypochlorite at 5, 10 and 15 min immersion. The highest seed germination (63.33%) was observed in treatments including 10% Sodium hypochlorite at 5 and 10 min immersion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Adaptation of the Cyanobacterium fischerella sp. ISC 107 to the combined effects of pH and carbon dioxide concentration.
Mahboobeh Rajabnasab Ramezan Ali Khavari-nejad Shademan Shokravi Taher NejadsattariThe aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation of the cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. ISC 107to combined effects of carbon dioxide concentration, acidic and alkalinity. Axenic strain was incubated in BG0-11 medium. Carbon dioxide treatments were limited and rela MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation of the cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. ISC 107to combined effects of carbon dioxide concentration, acidic and alkalinity. Axenic strain was incubated in BG0-11 medium. Carbon dioxide treatments were limited and relatively non-limited. Acidic (pH 5), neutral (pH7), and alkaline (pH 9) conditions were employed in each treatment. Survival, growth, chlorophyll, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and phycoerythrin contents were evaluated in each treatment along with ammonium liberation, frequency, and biometry of heterocyst. Results showed that like other explored stigonematalean and nostocalean cyanobacteria, this strain cannot grow in acidic condition. Under limited carbon dioxide condition, difference in growth rates were not significant between acidic and alkaline conditions; however, carbon dioxide enrichment caused significant increase in growth rates. Phycobilisome system of this strain lacked phycoerythrin and may complete its structure both at the core and the rod under alkaline condition. Heterocyst frequency and biometry were maximum at alkaline condition showing significant correlation with nitrogenase activity. Heterocyst showed cylindrical and sub-cylindrical morphology on days 4and 5 after inoculation. Overall, the results showed that this strain may be qualified to be used as a biofertilizer similar to the other cyanobacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Effects of Silver Nanoparticle Exposure on Growth, Physiological and biochemical Parameters of Dracocephalum moldavica L.
Zahra Haghighi Pak Naser Karimi Hossein AbbaspourThe increasing commercial production and the broad usage of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have led to concerns over the potential adverse impacts of these ENPs on biota in natural environments. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most important and widely used MoreThe increasing commercial production and the broad usage of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have led to concerns over the potential adverse impacts of these ENPs on biota in natural environments. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most important and widely used ENPs which enter natural ecosystems. In this study we examined the effects of AgNPs on growth and some physiological parameters of Dracocephalum moldavica L. The experiment was conducted hydroponically in a AgNPs spiked solution. The AgNPs toxicity exhibited a decline in growth and chlorophyll content of D. moldavica at elevated concentrations (> 40 mg/L). AgNPs significantly induced oxidative stress by increasing H2O2 production in a concentration dependent manner. The phytotoxicity of AgNPs led to an increase in catalase and peroxidase activities and synthesis of antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, proline and total soluble carbohydrate. The decline of chlorophyll content at highest AgNPs treatment (80 mg/L) was associated with disturbances in photosynthetic capacity which ultimately results in the reduction of D. moldavica growth. Increase carotenoids, proline and total soluble carbohydrate content suggest that compatible solutes may contribute to osmotic adjustment at the cellular level and enzyme protection stabilizing the structure of macromolecules and organelles. Our results indicate important new avenues of research for understanding the fate of AgNPs in hydroponic media, the interactions between AgNPs and D. moldavica. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
225 - Effects of salinity on antioxidant system in ten grape genotypes.
Nayer Mohammadkhani Nasser AbbaspourSalinity is an important environmental factor that limits plant growth and production. Grape is classified as salt sensitive plants. The object of this study was to evaluate effects of salinity on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant components, and antioxidative en MoreSalinity is an important environmental factor that limits plant growth and production. Grape is classified as salt sensitive plants. The object of this study was to evaluate effects of salinity on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant components, and antioxidative enzymes activity in ten grape genotypes native to the regions around Urmia Salt Lake.Malondialdehyde content and protective enzymes activities in roots and leaves of ten genotypes increased significantly (p≤0.05) under salinity. Salinity had an obvious effect on the accumulation of total phenolics content and induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity in all genotypes. H6 showed low increases in Malondialdehyde content, also this genotype showed good enzymes activities and total phenolics content and PAL activity. There were significant positive correlations (p≤0.01, r2=0.7) between antioxidative enzyme activities, total phenolics content, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in the leaves of all genotypes. It seems that H6 showed a higher capacity to tolerate salinity compared to the other genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Refining properties of lavender (Lavandula spica L.) in cadmium contaminated environments.
Anahita Kiarosta Pezhman Moradi Vahid AbdousiConsidering the ever-increasing state of pollution in different aspects of the environment, ornamental plants and herbs such as Lavandula have become the center of attention mostly due to their availability and use in urban green spaces. Phytoremediation is a modern and MoreConsidering the ever-increasing state of pollution in different aspects of the environment, ornamental plants and herbs such as Lavandula have become the center of attention mostly due to their availability and use in urban green spaces. Phytoremediation is a modern and economical method which can be applied to metropolises for decreasing metal contaminations in soil, water, and atmosphere. This study examined the contamination resistance of Lavandula against cadmium through 3 completely randomized block design experiments. The treatments included cadmium at 2 concentrations (0 and 100 mg) and DTPA at 2 concentrations (1 and 2 mM). Results suggested that heavy metal stress decreased morphologic properties under study and by adding DTPA the cadmium absorption decreased in Lavandula. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Effect of ethanol and humic acid foliar spraying on morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments and quality and quantity of essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L.
Amirhossien Samadimatin Abbas HaniIn order to study the effects of humic acid foliar spraying on morphological traits, photosynthetic pigmentation, and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replicatio MoreIn order to study the effects of humic acid foliar spraying on morphological traits, photosynthetic pigmentation, and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Saveh. The investigated factors included the use of humic acid at four levels 0 (control), 200, 400, and 800 mg/L and ethanol at four levels of 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15%. The measured traits were biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Results showed that humic acid increased biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, carotenoid, and free sugar. The highest positive effect was observed in 400 mg/L humic treatment. Ethanol increased biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, essential oil content, essential oil yield, carotenoid, and free sugar. In general, the highest positive effect was obtained in 10% ethanol treatment. Results showed that the use of humic acid with ethanol, especially in the combination of 400 mg/L humic acid with 10% ethanol, improved morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and yield of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
229 - Expression of some stress-responsive genes in tomato plants treated with ABA and sulfonamide compounds.
Leila Zeinali Yedegari Nayer MohammadkhaniDrought causes an increase in some gene expression in plant tissues such as plasma membrane intrinsic proteins type 1 (PIP1), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) SlAREB1. The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and two sulfonamide compounds, namely, sulfacetam MoreDrought causes an increase in some gene expression in plant tissues such as plasma membrane intrinsic proteins type 1 (PIP1), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) SlAREB1. The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and two sulfonamide compounds, namely, sulfacetamide (Sa) and sulfasalazine (SS) were studied on gene expression of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Super chief) under drought stress. We extracted these three genes from Lycopersicon esculantum Mill. Cv. Super chief leaves treated with ABA, sulfacetamide (Sa) and sulfasalazine (SS) after 24 h and 144 h of drought conditions. All treatments caused an increase in LePIP1, LeNCED1, and SlAREB1 genes expression under drought stress, leading to maintenance of the life potential of tomato plants under water deficit. It seems that these genes help the tomato plants to live under drought conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Physiological responses of Polypogon monspeliensis L. in petroleum-contaminated soils.
Mozhgan Farzamisepehr Farhad NouroziIn a greenhouse study, decontamination capacity of the species Polypogon monspoliensis was investigatedfor detoxification of petroleum-polluted soils caused by sewage and waste materials of Tehran Petroleum Refinery. For this purpose, the amount of total oil and grease MoreIn a greenhouse study, decontamination capacity of the species Polypogon monspoliensis was investigatedfor detoxification of petroleum-polluted soils caused by sewage and waste materials of Tehran Petroleum Refinery. For this purpose, the amount of total oil and grease before and 45 days after transplanting one-month-old seedlings in the soils of five different treatments were measured. Pollution-free agricultural soil and contaminated soil were mixed together with the weight ratios of 1 to 9 (%10), 2 to 8 (%20), 3 to 7 (%30), 4 to 6 (%40), and 5 to 5 (%50). These were then compared with the amounts obtained from control treatment without vegetation, but with the same concentration of pollution. Findings demonstrated that the maximum reduction in the petroleum rate (84.85%) was related to the treatment of 10% contamination containing the plant. Increase in the shoot height in treatments 10% and 20% as well as the root dry and fresh weight in treatments 10% , 20% , and 30% shows that probably activity of more rhizosphere microorganisms of the plant in these treatments has led to the improvement in the growth of plant organs comparing to the treatments without pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Enhancement of valerenic acid production in Valeriana officinalis roots by methyl jasmonate-mediated transcriptional changes of sesquiterpene synthase genes
Hengameh Taheri Mansour GhesmatiValeriana officinalis (valerian), as a nutraceutical herb, is widely used for its sedative and hypnotic properties. It is known that C15 sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid (VA) is active ingredient responsible for pharmacological effects of V. officinalis. To evaluate the e MoreValeriana officinalis (valerian), as a nutraceutical herb, is widely used for its sedative and hypnotic properties. It is known that C15 sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid (VA) is active ingredient responsible for pharmacological effects of V. officinalis. To evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentrations (50 and 100 µM) in the modulation of expression patterns of the genes involved in valerenic acid (VA) biosynthesis, transcript abundance of the identified sesquiterpene synthase (Sesqui-TPS) genes in the root of V. officinalis was monitored by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) within a 144 h time period. In addition, valerenic acid contents were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest amount of VA (12.45 mg/g dry weight (DW)) was found at 100 µM MeJA with a 12-fold increase over control culture (1.03 mg/g DW) at exposure time of 72 h. Moreover, MeJA in a concentration dependent manner, enhanced transcription rate of VoTPS1 and VoTPS7 genes. Accordingly, exposure to 100 µM MeJA for 24 h can be more effective on induction of these genes than observed for 50 µM. Such enhancement correlated with increased VA accumulation suggesting that these genes may be responsible for the biosynthesis of intermediates involved in the VA-biosynthetic pathway. However, MeJA treatment seemed to have a less significant effect on VoTPS3 expression than VoTPS1 and VoTPS7 genes. These results provide insights for more effective biosynthesis of VA by MeJA-mediated transcriptional changes of putative sesqui-TPS. Manuscript profile -
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232 - Farsi Abstracts
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233 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
234 - Effect of chitosan on antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, and malondialdehyde content in Triticum aestivum L. and Zea maize L. under salt stress condition
Lida Shams Peykani mozhgan farzami sepehrTriticum aestivum L. and Zea maize L. are both sensitive to salinity stress which is a major problem faced by farmers today. In the present study, the effect of chitosan, a biologic elicitor under salinity stress was examined on growth parameters and biochemical markers MoreTriticum aestivum L. and Zea maize L. are both sensitive to salinity stress which is a major problem faced by farmers today. In the present study, the effect of chitosan, a biologic elicitor under salinity stress was examined on growth parameters and biochemical markers in maize and wheat seedlings. Seeds of wheat and maize plants were coated with chitosan 25%, 50%, and 75% solutions before they were planted and subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM salinity stress under a 11/8 h photoperiod and at 25±2 °C temperature condition during 7 days. Then, the growth parameters including germination percentage, root and shoot growth as well as seedling weight were recorded. The biochemical markers including catalase and peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde, proline, and protein contents were measured at day seven of the experiment. Significant difference in relation with growth parameters was observed at high concentrations of chitosan in comparison with the control plants under salt stress. Catalase and peroxidase activity and protein content increased under salinity stress and chitosan at high concentration reduced catalase and peroxidase activity. Salinity stress induced lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde accumulation while chitosan reduced malondialdehyde content of the plants under salinity stress. The synthesis of protein was significantly increased with increasing the chitosan concentration. Generally, the growth parameters of both seedlings were improved and unfavorable effects of salinity were reduced when the seeds were coated with chitosan. Application of chitosan at low concentrations increased antioxidant enzyme activity and proline content and decreased MDA accumulation. In conclusion, chitosan at an appropriate dose improved growth performance and biochemical marker fluctuation under salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
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235 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
236 - Influence of plant growth regulators (BA, TDZ, 2-iP and NAA) on micropropagation of Aglaonema widuri
Behazd Kaviani Shahram Sedaghathoor Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh Seddigeh RouhiAglaonema widuri is an evergreen and indoor ornamental plant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of some plant growth regulators on micropropagation of A. widuri. A protocol was developed for high frequency in vitro multiplication of A. widuri on the same medium MoreAglaonema widuri is an evergreen and indoor ornamental plant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of some plant growth regulators on micropropagation of A. widuri. A protocol was developed for high frequency in vitro multiplication of A. widuri on the same medium for both shoots and roots induction. This condition decreases time duration and cost of micropropagation. Apical buds as explants were obtained from greenhouse-grown A. widuri and were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Three cytokinins [N6-benzyladenine (BA; 0.00, 3.00, 3.50, and 4.00 mgL-1), 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiaiazol-5-yl) urea (TDZ; 0.00, 0.50, and 1.00 mgL-1), and N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine (2-iP; 0.00 and 7.00 mgL-1)] and one auxin [α-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 mgL-1)] were studied for their effect on miropropagation of A. widuri. BA and NAA treatments as 3.00 mgL-1 + 0.2 mgL-1 recorded the highest shoot proliferation rate (number: 6.00 shoots and length: 7.75 cm per explant). Treatment of 4.00 mgL-1 BA + 0.10 mgL-1 NAA + 0.50 mgL-1 TDZ produced maximum nodes (13.25 per explant). The largest number of leaf (4.25 per explant) was produced in the medium containing 3.50 mgL-1 BA + 0.20 mgL-1 NAA. Maximum root initiation and development (14.25 per explant) was obtained on medium containing 3.00 mgL-1 BA + 0.20 mgL-1 NAA. The combination of 3.50 mgL-1 BA + 0.20 mgL-1 NAA was found to be the most suitable growth regulators for obtaining the highest root length (8.25 cm per explant). The plantlets were transferred to pots and grown in the greenhouse with a success rate of 95%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Evaluation of proline content and enzymatic defense mechanism in response to drought stress in rice
Borzo Kazerani Saied Navabpour Hossein Sabouri Seyedeh Sanaz Ramezanpour Khalil Zaynali Nezhad Ali EskandariTo study proline content and enzyme defense system in response to drought stress in rice, a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in two separate environments (drought stress and non-stress). The rice cultivars used included two commerci MoreTo study proline content and enzyme defense system in response to drought stress in rice, a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in two separate environments (drought stress and non-stress). The rice cultivars used included two commercial cultivars, i.e., Ahlemi Tarom (low-yield and drought tolerant) and Sepidrood (high-yield and sensitive to drought) and three promising lines of fourth generation mutants (high-yield and drought tolerant), namely, No. 4, 94 and 95 tested on a research farm at Gonbad Kavous University in the 2018 crop year. Plant roots were separately sampled in each block at the reproductive stage. The proline content and activity of the enzymes involved in the defense system, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase were measured by extracting the enzymes from each root sample. Results indicated that the drought-tolerant mutant lines had lower proline contents. The mutant lines and Ahlemi Tarom and Sepidrood cultivars had the highest to lowest levels of defense enzymes in the oxidative pathway, respectively. Correlation was found between the decrease in proline contents and increase in levels of defense enzymes of the oxidative stress pathway. The mutants possessed reliable genetic storages for tolerance to drought stress and had a significant superiority over the commercial cultivars at P≤0.05. Manuscript profile -
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238 - Farsi Abstracts
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239 - Farsi Abstracts
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240 - Farsi Abstracts
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241 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
242 - Investigation of the effect of selenium on growth, antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in Melissa officinalis
Sarah Tavakoli Shekoofeh Enteshari Maryam YousefifardMelissa officinalis is a plant of Lamiaceae family with medicinal properties which is important for its aromatic, synthetic, and secondary metabolites. The aim of this research was to study the effect of selenium on secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties of Me MoreMelissa officinalis is a plant of Lamiaceae family with medicinal properties which is important for its aromatic, synthetic, and secondary metabolites. The aim of this research was to study the effect of selenium on secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties of Melissa officinalis. For this purpose, an experiment was done in a completely randomized design with four replications. The plants were treated with selenium (0, 0.2., and 5 µM). The experimental factors included root and shoot fresh and dry weights, protein contents, ascorbic acid, enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), peroxide hydrogen, caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide. Results showed that application of selenium had positive effects on the wet weight of shoots and roots, dried weight of roots, and ascorbic acid, protein, enzyme (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase), peroxide hydrogen, caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide contents of the plants under study (p≤0.05). Also, high concentration of selenium (5 µM) lead to increased z-citral, citral, and geranyl acetate contents of Melissa officinalis essential oils while caryophyllene oxide content increased as a result of low concentration (0.2 µM). Therefore, application of selenium is concluded to play an effective role in increasing secondary metabolites in Melissa officinalis. In general, the study suggests that low concentration of selenium increases the growth of Melissa officinalis plants and improves their growth factors and morphology. Manuscript profile -
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243 - Farsi Abstracts
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244 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
245 - Farsi Abstracts
Farsi AbstractsFarsi Abstracts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Cell suspension culture of yew: an alternative method of taxol production
raheleh gorziTaxol is one of the most important anti-cancer drugs in the world, which is obtained from the genus of the Taxus. Taxol, with its antimicrobial properties, causes the death of proliferating cells by preventing the formation of abnormally dividing spindles. Abnormal divi MoreTaxol is one of the most important anti-cancer drugs in the world, which is obtained from the genus of the Taxus. Taxol, with its antimicrobial properties, causes the death of proliferating cells by preventing the formation of abnormally dividing spindles. Abnormal division stops DNA transcription in the G2 / M division of mitosis and thus causes the proliferation of proliferating cells. Due to the low amount of taxol in the tissues of yew and also the very low growth of this plant, meeting the therapeutic need for this drug is the most important issue facing scientists. Commercially, taxol synthesis seems unlikely due to limited resources and the possibility of over-consumption of a natural product that could be found in endangered yew species. Therefore, a suitable alternative method for taxol production should be used. Yew cell suspension culture is one of the most important alternatives for long-term and sustainable production of taxol. This review is about cell suspension culture in different yew species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Farsi Abstracts
All Authors All Authorsکاهش انتشار متان در مزارع شالیزار با استفاده از بیوسیلیس پوسته برنج جان بیماسری* ، ددیک بودیانتا ، محمد عمر هارون و مارسی دانشگاه موسی راواس ، لوبوکلینگگاو ، سوماترای جنوبی اندونزی * عهده دارمکاتبات jbimasri@yahoo.co.id چکیده فارسی افزایش تولید شالیزار اثرات زیست محی Moreکاهش انتشار متان در مزارع شالیزار با استفاده از بیوسیلیس پوسته برنج جان بیماسری* ، ددیک بودیانتا ، محمد عمر هارون و مارسی دانشگاه موسی راواس ، لوبوکلینگگاو ، سوماترای جنوبی اندونزی * عهده دارمکاتبات jbimasri@yahoo.co.id چکیده فارسی افزایش تولید شالیزار اثرات زیست محیطی دارد زیرا کشت شلتوک به 46.2 درصد از کل انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای از کشاورزی کمک می کند. میزان انتشار شالیزار 76٪ از متان است. در همین حال ، دانه تولید شده توسط شالی از 16.3٪ تا 28٪ پوسته با 18 تا 22.3٪ سیلیس تشکیل شده است. سیلیس موجود در خاک می تواند قدرت اکسیداسیون ریشه شلتوک را افزایش دهد ، در نتیجه باعث کاهش انتشار متان می شود. هدف از این تحقیق ارزیابی کاهش انتشار متان از مزارع شالیکاری با استفاده از سیلیس از پوسته برنج بود. این تحقیق از آزمایشی با طرح بلوک تصادفی مبتنی بر هشت تیمار با سه تکرار استفاده کرد. دوز بیو سیلیس برابر با 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار 1 ماده خوراکی تقویت کننده به شکل خاکستر ، بیوکره و کمپوست بود. تجزیه و تحلیل متان در 1 ، 5 ، 8 ، 12 و 15 هفته پس از کاشت انجام شد. متان توسط GC با FID تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که خاکستر تولید شده از پوسته برنج بهترین منبع بیوسیلیس در خاک شالیزار است که می تواند انتشار متان را 75/80 درصد کاهش دهد. ترکیب خاکستر ، بیوشار و کمپوست (1: 1: 1) می تواند رشد شالیزار و تولید شلتوک را افزایش دهد و انتشار متان را به طور موثر کاهش دهد. با افزودن سیلیس به خاک از طریق مکانیسم سیلیس محلول ، میزان انتشار متان کاهش یافت. سیلیس محلول باعث افزایش pH و قدرت اکسیداسیون ریشه شلتوک می شود. کلمات کلیدی: مزرعه شالیکاری؛ پوسته ، بیو سیلیس ، انتشار ؛ متان پاسخ های عمومی گیاه ریحان( Ocimum basilicum L)بهتنش سرب:جوانه زنی، مورفو فیزیولوژیک و بیو شیمی محسن پورسعید 1 و پروفسور علیرضا ایرانبخش1* مصطفی عبادی 2و محمد حسین فتوکیان3 1.دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، گروه زیست شناسی 2.گروه زیست شناسی ، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی ، واحد دامغان، دامغان ، ایران 3. دانشکده کشاورزی ، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران ، ایران .* عهده دارمکاتبات : iranbakhsh@iau.ac.ir چکیده فارسی تأثیر منفی خاک آلوده به فلزات سنگین بر سلامت گیاهان و انسان ها یک نگرانی مهم جهانی است. برای ارزیابی تأثیر تنش سرب بر جوانه زنی، رشد، فیزیولوژی و بیوشیمی گیاه ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L.)، یک آزمایش بر اساس طرح کاملاً تصادفی (CRD) با سه تکرار در گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه شاهد تهران، در سال ۲۰۱۸ آنجام شد. خاک آلوده به سرب بر شاخص های جوانه زنی (درصد و سرعت)، پارامترهای رشد و مورفولوژیکی (طول ساقه و ریشه و وزن خشک) و پارامترهای فیزیولوژیک (شاخص سطح برگ، رنگدانه های فتوسنتزی و تعداد غدد ترشحی برگ) تاثیر منفی گذاشت. تنش سرب (۱۵۰ میکرومولار) منجر به کاهش میانگین درصد جوانه زنی (۴۳.۳۳ درصد) ، سرعت جوانه زنی (۶۲.۹۶ درصد)، وزن خشک ساقه و ریشه (به ترتیب ۶۰.۲۲ و ۷۷.۴۳ درصد)، شاخص سطح برگ (۶۴.۶۸ درصد)، محتوای کلروفیل کل (۷۳.۱۰ درصد) و تعداد غدد ترشحی برگ (۳۳.۳ درصد) در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (بدون سرب) گردید، در حالی که افزایش فعالیت پراکسیداز (۶۲.۳ درصد)، محتوای پرولین (۷۰.۱۴ درصد) و محتوای سرب ریشه و اندام هوایی ( به ترتیب ۹۲.۱۰ و ۹۷.۶ درصد) مشاهده گردید. دو ترکیب روغن، لینالول(Linalool) و استراگل (Estragole) متیل چاویکول (Methy chavicol)، بیش از ۵۰ درصد ترکیب روغن ضروری گیاه را شامل می شود. از طرف دیگر، تنش سرب منجر به تغییر در محتوای ترکیبات اسانس شد. به طور کلی، به نظر می رسد سطح پایین سرب (۲۵ میکرومولار) افزایش ترکیبات روغن را نشان می دهد. در نتیجه، کشت گیاه ریحان در خاک آلوده به سرب می تواند اثرات نامطلوبی بر شاخص های جوانه زنی، رشد و صفات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی ایجاد نماید، اما ممکن است تحت تاثیر سطوح پایین (۲۵ میکرومولار) بر ترکیبات روغن های ضروری تأثیر مثبت داشته باشد. کلمات کلیدی: روغن ضروری، لینالول(Linalool) و متیل چاویکول (Methy chavicol) ، رنگدانه های فتوسنتزی، محتوای پرولین. تأثیر مشتقات اکسین بر الگوی مورفولوژیک و ایزوآنزیم آنتی اکسیدان آنزیمی پراکسیداز قلمه های ساقه گیاه مانگرو چشم کور) (Excoecaria agallocha L. رامامورتی سوماسوندارام ، روزلین جباپریا و ریاز احمد میر گروه گیاه شناسی ، دانشگاه آنامالایی ، آنامالای ناگار ، تامیل نادو ، هند * عهده دارمکاتبات : reyazmaqbool07@gmail.com چکیده فارسی در تحقیقات ما ، اثر اکسین بر ریشه زایی و رفتار جوانه زدن قلمه ساقه Excoecaria agallocha بررسی شده است. در ابتدا قلمه های ساقه پیش تیمار شدند تا محتوای فنل موجود در قلمه را از بین ببرند و سپس ساقه ها تحت درمان هورمونی با مشتقات اکسین ها به عنوان IBA 2000 ppm ، IPA 2000 ppm ، NAA 2000 ppm و IBA + NAA ترکیبی 2000 ppm قرار گرفتند. طول ریشه و تعداد آنها ، درصد ریشه زایی و جوانه زنی ، تعداد برگ در هر قلمه ، سطح برگ و رنگدانه های فتوسنتزی در روزهای 40 ، 50 و 60 پس از کاشت (DAP) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. همچنین الگوی ایزوآنزیم پراکسیداز ریشه و برگ مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. در میان درمان های اکسین ، IBA 2000ppm رفتار ریشه زایی و جوانه زنی را به دنبال IPA ، IBA + NAA و NAA از Excoecaria agallocha بسیار افزایش داد. تجزیه و تحلیل ایزوآنزیم برای پراکسیداز به وضوح نشان داد که پراکسیداز (POX) بسیار از هر دو فرایند شروع ریشه و کشیدگی در Excoecaria agallochaپشتیبانی می کند. کلمات کلیدی: Excoecaria agallocha ؛ مانگرو ، برش ساقه ، ایزوآنزیم های اکسین ، پراکسیداز پاسخ های فیزیوشیمیایی لوبیا تپاری تحت تغییرات در شرایط رشد تبسم قدیمیان، حمید مدنی*، نورعلی ساجدی، مسعود گماریان و سعید چاوشی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک، اراک، ایران * عهده دارمکاتبات : h-madani@iau-arak.ac.ir چکیده فارسی گیاهان ویژگی های فیزیوشیمیایی را برای حفظ رشد پایدار تحت روش های مختلف مانند مدیریت تاریخ کاشت و الگوی کاشت تنظیم می کنند. آزمایش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش مهم تاریخ کاشت و الگوی کاشت (آرایش ردیف) بر روی ویژگی های فیزیوشیمیایی لوبیا تپاری (acutifoliusPhaseolus) بر پایه طرح اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات با سه تکرار طی سال های 2017 و 2018 انجام شد. پلات اصلی شامل دو سطح الگوی کاشت (یک ردیف و دو ردیف) و پلات فرعی شامل سه سطح تاریخ کاشت بود (کاشت زودرس، متوسط و دیرهنگام به ترتیب 23 خرداد، 8 تیر و23 تیر) در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که افرایش میزان کلروفیل و کاروتنوئید تحت کاشت دو ردیفه و تاریخ کاشت متوسط مشاهده شده است. اگرچه محتوای کلروفیل در کاشت دو ردیفه بهبود یافت، کاروتنوئید هیچ پاسخی به الگوی کاشت نشان نداد. محتوای نسبی بیشتر آب (RWC) در گیاهان کشت شده در تاریخ 8 تیر مشاهده شد، اما افزایش تجمع پرولین در کاشت دیر هنگام گزارش شد. کمترین تجمع کاتالاز و سوپراکسید دیسموتاز به ترتیب با 19 و 3/9 (Umg-1) در گیاهان تحت کاشت دو ردیفه و تاریخ کاشت متوسط به دست آمد. رنگدانه های فتوسنتز همبستگی مثبت و معنی دار با محتوای رطوبت نسبی آب و با پرولین، کاتالازو سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز ارتباط منفی دارند. تاریخ کاشت و الگوی کاشت بر خصوصیات فیزیوشیمیایی تأثیر گذاشته است. بنابراین برای مشاهده وضعیت مطلوب لوبیا تپاری تحت مدیریت تاریخ کاشت و الگوی کاشت در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک در نظر گرفتن ویژگی های فیزیوشیمیایی توصیه می شود. کلمات کلیدی: لوبیا تپاری، رنگدانه های فتوسنتتزی، پرولین، کاتالاز، سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز اثر کود ورمی کمپوست بر روی آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدان و محتوای کلروفیل در گل گاوزبان (Borago officinalis)تحت تنش شوری فرشاد سرخی* گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد میاندوآب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میاندوآب، ایران عهده دار مکاتبات*: farsorkh@gmail.com چکیده فارسی به منظور بررسی اثر ورمی کمپوست بر آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدان و میزان کلروفیل در گل گاوزبان (Borago officinalis) تحت تنش شوری، تحقیقی بصورت آزمایشات فاکتوریل بر اساس طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل سطوح کود ورمی کمپوست (صفر ، 6 ، 12 و 18 درصد وزنی به وزن خاک) و چهار سطح شوری (صفر (شاهد) ، 4 ، 8 و 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر NaCl) بودند. با افزایش شوری، فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی (کاتالاز ، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز ، آسکوربات پراکسیداز ، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز و مالون دی آلدئید) به طور معنی داری افزیش یافت درحالیکه رنگدانه های فتوسنتزی کاهش یافتند. استفاده از ورمی کمپوست باعث افزایش معنی دار کلروفیل b، کاروتنوئیدها و مالون دی آلدئید شد. حداکثر فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدان در تیمار ورمی کمپوست (18%) و در سطح شوری 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر بدست آمد و بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل a و کلروفیل کل در تیمار 18٪ ورمی کمپوست و عدم تنش شوری (شاهد) حاصل شد. بنابراین، استفاده از ورمی کمپوست به عنوان یک کود آلی، علاوه بر افزایش فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدان و میزان رنگدانه های فتوسنتزی می تواند یک استراتژی خوب برای کاهش اثرات منفی غلظت بالای یون های سدیم و کلر در خاک بر گل گاوزبان (Borago officinalis) باشد. کلمات کلیدی: آسکوربات پراکسیداز، شوری، کاتالاز، کلروفیل، کود نقش پتاسیم و آسکوربیک اسید بر برخی پاسخ های رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی گیاه پروانش (Catharanthus roseus) ندا سهی و اکبر مستأجران گروه زیست شناسی گیاهی و جانوری، دانشکده علوم و فناوری های زیستی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران * عهده دارمکاتبات : nasibi2002@yahoo.com چکیده فارسی غلظت ها (5/1، 16/3، 15 و 30 میلی مولار) و فرم های مختلف (سولفات پتاسیم و نیترات پتاسیم) پتاسیم در محلول هوگلند مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. آسکوربیک اسید در غلظت های 750 و 1500 میلی گرم بر لیتر دو مرتبه برروی گیاهچه ها اسپری شد (در 68 و 78 روزگی). وزن تر و خشک، ارتفاع گیاه، مقادیر رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی، سدیم و پتاسیم در انتهای فصل رویشی گیاه اندازه گیری شد. همچنین مقدار اسیدهای آمینه آزاد کل بوسیله تکنیک HPLC اندازه گیری شد. افزایش پتاسیم مقدار کل وزن تر (62 درصد)، وزن خشک (54 درصد)، سطح برگ (31 درصد)، ارتفاع ساقه و ریشه (به ترتیب 49 و 15 درصد)، مقدار کل کلروفیل (44 درصد) و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم (100 درصد) را افزایش داد درحالی که منجر به کاهش مقدار اسیدهای آمینه آزاد کل (دو برابر) و مقدار سدیم (28 درصد) شد. آسکوربیک اسید الگوی تقریبا مشابهی با پتاسیم در فاکتورهای ذکر شده نشان داد اما بر ارتفاع ریشه و مقادیر سدیم و پتاسیم کل اثری نداشت. برهم کنش مثبتی بین پتاسیم و آسکوربیک اسید بر وزن و ارتفاع گیاه، سطح برگ، رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم وجود داشت. با توجه به اثر مثبت پتاسیم و آسکوربیک اسید بر روی فاکتورهای رشدی همراه با تغییرات مشابه در رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی و نسبت پتاسیم به سدیم با کاهش آمینواسیدهای آزاد کل، می توان پیشنهاد کرد که هر دو تیمار رشد گیاه را در طی پایداری شرایط گیاه، افزایش مقدار فتوسنتز، تولید بیشتر پروتئین و متابولیت های دیگر در گیاه پروانش بهبود می بخشند. نظر به اهمیت ترکیبات شیمیایی در گیاه پروانش، هر گونه افزایش در فاکتورهای رشدی منجربه افزایش در محصول گیاه می تواند بسیار ارزشمند باشد. کلمات کلیدی: پروانش (Catharanthus roseus)، فاکتورهای فیزیولوژیکی، سولفات پتاسیم (K2SO4)، نیترات پتاسیم (KNO3)، آسکوربیک اسید شرایط نگهداری ، بر ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس گیاه نعناع دشتیL. Mentha spicata تأثیر می گذارد جهانگیرفرحبخش1 ، شراره نجفیان2* ، مهدی حسینی فرحی 1و صدیقه قلی پور3 1. گروه علوم باغبانی، واحد یاسوج ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی یاسوج ایران. 2. دانشگاه پیام نور ، تهران، گروه کشاورزی. 3. گروه شیمی، واحد یاسوج ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی یاسوج ایران. * عهده دارمکاتبات : : sh.najafian@pnu.ac.ir چکیده فارسی گیاه نعناع دشتی به طور گسترده ای در طب سنتی و داروهای بومی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. گیاهان تازه ، خشک و اسانس آنها به طور گسترده ای در صنایع غذایی ، آرایشی ، شیرینی سازی ، آدامس ، خمیردندان و صنایع دارویی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. در این تحقیق اسانس نمونه های خشک شده، با استفاده از تقطیر با آب به دست آمد و با استفاده از کروماتوگرافی گازی (GC) و کروماتوگرافی گازی / طیف سنجی جرمی (GC / MS) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. تغییرات در ترکیبات اسانس در مدت زمان ذخیره سازی به مدت 3 ماه در یخچال (دمای 4 درجه سانتیگراد )، فریزر (دمای20- درجه سانتیگراد ) و در دمای اتاق (25 درجه سانتیگراد) بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که در دمای اتاق، نسبت ترکیبات با دمای جوش پایین تر، از قبیل 1و8 سینئول(34/3-78/3)، لیمون(61/6-33/7) ، ژرماکرین دی (90/1-26/6) به طور قابل ملاحظه ای کاهش یافته است. علاوه بر این، ترکیبات اسانس نعناع دشتی، کمترین تغییرات را در زمان نگهداری در دمای پایین نشان داد و کیفیت اولیه خود را در زمان نگهداری در دمای پایین، خصوصاً در فریزر ، حفظ کرد و ترکیب دارویی "کارون" در همه تیمارها به طور قابل توجهی افزایش یافته است. کلمات کلیدی : ترکیبات صنعتی، لیمونن، نعناع دشتی، دما. اثرات سیلیکون بر گلیسین بتائین، فیتوکلاتین و آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدان شیرین بیان (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) تحت تنش آلومینیوم مجتبی یزدانی1 ، شکوفه انتشاری 2 * ، سارا سعادتمند1 ، سعید حبیب اللهی 3 1.گروه زیست شناسی ، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تهران ، ایران 2. گروه زیست شناسی ، دانشگاه پیام نور ، صندوق پستی 3697-19395 ، ایران 3. گروه شیمی ، دانشگاه پیام نور ، صندوق پستی 3697-19395 ، ایران * عهده دارمکاتبات : shenteshari@gmail.com چکیده فارسی شیرین بیان (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) گیاهی ارزشمند برای درمان برخی بیماریهاست. اثرات منفی تنش آلومینیوم بر گیاهان گزارش شده است و سیلیکون می تواند از طریق تحریک سیستم آنتی اکسیدانی این اثرات منفی را کاهش دهد. این پژوهش به منظور بررسی اثرات سیلیکون بر گلیسین بتائین، فیتوکلاتین و پارامترهای آنتی اکسیدانی در گیاه شیرین بیان تحت تنش آلومینیوم انجام شد. گیاهان با سیلیکون (0 ، 5/0 و 5/1 میلی مولار) تحت تیمار قرار گرفتند و سپس تنش آلومینیوم (100، 250 و 400 میکرومولار) بر آنها اعمال شد. محتوای گلیسین بتائین در ریشه و بخش هوایی بررسی شد. همچنین فعالیت های مهار رادیکال: گایاکول پراکسیداز (GPx) ، پراکسیداز (POX) ، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD)، فنیل آلانین آمونیا لیاز (PAL)، 2،2-دی فنیل-1-پیکریل هیدرازیل (DPPH) و نیز مقدار پراکسید هیدروژن (H2O2)و فیتوکلاتین ریشه پس از تیمار با آلومینیوم مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که استرس آلومینیوم باعث افزایش محتوای گلیسین بتائین و فیتوکلاتین ریشه، فعالیت GPx ، POX ، SOD ، PAL ، DPPH و نیز محتوای H2O2 می شود (p≤0.05). استفاده از سیلیکون نیز باعث افزایش مقدار گلیسین بتائین و فعالیت GPx ، POX ، PAL ، و میزان فیتوکلاتین ریشه گردید در حالی که باعث کاهش محتوای H2O2 و SOD شد (p≤0.05). بر اساس نتایج حاصل، استفاده از سیلیکون برای محافظت از شیرین بیان در برابر تنش آلومینیوم توصیه می شود. کلمات کلیدی: استرس آلومینیوم، آنزیم آنتی اکسیدان، شیرین بیان، فیتوکلاتین، گلیسین بتائین Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Effect of Drought Stress on Some Growth Parameters and Several Biochemical Aspects in Two Pumpkin Species
Mozhgan Farzamisepehr Mahlagha Ghorbanli Zahra TadjiFor considering the effect of drought stress on some morphological and biochemical changes in two pumpkin species, Cucurbita maxima L. and Cucurbita pepo L. a kind of experiment was done by field culture in three water dispersal levels with field capacity, 2/3 field cap MoreFor considering the effect of drought stress on some morphological and biochemical changes in two pumpkin species, Cucurbita maxima L. and Cucurbita pepo L. a kind of experiment was done by field culture in three water dispersal levels with field capacity, 2/3 field capacity, and 1/3 field capacity, based on the factorial design in random block form with four replications. The results indicated that increasing the stress level, leaves water potential under drought stress decreased in comparison to the control sample in both species. But with increasing drought stress, root length increased too. Also during drought stress, root soluble carbohydrates content, ascorbic acid content, dehydroascorbic acid, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase enzymes activity increased significantly in 5% level, according to the results with increasing the stress, soluble carbohydrates content decreased in leaf. Manuscript profile -
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249 - Farsi Abstracts
All Authors All Authors -
Open Access Article
250 - Biological synthesis of nanoparticles using Aloe vera, Chamomile, and Licorice extracts
Mojtaba Pourrezvani Mahdi Changizi Shahab Khaghani Masoud Gomarian Davood GhanbariNanotechnology is now an integrated feature of most modern research in agriculture. Nanomaterials are being widely used for enhancing soil fertility and strengthening its organic cycle and subsequently, improving yields of important crops. These particles can be prepare MoreNanotechnology is now an integrated feature of most modern research in agriculture. Nanomaterials are being widely used for enhancing soil fertility and strengthening its organic cycle and subsequently, improving yields of important crops. These particles can be prepared easily through different chemical, physical, and biological approaches. In this paper, biological method of preparation of Zinc, Iron, and Silver nanoparticles are described using the extracts of three medicinal plants which are commonly used for their important pharmaceutical properties, namely chamomile, licorice, and aloe vera. Also, the analytical techniques used to confirm the quality of the produced bio-NPs are explained. Manuscript profile -
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251 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
252 - Farsi Abstracts
Farsi Abstractsفعالیت استیل کوآنزیم آ کربوکسیلاز و آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی گیاه آفتابگردان تحت تأثیر سمیت علف کش سوپرگالانت با تیمار آب مغناطیسیزینب دهقان*1 و جلیل خارا 21 دانشجوی دکترای فیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.2 گروه زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ارومیه، ار Moreفعالیت استیل کوآنزیم آ کربوکسیلاز و آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی گیاه آفتابگردان تحت تأثیر سمیت علف کش سوپرگالانت با تیمار آب مغناطیسیزینب دهقان*1 و جلیل خارا 21 دانشجوی دکترای فیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.2 گروه زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.* عهده دارمکاتبات : j.khara@urmia.ac.irچکیده فارسیامروزه، کاهش اثرات مخرب علف کش ها بر روی گیاهان و کاهش مصرف آب در مزارع، نیازمند یک استراتژی جدید در کشاورزی است. هدف این مطالعه بررسی اثرات حفاظتی آب مغناطیسی بر فعالیت آنزیم استیل کوآنزیم آ کربوکسیلاز و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی گیاه آفتابگردان(Helianthus annus L.) رقم لاکومکا، تحت تیمار با علفکش سوپرگالانت بود. آزمایشی به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 سطح غلظت علفکش سوپرگالانت (0،25، 50 و 75 پیپیام) در 3 تکرار انجام شد. در اثر علفکش، لکه های نکروزه کوچکی در برخی از برگهای گیاهان تیمار شده با آب مغناطیسی و آب معمولی مشاهده شد. اگرچه محتوای پرولین در پاسخ به سمیت علف کش افزایش یافت، سطح پرولین گیاهان تیمار شده با آب مغناطیسی به طور معنی داری بالاتر از گیاهان شاهد بود. از طرف دیگر، محتوای مالون دی آلدئید به عنوان نشانگر آسیب غشا افزایش چشمگیری را در پاسخ به تیمار علف کش نشان داد. همچنین فعالیت آسکوربات پراکسیداز و کاتالاز بر خلاف فعالیت گایاکول پراکسیداز، با افزایش غلظت علف کش افزایش یافت. علف کش به طور قابل توجهی فعالیت ACCase را در ریشه و بخش هوایی کاهش داد. اما آب مغناطیسی می تواند به خوبی این اثر را بهبود بخشد. به نظر می رسد كه آب مغناطیسی می تواند به عنوان یك روش مناسب برای كنترل اثرات منفی علف كش سوپر گالانت در نظر گرفته شود.کلمات کلیدی :: Helianthus annuus، آب مغناطیسی،آفتابگردان،سوپرگالانت، علف کشتأثیر برخی تیمارهای ترکیبی بر شکستن خواب بذر و افزایش سرعت جوانهزنی از ارقام مختلف نخل خرمای مراکشی Phoenix dactylifera L. اومامیا هارکوسی2و1 ، عفاف اسلیمانی 1و2، ایسام جادران4، آیتبولاهسن محمد5، مازری محمد امین3 ،لاهسن اوآهمان 4 ، طیب کوسا2و محمد نجیب آلفدی 1*۱- مؤسسه ملی تحقیقات زراعی، واحد حفاظت گیاه، آزمایشگاه فیتو باکتریولوژی، مراکش ، مراکش۲- . آزمایشگاه بیوتکنولوژی گیاهی، اکولوژی و بهره برداری از اکوسیستم، گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، الجدیده ، مراکش۳- موسسه ملی تحقیقات زراعی، UR Agro-Biotechnology، آزمایشگاه بیوتکنولوژی گیاهی، مراکش، مراکش4- دانشگاه Cadi Ayyad، گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه چند رشته ای صافی، مراکش5- گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده چند رشته ای لاراش، دانشگاه عبدالمالک اسعدی، لاراش، مراکش* عهده دارمکاتبات: harkousse.oumaima@hotmail.frچکیده فارسی روند رو به رشد جهانی به سمت کاشت ارقام نخبه منجر به دو نوع تکثیر نخل خرما (Phoenix dactylifera L ) می شود: تکثیر شاخه یا تکثیر کشت بافت. با این حال، تنوع نخل خرما امروزه با مشکلات اساسی مواجه است. جایگزین هر دو این روش تکثیر بذر است. خواب بذر در نخل خرما به ویژه در هنگام کشت از طریق بذر چالش برانگیز بوده است. این مطالعه کارایی تیمار حذف اپرکولوم همراه با دما را بر روی خواب بذر برای چهار رقم مختلف مراکشی (نجدا، بوفگوس، آزیزا و آسیایی) ارزیابی کرد. آزمایش جوانه زنی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. بذرهای چهار رقم تحت تیمار قبل از جوانه زنی قرار گرفتند و سرعت جوانه زنی و شاخص سرعت اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار بهطور معنیداری (05/0p<) بر سرعت و درصد جوانهزنی هر چهار رقم خرما تأثیر گذاشت. سرعت جوانه زنی در بذرهای تیمار شده و شاهد به ترتیب بالای 90 درصد و زیر 20 درصد بود. سرعت جوانه زنی بالاتر در نهال های نجدا و آسیایی مشاهده شد که بالاترین سطوح شاخص سرعت جوانه زنی را نیز داشتند. این مطالعه نشان داد که خواب بذر در نخل خرما به بهترین وجه میتواند با تیمار ترکیبی حذف اپرکولوم و دما غلبه کند.کلمات کلیدی: Phoenix dactylifera L، رقم، operculum، درصد جوانه زنی، شاخص سرعت رشد، عملکرد اسانس و اجزای گیاه مرزه تابستانی (Satureja hortensis L.) تحت تأثیر اسید سالیسیلیک و پرولینمحبوبه پورغدیر1، سید عباس میرجلیلی2*، علی محمدی ترکاشوند3، پژمان مرادی 41.گروه علوم باغبانی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.2.مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی، سازمان آموزش و ترویج تحقیقات کشاورزی، تهران، ایرانگروه خاکشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانگروه علوم باغبانی، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران* عهده دارمکاتبات : abmirjalili@gmail.comچکیده فارسیامروزه استفاده از اسانس گیاهان دارویی برای سلامت انسان اهمیت زیادی پیدا کرده است. تغذیه مناسب گیاهان دارویی نقش اساسی در عملکرد کمی و کیفی اسانس آنها دارد. به منظور بررسی اثر محلولپاشی اسید سالیسیلیک و پرولین بر ویژگیهای رویشی و بیوشیمیایی مرزه، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساوه انجام شد. تیمارها شامل اسید سالیسیلیک (0.5 و 1 میلی مولار) و اسید آمینه پرولین (1.5 و 3 گرم در لیتر) و شاهد بود. محلول پاشی در سه مرحله رشد ساقه، شروع گل و گلدهی انجام شد. ارتفاع بوته، تعداد گلها و ساقههای جانبی، وزن تر و خشک برگها و اندامهای هوایی و درصد اسانس و مواد تشکیل دهنده مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد گل (66/21)، ارتفاع بوته (26/47 سانتیمتر)، وزن خشک برگ (34/5 گرم) و وزن تر برگ (17/16 گرم) با مصرف 5/1 گرم در لیتر پرولین مشاهده شد. بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی (85/8 گرم)، وزن تر اندام هوایی (53/48 گرم) و تعداد ساقه های جانبی با استفاده از اسید سالیسیلیک 1 میلی مولار مشاهده شد. بیشترین (183.65 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین (76.92 کیلوگرم در هکتار) عملکرد اسانس به ترتیب با اعمال 1.5 گرم در لیتر پرولین و شاهد به دست آمد. معمولی ترین ترکیبات اسانس γ-ترپینن و کارواکرول بودند. در نتیجه، بیشترین اثر بر عملکرد اسانس تحت محلول پاشی 1 میلی مولار اسید سالیسیلیک و 1.5 گرم در لیتر پرولین به دست آمد.کلمات کلیدی: α-ترپینن، کارواکرول، محلول پاشی، پرولین، γ-ترپیننترکیب اسید چرب ارقام کلزا تحت تاثیر زمان های مختلف کاشتترانه ثمرزاده واژده فر1، فرزاد پاک نژاد2، امیرحسین شیرانی راد3، مصطفی اویسی4 و سعید وزان51.دانشجوی دکترای زراعت، گروه مهندسی زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران2 .استاد، گروه مهندسی زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایراناستاد، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایراندانشیار، گروه مهندسی زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایراندانشیار، گروه مهندسی زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران* عهده دارمکاتبات: farzadpaknejad@yahoo.comچکیده فارسیبه منظور بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت در ارقام و هیبرید های جدید کلزا و مقابله با تنش خشکی آخر فصل، آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار به مدت دو سال زراعی در منطقه کرج (ایران) اجرا شد. تاریخ کاشت در شش سطح شامل سه تاریخ کشت پاییزه و سه تاریخ کشت زمستانه به عنوان عامل اصلی و پنج رقم کلزا شامل RGS003، Dalgan، Zabol10، Hyola401 و Hyola4815 به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده ها نشان داد که اثر ساده تاریخ کاشت بر کلیه صفات مورد آزمون به جز پالمیتیک اسید در فصل زمستان معنی دار بود. اثر ساده رقم در فصل پاییز بر کلیه صفات و در فصل زمستان فقط بر عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن دانه معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل تاریخ کاشت و رقم، در فصل پاییز سبب معنی دار شدن عملکرد روغن دانه، اسیدلینولئیک، اسید لینولنیک، اسید اروسیک و گلوکوزینولات و در فصل زمستان سبب معنی دار شدن عملکرد دانه، میزان روغن دانه، عملکرد روغن دانه و اسید اروسیک گردید. رقم Dalgan در تاریخ کاشت 15 مهرماه، بالاترین عملکرد دانه و روغن را به خود اختصاص داده و هم چنین دارای بیشترین میزان اسید چرب اولئیک، لینولئیک و پالمتیک بود. همچنین این رقم با داشتن اروسیک اسید و گلوکوزینولات پایین و استاندارد، در شرایط این تحقیق قابل توصیه می باشد.کلمات کلیدی: Brasica napus L.، ترکیب اسید چرب، تنش خشکی آخر فصل، جایگاه جدید کاشت، تاریخ کاشتاثر کیتوزان اگزوژن، اسید سالیسیلیک و ترکیب آنها بر برخی از پارامترهای فیزیولوژیکی گیاه Citrullus colocynthis (L.) تحت تنش خشکیزهره آذین1، عباسعلی امام جمعه2 و 3*، صدیقه اسماعیل زاده بهابادی4، پریسا حسنین41.گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران2.گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران3.گروه بیوانفورماتیک، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایرانگروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران* عهده دارمکاتبات: aliimamjomeh@alumni.ut.ac.irچکیده فارسیتنش خشکی در دهه های گذشته به طرز نگران کننده ای در حال افزایش است. تنظیم کننده های رشد از جمله اسید سالیسیلیک (SA) و کیتوزان به طور موفقیت آمیزی برای محافظت از گیاهان در برابر تنش های زیستی و غیر زنده استفاده می شوند. به منظور بررسی اثر SA، کیتوزان و ترکیب آنها بر صفات بیوشیمیایی و محتوای کوکوربیتاسین در Citrullus colocynthis (L.) تحت سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی، چهار سطح آبیاری (شاهد (100% ظرفیت مزرعه: FC)، 75، 50، و 25 درصد FC) همراه با سه تیمار مختلف با تجویز SA و کیتوزان (150 میلی گرم در لیتر) و ترکیب آنها استفاده شد. تنش خشکی به طور قابل توجهی باعث افزایش میزان قند، پرولین، پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی و فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی مانند سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD) و کاتالاز (CAT) شد و در عین حال باعث کاهش پارامترهای رشد، پروتئین، محتوای آب نسبی برگ (RWC)، کلروفیل و محتویات کاروتنوئید اگرچه SA تنها در سطوح شدید تنش خشکی توانست برخی از صفات بیوشیمیایی شامل قند، کلروفیل و کاروتنوئید را افزایش دهد، کیتوزان و تیمار ترکیبی تقریباً در تمام سطوح آبیاری اثرات مفیدی داشتند. علاوه بر این، ترکیب SA و کیتوزان اثرات محافظتی بیشتری نسبت به تیمار کیتوزان در افزایش پرولین و فعالیت SOD و CAT ایجاد کرد. تیمار ترکیبی همچنین در افزایش محتویات کوکوربیتاسین B، C و L موثر بود اما کوکوربیتاسین E نه. در برابر اثرات نامطلوب تنش خشکیکلمات کلیدی: آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی، تنش خشکی، سیترولوس کولوسینتیس، کوکوربیتاسین، اسید سالیسیلیکنقش IAA، GA3 و ریبوفلاوین برای بهبود محصول در شنبلیله ((Trigonella foenum-graecum محمد طفیل، خالد حسین*، زنب سعید و خالد نوازگروه گیاه شناسی، دانشگاه گجرات، گجرات، دانشگاه گجرات پاکستان، گجرات، پاکستان، * عهده دارمکاتبات : Khalid.hussain@uog.edu.pkچکیده فارسیشنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. )یک سبزی برگدار زمستانی مهم با ارزش غذایی بالا است. از دانه های آن به عنوان ادویه استفاده می شود و از کل گیاه در بسیاری از داروهای خانگی و دارویی در سراسر جهان استفاده می شود. بهره وری شاخ و برگ و بذر آن در منطقه بسیار کم است. تنظیم کننده های رشد گیاهی ویتامین (ریبوفلاوین) مواد شیمیایی هستند که به صورت برون زا برای افزایش بهره وری گیاه به کار می روند. برای این منظور از تیمارهای 50 میلی مول L-1 ایندول استیک اسید، جیبرلیک اسید و ریبوفلاوین بر روی رقم شنبلیله کسوری متی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که GA3 و ایندول-3-استیک اسید به طور قابل توجهی رشد ریشه و اندام هوایی، رشد شاخ و برگ و غلظت یونها در اندام هوایی و ریشه و فعالیتهای پراکسیداز دیسموتاز و کاتالازها را در مراحل گیاهچه و رویشی افزایش دادند. PGRها همچنین عملکرد غلاف و دانه شنبلیله را افزایش دادند. ریبوفلاوین اثر معنی داری بر روی شنبلیله نشان نداد به جز افزایش فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی در مرحله گیاهچه. GA3 در مقایسه با IAA برای افزایش تولید زیست توده، عملکرد و ویژگی های بیوشیمیایی شنبلیله موثرتر بود. مشخص شد که اسید ایندول استیک و اسید جیبرلیک می توانند برای افزایش تولید زیست توده شاخ و برگ و عملکرد استفاده شوند، اما GA3 نسبت به IAA در شنبلیله برتری دارد. این نتایج می تواند برای منافع اقتصادی با تولید بالای این سبزی برگدار مفید باشدکلمات کلیدی: PGRs، ویتامین، رشد، عملکرد، آنتی اکسیدان هااثر نانوذرات نقره سنتز شده زیستی بر بیان ژن FAE1 و FAD2 در گیاه کاملینا (Camelina sativa)طیبه سادات میرمعینی1 و لیلا پیشکار *1 و دانیال کهریزی 2 و گیتی برزین 1 و ناصر کریمی 31.ایران، اسلامشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شعبه اسلامشهر، دانشکده زیست شناسیایران، کرمانشاه، دانشگاه رازی، دانشکده کشاورزیایران، کرمانشاه، دانشگاه رازی، دانشکده علوم پایه، گروه بیولوژی، آزمایشگاه فیزیولوژی گیاهی* عهده دارمکاتبات : Pishkar@iiau.ac.irچکیده فارسیتکنولوژی نانو زمینه پژوهشی مربوط به فیزیک شیمی و علوم مهندسی است که با استفاده از تکنیک های جدید و تولید مواد در مقیاس نانو زمینه ای نوظهور در تحقیقات بین رشته ای به ویژه بیوتکنولوژی ایجاد کرده است. این پژوهش به منظور بررسی تأثیر نانوذرات نقره سنتز شده زیستی روی میزان بیان ژن FAE1 و FAD2 در گیاه کاملینا در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در چهار تکرار در سال 97-1396 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سطوح 5/0، 1، 2 و 3 میلیگرم در لیتر نانوذره نقره بود. بعد از تهیه نمونه برگی از تمامی تیمارها، استخراج RNA، ساخت cDNA و تعیین شیب دمایی، جهت بررسی الگوی بیان ژن از واکنش Real Time PCR استفاده شد. سپس دادهها با نرمافزاهای GenEX و SAS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر نانوذره نقره روی میزان بیان ژن FAE1 و FAD2 در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنیدار بود و با افزایش غلظت نانوذره نقره بیان ژنها افزایش پیدا کرد، به نحوی که بیشترین افزایش در سطح 3 میلیگرم در لیتر نانوذره نقره مشاهده گردید.کلمات کلیدی: بیان ژن، کاملینا، نانوذره نقره، Real Time PCR.پایش رشد و پاسخ های فیزیولوژیکی Satureja hortensis L. به موسیقی و تحریک نویزستاره ازگمی1، علیرضا ایرانبخش1*، احمد مجد2، مصطفی عبادی3، زهرا اوراقی اردبیلی4. گروه زیست شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانگروه زیست شناسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانگروه زیست شناسی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان، ایرانگروه زیست شناسی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران* عهده دار مکاتباتiranbakhshar@yahoo.com چکیده فارسیاین تحقیق تلاش کرد تا دید بهتری از تعامل موسیقی/صدا با سیستمهای گیاهی به دست آورد. نهالهای مرزه (Satureja hortensis L.) در معرض تیمارهای صوتی متنوعی از جمله یک قطعه موسیقی ایرانی (IM)، موسیقی راک الکترو-صنعتی (RM) و صدای شهری/ترافیکی (UTN) قرار گرفتند. فرکانس های IM، RM و UTN به ترتیب در محدوده 800-2000، 1100-7000 و 800-2000 هرتز قرار گرفتند. زمان قرار گرفتن در معرض سه بار در روز به مدت 45 دقیقه در طول دو هفته بود. تیمارهای اعمال شده وزن خشک اندام هوایی را به طور متوسط 25/55 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش دادند. درمان IM موثرترین راه برای بهبود طول ساقه بود. طولانی ترین طول ریشه در گیاهچه های تیمار شده با (RM) میانگین 2.3 برابرمشاهده شد. وزن خشک ریشه در تیمارهای IM و RM به ترتیب به طور متوسط 39/64 و 78 درصد افزایش یافت. استفاده از موسیقی همچنین غلظت رنگدانه های کلروفیل را تقریباً 32 درصد افزایش داد. علاوه بر این، محتوای کاروتنوئید روند افزایشی مشابهی را نشان داد (میانگین = 36.5٪). به همین ترتیب، درمان های موسیقی و صدا اعمال شده فعالیت آنزیم های پراکسیداز (میانگین = 51.33٪) و کاتالاز (میانگین = 21.27٪) را افزایش داد، که به معنای تحریک در سیستم آنتی اکسیدانی آنزیمی است. با این حال، میزان قند کل تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار گرفت (میانگین 30 درصد). قرار گرفتن در معرض UTN با افزایش متوسط در غلظت پرولین با میانگین 66٪ همراه بود در حالی که تیمارهای موسیقی افزایش کمتری در این پارامتر نشان دادند. این یافتهها از این دیدگاه حمایت میکنند که هم موسیقی و هم صدا نه تنها بر برنامههای رشد گیاهان تأثیر میگذارند، بلکه بر فرآیندهای بیولوژیکی متنوع نیز تأثیر میگذارندکلمات کلیدی:استرس متناوب، سیستم دفاعی، Satureja hortensis، متابولیت های ثانویه ، تحریک صدا Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
254 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
255 - Effect of blue and white lights on physiological characteristics of two wheat cultivars under salinity stress
Mozhgan Farzami Sepehr Samira Salehi Mahmoud KavehLight is an energy source for photosynthetic organs and the type of optical wavelength plays an important role in growth. The effect of blue light investigated on delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (proline precursor) in 2-wheat cultivar, BAM (resistant to salinity) and Ta MoreLight is an energy source for photosynthetic organs and the type of optical wavelength plays an important role in growth. The effect of blue light investigated on delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (proline precursor) in 2-wheat cultivar, BAM (resistant to salinity) and Tajan (sensitive to salinity) in a culture medium. There were 5 salinity treatments including 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl. In addition, there were two light treatments, namely exposure to blue and white light. After five days of growth of wheat seedlings, the growth indices (fresh weight, dry weight, and longitudinal growth), proline, chlorophyll a and b, sodium, and potassium contents, peroxidase enzyme activity, malondialdehyde, and pyrolin-5- Carboxylate (proline precursor) contents were measured. Data were analyzed using Duncan statistical test. Blue light increased the amount of proline and PSC in the salinity-resistant cultivar. In the sensitive cultivar, the amount of potassium under the white light was higher than that under the blue light in different levels of salinity. The amount of sodium accumulated under the influence of blue light in different concentrations of salt in the resistant cultivar was higher than that in the sensitive cultivar. Peroxidation activity of the resistant wheat cultivar was higher and blue light did not increase this attribute, but the amount of malondialdehyde in the sensitive cultivar increased under the blue light regime and with increasing level of salinity. Fresh and dry weight of plants in the resistant cultivar was the highest under the white light. In addition, plant length in the resistant cultivar under increasing concentration of salt was more than that in the sensitive cultivar under both light regimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
257 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
258 - Exogenous application of selenium on growth and antioxidant capacity of Pisum sativum L. under cadmium stress
Riti Thapar Kapoor Mozhgan Farzami SepehrHeavy metals pose a serious threat to environment and show adverse effects on plants, animals, and human health. Cadmium is one of the highly persistent toxic metals present in agricultural fields due to its excessive release through industrial and anthropogenic activit MoreHeavy metals pose a serious threat to environment and show adverse effects on plants, animals, and human health. Cadmium is one of the highly persistent toxic metals present in agricultural fields due to its excessive release through industrial and anthropogenic activities. The present paper deals with the effect of sodium selenate on the growth and physiological parameters of Pisum sativum L. grown under cadmium stress. The application of sodium selenate significantly enhanced root and shoot length, biomass, and physiological attributes such as chlorophyll, sugar, proline, protein, and total antioxidant contents in pea plants, protecting them against cadmium toxicity. The highest total antioxidant content (54%) was reported in Cd (20 mM) + SS (5 μM) treatment. Hence, the application of sodium selenate can be used as plant growth promoter for the growth of pea plants under cadmium stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
260 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
261 - Challenges and opportunities for implementing green management practices in Iranian industries: Perspectives from managers
Alireza Nobari Seyedmohammadbagher MireskandariThis article investigated the application of green management (GM) in Iranian industries and the relevant challenges. The primary objective was to pinpoint the challenges and opportunities Iranian managers face in adopting GM practices. Findings from unstructured interv MoreThis article investigated the application of green management (GM) in Iranian industries and the relevant challenges. The primary objective was to pinpoint the challenges and opportunities Iranian managers face in adopting GM practices. Findings from unstructured interviews with 73 managers in various sectors highlighted significant insights into GM and its hurdles in Iran. The central issue revolved around the intricate interplay of economic, technological, governmental, societal, and managerial factors influencing GM adoption. Analysis using NVivo software uncovered five key themes: economic concerns, technological limitations, government and legislation impacts, societal factors, and managerial considerations. While economic concerns take precedence, Iranian managers recognize the potential benefits of GM, i.e. cost reduction and financial incentives, though they also face obstacles like limited access to green technologies and international sanctions. Government policies play a vital role, with uneven enforcement of GM regulations and incentives for GM adoption. Societal pressure and awareness are driving GM adoption and influencing branding and production costs. Managerial decisions also indicated a willingness to embrace GM practices, provided barriers are addressed. In sum, Iranian managers exhibited a genuine interest in GM and its positive impacts, despite challenges like restricted technology access and sanctions. This study underscores the necessity of lifting sanctions, crafting clearer government policies, and offering support to promote GM in Iran, providing crucial insights for policymakers and businesses striving to foster sustainability in a complex environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Farsi Abstracts
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Open Access Article
263 - The effect of different levels of salinity stress on variations in the protein pattern of barley plants inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and pretreated with salinity
Zohre Najar Zadeh Reza RezakhanlouMycorrhiza fungi play a key role in plants' resistance to environmental stresses. Among environmental stressors, salinity is an acute problem. One way to understand the ability of plants to deal with abiotic stress is to investigate and identify the changes that occur a MoreMycorrhiza fungi play a key role in plants' resistance to environmental stresses. Among environmental stressors, salinity is an acute problem. One way to understand the ability of plants to deal with abiotic stress is to investigate and identify the changes that occur as a result of stress in the levels of certain proteins. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the emergence of special protein bands and their strength in barley plants under increasing salinity concentration and affected by salinity pretreated mycorrhizal fungi. The first factor of the study was pretreatment of mycorrhiza with 0, 25, 50, and 100 mmol of salt, and the second factor included 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mmol salinity treatments applied to the plants under study. Barly plants were analyzed by SDS-page gel electrophoresis method and staining to check changes in protein pattern. Results showed that the pattern of protein contents of the plants under stress was significantly different from that of control plants. Considering the enhanced bands or the appearance of new bands on the SDS-page gel, synthesis of some proteins increased in the plants under stress or some new proteins were produced to resist stress conditions compared to control plants. Based on the molecular weight of the proteins that have been determined in different plants and the range of bands obtained on the electrophoresis gel, the proteins of the investigated plant might be identified. Manuscript profile