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Open Access Article
1 - A comparative study of Jesus Christ from the point of view of the Qur'an and the holy books of the Bible and the Torah
rodabeh rezaei akhtar soltani zahra rezaeiThis article is aimed at comparative study of Jesus Christ from the Torah and Gospel and the Qur'an in an analytical-descriptive way of the Torah, the Bible, and the Holy Quran from the scriptures of which only the Qur'an is safe from distortions. By examining their mat MoreThis article is aimed at comparative study of Jesus Christ from the Torah and Gospel and the Qur'an in an analytical-descriptive way of the Torah, the Bible, and the Holy Quran from the scriptures of which only the Qur'an is safe from distortions. By examining their material, it is clear that the topics in these three books are discussed but there is a difference. The issue of Jesus Christ and his birth and prophet are among the three books discussed in these three books, and there is a theoretical difference between these three books on the subject of Jesus Christ and his personal life and prophet By examining the Torah, the Gospel and the Qur'an on the Prophet and their lives, we find that in the Torah and the Gospels, there are various ancestors for Jesus Christ, and there is no agreement on the ancestry, and even their lineage in cases leading to people who lead They know and have no agreement on the Prophet's father, and some fathers have a name for them, and they have a belief in their death in an inappropriate situation, which is not in the dignity of the divine prophet, and by examining these theories of deviations in two. The Torah and the Bible are expressed, as well as the two Torah and the Bible have false beliefs about Christ, and they attribute to them that God rejects all these theories in the Qur'an with divine verses and refers to the supreme status of the Prophet. .. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Lie algebra method for solving biological population model
Yilun Shang -
Open Access Article
3 - Human Development Indicators, Covit 19 Mortality, the Panel Co-Integration Approach (Analysis of Health Economics in Selected Developing Countries)
Soodabeh Jamalof maryam sharifnezhad Mohammad Hasan Fotros ahmad sarlakIntroduction: Due to the threat of Covid-19 to the public health of the world, the World Health Organization, in order to show international interest in coordinating international responses to this disease, raised the public health emergency and after that, the global i MoreIntroduction: Due to the threat of Covid-19 to the public health of the world, the World Health Organization, in order to show international interest in coordinating international responses to this disease, raised the public health emergency and after that, the global issue of Covid-19 was declared. In a highly interconnected world with strong ties between countries, the effects of disease outbreaks go beyond mortality and morbidity. Because with the reduction of economic activities, the performance of the global supply chain will also be disrupted. Considering the importance of this issue and the destructive consequences of the spread of this virus on the global economy, it is necessary to take a step to reduce this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the long-term effects of the human development index and its components (life expectancy, literacy, per capita income, urbanization and employment) on deaths caused by Corona in selected developing countries (30 developing countries). with a relatively high human development index) in the period of 2019-2022. Methods: For this purpose, FMOLS and DOLS methods have been used. Results: The results indicate that the human development index and its components (life expectancy, literacy, per capita income, urbanization and employment) have a negative and significant effect on the death rate of Corona in selected developing countries in the long term. Conclusion: Since the human development index has a negative and significant effect on corona deaths in selected developing countries in the long term, Therefore, the improvement of health, social and economic indicators can reduce the attenuation of Corona in societies. Therefore, it is necessary for governments to make interventions in the sectors of society, especially economy, education and security, in order to strengthen reforms in the health sector. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Financial Entitlement of the Widow in a case of her Spouse՚s Death before Consummation
Aman Alimoradi Mohamad Mohseni DehkalaniAccording to ImÁmiyya consensus, if a marriage portion set for the wifein a marriage contract and it leads to a separation due to the divorces ofthe spouses before penetration and intercourse, the ex-wife is entitled tohalf of the prescribed marriage portion. Sup MoreAccording to ImÁmiyya consensus, if a marriage portion set for the wifein a marriage contract and it leads to a separation due to the divorces ofthe spouses before penetration and intercourse, the ex-wife is entitled tohalf of the prescribed marriage portion. Supposing the separation isbecause of the death of the husband, what will happen to the marriageportion? Is the ex-wife entitled to the whole marriage portion determinedin the lifetime of the husband? Or as in the previous case (divorce prior topenetration) the ex-wife is merely entitled to half of the marriage portion?Majority of ImÁmiyya jurisprudents have adopted the first view holdingthat dividing the marriage portion in two halves prior to penetration is aview supported by specific proofs. Extending the same rule to thecircumstances of the death prior to penetration requires further proofs.Therefore, under such circumstances, the ex-wife is entitled to the wholemarriage portion. In contrast, detailed jurisprudential books haveattributed the second view to few jurisprudents including fayd kāshānī.Rereading the issue, authors of the present article have found the secondview supported by certain proofs seeing it more adaptable with the rulesof jurisprudential deduction (ijtihād) after making a comparison betweenthis view and the dominant one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Organ Transplantation in Brain Dead Patients from the Perspective of Jurisprudence
Ehsan Ali akbari babokani Mahmod sadeghiThe present article analyzes the issue of removing organs frombrain dead patients as a matter of fact and as a matter of law. Givingdefinitions of life and death, it clarifies the position of brain deadpatients. Referring to the above mentioned definitions, traditions o MoreThe present article analyzes the issue of removing organs frombrain dead patients as a matter of fact and as a matter of law. Givingdefinitions of life and death, it clarifies the position of brain deadpatients. Referring to the above mentioned definitions, traditions ofthe infallibles, and jurisprudents views, this article concludes thatsuch a patient is a living human being whose removal of organs arenot allowed. The criticism of the arguments of those allowing organtransplantation in brain dead patients is another part of the articlesupporting the hypothesis of the article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Active Involuntary Euthanasia from the Viewpoint of Islamic Jurisprudence and the Statue of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Saleheh Yazdanifar Mehdi Khodaie“Euthanasia” or “The Compassionate Preferring Death of theIncurable sick” in the medical term is any intentionally act oromission that done in request or without request of an incurable illto end his life without more pain and suffering. Based on More“Euthanasia” or “The Compassionate Preferring Death of theIncurable sick” in the medical term is any intentionally act oromission that done in request or without request of an incurable illto end his life without more pain and suffering. Based on thebehavior of the medical team and that the physician behavior hasthe manner of "act" or "omission", euthanasia divides into “Active”and “Passive”. Also, if euthanasia spring out of the will and volitionof the patient, it will be called “Voluntary” and in the cases wherethe patient is legally incompetent to decide, it will be called“Involuntary”. Based on the Islamic criminal system and the statueof the Islamic Republic of Iran, active euthanasia is a clear exampleof murder and therefore, it is illicit and causes retaliation and thecompassionate motive of the physician will not fail physician’scriminal responsibility or will not cause any discount in hispunishment. Also whenever the physician is spared by theforgiveness of the parents, if the court recognizes his act as a causeof disrupting the community or creating fear, or if be afraid abouthis or other doctors’ Audacity, it can sentence him to thediscretionary imprisonment. Manuscript profile -
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7 - The role of socio-cultural factors on organ donation among Kashan citizenry
Mohsen Niazi Mohammad Shirazi -
Open Access Article
8 - The Logic of Situation and its Appliance to Literary Criticism and Theories
رهبر اشنوئی محمودزادهMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not prec MoreMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not preciselydefinite and determined in a way we could be able to establish ourcritic claims. How could we deal with such a problem and what mightbe the solution to it? The concepts such as “the real individual”,“typical individual” and the broader concept of “the logic of situation”have been applied here to find a solution to this problem and all thesediscussions have become an introduction to Roland Barth's “the deathof the writer” theory. And here Roland Barth's viewpoints can bechallenged. A study of Barth's theory according to the concept of “thelogic of situation” can lead us to results contradictory with those ofBarth's. In fact, the work done here in this article is that the theory of 'the death of the writer' has been applied to that theory itself; that is, theconsequences of Barth's theory have been studied independent from hisown intentions. Manuscript profile -
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9 - A Comparative Study of the Meaning of Life from the Perspective of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche
Marjan Askaribabadi Faraj Alla Barati Godarz Shateri Sadeg KhoshkhoOne of the common concerns of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche has been the meaning of life; Allameh meant the purpose of life to have a purpose in life, but Nietzsche considered the meaning of life to be equivalent to value. Each has answered the question of w MoreOne of the common concerns of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche has been the meaning of life; Allameh meant the purpose of life to have a purpose in life, but Nietzsche considered the meaning of life to be equivalent to value. Each has answered the question of whether life has meaning according to their own intellectual foundations, Allameh's approach in confronting the meaning of supernatural life and Nietzsche believes in nature's approach. Allameh proves the purposefulness of the created world, including man, through the attribute of God's wisdom. He believes that living in the light of belief in God and adherence to morality and human behavior makes sense, but Nietzsche denies God and considers religion the cause of human misery and he believes that the more religious a person is, the weaker and more incapable he is. He expresses the meaningless result of life in the form of nihilism. He expresses the meaningless result of life in the form of nihilism and divides it into active nihilism and passive nihilism. Both philosophers believe in the meaning of life, except that Allameh believes that man discovers the meaning of life, but Nietzsche says that man forges the meaning of life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Ontological Change in Human Existence through Passage Rites
فاطمه Bayat Fard فاطمه LajevardiCommon rites in every society reflect the cultural and religious ideas of their people. The structure of a rite is built by the mythical, metaphysical and sometimes mundane believes of people who have been faithful to them for centuries. Passage rites are of the most im MoreCommon rites in every society reflect the cultural and religious ideas of their people. The structure of a rite is built by the mythical, metaphysical and sometimes mundane believes of people who have been faithful to them for centuries. Passage rites are of the most important and most common practices in human societies. These rites are in fact the reminders of the most important stages of life to people and at the same time introduce some new sets of responsibilities and roles to people who are experiencing the passage. This paper considers the ontological change that is realized by man in these stages of life, including birth, puberty, marriage and death. This change is so radical that they describe it as a symbolic death to one's previous being and birth to a new one. When brought to birth, man is not yet complete unless he undergoes successive symbolic and spiritual deaths before the final one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Death and the Fate in Ancient Mesopotamian Thoughts
محمود Ja'fari مهتاب SalehThe ancient Mesopotamians, like other ancient people, were thinking about death and the hereafter; but, what attract the scholars’ attention are their deep fear of death, therfore they describe a horrible fate for the deceased in their myth. As a consequence, the MoreThe ancient Mesopotamians, like other ancient people, were thinking about death and the hereafter; but, what attract the scholars’ attention are their deep fear of death, therfore they describe a horrible fate for the deceased in their myth. As a consequence, the Mesopotamian myths were shadowed by a deep despair and hopelessness. This article tries to survey the concept of death according to Mesopotamian mythology and analyzes their feeling about life, death and hereafter. Manuscript profile -
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12 - The Modern Human and the Problem of Death: A Study of Elisabeth Kubler-Ross' Theory
مجید Mollayousefi محمدرضا BagheriIn 1955 Geoffrey Gorer condemned the new western society to avoid acknowledging the reality of the death. For him in the new western society death is thought of as a forbidden thing, namely something that should to be hidden and laid aside from the public opinion. The n MoreIn 1955 Geoffrey Gorer condemned the new western society to avoid acknowledging the reality of the death. For him in the new western society death is thought of as a forbidden thing, namely something that should to be hidden and laid aside from the public opinion. The new man by feigning ignorance of the death and dying, try to make it far from him or her. Medical centers and burial institutions support this attitude and attempt to show that in human’s life the death does not enjoy of any essential reality. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was one of the thinkers that believe that this attitude should to be change and that the denial of death is placed by its acceptance. Kubler-Ross begun her work by the book On Death and Dying (1969). In her book, by appealing to empirical observations, she claims that terminally ill patients when are faced with the reality of their impending death, through a mechanism of five stages can arrive at the acceptance of their death. These stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and eventually the acceptance. This theory or model from the time of its appearance was the subject of many critiques such as not making use of previous researches done on the topic of death and dying, ambiguity in the five stages, limitations of method of gathering information, not to pay attentions to individual differences and also to the impact of environment on the person. However, Kubler-Ross' theory played a crucial role in the field of thanatological studies and debates so that nowadays she is known as the greatest cotemporary thanatologist. Manuscript profile -
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13 - Intertextual analysis of Symphony of the Dead and Death of a Salesman; Based on Julia Kristeva's theory
HAMID AGHAJANI majid mansoori fatemeh karimiBased on Julia Kristeva's theory, intertextuality is mainly a method that shows that each text is formed on the basis of previous texts, and it is a method that introduces history to structuralism and its orphaned and lonely texts and interpretations. Based on this MoreBased on Julia Kristeva's theory, intertextuality is mainly a method that shows that each text is formed on the basis of previous texts, and it is a method that introduces history to structuralism and its orphaned and lonely texts and interpretations. Based on this method, some previous articles and researches have considered the novel Symphony of the Dead as a reflection of "the novel of fury and uproar" or "the novel of the city I loved once again". Although all these factors can be discussed and investigated, due to the similarity of some cultural aspects and the similarity of some historical and cultural events, such as the occurrence of world wars, the comprehensive system of fascism and capitalism, many literary texts may be combined in terms of structure and content. slow down But what seems certain based on the opinion of the authors is that the most important work that is close to the novel Symphony of the Dead in terms of content and structure is "The Play Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller. . In fact, according to the historical parallels, and the common experience of different nations in historical events, we can boldly say that Symphony of the Dead is an Iranian example of the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Manuscript profile -
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14 - Comparative study of swan's image in Arabic and persian poetry
Parviz Ahmadzadeh houchThe principles and elements of romanticism have greatly influenced contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, and new themes have entered the poetry through this school. Swans and images made using this bird are considered one of these themes. Swan and its poetic images ar MoreThe principles and elements of romanticism have greatly influenced contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, and new themes have entered the poetry through this school. Swans and images made using this bird are considered one of these themes. Swan and its poetic images are not used in Arabic classical poetry, and the history of its application dates back to the contemporary era. In the contemporary era, through the introduction of European literature through translation, which translates into the transmission of literary and cultural phenomena, new themes have been introduced into the Arabic literature by using the artistic features of this bird. This article reviews the contemporary Arabic poetry, which uses Swan and its related attributes to create images and themes and adapt them to the Western pattern. Swans have different symbolic meanings in different cultures. In contemporary Arabic poetry, poets such as Adonis, Mahmoud Darvish and ... have used the image of swan, such as the death of swan, dance of swan and singing of swans, using western patterns and poetic look at the Swan Bird. Since the study of the origin and source of new Arabic poetry images and themes will help clarify the rules and patterns of the development of the new Arabic poetry, this study looks at the comparative view of the extent and type of Arabic poets' influence on Western literary patterns. Manuscript profile -
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15 - Man from the perspective of Maulana and Iqbal Lahori (with an approach to science, love and death)
Mohammad Bandani TarashokiOne of the most important topics that Eastern philosophers and mystics have dealt with is the problem of anthropology, and one of the important components related to it is the knowledge of death, love and the science of man. Different schools and theories are confused i MoreOne of the most important topics that Eastern philosophers and mystics have dealt with is the problem of anthropology, and one of the important components related to it is the knowledge of death, love and the science of man. Different schools and theories are confused in this matter. Studying about these issues will resolve some mental ambiguities and choose the right path in life. The current research has been done with the aim of examining the human being from the perspective of Rumi and Iqbal Lahori with an approach to science, death and love in a library method.The current research has been done with the aim of examining the human being from the perspective of Rumi and Iqbal Lahori with an approach to science, death and love in a library method. Findings of the research: From the similarities in the thoughts of the two poets: they consider acquiring knowledge as one of the important and influential factors in improving human status. Rumi believes in three sciences, empirical science, job science and Sufi science. His attention is to Sufi science. But Iqbal believes in acquired and present knowledge. Regarding death, both poets consider death and immortality inevitable for all human beings. Rumi considers the type of life and death of a person as a reflection of the conscience and heart of a person, but Iqbal says: true immortality is desirable when a person knows the existential essence of the concept of self. According to both of them, love comes from God. Manuscript profile -
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16 - Life and Death Fawzi Maalouf and Ahmad Shamloo’s Poems
Zahra Khosravi Amir GoharrostamiContemporary Arab and Persian poets, especially the poets of “Exile” doctrine in Arabic literature, have capitalized life, death and human destiny after death in his poetic meditations in different ways. As thought of these issues has been a steady stream of MoreContemporary Arab and Persian poets, especially the poets of “Exile” doctrine in Arabic literature, have capitalized life, death and human destiny after death in his poetic meditations in different ways. As thought of these issues has been a steady stream of contemporary poetry. Fawzi Maalouf and Ahmad Shamloo have considerable, and in more cases, similar perspectives in this regard. Both poets are pessimistic about life and see it a battle field between good and evil; though, Shamloo gets optimistic when the social situation is going well. The two know death as the only way to save from the pain of life.From the irview points, death is an inevitable fact that one should bow down in front of it; and they refuge in the arms of love from it, while they don’t know death as the end of man’s life. Manuscript profile -
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17 - Comparative Study on the Cocept of Death in John Donne and Molana’s Works
Narjes Tohidifar Saeed AsadiThe present paper intends to study, research and compare the concept of “Death” in John Donne’s works – the English metaphysical poet in Baroque era in seventeen’s century – and Molana’s – Iranian poet of seventh century. MoreThe present paper intends to study, research and compare the concept of “Death” in John Donne’s works – the English metaphysical poet in Baroque era in seventeen’s century – and Molana’s – Iranian poet of seventh century. Since two poets are different in their view points but similar in concerning death in their works, this paper initially studies their life styles and then their mythical and religious themes in order to find out the why and how of the concept of death in both poets’ works. The present article aims to study the abovementioned concept as two lines – one as John Donne in Baroque era and the other as Molana and find out the similarities and differences which may make them parallel or crisscross. Manuscript profile -
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18 - A Blind in Ma’arre, some Overexcited in Iran (A Comparaison of the Life, Poetry and Concerns of AbulAla’a Al-Ma’arri withThose of Khayyam and Sadegh Hedayat)
Hamid Reza ArdestaniTaking a look at the history of humankind we will come across the names of people whose lives have been different from the others. This difference has made the others not to know them correctly and everyone has described them according to his own view mostly becaus MoreTaking a look at the history of humankind we will come across the names of people whose lives have been different from the others. This difference has made the others not to know them correctly and everyone has described them according to his own view mostly because they had very complex characters. Among these great people in Persian language and literature are Hakim Omar Khayyam and SadeghHedayat. AbulAla’a Al-ma’arri is also another complicated literary character with similarities. The present article tries to compare the life, oetry and concerns of this literary man from Arabic culture with those of Omar Khayyam and SadeghHedayat in ersian literature. Manuscript profile -
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19 - “Death” from the perspective of Abu-at-Tayyeb Al-Mutanabbi and Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Ferdowsī
Seyyed mahmood Anvar Mohammad FatehiThis paper is a query about the death from the view of two celebrated Arabic and Persian belletrists Abu-at-Tayyeb Al-Mutanabbi and Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Ferdowsī. Each of these wise scholars has drawn an image of death up to the age’s requirement MoreThis paper is a query about the death from the view of two celebrated Arabic and Persian belletrists Abu-at-Tayyeb Al-Mutanabbi and Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Ferdowsī. Each of these wise scholars has drawn an image of death up to the age’s requirements and circumstances. Analyzing these two prominent and famous poets’ beliefs, we find many examples of common thoughts and convergence concerning death. In some places, however, their attitudes are unlike and heterogeneous. And this heterogeneity goes back to the social inequality based on environmental views and demands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - ascerrticism contents in khaghanee and Abolatahiye's poetry
Shima Faraji Far Shima Faraji FarAsceticism and contents related to it have always been the center of attention for poets and writers in Persian and Arabic literature. Abolatahiye, the prominent Arab poet, is one of the pioneers in this field. In the Persian poetry Khaghanee is in the course of enrichm MoreAsceticism and contents related to it have always been the center of attention for poets and writers in Persian and Arabic literature. Abolatahiye, the prominent Arab poet, is one of the pioneers in this field. In the Persian poetry Khaghanee is in the course of enrichment of asceticism and research poetry that before him poets such Kasaee, Roodaki, Sanaee etc. had the experience of using it which finally Sanaee took it to the highest point. The existence of common asceticism consents caused that the poetry of Khaghanee and Abolatahiye brings under investigation and comparison. Furthermore, the affiliation of these two poets to the royal court, their interest for attracting readers and their imprisonment for a short time are some of the common points of these two poets. Material world and subjects related to it avoidance of greediness, avidity, avarice, recommendation for contentment, death and contents related to it are subjects that have studied in this research paper. The result of this investigation showed that, on the one hand both poets have their own special views, although; khaghanee has different views toward the word in compare with abolatahiye and the death in Abolatahiye's poetry is more prominent. On the other hand, the common points in the verses of these two poets are more than the differences which originates from their Iranian and Arabic culture as well as koranic verses and hadithes. Manuscript profile -
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21 - Khayyam and André Paul Guiliaume Gide Approaches to Gaining Pleasure
Mahboubeh Fahim Kalam Mohammad Reza MohseniAlthough it seems a little bit strange at first to compare Khayyam, the 5th century AH poet with the contemporary French writer André Gide but there are similarities between them as much as there are differences. The concept of gaining pleasure in life and enjoy MoreAlthough it seems a little bit strange at first to compare Khayyam, the 5th century AH poet with the contemporary French writer André Gide but there are similarities between them as much as there are differences. The concept of gaining pleasure in life and enjoying its moments is central to Khayyam’s mind and poetry. By contemplating the works of André Gide especially “Fruits of the Earth” one understands that they also include similar themes. Thus the present article examines the literary-philosophical trends of these two poets which have a lot in common in this regard. This article tries to compare the works of these two scholars to clarify their intellectual attempts in promoting the idea of gaining pleasure and seizing the day and in parallel it attempts in explaining the ideology of a French writer and an Iranian poet while exploring how Khayyam’s poetry has affected the themes applied by André Gide. Manuscript profile -
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22 - Duality of Death concept in Hedayat and Allan Poe
Firouz Fazeli Forough Ahmadi Edgar Allan Poe – American author – and Sadeq Hedayat – the Iranian writer – are two authors who have always thought and special attention to death and morbidity is the main subject of their works. What makes their works content similar to More Edgar Allan Poe – American author – and Sadeq Hedayat – the Iranian writer – are two authors who have always thought and special attention to death and morbidity is the main subject of their works. What makes their works content similar to each other is the duality and conflict about the concept of death; this can be achieved, obtained and derived from their real character. That’s why such approach can be seen in their works and their stories heroes struggle with the fear and anxiety feelings. The present article studies the concept of death in Hedayat and Allan Poe’s works comparatively. Manuscript profile -
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23 - Comparative study and analysis of Death from Roudaki and Mutanbbi's point of view
Mohammad Reza Saki Mohammad GoudarziWhat is life: Where do we come from and where do we go: These are two fundamental questions in human life. The answer every body reaches at forms his world view and the human then learns how to leave based on this answer.The present research tries to compare the points MoreWhat is life: Where do we come from and where do we go: These are two fundamental questions in human life. The answer every body reaches at forms his world view and the human then learns how to leave based on this answer.The present research tries to compare the points of view ofRoudaki­one of the greatest Persian poets and Mutanabbi -one of the greatest Arabic poets on death and life. It also to studies and analyzes their Views. Manuscript profile -
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24 - COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE “NIGHT’S IMAGE” FROM THE WORKS OF EDWARD YOUNG AND ALFRED DE MUSSET
Mehdi Momtahen Nasrin Daftarchi Ali-Asghar Shahnaz KhezerloEdward Young, English poet of the seventeenth century, in his famous Night Thoughts applied a special style as blank verse in the form of poetry to describe the familiar faces in his life deals. The effect of his poetry is inspired by the death of dearest MoreEdward Young, English poet of the seventeenth century, in his famous Night Thoughts applied a special style as blank verse in the form of poetry to describe the familiar faces in his life deals. The effect of his poetry is inspired by the death of dearest relatives, his wife. Alfred de Musset, after the separation from his lover George Sand, considers poetry and goddesses to help healing the pain separation demands. In this paper we consider the two poets and we will compare the night’s image in their poetry. Manuscript profile -
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25 - Philosophical Pessimism in the Ideas of Abulala Ma’rri and Arthur Schopenhauer
Ali Ganjian KhonariAbulAla M`arri is one of the scholars and literary men of the fourth century who could perpetuate his ideas through literature and poetry. Arthur Schopenhauer the nineteen century philosopher has also benefited much from literature and he himself was one of the greatest MoreAbulAla M`arri is one of the scholars and literary men of the fourth century who could perpetuate his ideas through literature and poetry. Arthur Schopenhauer the nineteen century philosopher has also benefited much from literature and he himself was one of the greatest masters of the German language prose. What is comparable considering these two intellectuals is their pessimistic philosophical considerations which they have applied although with some differences in theory and practice. These two scholars have similarities and differences but their similarities are much more than their differences. Manuscript profile -
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26 - Philosophical Nostalgia in Abul Ala Ma’arry and Attar Neyshabouri's Poetry
Mehdi Momtahen Moslem Rajabi"Nostalgia" or homesickness is a poet or writer’s same sense of nostalgia, in the absence of the things that are, in the current situation, out of reach for him. Changes and evolution in social and political circumstances is very effective in stimulating this stra More"Nostalgia" or homesickness is a poet or writer’s same sense of nostalgia, in the absence of the things that are, in the current situation, out of reach for him. Changes and evolution in social and political circumstances is very effective in stimulating this strange feeling of nostalgia .One type of nostalgia includes a pessimistic and nihilistic attitude to the universe, and generally, the sadness of death and the mortality of human beings that is interpreted as "philosophical nostalgia". In this paper, by investigating Abul Ala Ma’arry and Attar Neyshabouri’s poetry, death grief, mortality, and their cynical view of the world has been comparatively studies. Manuscript profile -
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27 - A postmodern reading of the meaning of history in the two plays “Arcadia” by Tom Stoppard and “Death of YazdGerd” by Bhram Beizaei
Behzad Gaderi Sahmi Seyyedeh Anahit KazzaziIn recent decades there have been many critiques on the meaning of history and matters that historians have paid attention to in postmodern scientific and philosophical gatherings. The most important consequence of these critiques is challenging the task MoreIn recent decades there have been many critiques on the meaning of history and matters that historians have paid attention to in postmodern scientific and philosophical gatherings. The most important consequence of these critiques is challenging the task of history in providing an objective and scientific image of the past events. This relative perspective on the accuracy and authenticity of history vacillates in the achievement of the historical truth through questioning its nature and essence and asserts that historians have constantly replicated the past events through their power of imagination and dependency on personal beliefs. In harmony with deterioration of the meaning of history in philosophy, literary writers also decided to narrate the history in their works as the wanted. The offspring of this approach is a type of literature which could be termed “Replacement of History” in Persian. This research presents a comprehensive. postmodernist overview of history and then compares two replacements of history “Arcadia” by Tom Stoppard and “Death of YazdGerd” by Bhram Beizaei from this viewpoint. Manuscript profile -
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28 - Comparative Study on Nostalgia Approach in Akhavan and Nazik al-Malaika's poetries
Monir Zibaei"Nostalgia" is known as one of the alive subjects in psychology as well as in the field of literature and as Arabic and Persian contemporary poets' topics. Sigh, yearning and thinking about old good days could be seen frequently in Nazik al-Malaika and Mehdi Akhavan Sal More"Nostalgia" is known as one of the alive subjects in psychology as well as in the field of literature and as Arabic and Persian contemporary poets' topics. Sigh, yearning and thinking about old good days could be seen frequently in Nazik al-Malaika and Mehdi Akhavan Saless's poetries. Positions, life and society situations, thoughts and emotions and being familiar with many other poets caused strong nostalgia sense excitation. This article intends to study nostalgia manifestation in abovementioned poets' works in analytical – descriptive method. The results show that yearning on childhood, historical and mythical past, homesickness, death and being far away from utopia are of the most frequency in their poetries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A comparative Study of themes and structure in “Oscar and lady in pink “and” Kiss the Lovely Face Of God”
Mahboubeh FahimkalamThe Study of contextual and structural similarities between the literary works of the authors in world attracts always the searchers. Mostafa Mastoor, author contemporary of our country is noun for Iranian searchers. His vision to mysticism excite to create his famous p MoreThe Study of contextual and structural similarities between the literary works of the authors in world attracts always the searchers. Mostafa Mastoor, author contemporary of our country is noun for Iranian searchers. His vision to mysticism excite to create his famous production, Kiss the Lovely Face Of God”. He chooses subjects that evolve man’s mentality. Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt, famous French author utilize theses techniques too. He reconciles his interlocutor to world spiritual by his novel. “Kiss the Lovely Face Of God”, Mastoor’s work and Oscar and lady in pink, Schmitt’s work although have different languages and different origin, but a they have a common themes. In this present paper, we want to study similarities in themes and characters between theses two works philosophique. We will try to analyse their content and structure with a comparative approach. Manuscript profile -
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30 - Abul Ala Maari and Khayyam's Approach to Life and Death
Fatemeh Ghadami NajarkalaeiDeath, as one of the greatest mysteries of human life throughout history, has always been considered by thinkers. Abul Ala Moari, an Arab poet, thinker, and Khayyam Neyshabouri, an Iranian poet, philosopher, and scientist, were among the characters who thought a lot abo MoreDeath, as one of the greatest mysteries of human life throughout history, has always been considered by thinkers. Abul Ala Moari, an Arab poet, thinker, and Khayyam Neyshabouri, an Iranian poet, philosopher, and scientist, were among the characters who thought a lot about death. According to them, there are different perceptions of death. Positive and negative perceptions that are rooted in the philosophy of creation and the meaning of life, and without achieving the philosophy of life, it cannot have a correct perception of death. As a result, there is a deep connection between the meaning of life and death. With God's help, in this article, while presenting a biography of the two poets' life, we intend to study and analyze the thoughts, ideas, and aspects of similarities and differences between them, and to examine the views of these two people on the category of mortality and death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Comparative Study of Siavash Tragedy in Iran and Geghestik and Shamiram in Armenia
Asiyeh Zabihnia Omran Najmeh Karimi NezhadReligiousness – in many nations – started by worshiping nature. But later on nature worshiping accompanied with specific traditions and symbolic customs. Death custom also has been created in matriarchy and agriculture era. Farmers believed that their produc MoreReligiousness – in many nations – started by worshiping nature. But later on nature worshiping accompanied with specific traditions and symbolic customs. Death custom also has been created in matriarchy and agriculture era. Farmers believed that their products would be rich and fruitful by holding death ceremony annually. This research – based on librarian tools – studies death custom and herbaceous resurrection in Iran and Armenia and analyzes commonalities and differences in both countries based on their gods and goddesses. Since Iran and Armenia were lifelong neighbor countries and own numerous cultural commonalities and some parts of Armenia were dominated and governed by Iran from Medes era to Qajar, Armenians had tendencies toward Iranian myths. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - A Comparative Study of the Existentialist Approach in the Works and Thought of Sohrab Sepehri
Fahimeh MohammadpourSohrab is one of the contemporary mystic poets who have acted an inner journey in writing his "Hasht Ketab". The thematic study of Sohrab Sepehri's poems places him among the poets of phenomenology who open the first doors to the perception and awareness of his existenc MoreSohrab is one of the contemporary mystic poets who have acted an inner journey in writing his "Hasht Ketab". The thematic study of Sohrab Sepehri's poems places him among the poets of phenomenology who open the first doors to the perception and awareness of his existence and in unity with the world around him, lead to epistemology and ontological view. Among the existing schools of psychology, the existentialist approach is the only one that directly and with the help of existential and emerging philosophers and authors, looks at different types of emotions and mental disorders from its ontological point of view. Yalom's view provided a map for ontological-humanistic treatment by focusing on the "certainties of existence," i.e, death, freedom, isolation, and emptiness, and by emphasizing the relationship in order to discuss these certainties. These things play a very important role in each level of the individual's psychological structure and are closely related to clinical work. In addition, they create a central organizing principle. Manuscript profile -
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33 - The Last Divine Words Addressed to the Last Prophet in the Mystical Texts(Verse281 from The Surat Al-Baqara)
Mehdi Momtahen Badiollah SadriThe Holy Quran is a book full of threatening and promising and secret truths and it contains various verses that embodies valuable mystical indications including the verse 2:281, which says"be afraid of the day you are returned to God and then everyone is MoreThe Holy Quran is a book full of threatening and promising and secret truths and it contains various verses that embodies valuable mystical indications including the verse 2:281, which says"be afraid of the day you are returned to God and then everyone is given what s/he has acquired and nobody will be treated unjustly" that is said to be the last verse which is revealed to Muhammad(pbuh); So, I have tried to explain this verse on the basis of the mystical exegeses of the Holy Quran and made some attempts to come to some useful conclusions. Furthermore one of the axes in this verse refers to God and death, which is traditionally seen as an important aspect that we face. The main objective of this paper is to explain the dimensions and angles of the words in this verse commentaries on the sayings and mystical texts; and it is trying to achieve beneficial results in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The semantics of the death of ignorance in the hadith of Imam's knowledge with emphasis on Quranic verses
Hassan Shoja BaharIn the epistemological geometry of Shiites, the knowledge of Imam has a special importance. Because the meaning and concept of the Imam according to the Shiites is the perfect human being who is the mediator of divine grace, and by establishing a relationship with the t MoreIn the epistemological geometry of Shiites, the knowledge of Imam has a special importance. Because the meaning and concept of the Imam according to the Shiites is the perfect human being who is the mediator of divine grace, and by establishing a relationship with the true Imam, it can gain a correct knowledge of God and other doctrinal principles. This is why in the hadith of the knowledge of Imam, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: "If someone dies and the Imam does not know his Imam, he has died to the death of ignorance." The hadith of Imam's knowledge is one of the consecutive and valid hadiths between Shiites and Sunnis. This hadith has been considered by the authors from different angles. But a significant question is what is meant by ignorant death? According to the author, undoubtedly, the hadith of knowledge and similar narrations express the importance and necessity of guardianship, and those who are merely non-mystics to the Imam of their time cannot be excommunicated. Manuscript profile -
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35 - Death Truth in Quran and Reasons of its Fear from Imam Ali Viewpoint in Nahj Al Balaghah
Fatemeh Hamidi Fard Alireza Yousefi Narges Keshti ArayBy applying content analysis and comparative categorization method, the present research studies and analyses truth of death in Quran and the reasons of its fear from Imam Ali’s viewpoint in Nahj Al Balaghah. Quran considers the remembrance of death as one of the MoreBy applying content analysis and comparative categorization method, the present research studies and analyses truth of death in Quran and the reasons of its fear from Imam Ali’s viewpoint in Nahj Al Balaghah. Quran considers the remembrance of death as one of the characteristics of the prophets that cannot be escaped from. Facts such as the undeniableness of death and not getting rid of it, the end of the work of the body, its certainty and etc. are reasons for the fear of death and are discussed in Nahj Al-Balaghah. Manuscript profile -
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36 - Natural villain in material life from the point of view of Nahj al-Balaghah and its Quranic evidences
Zahra Karimi Manouchehr GhasemiIn dealing with unpleasant things such as pain, suffering, sorrow, disease and death and all kinds of disasters, one realizes that the world and the universe in front of him is full of adversities that can affect his mind as well as his body. It was the philosophers who MoreIn dealing with unpleasant things such as pain, suffering, sorrow, disease and death and all kinds of disasters, one realizes that the world and the universe in front of him is full of adversities that can affect his mind as well as his body. It was the philosophers who dealt with these unpleasant things and thought about the villain of its rational justification. There are many opinions of Western and Islamic thinkers in this regard, but we found it necessary to search for this important thing in the thought of Amir al-Mu'menin (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghah to find what is the position and justification of the issue of evil as one of the atheists' excuses from the language of religious leaders such as Islam? In the end, it should be noted that they do not deny the existence of natural and metaphysical villain, but consider it as a requirement of the material world and, in addition, do not consider any aspect of moral villain. In the case of natural and metaphysical villain, It should be said that according to divine wisdom, the existence of this villain in the universe is also to achieve goals, including divine tests and trials and purification from sin. So that he can better prepare himself for the established and eternal world and choose a paradise that is free from decay and all kinds of villain. Manuscript profile -
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37 - Foreign tributaries in Gibran Khalil Gibran's view of death
habib keshavarzForeign tributaries in Gibran Khalil Gibran's view of deathDeath is one of the natural phenomena that writers talked about in the past and in the past. Contemporary writers talk about death a lot and have varying attitudes about death sometimes and their perception of d MoreForeign tributaries in Gibran Khalil Gibran's view of deathDeath is one of the natural phenomena that writers talked about in the past and in the past. Contemporary writers talk about death a lot and have varying attitudes about death sometimes and their perception of death is more profound and emotional compared to writers in past ages. Gibran Khalil Gibran is also one of the writers who talked about death in his poetic and prose effects and his view of death differs from that of the ancients to death. Gibran, in his view of death in addition to his personal characteristics and the death of his sister and mother, was influenced by Western writers and Western offices as well. In this article, the analytical-descriptive approach we want to study the foreign tributaries affecting Gibran Khalil Gibran's view of death. The results show that Gibran was influenced by Western writers, including Nietzsche and Edgar Allan Poe and William Blake, as well as romanticism and romantic literature as well. He loved death and his love for death was influenced by romantic doctrine and he felt alienation in this world and believed that death removes and alienates this alienation and heals it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Thinking about Death and its manifestation in Samih Ghasem works
Hamed Sedghi Rasool Zare'Death is one of the main issues in Samih Ghasem works; because he paid special attention to it in his works. The present paper studies his ideologies about death as well as his motivations on expressing this issue. His aesthetic view strengthens resistance spirit in his MoreDeath is one of the main issues in Samih Ghasem works; because he paid special attention to it in his works. The present paper studies his ideologies about death as well as his motivations on expressing this issue. His aesthetic view strengthens resistance spirit in his hometown fellows and causes changing in their view point on death. This article has been done in descriptive – analytic method and focused on his poetry. At last we have found out that death has two aspects from his point of view: intuitive and calculated. Then studied this phenomenon from political, national and ethnic aspects and decoded the aesthetic view about death and expressing its realities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - scope of financial possessions of the ill
حامد مفیدی فر محمدرضا ضمیریThe one we have to know about the possessions of an ill person who is on the verge of death, is that the suspend act is against the decided one. There is no disagreement among the lawyers and jurists about the command on will and every one accepts that it does not permi MoreThe one we have to know about the possessions of an ill person who is on the verge of death, is that the suspend act is against the decided one. There is no disagreement among the lawyers and jurists about the command on will and every one accepts that it does not permitted to take possession of more than one third of holdings unless by permission of the heritors. But there is challenges about the ill person's contract or agreement which is done freely and voluntarily or comprises a voluntarily case. So, this question would be presented that does it considered as a health person's contract and is taken from the whole of holdings or it is influent just in one third of holdings.First, we have to prove wether the illness leads to death is considered as one of the incapability cases or not .There is so much differences among the lawyers and jurists about wether this kind of illness is incapable our not.By the firm and strong arguments we prove that the ill who is on the verge of death, is not incapable, so he can hold in all of financial possessions such as transactions the scope of financial possessions of the ill is completely influent such as a health person. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Examples and principles Mature of due at future in the Jurisprudence
javad bariklou ابراهیم دلشاد معارف سید مهدی میرداداشیAbstract: In jurisprudence, debt includes each overall property fixed in obligation. Debt based on credit for time of payment will be classified into two types: one, without the time of payment, which is called present debt, and another with the time of payment, which MoreAbstract: In jurisprudence, debt includes each overall property fixed in obligation. Debt based on credit for time of payment will be classified into two types: one, without the time of payment, which is called present debt, and another with the time of payment, which is called deferred debt. It should be noted that deferred debt may be in the form of voluntary and contractual, which is due to the will and agreement of the parties, or by expiration of term, and in some cases, as coercively, which is outside the will of the parties, it will be converted to the present debt. In common jurisprudence, the jurists believe that with the death of debtor, his/her deferred debt turns to the present debt. Article 231 of the law on affairs also expresses this point. The question now is what is the basis of religion? Why, in spite of the principle of the survival of the Aql, in some cases, is the religion of the wise? In other words, what is the purpose of becoming a religion? It can be said that the occurrence of religion is violently aimed at protecting creditors and assuring them of credit, in other words, in the event that the religion is likely to be wasted. Keywords: deferred debt , death, defer, debt turning. Manuscript profile -
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41 - Investigation of the punishment or compensation of Diyat from the point of view of Imamieh jurisprudence
seyedmorteza mosavytabar jamal beigi Zahra ghahremani manochehr omidiIn murder or crimes, if it is not possible to take retribution, or in the specified circumstances, that Muslim blood is not wasted due to a crime committed against a person or a member of the police against him, he or his fellow parents shall be entitled to the death of MoreIn murder or crimes, if it is not possible to take retribution, or in the specified circumstances, that Muslim blood is not wasted due to a crime committed against a person or a member of the police against him, he or his fellow parents shall be entitled to the death of Diyah. It is a question that this article seeks to answer if it is payable by the offender to the guilty person against his or her parents for punishment or for compensation. The result of this answer is that in the event of a punishment, they will have conditions that have other penalties, and that the person will be convicted, while if it is a compensation, it will be a personal right and have civil aspects whose terms Like financial transactions, it will be subject to certain conditions, and the other person will not be entitled to the criminal offense. Manuscript profile -
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42 - Study of jurisprudential and legal principles of transplantation of human organs
Mostafa Ameri siahooyi Farooq Tooli Lila AminiIn order to transplant organs from one human to another, in addition to diagnosing the obvious occurrence of brain death, the patient's will in this regard or in the absence of the patient's will, the consent of the deceased is required. Therefore, if the last two condi MoreIn order to transplant organs from one human to another, in addition to diagnosing the obvious occurrence of brain death, the patient's will in this regard or in the absence of the patient's will, the consent of the deceased is required. Therefore, if the last two conditions are not met and despite the diagnosis of brain death and even the cessation of saving human life on organ transplantation, this is not legally possible, while some jurists have determined the task in such circumstances and believe in In case of stopping the salvation of a Muslim human life on organ transplantation and in case of no will, without the need to obtain the consent of the deceased, removal of the organ from the dead Muslim body and transplantation to the patient will be permissible and even obligatory.The study of the legitimacy of organ transplantation from the human body from a jurisprudential and legal perspective is the main focus of this research. Given the importance of issues related to organ harvesting and transplantation, it can be said that the most important purpose of research and study of their jurisprudential and legal foundations is to smooth a positive and acceptable approach to scientific and medical achievements in this field, resulting in the adoption of comprehensive laws. It will lead to more accuracy in the freedom of trade and association of members. In this article, we aim to explain the jurisprudential and legal principles of organ transplantation and the legitimacy of organ harvesting from a living human being by collecting information in a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
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43 - An Analysis of the Procedures of Separation of Soul from Body in the View of Mulla Sadra
Mastaneh Zamani Hadi Vasei Mohammad FooladivandaThe purpose of the present study is to explain the procedures of separation of soul from body in the views of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra. The method of study was descriptive analysis, and the results showed that although Mulla Sadra has deciphered many philosophical argum MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explain the procedures of separation of soul from body in the views of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra. The method of study was descriptive analysis, and the results showed that although Mulla Sadra has deciphered many philosophical arguments such as the rational proof for bodily resurrection and has presented suitable solutions for many other issues, he has fallen into a sort of paradox when he explains how corporeal is turned to incorporeal at time of final separation of soul from body. On the other hand, body is introduced as the main factor in the early death (Marg-e Ikhtirmai) while this definition is not compatible with his interpretation of the natural death. It seems that no distinct dichotomy has yet been shown between natural death and early death. The absolute perfection of God, achieving excellence, and fulfilling one’s potentials under the divine predestination are among some causes of death that can definitely complete the causes mentioned for natural and early death. Manuscript profile -
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44 - An approach on the replacement of organ donation in retribution in Iran's legal system
abbas dehghani alireza asgariOrgan donation and organ transplantation can be counted among the benefits that have been considered as an accepted and desirable practice with the help of some jurists and authorities. According to some jurists, self-retribution can be carried out using methods that ca MoreOrgan donation and organ transplantation can be counted among the benefits that have been considered as an accepted and desirable practice with the help of some jurists and authorities. According to some jurists, self-retribution can be carried out using methods that cause the least amount of suffering to the offender. According to some jurisprudential and legal arguments and inferences, the issue of organ donation has been approved and many people donate their organs to the needy every year. Therefore, the issue of donation and of course retribution through donation, which takes place with the consent of a person, should not be equated with mutilation. The issue of donating the body parts of people who are so-called brain dead and there is no connection between their brain and their organs due to neurological disorder, to the needy patients; Organ transplantation has become a common practice. But this is not enough to meet all the needs of the members. On the other hand, people who are not qualified to live in the community due to social misdeeds and are about to be executed, they must experience a hard death without compensation. Manuscript profile -
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45 - An analysis of Mythical and Symolic concepts in the stories of "Shah Hijaz and Human failure in the face of fate" from Bakhtiarnameh
Seddighe Jalili Hamidreza Farzi Ali DehghanOne of the ways in which myths continue their life is that they are transformed into stories and tales, especially folk tales; Bakhtiarnameh is one of the stories that reflect past mythological ideas and ritual customs. In this article, the mythical and symbolic concept MoreOne of the ways in which myths continue their life is that they are transformed into stories and tales, especially folk tales; Bakhtiarnameh is one of the stories that reflect past mythological ideas and ritual customs. In this article, the mythical and symbolic concepts of the tenth chapter of a book, entitled "Shah Hijaz and Human failure in the face of fate", is examined. The authors hypothesized that in depth construction of this story, they could trace the mythical and symbolic concepts, including acquaintance, isolated in a symbolic place, death and rebirth, hard tests, torture, guidance, mountains, wells, lions, sacred numbers and so on. In addition, the fate of Shah Hejaz's son connects him with the rejected children. We can say that predicting killing his father, being rejected, upbringing by Ayyārs, and finally fighting with his father and getting his king's throne are completely related to the fate of these children. Manuscript profile -
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46 - Death and rebirth in Iranian stories Anjavi Shirazi
sahar yousefi Mohammad Irani khalil Biagzadeh Amirabbas AzizifarDeath and Death are thought of as prominent motifs in folk stories and the thought of renaissance derives from the thought of collective. beliefs and the ancient mythology. Death and rebirth have many faces in stories and they have a symbolic expression in a number of e MoreDeath and Death are thought of as prominent motifs in folk stories and the thought of renaissance derives from the thought of collective. beliefs and the ancient mythology. Death and rebirth have many faces in stories and they have a symbolic expression in a number of examples. Knowing these faces and symbols reveals a deeper understanding of public thought. Writers have used the descriptive-analytical method to achieve forms of mortality and renaissance in a four-volume series of Iranian stories of Anjavi Shirazi. Research findings indicate that death has two natural and abnormal effects in stories and the abnormal forms of death, which are the most frequent types of death in stories, include: successful action, unsuccessful action, and death with an open end, disengagement from killing, Suicide, death due to accidents, meeting dead and ransom death. The manifestation of the death symbols in the forms of successful action is the unsuccessful act and the uncertain outcome of the killing and death due to accidents. Renaissance forms in stories include rebirth, transference of self, transformation, reincarnation and resurrection. Its symbols are also common in all forms of renaissance and in a number of examples, they share the symbols of death. Manuscript profile -
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47 - A Study of Death from the Phenomenological Perspective of Otherness in Gavkhoni's novel
Fateme Rahiminia Fateme HeydariPhenomenology is a process whose main goal is to achieve a true knowledge of essences and essences, free from any presuppositions and prejudices; In such a way that the real existence of the existing being is allowed to appear on its own and the interference of the mind MorePhenomenology is a process whose main goal is to achieve a true knowledge of essences and essences, free from any presuppositions and prejudices; In such a way that the real existence of the existing being is allowed to appear on its own and the interference of the mind and its contents is removed from the way of the beings and by reduction or reduction, an authentic and real description of the existence of the beings can be achieved. Jafar Modarres Sadeghi is one of the prominent writers of contemporary Iranian literature who has had remarkable activities in various fields such as fiction, novels, as well as in the field of translating, editing and correcting classical texts. Although he is not officially a phenomenologist, He is a writer who is close to phenomenologists. This article seeks to answer the questions of what is Modarres Sadeghi's approach to death? Has phenomenology influenced the views and thoughts of Jafar Modarres Sadeghi? How is this idea reflected in Gavkhoni's novel? The method of this descriptive-analytical research is the method of using other methods. Manuscript profile -
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48 - Death escaping and its manifestation in creating the personalities of the world nations (With an emphasis on the common aspects of Esfandiar, Achilles, Siegfried and Balder characters)
ali mohammad moazzeni Shahrbanoo GhanjeHuman beings have always sought to answer their numerous questions about surrounded mysterious world. And finding the answer to these ambiguities has been identified as a way to escape from the amazement, wonder and, most importantly, their fears about the vast world in MoreHuman beings have always sought to answer their numerous questions about surrounded mysterious world. And finding the answer to these ambiguities has been identified as a way to escape from the amazement, wonder and, most importantly, their fears about the vast world in which they lived. The most vague and unbearable of this mysterious and, at the same time, the most terrifying of them, was the phenomenon of death and the transition to the dead world that man knew nothing about this phenomenon. Human did not find a way to work efficiently against this incident. A man who encountered with unresolved and inevitable problem of death, sought to escape from his distasteful consolation, not in the outside world, but in his mind. His escapement appeared in an idealistic, ideal, empower and invincible personality that was found in various myths and epics of various nations and despite the dimensional distance of these lands, the similarities between these characters are indicative of the root cause of the common concern of mankind and the creation of these myths is a manifestation of human thought and concern. No matter what the geopolitical framework of the world and the flight of his mind, he searches his wish in a mysterious world. In this research we try to show the four common characters which are considered to be the most famous heroes of the nation's .We show the common origins of these works and the efforts about death escaping of mankind. Manuscript profile -
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49 - Sociology of Literature in Jamalzadeh’s “Gholtashan Divan
Touraj AghdayiKHJ -
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50 - Comparing the Life of Sadegh Hedayat and the Works of Sohrab Sepehri
Farhad TahmasebiDDOODDOO Manuscript profile -
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51 - Translation of Death in Hossein Monzavi’s Worldview
Shiva Abazar Tooraj AghdaieDeath as an absolute necessity, bound to happen, is unique and belongs to human beings. Whatever we know of death is assured, or at least seems to be the most absolute knowledge of us as human beings. It is an inescapable reality that all creatures will experience it la MoreDeath as an absolute necessity, bound to happen, is unique and belongs to human beings. Whatever we know of death is assured, or at least seems to be the most absolute knowledge of us as human beings. It is an inescapable reality that all creatures will experience it later or sooner. The humankind worldview of death is based on his attitudes towards life. Some people believe that it is attractive and fascinating, while others find it horrible and disgusting. It is clear that the way people try to believe in death has roots in their lifestyles and attitudes towards life. Hossein Monzavi, aka “The King of Ghazal”, the famous poet of 1960s and 1970s, could revive ghazal and made it enthralling and romantic. Some of Monzavi’s ghazals are about death, and he attempts to reveal his attitudes towards the concept of death as a bound to happen. He sometimes believes in death doubtlessly, and sometimes fights it. Despite some contradictions in some of his ghazals about death, he doesn’t believe in death as something absurd and conjectural. This paper aims, through an analytical- descriptive method and by investigating Monzavi’s ghazals, to study his worldview and understanding of death. Manuscript profile -
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52 - Elements of Nihilism in works of Sadegh Hedayat and Zakaria Tamer
maryam mohammadzadehPessimism towards the world and its structures has always been a topical issue during human history. But the approaches to probe it have led to a formal school of thought called nihilism and this has been one of the outputs of modernism reflected in poems composed by Pe MorePessimism towards the world and its structures has always been a topical issue during human history. But the approaches to probe it have led to a formal school of thought called nihilism and this has been one of the outputs of modernism reflected in poems composed by Persian and Arab poets along with the works of the philosophers and scholars in the field. Since one of the best approaches to identify an issue is to compare it with a parallel and same level sample, the present study has tried to probe the issue using a descriptive-analytic method to discuss about the elements and constituents of nihilism in the works of Sadegh Hedayat and Zakaria Tamer as two pioneering writers in modern story writing in Iran and Syria who tended towards nihilism to recognize some of the problems repeated in this school of thought and to investigate about the factors that led these two authors towards nihilist thoughts. Findings showed that although Hedayat and Tamer belonged to two different cultures and societies, nihilism, disappointment, pessimism towards the individuals and the society, thinking of death and introverted thoughts have dominated thoughts of both authors and being informed about the thoughts of western scholars, local dominance and tyranny have been among the common and effective factors that caused both authors to tend towards nihilism. Manuscript profile -
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53 - Analysis of Death and the Resurrection in Nezami's Eskandarnameh
Mohammad Reza Soleimani delarestaghi Abbas MahyarNezami’s belief in the Day of Resurrection forms the basis for his thoughts. His attitude towards the existing world and the afterworld as well as the cohesion between the two makes him different from his predecessor poets. With reference to Quranic verses and Isl MoreNezami’s belief in the Day of Resurrection forms the basis for his thoughts. His attitude towards the existing world and the afterworld as well as the cohesion between the two makes him different from his predecessor poets. With reference to Quranic verses and Islamic traditions and texts the present paper is to study and review the aspects of “death” in Eskandarnameh in order to find the relationship between the “death” and the religion, the present world and the afterworld. Having a taste and discernment of his predecessors’ philosophy and ideas, Nezami has tried on interpretation and explanation of those very ideas that are in deep relation with Islamic thoughts. This research has been mainly concerned with such notions as the being of the afterworld as a sine qua non, tendency to survival and eternity, immortality of spirit , insubstantiality of life, returning to the genesis, bodily Ascension, etc. After embarking on a library-based research, the article seeks, in due course, to study and analyze the subject matter. Manuscript profile -
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54 - Spiritual Blindness in Jose Saramago’s Blindness
Zohreh Helali Fazel Asadi Amjad -
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55 - The study and comparative analysis of Death and Eternity in Epec and Mystic poetry
Nader Eftekhar zade Mahmood Salavati -
Open Access Article
56 - The role of Kashefi's Martyrs Elegies in the Spreading of Ashura History Distortions
hamid reza jadidiMullah Hussein Kashefi's Martyrs Elegies book (910 A.H) which depicts Ashura's Events is one of the first books about the killings of Ashura which enjoy a literary language attraction of great influence. Since its writing, this book has been criticized its wrong narrati MoreMullah Hussein Kashefi's Martyrs Elegies book (910 A.H) which depicts Ashura's Events is one of the first books about the killings of Ashura which enjoy a literary language attraction of great influence. Since its writing, this book has been criticized its wrong narration of the history of this event. It is considered one of the first books giving wrong historical accounts with poor historical supports about event happening on Ashura. In this article, after a brief account about the late Timurids era and Kashefi's biography, different ideas about this book and its author have been discussed along with the reasons for distortions mentioned in the book and public interest in it. Also resources used and his narration style have been studied. The findings show that the main reasons for such distortions are Kashefi's lack of source, fictional narration style like Sufis, relying on his own memories as an orator, lack of accuracy in his narrations of events, and Kashefi's intention to motivate Shiites of his time to create a connection with Prophet Mohammad 's family (PBUH). It can also be said that Timurids in Khorasan created an atmosphere from which a kind of Shiites was born by which the Safavids advertise this kind of shiism. Manuscript profile -
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57 - Religion and Post-Modernism challenges in Adonis poems: An Epistemological Approach
Khalil parvini Kobra Rawshanfekr Seyyed Hossain HossainiThe philosophical basis of postmodernism, especially in cosmological sphere, is on the lack of the belief in the metaphysics and the skepticism in efficiency of religious framework for understanding human essence which is based on rationality, instinct and revelation. T MoreThe philosophical basis of postmodernism, especially in cosmological sphere, is on the lack of the belief in the metaphysics and the skepticism in efficiency of religious framework for understanding human essence which is based on rationality, instinct and revelation. The sovereignty of language is very important in this trend, because the language from this point of view is the essential device for understanding values and their mechanisms. Within the postmodern ideology, language and all its manifestations are understood as cultural symbols outside the realm of "absolutism". This attitude led to impose "relativism" and "individualism" upon the exhaustive principles (grand narratives) that were earlier considered universal. This philosophical effort especially in metaphysics and occult fields has not yet reached to reliable facts. The focus of this paper is on the study of the challenge of religion and Postmodernism and the anxieties emerged from it in the poetry of Adonis. The article in a descriptive-analytical method and by a philosophical-cognitive approach studies those poems of Adonis that bear such philosophical outlooks. It concludes that postmodernism in the poetry of Adonis shows this tension in the following fields: relativism; denial of absolutism; refute of grand narratives and disobedience to religion which do not conform to the absolute religious principles of monotheism, especially of Islam. In this study we have also pointed to the philosophical differences that postmodernism has brought about, because of its distance from the religion of Islam and its interaction with the texts of the other revealed religions. So, it is clear that the problem of the Western postmodern philosophy with religion results from the idea that their religious text does not provide them with convincing knowledge in most cases. What we have seen in those texts, therefore, is a multiple and contradictory interpretations throughout different periods, the interpretations that postmodernism announced its main desires, that we see so much in the poetry of Adonis with a philosophical taste. Manuscript profile -
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58 - The study of hero and anti-hero in the play "Death of Yazdgerd"of Bahram Beizai (With an approach to the reader response theory of Wolfgang Iser)
Sayedeh Maryam Mirhosseini Fatemeh HeidariIn Persian literature, the word hero is mostly used in its classical sense in epic stories, and the anti-hero is used as the opposite of the main character of the story. And it is the encounter of opposing characters that shapes the narrative. Wolfgang Iser,,a German th MoreIn Persian literature, the word hero is mostly used in its classical sense in epic stories, and the anti-hero is used as the opposite of the main character of the story. And it is the encounter of opposing characters that shapes the narrative. Wolfgang Iser,,a German theorician who developed a theory for reading literary texts in the second half of the twentieth century, took a special look at the action of characters and intra-textual elements in the narrative. By shifting the focus of literary studies from author to reader, he turned to the methods of reading the text and believed that with a different reading of the literary work, the elements within the text would also change. In this descriptive and analytical method, we deal with the features of characters, anti-hero and heroism in the play "Death of Yazdgerd" by Bahram Beizai. Our aim in this study is to look as a perspective of the reader-centered Iser which character considers the hero and which the anti-hero. The results of this study show that the protagonist and the anti-hero paid for the ellipse do not necessarily follow the author's beliefs from the reader's point of view, and all the characters in the work can be of heroism or anti-heroism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Examining hyper-textuality in the stories of Noushzād and Esfandiār (with emphasis on death and death scene)
Hosnie Nakhaei Mahmoud Hasanabadi Mohammadali MahmoudiBased on the perspective of hyper-textuality, it is possible to search for minor and hidden effects of another work in any work, and each text can be compared with similar texts. For this reason, pre-textuality finds a special place in the field of comparative analysis MoreBased on the perspective of hyper-textuality, it is possible to search for minor and hidden effects of another work in any work, and each text can be compared with similar texts. For this reason, pre-textuality finds a special place in the field of comparative analysis of texts. Some stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have also a special capacity for the study of hyper-textuality, of which is the story of Noushzad, the son of Khosrow Noushin-Ravan, which is very similar to the story of Esfandiar, the famous warrior of the Shahnameh. So, this research is an attempt to explain the aspects of Ferdowsi's influence in writing Noushzad's story from Esfandiar's story using the descriptive-analytical method. Although in this research Esfandiar's story as a pretext longer than Noushzad's story as a post-text, this issue is accepted from the point of view of Genette's theory of hyper-textuality. According to the results of the research, the most important aspects of the impact of the post-text on the pre-text, which indicate the similarities between the stories studied in the current research, are: the common characteristics of the two stories characters, the same story elements (imprison, religiousity, authoritarianism, etc.), death and the images related to death, similar to Esfandiar and Noushzad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The Reader's Participation in Critical Approaches
Ali SaberiThe reader as one of the three angles of literary criticism triangle besides its two other angles i.e. the writer and literary work is considered as one of the effective factors in studying a literary work in critical circles. Some critics call him consumer on the MoreThe reader as one of the three angles of literary criticism triangle besides its two other angles i.e. the writer and literary work is considered as one of the effective factors in studying a literary work in critical circles. Some critics call him consumer on the one hand and producer on the other hand because of his interpretations and perceptions. Accordingly, literary works are divided into two groups, written and spoken. Although supporters of some critical approaches pay their attention to the work and its writer, a great deals of them consider the reader’s taste and talent and cultural fields as their main criteria in evaluating his literary works. In this direction, we can consider the approach of reader-centered (reader-response theory) and writer’s death theory (Death of the Author) as the central part of this study. In addition to investigating theories related to determining the role of the reader in evaluation of a literary work and the opponents' views who know the literary work as the only evaluation criterion and supporters' views who consider the reader's rate of grieves as evaluation criterion, this study describes that we can trust the reader's judgment in evaluating the works just when he has enough knowledge and tools and is far from personal attitudes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Relationship Between the Dead of Rostam's Crypt in Bahman Nameh and Mitra Tradition
Iraj Mehraki Leila khezel Thought of birth and death was one of the first human thought that tradition and philosophical schools tried to explain or find answer for it. Vitalization of sun leads to worshipping of sun and even to bury the dead on the special way that keeps their relat More Thought of birth and death was one of the first human thought that tradition and philosophical schools tried to explain or find answer for it. Vitalization of sun leads to worshipping of sun and even to bury the dead on the special way that keeps their relation with sun. One of the most interesting parts of story of poem of BahmanNameh is description of Iranshah from Rostams' crypt and corpse. Corpse of this crypt are buried on the special way. How body of Rostam's family buried on the crypt and even some of other reasons seems that likely this family were followers of Mitra tradition.However, in this paper , clear relationship of burial of dead in Rostam's crypt with Mitra tradition is investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Eternally wedding A review of mystic death or celebration of a rebirth in Moulan’s poems Didactic*
Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni Esmaeil AbdiMakvandDifference between natural death and a mystic death is one of the basic fundamental arguments of mysticism. Moulana’s view of death is basically the same as Sanaiee’s. But Moulana’s view with his particular nuances and narrations mixed with MoreDifference between natural death and a mystic death is one of the basic fundamental arguments of mysticism. Moulana’s view of death is basically the same as Sanaiee’s. But Moulana’s view with his particular nuances and narrations mixed with hints of influences from Buddhist, Greek and Persian perspective on death gives a delicate and spiritual meaning to his brand of mysticism and Sufism. This article in an analytical-expressive style will attempt to explain the views of Molana about death in general and in particular mystic death. Moulana uses complex expression such as: Agony of Death, Boundless Sea of death, Root of death, Death fever, Bitterness of death, life in anticipation of death, Arrow of death, intoxication of death, smoke of death, Illusion of death, Wine of death, sweet juice of death, Neck of death and Death anticipatory bird and …. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Death and Voluntary Death from Sanai’s, Attars’ and Molana’s points of view
M. khodayari Death and thinking about it, have definitely occupied the minds of poets, writers, mystics, and thinkers throughout the history. In fact, thinking about death has overshadowed the thoughts and the works of many writers and thinkers particularly in the Persian lite More Death and thinking about it, have definitely occupied the minds of poets, writers, mystics, and thinkers throughout the history. In fact, thinking about death has overshadowed the thoughts and the works of many writers and thinkers particularly in the Persian literature. Mystic poets like Sanai, Attar, and Molana have always cherished death in their poems and believe that death is inevitable and cannot be escaped. They, however, believe that true and voluntary death is possible through abstinence and the purification of the soul. Inspired by the Quran’ verses and Ahadith, they presume that we need to voluntarily surrender ourselves before the real death comes.In this short article, the author attempts to describe and analyze the views of mystic poets like Sanai, Attar, and Molana in relation to the concepts of death and voluntary death as well as the ways by which a voluntary death can be realized. Their views of death will be depicted through some examples of their poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - ’Death before Death’’
Abbas KaymaneshThis subject has derived from the man-mad word of Islam prophet (PBUH) when he had come back from infidels told that: ‘’ we went from little jihad to a bigger jihad’’. His words has changed to poetry that Sanaee Ghaznavi said that as poetry: The MoreThis subject has derived from the man-mad word of Islam prophet (PBUH) when he had come back from infidels told that: ‘’ we went from little jihad to a bigger jihad’’. His words has changed to poetry that Sanaee Ghaznavi said that as poetry: The meaning of ‘’death before death’’ is killing sensuality at human that Sanaee has been believed to it after his turmoil period. The leader of Islam world’s virtues ‘’Ali(PBUH)’’ when his head wounded said that ‘’ Swear to Ka’abe’s God that I’m blessed’’. Majority of Islamic mystics with influence of their leader has selected jihad with self or ego, which some of them has studied in this article. After Sanaee many of Islamic mystics include Attar and follow him Jalal ed din Mohumad Mulavi and many others had mentioned long speech for interpretation of ‘’death before death’’ same as prophet(PBUH) and Imam Ali(PBUH), in their books. The researcher of this article has studied about exigency death and different kinds of death in many mystics books as ‘’death before death’’. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - The examination and Enlightenment of the Lone tree by Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob from human feeling a point of view
mohammad reza shabani Abdol Hossein FarzadOne of Zarrinkoob’s stories, May he be remembered, is The Lone Tree which was first published in Yaghma in 1347. The Lone Tree is a philosophic story in nature written in a beautiful, simple, fluent prose. In this article, while examining the important parts of th MoreOne of Zarrinkoob’s stories, May he be remembered, is The Lone Tree which was first published in Yaghma in 1347. The Lone Tree is a philosophic story in nature written in a beautiful, simple, fluent prose. In this article, while examining the important parts of the story, well find out The Lone Tree is the allegorical character for the writer of the story. The Lone Tree is a solitary being who has with stoop wind ever since it can recall, and after some words it has with the old tree and the wild rock, it realizes that the secret of life and the truth of existence resistance, perseverance, and eventually entering independence area and approaching gods realm; he finds out about all these as the gradual perfection of his thoughts and philosophy takes place, and finally The Lone Tree gets to such an area. و او این مسائل را با تکامل تدریجی فکری و فلسفی در مییابد و فرجام کار تکدرخت رسیدن به چنین عرصهای است. Manuscript profile -
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66 - The funeral and mourning ceremony in eight epical works (shahnameh, Garshasb- name, Exkandarnameh, Zafarname, meha behart, odiseh, Ilyad, Vaneid).
Soheila Zoghi Ahmad ZakeriThe human is always accompanied by the black and heavy shade of the death, this mental disturbance of the human and put one's mind to this continuous terrible secret. The human is tested many ways to encounter. With the death or its escape of it, but he/ she come to not MoreThe human is always accompanied by the black and heavy shade of the death, this mental disturbance of the human and put one's mind to this continuous terrible secret. The human is tested many ways to encounter. With the death or its escape of it, but he/ she come to nothing and then he/ she accepted the death bitterness and shoumitted to it. Every the nation with acceptation of the death reality to think appreciate this part of live base on the religion and culture and its tradition with specific custion, to bonor. The dead and self prepares encounter the death. Probably, preparation display against of the death be command by will. In this article is tried deal with to mourning custom in several epical works. Manuscript profile -
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67 - The Image of Zarvan in theKooshnameh*
N. Motevaseli M. NadafiThis paper studies Zarvani religion in the epic textbook Kooshnameh written by Iranshah (Iranshan) bin Abal-kheir. Zarvan, the god of time, is of popular ancient Persian religions and its concepts and philosophy have been reflected vastly in the Persian literatures, in MoreThis paper studies Zarvani religion in the epic textbook Kooshnameh written by Iranshah (Iranshan) bin Abal-kheir. Zarvan, the god of time, is of popular ancient Persian religions and its concepts and philosophy have been reflected vastly in the Persian literatures, in particular epic texts. In this textby means of context analysis method, first we will briefly introduce Zarvanismand then we will investigatethe Zarvan corresponding concept based on several related verses from the Kooshnameh. We will show that Zarvan is represented widely in the Kooshnameh in two aspects of 'Time' and 'Sky'. 'Time' is appeared as restricted time and unlimited time such as day and night; destiny and fate; and dark face of inevitable death. 'Sky' is also denoted as stars of destiny, astrology, and deterministic fate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Image Two species look death in the Vahshi Bafghi fit with the statements of his death Biographer
Mohammad Reza Birang Jalil TajlilVahshi bafqhi, Bafghi proud and grown in the presence of the Safavid kings in power is realized. Death of the founder of the dynasty, namely Shah Ismail Safavi, with his birth in 930 AD. Reddit happened. Such research could certainly some ambiguity about why "Chndgzarh" MoreVahshi bafqhi, Bafghi proud and grown in the presence of the Safavid kings in power is realized. Death of the founder of the dynasty, namely Shah Ismail Safavi, with his birth in 930 AD. Reddit happened. Such research could certainly some ambiguity about why "Chndgzarh" Death of Wild overcome. In other words, why and how to look death in the wild, the dead hung in the balance and caused to be made a statement about the death of the Wild. It appears that the study of the "how" and "why", according to some of the poems have been neglected or wild relations. This paper is trying to clear the way, why and how the different reports Vhshybafqy death is at hand, check, reminding some points neglected. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Gist of teachings related to resurrection and metemsychosis in Masnavi-e- Molavi
Omidvar MalmoliThis article aims to study a gist of teachings related to resurrection and metemsychosis in Masnavi-e- Molavi. Masnavi-e- Molavi is an instructional poetry book and the Molavian believe that all human spirits exist in the eternal world and each of them descends to MoreThis article aims to study a gist of teachings related to resurrection and metemsychosis in Masnavi-e- Molavi. Masnavi-e- Molavi is an instructional poetry book and the Molavian believe that all human spirits exist in the eternal world and each of them descends to this inferior world whenever they wish , and possess their own bodies in order to take excellency and perfection then elevate again to the eternal world. Through this research I found an opportunity to review Masnavi and examine a fact that all philosophers and gnostics agreed on. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Though of death and decline in forugh poem
Maryam MahmoudiDeath is an undeniable truth which has obsessed man thronghout history. Poers have treated the idea of death in myriad delicate, imaginative ways. In Forugh farrokhzad’s poetry death and decline figure as central recurring motifs This cast of mind is related to dI MoreDeath is an undeniable truth which has obsessed man thronghout history. Poers have treated the idea of death in myriad delicate, imaginative ways. In Forugh farrokhzad’s poetry death and decline figure as central recurring motifs This cast of mind is related to dIfferent stages in the life and thought of this poet. For instance befor and after “ tavalodi digger” (Another birth) her view of death as something personel shifts to a social one her fear of death turns into acceptance and also paradoxically, resi sting it and struggling to remembered after death. Generally , as the poetry of a poet is a manifestation of has/ her life and character the idea of death in Farrokhzad’s poerry cannot be sepatared from these, hence its dynamicity. Manuscript profile -
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71 - Development of Thermal and Structural Deformation Model to Predict the Part Build Dimensional Error in Fused Deposition Modeling
K. Chockalingam M. Karthic N. Jawahar -
Open Access Article
72 - The Effect of Logotherapy Training on Mental Image Of God, Death Anxiety, And Religiousness Among Secondary School Students In Ahvaz City
Iran Amirloo Farah Naderi The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of logotherapy training on the mental image of God, death anxiety, and religiousness, among secondary school students in Ahvaz city during the 2015-16 academic year. The statistical sample included 40 More The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of logotherapy training on the mental image of God, death anxiety, and religiousness, among secondary school students in Ahvaz city during the 2015-16 academic year. The statistical sample included 40 students whom were selected via random sampling procedure from the mentioned population. This research was experiential with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The tools used in this research were: the Lawrence God Image Inventory (1991), The Collett- Lester Death Anxiety Scale (1969), And the Arian Religious Views Questionnaire (1998). After random selection of the members of theexperimental and the control groups, a pre-test was performed on the experimental group (20 people), and the control group (20 people). Then the experimental group was subjected to ten 75 minutes sessions of Logotherapy training. Afterward both groups were tested again. Data was analyzed using the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Results showed that Logotherapy training had an effect on the mental image of God, death anxiety, and religiousness, among students. And, this effect was stable after a month. Manuscript profile -
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73 - The Experience of Brain Death Patientsâ Families Regarding Communication and Familiarity with the Family and the Receptor of the Body Tissue
hidar ali abedi mahbubeh mohammadi dastja gholamhossin abdeyazdanThe aim of this study was to clarify the experience of brain death patients’ families regarding communication and familiarity with the family and the receptor of the body tissue by using a qualitative method. This study was done by applying a qualitative and phenomeno MoreThe aim of this study was to clarify the experience of brain death patients’ families regarding communication and familiarity with the family and the receptor of the body tissue by using a qualitative method. This study was done by applying a qualitative and phenomenological research approach. For this purpose, the unstructured and deep interviews were conducted with 5 families of cerebral death patients who donated the tissue and who were in communication with the receptors of the tissue so that the families stated their experiences about this phenomenon. The data resulted from this interviews were analyzed using Colaaizi method. The findings of this survey may be classified within four general concepts donation intent, the requirement of appreciation, feeling lonely and domination. The findings of this study could present a clear view of cerebral death patients families experiences who were in communication with the receptors. The experiences of these families showed that familiarity and communication with each other requires the involvement of psychologists and counseling professionals. Manuscript profile -
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74 - Predicting Death Anxiety on The Basis of Emotion Cognitive Regulation Strategies
Abdollah Ghasempour جمال سوره میرتوحید سیدتازه کندAbstract Emotion cognitive regulation strategies are psychological components that play an important role in anxiety disorders. The purpose of this research was to predict death anxiety on the basis of emotion cognitive regulation strategies in students. In this descri MoreAbstract Emotion cognitive regulation strategies are psychological components that play an important role in anxiety disorders. The purpose of this research was to predict death anxiety on the basis of emotion cognitive regulation strategies in students. In this descriptive correlational study, 130 (Male=66, Female=64) undergraduate students from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili were selected using multistage cluster sampling and filled the questionnaires of emotion cognitive regulation strategies and death anxiety. The data study from the sample was analyzed by the statistical methods of correlation and stepwise regression. Results revealed that between emotion cognitive regulation strategies and death anxiety signification correlated. Of between emotion cognitive regulation strategies positive refocus on planning, catastrophizing, reappraisal, acceptance and rumination were the best predictors of the death anxiety in students (Adj.R2=0/26). The findings indicated that emotion cognitive regulation strategies are important psychological components in prediction of death anxiety. Manuscript profile -
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75 - The Effectiveness of Spiritual and Existential Group Therapy on the Rates of Depression, Death anxiety and Afterlife Belief among Students: A Study Based on the Reports of People with Death Experience
Mohamad Bagher Kajbaf Alinaghi Ghasemiannejad Jahromi Seyed Habibolah Ahmadi ForushaniThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritual and existential group therapy on depression, death anxiety and belief in afterlife. The research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population cons MoreThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritual and existential group therapy on depression, death anxiety and belief in afterlife. The research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population consisted of all undergraduates in the University of Isfahan in 2014. Then, 16 students with high depression scores from the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al, 1961), high death anxiety scores from the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970) and low scores of afterlife belief from Islamic Belief about Fairly Afterlife (Golparvar et al, 2011) were selected via convenience sampling method. Then they were randomly assigned into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group participated in six sessions of group therapy while the control group did not receive any therapy. After post-test administration, the results of the covariance analysis showed a significant difference between post-test scores of the experimental and control groups on death anxiety (P<0.05). According to the results, it was concluded that combining existential and spiritual therapies along with descriptions of near-death experiences can have a significant impact on reducing death anxiety. Manuscript profile -
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76 - The effecitiveness of mindfulness based cognitive behavioral training on reduction anxiety of death in patients with epilepsy
Behnaz Chaghajerdi farzaneh NiknejadiThis study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness - based cognitive - behavioral training death anxiety among epileptic patients of association of epilepsy in Isfahan. the study was a quasi-experimental one with pre and post-test and control group. The statistic MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness - based cognitive - behavioral training death anxiety among epileptic patients of association of epilepsy in Isfahan. the study was a quasi-experimental one with pre and post-test and control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the epileptic patients of association of epilepsy in Isfahan. The sampling method was purposive and based on the purpose of the study, 30 epileptic patients who had the highest score on Death anxiety questionnaires were selected and assigned into the experimental and control groups 15 in each. mindfulness - based cognitive - behavioral training was carried out for the experimental group for eight sessions each 90 minutes and the control group. Received no instructions. The analysis of covariance was utilized to test the research hypotheses. The results indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive- behavioral training as the independent variable had a significant effect on the reduction of death anxiety (p < 0/001) Manuscript profile -
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77 - The effect of death anxiety pattern based on emotional empathy mediated by spirituality in middle-aged people
Fariba Badia Nia Simin BashardoustThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the pattern of death anxiety based on emotional empathy mediated by spirituality in middle-aged individuals. Statistical population was all male and female referring to health home in the age range of 45-65 years. The sample si MoreThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the pattern of death anxiety based on emotional empathy mediated by spirituality in middle-aged individuals. Statistical population was all male and female referring to health home in the age range of 45-65 years. The sample size was Klein method and 464 individuals were selected by multistage random sampling. And completed the Templar Death Anxiety Questionnaire (1970), Batson's Emotional Empathy Questionnaire (1983), and Spirituality (2009). Direct and indirect effects of variables were obtained by using path analysis using AMOS program. There was also a negative correlation between spirituality and death anxiety, at the 0.01 level (β = -0.482, p <0.01). The indirect path coefficient was also significant between emotional empathy and negative death anxiety at the level of 0.01 (β = -0.263, p <0.01). And 29% of the variance of death anxiety was explained by the variables in the model and it was concluded that spirituality affects emotional empathy and death anxiety and mediates negatively and significantly. Therefore, the anxiety of death must be viewed as an interactive and all-encompassing consideration. Manuscript profile -
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78 - Reflection Of Deliberate Death in ManteghulTair
Seyed Yahya Yasrebi Elaheh ShayestehrokhFrom mystical followers’ point of view death is the beginning of a never ending life. This is true not only for forceful and emerging death but also for deliberate and optional one. If in unpredictable death one’s soul is forced to leave the body and meet the Almighty, MoreFrom mystical followers’ point of view death is the beginning of a never ending life. This is true not only for forceful and emerging death but also for deliberate and optional one. If in unpredictable death one’s soul is forced to leave the body and meet the Almighty, in deliberate death, before one’s destined death arrives it is done through the mystic’s own wish and will power. Attar Neyshaboori has explained in his book called ManteghulTair the hard journey of the mystic on the main path toward God and has admitted that only those whose entities are refined and polished from the spiritual contaminants and moral impurities and reflect truth will be allowed to be present before God while at the same time they find out that they have become a part of absolute truth and are not detached from any more, and on this way the assistance and contribution of the Almighty as well as following the leader who knows the way will make the endeavor and strife of those seeking God fruitful Manuscript profile -
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79 - Relationship between Mystical Sleep and Death in Masnavi
Ali Asghar Halabi Shamsi AliyariSleep, dream, and death are mysterious and wonderful phenomena of human being that constantly have kept the mind preoccupied. Scholars, mystics, psychologists, etc. all have tried to illuminate the unknown worlds from their own perspectives and make a part of it clarifi MoreSleep, dream, and death are mysterious and wonderful phenomena of human being that constantly have kept the mind preoccupied. Scholars, mystics, psychologists, etc. all have tried to illuminate the unknown worlds from their own perspectives and make a part of it clarified and explain it. In religious mentality, both sleep and death are in charge of transferring soul into the heaven thus they look very much alike. The difference is that in death soul is transferred permanently while in sleep that is temporary. Inspired by the Koranic and tradition, Mowlavihas dealt with other kinds of these phenomena mystically in addition to those of sleep and natural death. This paper tries to study sleep and death from mysticism point of view and their relationship are discussed and explained by Mowlana. Manuscript profile -
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80 - Mowlana’s Mystical and Religious Views on the Existence and Reason Of Death in MasnaviManavi
Kazem Dezfoolian Hossein YaseriOne of the things addressed in MasnaviManavi is the amazing, critical, and exciting topic of death. Contributed by Islamic and mystical education, Mowlanahas explained and discussed that and has done his share on time related issue dedicated to those who make a time tri MoreOne of the things addressed in MasnaviManavi is the amazing, critical, and exciting topic of death. Contributed by Islamic and mystical education, Mowlanahas explained and discussed that and has done his share on time related issue dedicated to those who make a time trip. The necessity to that is the fact that the existence, reason, and philosophy of death should be scrutinized mystically and religiously as one of the important passage of the life of human being and it should be clarified for mystics that not only death is not destruction but also it is a birth which is not sorrowful but removing the veil between the lover and the beloved. In other words, death is like linking the lover to the beloved. Death is a test and a benchmark for lovers of God. Mowlana has explained the unknown and obnoxious death in a pleasant way and has emphasized that there is nothing in creation which is made without philosophy. Manuscript profile -
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81 - Semantic Analysis of Death and Martyrdom Concepts in Rumi's Epistemology
Abdulhossein Latifi Seyyed Nader Mohammadzadeh Seyyed Mojtaba ZamiriDeath has always been the most complicated concern for the human being. The great mystics such as Molana Jalal al-din propounded death not only as a beginning of a new life but also in a lovely point of view, proposed it as a bridge for attainment to the attachment of m MoreDeath has always been the most complicated concern for the human being. The great mystics such as Molana Jalal al-din propounded death not only as a beginning of a new life but also in a lovely point of view, proposed it as a bridge for attainment to the attachment of man to the immortal Beloved, i.e. God. Therefore, this article scrutinizes these topics: the concept of death according to Molana’s thought; spiritual concepts of death according to Molana such as perfection and vision, sleep and its similarity with death, nothingness and mortality, willingly death, and martyrdom. This essay seeks firstly to reassert the concept of death which is an important concern according to Molana’s teachings; and secondly, it scrutinizes the concept of martyrdom that is a very significant matter in Islam in accordance with Molana’s mystical views especially concerning the archetype of Imam Hosein (peace be upon him). At the conclusion it can be said that according to Molana, martyrdom is the best kind of death, because it deals with perfection, willingly death, mortality and attachment to God. This article has been written according to descriptive-analytic method using library. Manuscript profile -
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82 - A Comparative Study of Approaches Toward Islamic Beliefs in Resurrection and its Reflection on Rumi's Masnavi and Shabestary'sGolshan-e-Raaz
Parvin GolizadehThe proximity of mysticism with Islam, and the extensive relationship of mystical education with Sharia issues and special principles of Islam, and the effectiveness of poets, writers, and especially Islamic mystics and doctrines throughout the history of Persian poetry MoreThe proximity of mysticism with Islam, and the extensive relationship of mystical education with Sharia issues and special principles of Islam, and the effectiveness of poets, writers, and especially Islamic mystics and doctrines throughout the history of Persian poetry and literature, have always led to the creation of comprehensive works of art in the field of Iranian Islamic mysticism. Special capability of mystics and great scholars of philosophy and Islamic philosophy has caused the combination of these two fields, namely mysticism and Islamic education, and has added to their general coverage, too. In this regard, Rumi and Shabestary, regardless of their common grounds of beliefs in ideology and personal style, had been able to project their doctrines totally in their remaining works of art, out of which believing in physical and spiritual resurrection is a common issue in their worldview. Although the attention toward tenets and attitudes in Masnavi-e-Ma'navi by Rumi is more, due to a large amount of points available, and lesser in Golshan-e-Raaz, on account of restricted points available, than other similar issues, it can designate fresh and unique researches per se so that the writers endeavor to investigate the matter of resurrection comparatively in the minds of Rumi and Shabestary base on evidences of Islamic tenets and trainings, so that some of the dogmas and beliefs of some mystic poets of this kind could be revealed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Death-Thought in Mystical Prose of Sixth to Tenth Centuries
Sara Shahsavar Farhad Edrisi Hossein ArianDeath is an unanswered question in human life that has occupied his mind for a long time. In the literature of different countries, each of the thinkers has given an appropriate and not a definite answer to this question. Mystical texts have also studied the issue of de MoreDeath is an unanswered question in human life that has occupied his mind for a long time. In the literature of different countries, each of the thinkers has given an appropriate and not a definite answer to this question. Mystical texts have also studied the issue of death in a way, considering that they rely on Quranic and religious lessons. In the present article, which is presented in a descriptive analytical way, the most important prose of mystical literature from the sixth to the tenth century are considered to examine the prose writers' views on death. What can be deduced from the study of the texts in question is that in mystical texts the issue of death, which is often depicted as a metaphor of the bird (release of the soul from the body), is one of the concerns of prose writers. In terms of frequency, the most attention to this issue can be seen in Suhrawardi's works. In Suhrawardi's works, this issue has been expressed in the form of various symbols and metaphors, and sometimes interpreting their details requires more intellectual effort. In other works, the discussion in this field is explicit and simple. In Rumi's works, the tradition of mystical thinking about death before him is manifested in another way. Sufism divides death mainly into physical (emergency) and voluntary (death before death), and this view has become a tradition in the field of death- thought in mystical prose works Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Mystical Themes and Concepts in Poems by Alireza Ghazveh and Ahmad Azizi
Nahid Hemmati reza fahimi Mohammad Taghi GhandiMystical literature is part of the literary heritage created by mystic poets under the influence of Sufism.Mystical themes have been deeply connected with the literature of stability since ancient times, and after the holy defense, its connection has become deeper.Mysti MoreMystical literature is part of the literary heritage created by mystic poets under the influence of Sufism.Mystical themes have been deeply connected with the literature of stability since ancient times, and after the holy defense, its connection has become deeper.Mystical themes not only have a special place in the poems of the prominent mystical poet of the past, but also in the poetry of contemporary poets of stability, especially Azizi and Qazveh.Sustainable literature that is tied to the historical event of Ashura And warriors, by setting an example of Imam Hussein (AS) in protecting the honor and zeal of the homeland and resisting oppression; He chose martyrdom, which is a red and mystical death and the attainment of excellence and perfectionAnd Qazveh and Azizi in the era of holy defense with the benefit of mystical themes; The literature of sustainability is adorned with mystical themesAnd with poems in order not to care about carnal and worldly belongings, they decorated themes such as love, unity of existence, annihilation and survival, manifestation, astonishment and mystical mysteries such as butler, may, makdeh, ruin, contemporary literature.In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, while presenting the evidence of the example of the poets in question, the analysis of mystical concepts based on their poems is mentioned.And then in conclusion, two poets have benefited from mystical concepts, especially the voluntary death of martyrs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Analysis of Bounasr-e Moshkan's Death
seysd ali mohammad sajjady mehdi ma'hoozy mojir madadyBounasr-e Moshkan's death is an important event that raises manyquestions for a curious reader. Bounasr is the head of Divan-e Resaalat inthe Masoud's Court.The reader can't find any direct and clear reason for Bounasr's deathin the historical sources. Some say, Sultan MoreBounasr-e Moshkan's death is an important event that raises manyquestions for a curious reader. Bounasr is the head of Divan-e Resaalat inthe Masoud's Court.The reader can't find any direct and clear reason for Bounasr's deathin the historical sources. Some say, Sultan Masoud plotted against him.Bihaghi, himself doesn't talk about it.The main question in this article is whether Bounasr's death related toSoltan Masoud's intrigue or another factors have led to his death?The writer of this article has tried to ponder the Bounasr's death andfind the reason for it. The results show that his death is a social anddiscourse one. Of course, this paper is a beginning research that needs tobe continued by other scholars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The Effectiveness of Group Logo-Therapy on the Sense of Loneliness and Death Anxiety in Elderly Women
Vahid Mostafapour abdollah motamedi Hossein FarrokhiThe current research was conducted with the goal of examining the effectiveness of group logo-therapy on the sense of loneliness and death anxiety of elderly women in Birjand. The statistical population included all elderly women in birjand city in 2017. 30 of them were MoreThe current research was conducted with the goal of examining the effectiveness of group logo-therapy on the sense of loneliness and death anxiety of elderly women in Birjand. The statistical population included all elderly women in birjand city in 2017. 30 of them were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and control, 15 individuals each. The research method was a quasi-experimental and pre-test and post-test design with control group was used. To collect data the UCLA loneliness Scale and Collett-Lester (1969) Death Anxiety Scale were utilized. The elderly of the experimental group received Anderson (2007), Blair (2004) and Hutzel (2002) for 8 sessions of 90-minutes intervention. The gathered data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance MANCOVA. The result showed the effectiveness of logo-therapy on the sense of loneliness and death anxiety and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - The Comparison Of Death Anxiety, Optimism And Sense Of Humor Among Female Nurses
Farah Naderi سعید Bakhtiar poor مینا ShokouhiIn the current established study the comparison of optimism, sense of humor and death anxiety among nurses in different wards of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital was proceeded. Statistical universe included all the female nurses of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital (240 nurses) being in d MoreIn the current established study the comparison of optimism, sense of humor and death anxiety among nurses in different wards of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital was proceeded. Statistical universe included all the female nurses of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital (240 nurses) being in duty for the year 1389 in seven different wards: The General Emergency, Intensive Care Unit, Nephrology(kidney Diseases), Surgery, Psychiatry, Internal Operating Room and pediatrics(Children) wards. The sample encompassed 200 female nurses whom were selected randomly via simple sampling procedure. Collelt-Lester Fear of Death Scale (Cl-FODS), Attribution Styles Questionnaire (ASQ) and the Sense of Humor Scale (Martin and Lefcourt) were responded by the subjects as data source. The research was designed as ex-post facto. Data analysis through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Sheffe post hoc test were implemented. The findings revealed that nurses in hospital various wards differed significantly in terms of death anxiety but no any significant difference was observed with respect to other variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The Relations between Spiritual Intelligence, Social Intelligence and Death Anxiety in Ahwaz WomanSeniles
Farah Naderi Kh. RoushaniThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence, social intelligence and death anxiety among woman seniles in Ahwaz .The sample included 100 subjects who were selected based on multiphase sampling. For the measurement of t MoreThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence, social intelligence and death anxiety among woman seniles in Ahwaz .The sample included 100 subjects who were selected based on multiphase sampling. For the measurement of the variables, Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS), Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), Collet Lester Fear Of Death Scale (Cl-FODS) were used. Statistical methods included Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results indicated that there was a significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and death anxiety, but there was no significant correlation between social intelligence and death anxiety .The results of regression analysis also showed that the spiritual intelligence was the only predicting variable for death anxiety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Compairson death anxiety, satisfaction with life, worry and hope in handicapped agedes some bodies dwelling in Aged House and some bodies dwelling in families
فرح نادری سحر صفرزادهThe research objective was the compairson death anxiety, satisfaction with life, worry and hope in handicapped agedes some bodies dwelling in Aged house and some bodies dwelling in ahwaz city families. The sample consisted of 140 subjects (35 woman and 35 men that dwell MoreThe research objective was the compairson death anxiety, satisfaction with life, worry and hope in handicapped agedes some bodies dwelling in Aged house and some bodies dwelling in ahwaz city families. The sample consisted of 140 subjects (35 woman and 35 men that dwelling in Aged House, 35 woman and 35 men that dwelling in families) , which were selected by random sampling method. For data collecting four questionnaire were used: Death anxiety scale(DAS), Satisfaction with life scale(SWLS), Worry scale and Milers hope scale. The research was of causal-comparative king and data analysis by multi-parameter variance method(MANOVA) in significant on P value less then 0/001 ( P<0/001 ) showed significant difference between handicapped agedes some bodies dwelling in Aged House and some bodies dwelling in families on death anxiety, satisfaction with life, hope and The research objective was the compairson death anxiety, satisfaction with life, worry and hope in handicapped agedes some bodies dwelling in Aged house and some bodies dwelling in ahwaz city families. The sample consisted of 140 subjects (35 woman and 35 men that dwelling in Aged House, 35 woman and 35 men that dwelling in families) , which were selected by random sampling method. For data collecting four questionnaire were used: Death anxiety scale(DAS), Satisfaction with life scale(SWLS), Worry scale and Milers hope scale. The research was of causal-comparative king and data analysis by multi-parameter variance method(MANOVA) in significant on P value less then 0/001 ( P<0/001 ) showed significant difference between handicapped agedes some bodies dwelling in Aged House and some bodies dwelling in families on death anxiety, satisfaction with life, hope and worry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - A comparative study of the concept of "death" and its manifestations in Islamic mysticism and the existentialism (Based on the mosibat- nameh of Attar and the novel of Nausea Sartre)
farshad valizadeh Ali Dehghan Hamid Reza FarzaiIslamic mysticism as the religious representation of the inner knowledge of the material life, the phenomenon of death, and ultimately its worldly life. Existentialism and the school of existence, or the existentialism, also emphasize the realization of existing human p MoreIslamic mysticism as the religious representation of the inner knowledge of the material life, the phenomenon of death, and ultimately its worldly life. Existentialism and the school of existence, or the existentialism, also emphasize the realization of existing human possibilities in this world with these two characteristics, which presuppose existence on the primordial nature of the world, and that the subject of thought is considered by human beings, and not mere philosophical subjects. Death is also criticized as an existential possibility.This study examines the concept of death and its manifestations in the two worldviews based on the “Mosibat nameh” and the novel “Nausea”, and has come up with findings that, despite the fundamental differences, Both schools of thought have conceived the material world as a limited passage and lacking an existential value that death, like the beginning of eternal life or existential potential, can help human beings to create a supreme concept for the life of this universal world. From Attar's point of view, death is the beginning of an eternal connection and the joining of the path of Allah to Allah, and from Sartre's point of view, death is a possible existential condition that can be used to enhance the meaning of it by exacerbating the sense of life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - An Analytical Study of the Impact of Immortality on Fear of Death
faezeh mostafaeidehnavi Esmaeil Azar Jalil TajlilIn this paper, we first gather the contents of the library through the views of Islamic and non-Islamic philosophers and scholars on death. Then, by analyzing the content and comparing these theories with the Qur'an and the traditions, it is revealed that the fear of de MoreIn this paper, we first gather the contents of the library through the views of Islamic and non-Islamic philosophers and scholars on death. Then, by analyzing the content and comparing these theories with the Qur'an and the traditions, it is revealed that the fear of death causes human tendency to immortality. Therefore, people's responses to death vary depending on whether or not they believe in life after death. The greater the awareness of death, the less fear of death. This desire reflects the eternal reality of man and shows that there is an eternal and immortal life in the creation world. The scriptures, and above all the Quran, the traditions of the Ascension, the works of philosophers and mystics, poets and writers, each expressing this immortality in Islamic and non-Islamic texts. Death is an existential affair and transfer from one world to another. The disappearance of the fear of death does not mean that this fear will never exist. This fear, if temperate, guarantees one's health and avoids the dangers they face on a daily basis. According to philosophers and scientists, reforming attitudes toward death and reducing worldly attachments greatly reduces the fear of death. The acceptance of immortality and the posthumous worlds by Western and Islamic scholars and the inspiration for the Qur'an has largely solved the fear of death problem, helping to refine human attitudes about death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Ontology of Ahmed Shamlou's poetry with emphasis on three concepts: "man", "life" and "death".
hiva naderi mohammad ali khaledyan Hassan Ali Abbaspour EsfadanEncountering a literary work requires multiple acts of awareness. Literary works, especially poetry, usually have a complex and multi-layered structure, and this causes different levels of perception to interact with each other to understand a literary text. One of thes MoreEncountering a literary work requires multiple acts of awareness. Literary works, especially poetry, usually have a complex and multi-layered structure, and this causes different levels of perception to interact with each other to understand a literary text. One of these aspects is the examination of prominent concepts in literary works. In this study, the concepts of "man", "life" and "death" in Shamlou's poetry have been investigated from the perspective of "ontology". Based on the findings of the present study, it can be claimed that "man" is the foundation of Shamlu's poetry and other poetic concepts in his poems revolve around the concept of "man". Shamlou considers himself responsible to "man" and cannot ignore his suffering.Also, based on the present findings, "life" in Shamlu's poem is full of hope. He believes that "life" flows everywhere and in all circumstances, the hope and happiness of "man" should be preserved. In this research, "death" has been examined as the last concept. According to the findings of the research, "death" in Shamlu's poem does not only mean the end of material life, but also despair and succumbing to oppression and many other cases can be examples of death. Finally, it is concluded that "man" in Shamlou's poetry plays a central role and since "life" is much more important and enjoyable than "death" in his eyes, he believes that one should strive to achieve an honorable and ideal "life". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - A comparative study of the climatology approach in the novels "Aziz Biyar's Death" and "Ahl Ghareq" by Moniro Roufanipour
roghayee sadraeeThe range of comparative literature that analyzes the literary structure between different nations and analyzes the literary interactions of one country with another country and points out similar points of view and their differences. which brings to the field of writin MoreThe range of comparative literature that analyzes the literary structure between different nations and analyzes the literary interactions of one country with another country and points out similar points of view and their differences. which brings to the field of writing, will give similar reactions to self-renewal. This research deals with the formation and comparative similarity of climate and its structure in the two novels of Ahl Ghareq by Muniro Raufanipour and Merg Aziz Biar by Latifa Tekin, with analytical-descriptive method, and the attitude of rural culture in these two novels has been analyzed and investigated. The research showed that this period has differences in the elements of story, weather and architecture, but the similarity of these two works is also assumed. In both novels, the death of the story takes place in a village whose people live traditionally and far from modern society, and has an extraordinary atmosphere with magic and fairies, and at the end of both novels, the protagonist dies Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Manifestation of the Resurrection in Nezami’s Panj Gange
Eshaq Toghiani Asfrayeni Zaynab RezapoorResurrection, alongside with monotheism and good deeds, shape Nezami’s basic thought. In the history of Persian poetry, each poet sees the world in a different way and, according to his ideology and word view, justifies it in his poetry. But Nezami’s attitud MoreResurrection, alongside with monotheism and good deeds, shape Nezami’s basic thought. In the history of Persian poetry, each poet sees the world in a different way and, according to his ideology and word view, justifies it in his poetry. But Nezami’s attitude and views about this world and the afterlife seems more comprehensive and complete. Quitting the mundane world and trying to achieve prosperity in the world to come is the essence and the soul of Nezami’s poetry. Whenever Nezami speaks of the present world, the hereafter and the Day of Judgment is mentioned immediately after. Man’s return to the origin of creation and his physical resurrection are constant subjects of Nezami’s poetry. In fact, he not only sees the reality of the mundane world and speaks about its good and bad aspects, but he also looks forward to a superior world. This article is meant to analyze the concept of the Resurrection in Nezami’s works, especially in Makhzan-al Asrar which derives from Quranic verses and Hadiths. The relationship of the Resurrection with such topics as religion, the world, justice, and forgiveness will be clarified therewith. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - A Fresh look at “Archetypes” in the Epic Tale of Gilgamesh from Yung´s Point of view
Fatemeh KhodakaramiThe Myth of Gilgamesh as a universal epic and an existential literary work is the story of the human mind, his endeavors and sufferings and consequently his submission to life after death. The main theme of this mythological tale is the two contrasting concepts of deat MoreThe Myth of Gilgamesh as a universal epic and an existential literary work is the story of the human mind, his endeavors and sufferings and consequently his submission to life after death. The main theme of this mythological tale is the two contrasting concepts of death and immortality, and the exemplary endeavors of the epic´s hero for discovering the plant of life and immortality. In this oldest epic tale two natural incidents of “The Storm”, (The Noah´s storm), and “Seven Years of Hunger”, (The story of Joseph) are mentioned which have been indicated by Quran and Old Testament. In the present paper efforts have been made to view the concept of death and the secret of immortality of soul with a mythological approach and from the point view of Carl Custav Yung, the Swiss Psychologist´s way of analyzing mythological forms of “Dream”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - The tenets of thanatopsis in the poems of Saadi
Zahra SoleymaniDeath and the end of temporad Life is one of the issues that has, from days of yore, always occupied the mind of the humankind. Since writers and poets possess a more sensitive psyche compared with others, they have paid more attention to this topic. In fact, the MoreDeath and the end of temporad Life is one of the issues that has, from days of yore, always occupied the mind of the humankind. Since writers and poets possess a more sensitive psyche compared with others, they have paid more attention to this topic. In fact, the perennial concerns of their mindsand hearts. The issue of death might be brought up sometimes as a horrifying topic or sometimes as a wide range of viwepoints and thoughts. This can lead to the generation of ecstasy, redemption, a transcendental life, permanent friendships and a living inundated with faith. All of these can, as a consequence, turn the bitterness of death and its sorrow into bliss and insight. As one of the most sublime figures of persian poetry and prose, Saadi Shirazi possesses an exalted stature in fran and the world in terms of life experience and familiarity with Islamic and human morality in addition to literay, sicial, political and religious know how. In this articl, an attempt is made to outline the importance of the topic of death and its dimensions from the perspective of Saadi Shirazi, the preeminent figure of persian literature: the poet who made even death a bridge to the moral and didactic tenets of his locution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Philosophical Nostalgia in Attar Neishaboori's poetry
Akbar Shaabani Mehdi Setoodian Moslem RajabiFereidoddin Attar Neishaboori is a mystic and famous poet whose glorious position and magnificence in Gnosticism and poetry are appreciated by everyone. His poetry and works enjoy appropriate research capabilities in Persian literature due to the frequency and the exte MoreFereidoddin Attar Neishaboori is a mystic and famous poet whose glorious position and magnificence in Gnosticism and poetry are appreciated by everyone. His poetry and works enjoy appropriate research capabilities in Persian literature due to the frequency and the extent of contents. His poetry can be investigated on a variety of perspectives. Nostalgic look to his poetry is an example. In fact, Nostalgia means sentimentality for the past or irrecoverable condition. When a poet discusses such issues as death, human's mortality and its subsequent grief and expresses his hatred of the Existence, the theme used in his/her poetry is Philosophical Nostalgia. This kind of attitude is manifested in the poetry of some poets and scholars such as the Sage of the Secrets, Attar Neishabouri. This study has been conducted employing a descriptive- analytical methodology aiming at investigating Attar's poetry in the area of Philosophical Nostalgia so that, finally, his look to the philosophy of death and human's mortality and his pessimistic look to the world will be further clarified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - The Study ot Death-Thinking in the Thought of Khayyâm and Mowlavi
Hossein Sedghi farhad mohammadiThe two great thinkers of Persian literature, Khayyâm and Mowlavi, are representative of two different attitudes about the death. Khayyâm is a philosophic poet, for whom, being in doubt is the basis of his meditations. His doubt about the metaphysical matter MoreThe two great thinkers of Persian literature, Khayyâm and Mowlavi, are representative of two different attitudes about the death. Khayyâm is a philosophic poet, for whom, being in doubt is the basis of his meditations. His doubt about the metaphysical matters influences his thoughts on the death. Mowlavi’s mystical thoughts about the death, by contrast, have caused him to see life in everything, thereby; death and annihilation lose their meaning. In this paper, first we study the subject of death in the thought of Mowlavi, leaning on his Maθnavi and Divâne shams, because the important views of Mowlavi about the death have been appeared in these works. Then the fundamental concepts about the death in the thought of Khayyâm have been considered. The outstanding results of this research are these: With due attention to this point that Mowlavi considers the death as a necessary to development of human’s existence, the concept of death in his thought has been changed to life. In his worldview because the man is eternal, death is only a transition to eternal life. But in the thought of Khayyâm the concept of death is ambiguous and unknown, because he believes in this principal that “Human can not obtain the knowledge about the secrets of existence”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Developing a Model of Psychological Well-Being in Elderly Based On Life Expectancy through Mediation of Death Anxiety
Nasrin Bakhshi Sara Pashang Nematullah Jaafari Shohreh Ghorban ShiroudiPurpose: The aim of this study was to predict the psychological well-being of the elderly based on self-perception and death anxiety. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all the elderly MorePurpose: The aim of this study was to predict the psychological well-being of the elderly based on self-perception and death anxiety. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all the elderly hospitalized and the elderly at home in Tehran in 1398. The sample size was 400 elderly people who were selected by cluster sampling method. Thus, from among the nursing homes and nursing homes, first 5 nursing homes and 5 neighborhood homes from districts 2, 3 and 5 of Tehran were randomly selected and then 40 elderly people were randomly selected from each center and questionnaire and questionnaires were administered to them. The research instruments included Reef Psychological Welfare Questionnaire (1989), Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970) and Triple Self-Scale (1991). Research data were analyzed by regression method. SPSS and AMOS software version 20 were used to analyze the research data. Findings: The results of the conceptual model test showed that self-physical and self-spiritual factors have a significant positive relationship with psychological well-being and the positiveness of these coefficients in fact indicates that with the increase of these factors, the rate of psychological well-being increases. Death anxiety also has a significant negative relationship with psychological well-being. Was confirmed (p <0.05, β = -0.39) Conclusion: The findings showed the significance of the regression model. Accordingly, in nursing homes, in order to increase the level of psychological well-being and promote the health of the elderly, it is necessary to pay attention to their perceptual backgrounds and death anxiety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy with emotion regulation therapy on death anxiety and coping styles of people with a history of self-harm
Kimia Poushirazi Nazanin Ilghami azar Arezo Shahhoseini Elham KeshavarziPurpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with emotion regulation therapy on death anxiety and coping styles of people with a history of self-harm. Methods: The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-pos MorePurpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with emotion regulation therapy on death anxiety and coping styles of people with a history of self-harm. Methods: The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all people with a history of self-injury in Qom city in 1401 who referred to Andisheh Sabz treatment center. 60 patients were selected by available sampling method and assigned to three equal groups of 20 people by randomization (lottery). The instrument of data collection was Cult Lester's death anxiety questionnaire, the questionnaire of coping styles with stressful situations. For data analysis, SPSS version 25 software was used with descriptive statistics methods, statistical assumptions and analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Benferroni test. Results: The results showed that death anxiety and its dimensions improved significantly in the experimental groups compared to the control group, and this improvement remained stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Also, the results showed that the coping styles in the experimental groups have significant differences compared to the control group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - corona anxiety, death anxiety and health anxiety before and after corona vaccine injection in elderly men.
maedeh bazargani Afsaneh Sobhi maryam rahmati mahdi balibegloo zahra motaharyAbstract Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the difference between corona anxiety, death anxiety and health anxiety before and after corona vaccine injection in elderly men living in Zanjan Elderly Center. Metthodology: The method o MoreAbstract Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the difference between corona anxiety, death anxiety and health anxiety before and after corona vaccine injection in elderly men living in Zanjan Elderly Center. Metthodology: The method of the present research is an experimental one and it is pre-test-post-test, single group without control group with three time measurements. The statistical population includes all the elderly men of the Zanjan Center for the Elderly, and 30 of these people who had mild cognitive impairment in the mental status examination were selected purposefully and they responded to three questionnaires, namely the Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (Alipour, Gadami, Alipour and Abdulzadeh, 2018), Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (1970) and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (Salkoskis and Warwick, 2022). For data analysis, repeated measurement test was used using SPSS version 25 software. Findings:The results of the findings indicate that the injection of the corona vaccine has reduced the anxiety caused by the corona disease and the health anxiety of the elderly and increased the anxiety of death in the elderly. Conclusion:Therefore, according to the results of the research, which showed that death anxiety in the elderly is not significant after vaccination, it is necessary to organize workshops for the elderly in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Investigation of Simple and Multiple Relations between Death Anxiety, Symbolic Immortality and Gratitude
Zeynab Lashani Zohreh Lashani Mohammad Reza Shaeiri Saeedeh PanahiDeath anxiety is a main emotion in the Terror Management Theory. According to the TMT, death anxiety is cause of the symbolic immortality and symbolic immortality has a connection to gratitude in some ideas and action issues, the aim of this study was an investigation o MoreDeath anxiety is a main emotion in the Terror Management Theory. According to the TMT, death anxiety is cause of the symbolic immortality and symbolic immortality has a connection to gratitude in some ideas and action issues, the aim of this study was an investigation of relation between death anxiety, symbolic immortality and gratitude. Method: This study was a Correlation and regression study in student universities. The clustered sample of this study was 135 girls of Student Payam-e-noor and Azad Universities that completed Gratitude Questionnaire-6 items (GQ-6), sense of Symbolic Immortality Scale (SSIS) and Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). The results evaluated by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. Results: The results show that there is a positive significant correlation between gratitude and symbolic immortality, biosocial, creative, spiritual, transcendence and natural symbolic immortality. There was negative and significant correlation between death anxiety and symbolic immortality, and symbolic immortality was a predictor of death anxiety. Conclusion: In this study, symbolic immortality had a significant correlation with gratitude, and symbolic immortality was predictor of death anxiety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Strategies to Deal with the Ego by Emphasizing the Two Concepts of Voluntary Death and Annihilation (Comparative Examination of Rumi and Attar's views)
Hakimeh Kahsari Masoud Mahdian Malihe MahdaviThe concept of self and its struggle with reason and spirit is one of the most important topics of mysticism and reaching the truth. The important issue is that the ego has indicators and functions that challenge the achievement of the truth and make a person regress. F MoreThe concept of self and its struggle with reason and spirit is one of the most important topics of mysticism and reaching the truth. The important issue is that the ego has indicators and functions that challenge the achievement of the truth and make a person regress. For this reason, mystics in their works, while explaining the threats and malfunctions of the ego, provide practical solutions for success in the conflict between reason and ego and have reached their true lover. This article tries to investigate the dysfunctions of the ego from the perspective of Molavi and Attar and the solutions of the article using the comparative method. The main question of this article is: "How did Rumi and Attar explain the bad functions of the Ego and what strategies were proposed to combat it?" The authors' hypothesis emphasizes the fact that Rumi and Attar draw the soul to predatory animals, inviting man to austerity and grooming the soul. The findings showed that the key concept of Rumi to fight against the ego and achieve the truth is "optional death" which three stages are necessary for its occurrence. The same concept is "Annihilation" in Attar's poems, in which the seeker must go through four stages to realize it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Invulnerability in World Literature
Iraj KalantariHuman being as a creature, who is alive and is thoughtful about death, endeavors to find a solution to get away when death threatens his life. This wish and the fear from death created on aim to desire to be immortal and motivated man to compose legends of invulnerable MoreHuman being as a creature, who is alive and is thoughtful about death, endeavors to find a solution to get away when death threatens his life. This wish and the fear from death created on aim to desire to be immortal and motivated man to compose legends of invulnerable hero’s with eternal life to satisfy his thirst for an eternal life under the ever-lasting names of these heroes. One way to achieve this goal in a comparative approach of the concept, has been studies. Invulnerability has been categorized, compared and summed up in these mythological stories: Gilgamesh – the most ancient world epic – Alexander and his seeking for elixir of life; Achilles in Greek literature; Balder one of the famous Scandinavian mythologies; Siegfried – the well known German Invulnerable and Esfandiar the Iranian clerical heroic prince. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Analysis of Beliefs and Taboos in Popular Culture of Southern Kerman People (Birth and Death Case Study)
Yusuf faryabi Masoumeh Barsam -
Open Access Article
106 - Investigating the educational and psycho-physical effects of death in Rumi’s Masnavi
gholamreza SmdyanyRumi uses the word death and its synonyms in Masnavi on numerous occasions. The present study is a descriptive study in which the words indicating death are studied. Interpretations written by such scholars as Forozanfar, Shahidi, Estelami, and Jafari are used as refere MoreRumi uses the word death and its synonyms in Masnavi on numerous occasions. The present study is a descriptive study in which the words indicating death are studied. Interpretations written by such scholars as Forozanfar, Shahidi, Estelami, and Jafari are used as references. The results shows that death is dealt with under five categories: a. the how and reality of death; b. the similarity of death and sleep; c. indefinite ways of death; d. inevitability of death; e. after death situation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Analyzing the Issue of Removal of Brain Dead's Organs, from the Viewpoint of Jurisprudence and Law
Alireza Zare Hosein KhanifarAlireza Zare[1] Hosein Khanifar [2] Abstract: One of the most important medical issues that are reviewed and judged from the aspect of legal and jurisprudence is the issue of brain death. This category has a number of different issues. Including whether the perso MoreAlireza Zare[1] Hosein Khanifar [2] Abstract: One of the most important medical issues that are reviewed and judged from the aspect of legal and jurisprudence is the issue of brain death. This category has a number of different issues. Including whether the person with brain death is actually dead? How is the situation in the perception of this person's organ? Is it just to remove equipment from the patient, or is it just the harvesting of the organs of the stuff that causes the definitive death of the person? From the point of view of jurisprudence and law, this issue seems permissible in some cases, and in some cases is prohibited. Since non-dead brain’s organs are of no use to the individual and the harvest of these organs does not harm him, but can save another person's life with the same organs, so in terms of religion and wisdom, this perception and connection to the comment is allowed. However, under the current circumstances, the judicial decree (fatwa) dispute and the lack of clarification of the various aspects of the subject matter have not yet been enacted, and if this legal vacuum persists, it will have severe consequences that will generally be irreparable. If a comprehensive law is passed to prevent this, save the lives of those in need and save on the costs of keeping two sick people (those with brain death and those in need), in cases of abuse of law and silence. Complaints are prevented because of a lack of law. [1] - M.Sc. Student, Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran [2]- Full Professor and Member of Official Faculty of Tehran University, Qom: Farabi Campus, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Qom, Iran: Corresponding Author Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Production Planning and Control Strategies Used as A Gear Train for The Death and Birth of Manufacturing Industries
Alie Wube Dametew Danile Ketaw Ebinger Frank -
Open Access Article
109 - Assortive Relationship Between locus of Control and Thoughts of Life and Death in the Students of the Sistan and Balouchestan University.
Sadegh Slajaghe Mahvash RaghibiThe studies related to suicide , investigate three important phenomena which include suicide thoughts , suicide action , and suicide .pick in 1991 discussed that suicide thoughts is a two factor concept , which is specified with absence of life thoughts and presence of MoreThe studies related to suicide , investigate three important phenomena which include suicide thoughts , suicide action , and suicide .pick in 1991 discussed that suicide thoughts is a two factor concept , which is specified with absence of life thoughts and presence of death thoughts . Therefore, this research has been accomplished with the objective of surveying the relation between control resource (internal – external) and life and death thoughts of the university students. The research was accomplished in Sistan and Balouchestan, in educational year 2008 -2009. 370 students (182 girls and 188 boys) were selected as statistical sample by classificatory random sampling method. After performance of control resource, life thoughts and suicide thoughts questionnaires, the data were gathered. In addition to using descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, the data were analyzed by statistical method of K square congruence. The findings demonstrated that the girls with internal control resource had higher life thoughts but they did not have lower death thoughts than girls with external control resource. Also, girls with external control resource had lower life thoughts but they did not have higher death thoughts. Boys with internal control did not have higher life thoughts and lower death thoughts, and boys with external control resource did not have lower life thoughts and higher death thoughts. Probably, one of the reasons that control resource in this research has less effects, is the power of religious and cultural beliefs. Probably, spiritual control resource can be more effective in controlling individual behaviors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - The death of the Modern subject in Postmodern age and its impact on understanding the assembly pattern in the sociology of art
Soodeh Eshghi Seyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrai mohammadreza sharfizadeThe death of the Modern subject in Postmodern age and its impact on understanding the assembly pattern in the sociology of artAbstractThe post-Nietzschean crisis in the West caused the subject to decline from its concept in the modern period. Also, due to the emergence MoreThe death of the Modern subject in Postmodern age and its impact on understanding the assembly pattern in the sociology of artAbstractThe post-Nietzschean crisis in the West caused the subject to decline from its concept in the modern period. Also, due to the emergence of poststructuralist discourses in postmodernism, relativism and uncertainty replaced concepts that were once measured with objectivity and certainty. But art forms, assembled images that are created by combining and reconstructing different realities, aim of the present study is to investigate the postmodernist crisis in the subject and to explain its relationship with a visual understanding of the assembly pattern in sociology from an artistic perspective. Therefore documented data are analyzed with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method and based on the available variables. To include; Achieve these important findings that concepts such as humor, irony and pluralism of meanings in the creation of postmodernist atmosphere create multifaceted images that depict the decline of the subject from its transcendent position. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Sociological look at the death of languages
Narmineh MoeinianLanguages have been born, flourished, lived, and disappeared. But nowadays they are dying with unprecedented speed. Every year 10 languages are disappeared all around the world and linguists predicted that if this situation continues, 90% of languages will be disa MoreLanguages have been born, flourished, lived, and disappeared. But nowadays they are dying with unprecedented speed. Every year 10 languages are disappeared all around the world and linguists predicted that if this situation continues, 90% of languages will be disappeared. Since cultures depend on languages, flourish with languages and continue with them, so each culture will be disappeared with death of each language, too. On the other hand, each language prepares social, economic, and ecological situation for its speakers and also provides them a special worldview. Therefore, death of language implies death of all the necessary opportunities for social and cultural life. In this article it is tried to study the death of language as cultural problem and its reasons. The methodology is documentary and the thoughts and theories of linguistics and researchers of anthropology and sociology are used and also, the recent century changes (about death of languages) in the whole countries that faced with this problem have been considered. The result shows that different psychological, geographical, economical, political, and social factors affect the death of languages. These factors include some micro reasons such as preserving the mother tongue and some macro reasons such as decreasing number of native speakers, natural phenomenon, globalization, colonialism, and role of national states. So solving this problem needs attempts and changes in both macro and micro levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - The analysis and comparison of the contents of inscriptions of the graves in Behesht-e-Zahra cemetery in Tehran in two decades with the emphasis on outstanding values
Reza Pour Naserani Neda SuleimaniCemeteries are places that can describe customs, traditions and culture of societies by kind of mourning in the funeral, the method of encountering to the death phenomenon and inscriptions of the graves. The emergence of mourning customs, music, sounds of mourning, shap MoreCemeteries are places that can describe customs, traditions and culture of societies by kind of mourning in the funeral, the method of encountering to the death phenomenon and inscriptions of the graves. The emergence of mourning customs, music, sounds of mourning, shapes and ceremonies content and also study on inscriptions and figures on the graves can show kind of attitude and outstanding values of communities. Tombstones are collection of visual and written symptoms. These symptoms can be considered as messages for posterity by looking at public culture. Significant changes in the form and method of landscaping of graves, arrangement of tombstones and statues and inscriptions, pictures and epitaphs express scenes of public culture and community values and even forgotten people which can be widely changed over time that in this research will be considered. Our study location is Behesht-e-Zahra cemetery in Tehran and selection of tombstones which belong to the past two decades. By taking pictures of intended parts, we paid to classification of the graves in written, figurative signs, date of birth and death and other signs carved on rocks and after encoding we reached to final analysis. According to results, by looking at featured traditional values, monuments of the first decade of study (1995-2004) have been made socially and value-oriented by survivors. Whereas monuments of the second decade (2005-2015) have different values and luxury orientations have been highlighted by more individualistic looking in it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - The civilians’ rights in Islamic government: reviewing the verdict of apostasy because of its repetition
Abdollah Bagheri seyyed Mohamadsadegh Aahmadi gholamhossien masoodAs far as the penalty of the apostasy is concerned, in case of the repetition of the crime by the accused people, there is a debate among Imamieh religious scholars. The majority of the jurisprudents believe that in case of the repletion of the crime in the fourth MoreAs far as the penalty of the apostasy is concerned, in case of the repetition of the crime by the accused people, there is a debate among Imamieh religious scholars. The majority of the jurisprudents believe that in case of the repletion of the crime in the fourth time, the death penalty is unavoidable. On the contrary, other religious scholars are of the different on the issue. The present study, adopting an analytic and critical stance, has answered the question whether there is a sufficient evidence for accusing the people in the second or third and even the fourth time of apostasy to be sentenced to death penalty or not? The present study capitalizing on Iranian constitution which recommends that we should refer to the Islamic jurisprudence. The present study recommends that not to perform the death penalty in case of repeating the crime considering the fact the in Islamic punishment law, the crime has not been formalized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Status of absent property from death sentence to authentication and its effects on jurisprudence (Imamieh and Hanbal) and Iranian law
mohammad golami olyayi Reza RanjbarSometimes a person may leave their home with various motives and for a long time there is no news of that person's life or death. In this research, the status of the missing property from the issuance of a death sentence to verification of its reality and its effects in MoreSometimes a person may leave their home with various motives and for a long time there is no news of that person's life or death. In this research, the status of the missing property from the issuance of a death sentence to verification of its reality and its effects in jurisprudence Imamiyyah W Hannabali and Iranian law have been investigated. The results of this study show that when a religious ruler issues a presumed death sentence, the first effect of the ruling is that from the moment the sentence is issued, the missing property is taken out of his possession. And it should be divided between the heirs and according to the law of inheritance in the case of the missing wife. If there is money to pay the alimony, the wife will have absolutely no right to claim the marriage until the couple is found or she is sure to get married, but if there is no alimony, the wife can apply for divorce and marry another man. In Iranian law, given the legal provisions in this area, the presumption of death of a presumed death relative to marriage is more consistent with the legal principles, if the missing person is found by the court after the presumption of his or her presumed death by the court and the division of property between the heirs. In this case, the Shari'a ruling is that he is superior to the rest of the property and is unjustified in the matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Gorgan Bay plankton flourishing status in the field of Miankale death in February 2020
taher poursufiAbstractCase sampling was performed in the winter of 2020 in the eastern region of Gorgan Bay in three coastal and central regions to investigate the causes of bird death. For this purpose, algal (macro and micro), zooplankton and water communities were sampled. The res MoreAbstractCase sampling was performed in the winter of 2020 in the eastern region of Gorgan Bay in three coastal and central regions to investigate the causes of bird death. For this purpose, algal (macro and micro), zooplankton and water communities were sampled. The results showed that a total of 44 species of phytoplankton were identified. 4 species equal to 12.5% and Euglenophyta branch with the lowest number with 2 species equal to 7.7% of the total species. The highest mortality was observed in Changar species and a few flamingos were observed. No algal blooms were observed during sampling. The density of cyanophytes was the lowest. Therefore, the cause of death of birds cannot be density or planktonic secretions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - The Command of Validity of the Last Will, in Order for an Optimal Use of the Testatorâs Body Organs after His Death âfrom the Viewpoint of Islamic Jurisprudence
seyyed mohammad shafiei mazandaraniThe human being is a property of god, and it is according to his permission that everybody is the owner of his deeds and actions and that everyone has the power of making decision about his or her body organs unless the time his life goes under danger. Moreover, every i MoreThe human being is a property of god, and it is according to his permission that everybody is the owner of his deeds and actions and that everyone has the power of making decision about his or her body organs unless the time his life goes under danger. Moreover, every individual has the right to will how to be dealt with his properties and accessories after his death including the right of willing of a person about his body organs to be or not to be used after his death (whether natural death or brain death). Within this research it is realized that the optimal use of a deceased’s body organs is permissible in the case of brain death and even if there exist no will by the deceased, but the guardians of the one who is passed away have consensus upon it, it is still permissible to use the dead person’s body organs, and on the whole it was proved within this research that utilizing a dead person’s body organs in order to solve the problem of another Muslim human is permitted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Feasibility study of "forgiveness" of possible contagion due to crim
Hamid Masjedsaraei Hasan Poorlotfalah Reaz ElhamiThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majniyah against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the sour MoreThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majniyah against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of disagreement among jurists, so that the well-known jurists, mainly because such an amnesty requires our removal, do not consider it correct and remove the guarantee from They do not know the next infection. The second view considers such an amnesty to be a valid will, which is valid and effective for up to one-third of the diyat, and more than one-third of which is subject to the permission of the heirs. In contrast, some other contemporary jurists, without justifying this pardon by will, have absolutely ruled that such an amnesty is correct, which, in turn, guarantees the removal of any further contagion for Johnny. The present article, with its descriptive-analytical method, while re-reading the jurisprudential principles of the proposed views and using the available documents and approvals, has considered the third promise to be defensible. The proposal of the present article is that the legislature, with the aim of creating the unity of judicial procedure, by adding a legal article, to give legal validity to the "correctness of pardon from contagion and non-guarantee of life Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - An Analysis of the Effects of Suspension Proceedings on the Rights of Parties
Gholamreza Pir Jahangir Bahram Taghipour Abolhassan Mojtahed SoleymaniSuspension of proceedings is contrary to the principle of resolving disputes in the shortest time. Based on the occurrence of some causes, the suspension may be suspended so that the suspension ultimately undermines the rights of the parties or one of the parties to the MoreSuspension of proceedings is contrary to the principle of resolving disputes in the shortest time. Based on the occurrence of some causes, the suspension may be suspended so that the suspension ultimately undermines the rights of the parties or one of the parties to the dispute. The death and stoning of each of the parties to the dispute is one of the instances that impedes the proceedings and suspends the proceedings, or that the suspension may be due to a third party's protest or a court order to detain the trial. Examples of the suspension of proceedings in the Civil Procedure Act and the law of execution of sentences seem to be true. However, the legislator has neglected to use the term delay, rather than a suspense, a clear example of which can be found in articles 423 and 434. In both cases, the order is suspended, but the legislator has used the word delay. In this article, the concept of suspending the proceedings and some of its examples are selectively evaluated and discussed, in order to be able to accurately comment on this impediment in the course of the proceedings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The philosophy of "Ehsan" in Sexual Offences Requiring Fixed Punishments (Based on the Islamic criminal law of Iran, 2013 penal Code)
Adel Sarikhani In Islamic criminal law, substantiation of Ehsan, undeniably affects the punishment of sexual offenses. Ehsan is defined as a situation when an adult man or woman-being permanently married- having the experience of vaginal sexual intercourse with hi More In Islamic criminal law, substantiation of Ehsan, undeniably affects the punishment of sexual offenses. Ehsan is defined as a situation when an adult man or woman-being permanently married- having the experience of vaginal sexual intercourse with his or her spouse in state of maturity and sanity, in which both men and women have the possibility to have sexual intercourses again and repeatedly whenever they want. For instance in terms of rape, which the death penalty is required , Ehsan will not have any effects , in other words, for imposing punishment it is not important that the rapist to be married or single, however, in some circumstances it would amount to both Rajm (stoning) and Jald ( i.e. lashing one hundred times) or it would intensify the punishment (i.e from Jald to Rajm) .Nevertheless according to the Islamic criminal law of Iran, 2013 penal Code, with the permission of judiciary head, the court has been given the authority to mitigate mentioned punishment to the Execution ( a type of death penalty other than Rajm) or Jald when imposing of Rajm is not possible. Although such flexibility is admirable, the code is criticized at this context by the experts. The 2013 code in terms of sodomy recognize Ehsan as a requirement for intensifying the punishment of Jald (Lashing) to the death penalty, but the code does not apply Ehsan to intensify the punishment of lesbianism. In some sexual offences, regardless of the punishment, Ehsan will change the situation of an offender from undeserved for the death penalty to deserve it. This article at first is to have a review over the effects of Ehsan on sexual offences, and then explains the etiology of intensification of punishment in this regard; and finally criticizes the new provisions on Rajm in Islamic criminal law of Iran, 2013 penal Code. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - An Investigation into the Possibility of reinforcement of Retaliation from the Point of view Of Iranian and Islamic Laws
mohammad arabshahe mohammad imami Ali NosratiThere are three kinds of death Punishments in Islamic law: Retaliation, Hadd or death ascertained execution and Tazir or not- ascertained death execution. Sometime after execution and death ratification by the physician, there appear the signs of life in the offender. T MoreThere are three kinds of death Punishments in Islamic law: Retaliation, Hadd or death ascertained execution and Tazir or not- ascertained death execution. Sometime after execution and death ratification by the physician, there appear the signs of life in the offender. The question to which this study, an analytic one is going to answer is that whether it is permissible for the judges to execute the offender in this case or not. The Islamic criminal Law of Iran following the majority of Imami jurists accepts the view that the family of the victim have the right to ask the execution of the offender due to the concept of some verses of the holy Quran and some narrations. The outcome of this study is that in the case of the retaliation it is trough but The outcome of this study is that in the case of the retaliation, it is trough but in the case of Hadd or death, ascertained execution it is not permitted when the offence is proved by his assertion, and the offender suffers the enforcement of the punishment. And Finally in the case of not- ascertained death execution it is not permitted at all due to the lack of proofs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The Impact of the Death of the Intentional Murderer in Constancy of Blood Money in the Criminal Law of Iran
Majid ghourchibaygi Ali MalekiThe death of the intentional murderer is one of the instances that renders impossible the execution of retaliation (qisas) since the location for the execution of the retaliation which is the physical body of the murderer is eliminated. There has long been controversy a MoreThe death of the intentional murderer is one of the instances that renders impossible the execution of retaliation (qisas) since the location for the execution of the retaliation which is the physical body of the murderer is eliminated. There has long been controversy among jurists over the payment of blood money for murder in the case of the death of the murderer in deliberate homicide. Some jurists believe in the lapse of blood money with the death of the murderer. On the other hand, some other jurists consider the constancy of the payment of blood money with the impossibility of retaliation. And some even consider an elaboration and take a middle ground. Legislature is also affected by this diversity so that, before the approval of penal code in 1392, the legislators approved the lapse of blood money, but in the new penal code the previous attitude was abandoned and constancy of blood money is accepted. This paper examines the reasons and evidence of the opponents and advocates and elaborates on the quality of the inclusion in the rule of "No-Waste of Muslim Blood" on the issue of the death of the intentional murderer and considers the aforementioned rule is as the reason behind the ascertainment of blood money. This paper also demonstrates that, in the three situations recognized by tradition, the person responsible for payment of blood money differs in the death of the murderer of the third party compared to the two other kinds of murder. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Examining the annulment of the marriage contract due to the supposed death and its effects on the relationship of couples in Iran and Egypt
Hajar Moshayyadi Mohammadbagher Amerinia Ali PorjavaheriAnnulment as one of the reasons for the dissolution of the marriage contract means that the marriage contract which was first correctly concluded, is destroyed without the intention and will of the spouses. Therefore; based on the law, the annulment of the marriage cont MoreAnnulment as one of the reasons for the dissolution of the marriage contract means that the marriage contract which was first correctly concluded, is destroyed without the intention and will of the spouses. Therefore; based on the law, the annulment of the marriage contract is a forced dissolution which means that the marriage contract is automatically dissolved without the need for any other legal action, and leaving no choice for the court or the parties to the contract. Marriage is annulled by the death of one of the spouses; that in the case of discussion, the issuance of a presumptive death sentence, like other cases of annulment of a marriage contract, causes the forced dissolution of the marriage from the date of the issuance of the sentence, and if the invalidity of the presumptive death sentence is determined, the effects of the issuance of the sentence will be nullified as much as possible. Therefore, in the matter of marriage, in the case of proof of the absentee's life and her return, if the absentee woman has not married; the woman remains married to the man and the man has the right to appeal; however, if the absent woman has married a husband, the second marriage will be valid because it was done under the law. The principle of applicability of the presumptive death sentence to the marital relationship, which is explicitly accepted in Egyptian law, is also in accordance with legal and jurisprudential principles, and with the issuance of a verdict, its effects and rulings on the relationships of spouses, such as alimony, inheritance, dowry, eddeh, and custody, and joint custody of the child will be applied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Inheritance of Heirs Who Died at the Same Time in Similar Incidents to Destruction
sam Mohammadi Mohsen Jafari Behzadkolaee Mohsen vaseghiIn Article 873 Civil Law the issue of inheritance has been raised in relation to persons who inherit from each other but whose time of death is unknown and the precedence of death of one of them is not known. The article mentions two exceptions and excludes others who a MoreIn Article 873 Civil Law the issue of inheritance has been raised in relation to persons who inherit from each other but whose time of death is unknown and the precedence of death of one of them is not known. The article mentions two exceptions and excludes others who are subject to the above situation from inheritance; the first exception is related to the case where their death is the result of drowning and the second exception is in case of death due to destruction. The above exceptions, which are included at the beginning of the article, are adapted from Imami jurisprudence. The apparent conflict at the beginning and below of the above article has affected the judicial opinions as well as the opinions of legal scholars. In this article, by examining the basics of the two rulings on non-inheritance and inheritance in the exceptions provided in this article, as well as the existing views on its limited or extensive interpretation, the possibility of inheritance in similar incidents, which is more common, has been investigated. And finally, by observing the framework of Article 873 Civil Law and also the requirements of the time and in order to solve social problems and in terms of custom, we considered the possibility of expanding the examples within the scope of the concept of destruction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Examining the annulment of the marriage contract due to the supposed death and its effects on the relationship of couples in Iran and Egypt
Hajar Moshaeeadi MOHAMMAD BAGHER AMERINIA Ali PorjavaheriAnnulment as one of the reasons for the dissolution of the marriage contract means that the marriage contract which was first correctly concluded, is destroyed without the intention and will of the parties and according to the law; Therefore, the annulment of the marria MoreAnnulment as one of the reasons for the dissolution of the marriage contract means that the marriage contract which was first correctly concluded, is destroyed without the intention and will of the parties and according to the law; Therefore, the annulment of the marriage contract is a forced dissolution, which means that the marriage contract is automatically dissolved without the need for any other legal action, leaving no choice for the court or the parties to the contract. Marriage is annulled by the death of one of the spouses; that in the case of discussion, the issuance of a presumptive death sentence, like other cases of annulment of a marriage contract, causes the forced dissolution of the marriage from the date of the issuance of the sentence, and if the invalidity of the presumptive death sentence is determined, the effects of the issuance of the sentence will be nullified as much as possible; Therefore, in the matter of marriage, in the case of proof of the absentee's life and her return, if the absentee woman has not married; The woman remains married to the man and the man has the right to appeal; However, if the absent woman has married a husband, the second marriage will be valid, because it was done according to the law. The principle of applicability of the presumptive death sentence to the marital relationship, which is explicitly accepted in Egyptian law, is also in accordance with legal and jurisprudential principles, and with the issuance of a verdict, its effects and rulings on the relationships of spouses, such as alimony, inheritance, dowry, adah, and custody, and Joint custody of the child will be applied Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Histopathological evaluation of the effect of Sulfamide+Trimethoprim administration on renal tissue in broiler chickens
یوسف Doustar عادل Feizi داریوش Mohajeri M.H Khayat-Nouri M.H Mohammad pour, M.HAdministration of sulfonamides adversely affects renal tissue in human beings and animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the histopathological changes in renal tissue of broiler chickens following administration of Sulfamide+Trimethoprim. In this study, 2 MoreAdministration of sulfonamides adversely affects renal tissue in human beings and animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the histopathological changes in renal tissue of broiler chickens following administration of Sulfamide+Trimethoprim. In this study, 240 healthy 3 weeks old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to two equal groups. In the treatment groups, sulfonamide +Trimethoprim were administered at a dose of 20ml in 800lit of drinking water for 3 days while no drag was administered in the control group. After 72 hours, tissue samples were collected from the kidneys of the broiler chickens and 5µm thick sections were prepared from specimens fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the TUNEL technique. Histopathological examination of the renal tissue in the treatment group indicated the presence of necrosis and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells, congestion, hemorrhage and glomerolopathy. The difference between the treatment and control groups in the severity of renal pathological changes was significant (p<0.001). The result of this study indicates that the drag Sulfamide+Trimethoprim is capable of causing renal tissue damages through induction of apoptosis and necrosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - The development of The Qur’anic idea “al-Shahid” from Court Witness to the Martyr: Quranic background for the formation of the concept
Ashraf Montazeri Hamed Khani (Farhang Mehrvash)The formation of Islam, like all other great and historic movements, was owed to many sacrifices. Thus, from its earliest days, selfless death was considered an important value for the advancement of the sacred ideal. The metaphor of "death in the way of God" was used i MoreThe formation of Islam, like all other great and historic movements, was owed to many sacrifices. Thus, from its earliest days, selfless death was considered an important value for the advancement of the sacred ideal. The metaphor of "death in the way of God" was used in the Qur'an to refer to this death; A Metaphor that lost its widespread use to indicate this meaning in favor of another meaning, and from the distant past whose exact time we do not yet know, the term of "martyrdom or Shahadah" took its place; The term in the post-Qur'anic Arabic language means to testify in court cases, and most of its Qur'anic uses are translated in the same sense. It is not easy to see the similarities between self-sacrificing death and the testifying which caused the use of this metaphor, we also do not know the period in which such replacement took place, and the steps that led to the application of such a term for sacred death. Searching for the applications of the interpretation of the martyr and his family in the Qur'an from a critical point of view and understanding the meaning of the Qur'anic “Shahadah” to analyze the causes and elements and grounds for establishing the mentioned replacement is the subject of this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Bioterrorism, Death Politics and National Security
Ali Akbar JafariAs an anti-security behavior, bioterrorism is a by-product of globalization threatening the human-being societies, governmental structures and international security. prioritizing the death politics and the discourse of hatred and fear as foundation of bioterrorist beha MoreAs an anti-security behavior, bioterrorism is a by-product of globalization threatening the human-being societies, governmental structures and international security. prioritizing the death politics and the discourse of hatred and fear as foundation of bioterrorist behavior led to transition from information to terrorism era in the 21st century. So, the nexus between power- knowledge thanks to the development of biological literatures and technologies turned to bidimensional issue functioning both for medical and political affairs. Such a dialectical professions waxing with the growth of techno-financial, logistic-organizational resources. Thus, the main question of the current paper is to analyze the relation between bioterrorism and security. By focusing on the negative relation between security and bioterrorism, the tentative hypothesis perceives the increasing of one is tantamount to decreasing of the other. So, thoroughly totalizing the institutional chain of medical politics and understanding politics as medicalization is the main suggestion of the current research in which securitization of healthy and medicalization of security will not only increase the societal security but also leading to proliferation of healthy social forces in the international politics. Finally, by employing the analytical method and functioning the conflict management and responsibility to protect, this paper will test the proposed hypothesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The Role of Numbers Three, Seven and Forty in Iranian Culture (Relying on Iranian transitions in Bakhtiari folk culture)
hasan Atash ab parvar Esmaeil sangari mohamadkarim yousof jamali shoko arabiIn everyday life, we play the role of numbers in our rituals, beliefs, and beliefs in all aspects of nomadic, rural, and urban life. Some of these numbers have long-standing links to our beliefs and their etymology makes us aware of the reasons for their popularity. The MoreIn everyday life, we play the role of numbers in our rituals, beliefs, and beliefs in all aspects of nomadic, rural, and urban life. Some of these numbers have long-standing links to our beliefs and their etymology makes us aware of the reasons for their popularity. These are sometimes religious and sometimes mythical reasons. In this article, we try to study the role of numbers in rituals, customs and traditions that were or are performed in the culture of the Iranian people, and especially in the transitional rituals in the three stages of birth, marriage and death. Explain the importance and reason for their continuity throughout history as much as possible. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the results of this research indicate that the mythical sanctity and repetition of a number have affected its importance and presence in popular culture. And the numbers of the Iranian tribes were not just for counting but were closely related to their symbols and beliefs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Wisdoms of death from Mowlavi's viewpoint in mathnavi
mahmood Barati mansoreh EbrahimiThe phenomenon of death is one of the most mysterious issues related to humanity. No one has been and will be able to decipher the mystery of death through wisdom. The intellectuals of various disciplines have attempted to define and describe it in any way or any form o MoreThe phenomenon of death is one of the most mysterious issues related to humanity. No one has been and will be able to decipher the mystery of death through wisdom. The intellectuals of various disciplines have attempted to define and describe it in any way or any form of expression, but have gained little success in this regard. One of these intellectuals is Mawlana Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (Rumi) who has frequently addressed this issue in Masnavi in a meticulous and leading manner. He has raised issues about the nature of death, the types of death, the wisdoms of death, lessons learned from death, fear of death, indicating death, etc. Using allegorical expressions, Mowlavi has made the audiences of Mathnavi familiar with death which signifies his special attention to the topic in the area of “Thinking of Death”. The present study is an attempt to find out Rumi's viewpoints through his layers of expression and deep and creative contemplations of his poetry by reflecting on Mathnavi; in addition to that, the current study is also aimed at present presenting the wisdoms of death in the teachings of Mathnavi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Life on the Circuit of Death (Moral consequences of dynamic death and Life-Seeking in the Attar's Asrarnameh)
Seyed Hamed Mousavi Jervekani hosein masjedi Mustafa Gorji mahdi zamaniOne of the main desires of man is yearning for life. But death threatens this desire continually. The problem is how man can reconcile these two, and what moral and emotional consequences such a challenge may have. Being confronted with this emotional and philosophical MoreOne of the main desires of man is yearning for life. But death threatens this desire continually. The problem is how man can reconcile these two, and what moral and emotional consequences such a challenge may have. Being confronted with this emotional and philosophical conflicts, men are divided into two groups: some incline to deny the life chance, while others wish to gain it. Believing in the dynamic death, Attar accepts life and death as two undeniable realities. He believed that pondering on these two realms adorn man's soul with virtues such as searching for the perfect, self-promotion, living a conscious life, controlling the sense of dependency, appreciating the life chance, enjoying life as much as it would be sufficient, paying attention to the moral values and farseeing. The picture of life in the eyes of a man demanding for life and believing in the dynamic death is portrayed in the images like prison, heating fire of the bathhouse, field and caravansary. These images indicate that man realize worldly life as a medium. Therefore, he would adjoin his will to his function to experience an ethical life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - God and Forgiveness in Saadi poem calling
alireza ModareszadehAll Saadi experts, despite some criticisms, consider him as the great teacher of moral principles and the master of education. Therefore, his lofty status in the spread of moral principals is established in the Persian literature. Saadi has made use of any opportunity t MoreAll Saadi experts, despite some criticisms, consider him as the great teacher of moral principles and the master of education. Therefore, his lofty status in the spread of moral principals is established in the Persian literature. Saadi has made use of any opportunity to spread moral principals in his works. One of the priorities of moral principals is in his works is calling God and forgiveness. This concept is very obvious in the chapter of advising kings. Therefore, the present article is an attempt for investigating this artistic and moral device in Saadi's works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - The study of strengthening clusters of persuading and warning teachings in Khosrow and Shirin (With emphasis on the death cluster)
Mehdi DehramiPersian poets in order to represent their moral teachings as crucial, pervasive, and enforceable commands the y have to add various reinforces and performance guarantees to them. Therefore, the poets employed larger teachings to train small ones. As a result, we can ana MorePersian poets in order to represent their moral teachings as crucial, pervasive, and enforceable commands the y have to add various reinforces and performance guarantees to them. Therefore, the poets employed larger teachings to train small ones. As a result, we can analyze many teachings in the form of clusters instead of scattered and separate ones. The purpose of this paper is to study one of these clusters with emphasis on Khosrow and Shirin through descriptive exposition (content analysis). The position of this cluster in reinforcing of warning and persuading commands has been displayed. In order to do this, death has been selected as one of the main cluster which many secondary teachings included within its subset. Death is a reality that has interwoven many of warning teachings like self-praise, pride, laziness, boastful to one’s body strength etc. and persuading teaching like happy living, remembering God, retaining clean nature of human etc.… in Khosrow and Shirin. Generally, many of virtues and villainies whether directly or indirectly and punishing after this acciodent have been strengthened with the thought of death Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - The relationship between the attitude towards death and the meaning of life in the women's society of Shiraz (a comparative study based on the views of Islamic philosophers and humanist and existential psychology)
zakiyeh fattahi shirin sasani soode dashtianeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the attitude to death and the meaning of life in women from the perspective of Islamic philosophers and humanistic and existential psychology. The current research was a descriptive, survey, co MoreThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the attitude to death and the meaning of life in women from the perspective of Islamic philosophers and humanistic and existential psychology. The current research was a descriptive, survey, correlational and fundamental study. By using the available sampling method and Morgan's table, 250 questionnaires were distributed among women from different strata of the city.in order to determine correlation and predictability Pearson's correlation test and multivariate regression test was respectively. It was found that there is a significant relationship between the presence of meaning and neutral, active and avoidance acceptance. Also, there is a meaningful relationship between searching for meaning and neutral and active acceptance. In general, there is a significant relationship between the presence of meaning and the acceptance of meaning, as well as the meaning of life and the attitude towards death. From the perspective of both schools of Islamic philosophers and psychology, there is a connection between the meaning of life and the attitude towards death, and no matter how much people search for a purpose and meaning for their worldly life, their attitude towards death and the life after it will be different and positive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and psychological well-being and individual self-efficacy: the moderating role of Death anxiety
Amineh Sadat Tabatabaei Reza Darvishi Mansoureh talebianDuring the outbreak of COVID-19, because of limits on different aspects of life and ambiguity about how the virus is transferred, individuals experienced a form of anxiety that affected their various psychological characteristics. In this study, The relationship between MoreDuring the outbreak of COVID-19, because of limits on different aspects of life and ambiguity about how the virus is transferred, individuals experienced a form of anxiety that affected their various psychological characteristics. In this study, The relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and psychological well-being and individual self-efficacy: the moderating role of anxiety with life. The present study had a correlational design. The statistical population for this study consisted of all males and women in Isfahan between the ages of 18 and 50, and the sample was drawn randomly from two metropolitan districts. Subjects completed an online and in-person which includes Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Death Anxiety Scale and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale. Results: In order to analyze the data in SPSS version 23, the Pearson correlation coefficient significance test was employed, and for multiple regression analysis, PROCESS Procedure for SPSS, written by Andrew F.Hayes was utilized.COVID-19 anxiety and Death Anxiety was a significant predictor of self-efficacy. Nevertheless, the net impact of correlation between COVID-19 anxiety and Death Anxiety in predicting self-efficacy is equal to 0.3 percent and is not significant .COVID-19 anxiety and death Anxiety was a significant predictor of psychological well-being.This study demonstrated that death anxiety has a significant moderating role in the correlation between COVID-19 anxiety and psychological well-being. But death anxiety hasn’t a significant moderating role in the correlation between COVID-19 anxiety and self-efficacy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Markov modeling and reliability analysis of urea synthesis system of a fertilizer plant
Anil Kr. Aggarwal Sanjeev Kumar Vikram Singh Tarun Kr. Garg -
Open Access Article
136 - Mathematical modeling and fuzzy availability analysis for serial processes in the crystallization system of a sugar plant
Anil Kr. Aggarwal Sanjeev Kumar Vikram Singh -
Open Access Article
137 - Analytical investigation of the inhibiting role of "death and death thoughts" from the perspective of Islam and Christianity with emphasis on the Quran and Bible
Mohsen Golpayegani Saeed Jazari MamouiThe main question of the research is that from the point of view of Islam and Christianity and based on the Qur'an and the Testaments, what are the similarities and differences between the nature of death and the role of death thinking in human life? Based on this, by u MoreThe main question of the research is that from the point of view of Islam and Christianity and based on the Qur'an and the Testaments, what are the similarities and differences between the nature of death and the role of death thinking in human life? Based on this, by using the descriptive qualitative method and qualitative content analysis approach and by collecting, coding and analyzing the data of the Qur'an and the Testaments, we came to the conclusion that death in the Qur'an and the Old Testament means physical death. Death in the Qur'an is not the result of original sin, and the human race is not contaminated by original sin. The role of thinking about death in the Qur'an and the Old Testament is somewhat similar, and deterring from mistakes and sins is one of its important functions in these two sources; But in the New Testament, In addition to physical death, the New Testament depicts spiritual death, which is the result of original sin. According to this view, everyone is condemned to death except those who believe in Christ. On this basis, the deterrent role of death thinking is less imagined in this theology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The Origin of Death in the Mythologies of the Nations; A Typological Approach
Seyyed Saeedrezā Montazery Hossein Sāberi Varzaneh The myths speak about the entrance of mythical elements (good or evil) to the realm of human beings; they depict different themes and there is much to be gained from them. There are myths about the origin of the world, man, drugs, plants, animals, and so on. Als More The myths speak about the entrance of mythical elements (good or evil) to the realm of human beings; they depict different themes and there is much to be gained from them. There are myths about the origin of the world, man, drugs, plants, animals, and so on. Also, some myths deal with the issue of death. The myths associated with the origin of death have different types and layers and traces of it can be found across cultures. The study of their typology can pave the way for a more sophisticated analysis of the myths of the nations. The aim of the present article is to identify the typology of the myths associated with the origin of death in the mythologies of different nations. By using descriptive-analytical method and based on comparative approach, in the present research the myths associated with the origin of death are divided into two kinds of human-centered and non-human-centered. In human-centered myths, man brings consciously or unconsciously death into his/her life; but in non-human-centered one, an inhuman creature has a central role. Each of these two kinds have different divisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Immortality in Myths Used by Shamlou
Nāser Nāseri Tāzehshahri La’yā YosefiMost prominent poets and authors use a variety of myths to immortalize their works; they compare their heroes with heroes of myths and therefore create a bridge between the present and the past and immortalize their heroes. Among the Iranian contemporary poets, Shamlou, MoreMost prominent poets and authors use a variety of myths to immortalize their works; they compare their heroes with heroes of myths and therefore create a bridge between the present and the past and immortalize their heroes. Among the Iranian contemporary poets, Shamlou, has turned to myth because of his spirit of the struggle. He has used a variety of Iranian and global myths and thus has become a famous mythologist poet. He has utilized not only the heroic characters but also myths of animal and plant, and natural and ritual elements to express his ideals. Immortality is the trait of all myths, but the characteristic feature of Shamlou's myths is re-birth and anew life. According to his mythological view, the carnal death of hero leads to immortality. Shamlou believes that after his own carnal death, his sayings and poems lead to re-birth of "the myth of Shamlou". Therefore, he uses myths to immortalize and live up to his heroes. The poet proposes those myths that can be found the concepts of "motivation to grow" and "re-born" in them; he believes that deaths of these myths are the symbol of their life. The present article attempts to analyze these kinds of myths in the poems of Shamlou. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The Archetype of Death and Rebirth in the Works of Badi Saqour and Shafiei Kadkani: A Comparative Study
Gholāmrezā Pirouz Parināz BāgheriArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" MoreArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" in the poems let the Pigeon sleep by Syrian poet, Badi Saqour and in the Praise of Pigeons by M.R. Shafiei Kadkani. The issue of death and rebirth in these poems can be studied in three ways: a: The poet's focus is more on the subject of death. b: Death and rebirth occur in a balanced manner. c: More attention is paid to the subject of rebirth. The most important findings of this study are as follows: Many of the poems in these two collections are based on the balance between death and rebirth. In other his poems, Badi Saqour focuses more on death; but, Shafiei Kadkani emphasizes more on the issue of rebirth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Critical Discourse Analysis in the Story of “How Hamza Came to Battle without a Coat of Mail” Based on Norman Fairclough's Theory
Roghayeh Mousavi Alimohammad PoshtdārCritical discourse analysis is an approach that focuses on social, cultural and religious representations to interpret discourses and actions. Based on Norman Fairclough's theory, in the present article, the story of "How Hamza, may God be well-pleased with him, came to MoreCritical discourse analysis is an approach that focuses on social, cultural and religious representations to interpret discourses and actions. Based on Norman Fairclough's theory, in the present article, the story of "How Hamza, may God be well-pleased with him, came to battle without a coat of mail" form book 3 of Masnavi Manavi is described in three stages of description, interpretation and explanation. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the formal and semantic structure of the narrator's speech and the generator of discourse by using descriptive-analytical method. It is through this way that the dominance of the narrator over the audience as well as his discursive interaction in the form of preaching are known. The results show that Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, relying on Qur'an and the religious and moral teachings and using firm and emphasizing sentences, forms a special discourse that its deep-structure is "voluntary death and the worthlessness of worldly life". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The Leaders of the Spirits in the Mythologies of Nations; A Comparative Analysis
shahin ghasemi masumeh mirabOne of the most important topics in the mythologies of nations is how spirits are guided to the afterlife and enter the world of afterlife. In various myths and based on the beliefs of each ethnic group about immortality, the "leader" is a person who guides the spirits MoreOne of the most important topics in the mythologies of nations is how spirits are guided to the afterlife and enter the world of afterlife. In various myths and based on the beliefs of each ethnic group about immortality, the "leader" is a person who guides the spirits of the dead - according to their deeds and actions - to their eternal place. In the present research, by using an analytical-comparative method, the types of leaders are introduced in Iranian and other nations mythology, and the relationship between the leader and the gender of the dead person is explained. By recognizing the role of the leaders, people used to gain a deeper understanding of the afterlife, their fears and anxieties decreased, and they calmed down. The research findings show that the performance of the leaders of the spirits is evaluated based on the good or bad deeds of the dead, and the role of the leader in the mythology of one nation is different from its role in the mythology of other nations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Shāmlū, the Poet of Life and Death
عباس باقی نژاد Ahmad Shamlū (1925-2000), famous Iranian contemporary poet, is concerned with the themes of life and death in his poems. His poetty is filled with various images of life and death, and indeed, in his poems, poetical meditations on man and humanity are li More Ahmad Shamlū (1925-2000), famous Iranian contemporary poet, is concerned with the themes of life and death in his poems. His poetty is filled with various images of life and death, and indeed, in his poems, poetical meditations on man and humanity are linked with the same concepts. Based on these poetical meditations, the article tries to show Shamlū's ideas about man, creation, and life and death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Morqe-Sho in the Beliefs of South Kerman’s People
Hamid Jafari Qariyeh Fātemeh Ahmadi ZādehkohanOne of the most mysterious popular beliefs of south Kerman’s people in Iran is about a bird so-called “morqe sho”. According to them, this yellow and golden bird can change its size and appears in night. The bird is associated with mythological creatur MoreOne of the most mysterious popular beliefs of south Kerman’s people in Iran is about a bird so-called “morqe sho”. According to them, this yellow and golden bird can change its size and appears in night. The bird is associated with mythological creatures in a way and by blood sucking of babies causes their death. In the passage of time, the stories about the bird have been intertwined with reality and fantasy, and in popular belief, the bird has become a frightening one. The aim of present article is to introduce this bird and trace it in the myths of other nations by using descriptive-analytical method. As a result, the bird has some themes of Simorq, Vampire, Kamak (Iranian mythical bird), Garuda (Indian mythical bird), The Stymphalian birds (a group of birds in Greek mythology) and Lilith (a Mesopotamian mythical character). Also, for the people in the past, the bird's being blood sucker and death creator is related to some illnesses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Post-Structuralism and the Mysticism of Hāfez
مهری تلخابی According to the post-structuralist approach to textual analysis, any literary text has multiple meanings, and that the author is not the prime source of the work's semantic content. It rejects the idea of a literary text having a single purpose, a single meanin More According to the post-structuralist approach to textual analysis, any literary text has multiple meanings, and that the author is not the prime source of the work's semantic content. It rejects the idea of a literary text having a single purpose, a single meaning, or one singular existence. Instead, every individual reader creates a new and individual purpose, meaning, and existence for a given text. In the present article, attempt is made to show it is a viable possibility to explain Hafez's poetry in post-structuraist context. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Thinking to Death in Some Mystical Prose Texts
Mostafa Khorsandi Shirqān Mohammad Behnāmfar batool mahdaviApplying an analytic and descriptive approach, the goal of this article is to study the topic of thinking to death in a number of mystical texts of 1st to 5th centuries A.H. This study reveals that thinking to death increases as we move from the 1st to 5th century. It i MoreApplying an analytic and descriptive approach, the goal of this article is to study the topic of thinking to death in a number of mystical texts of 1st to 5th centuries A.H. This study reveals that thinking to death increases as we move from the 1st to 5th century. It is also possible to say that thinking to death may be a symptom of the depth of mystical experiences and will to death among the mystics. In addition, the results indicate that fearing death is widespread among the mystics of contraction, and loving death is common among the mystics of expansion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Abodes of Mary in Mystical Texts of the 4th till 9th Centuries A.H.
Tāhereh Khoshhāl Dastjerdī zeinab Rezāpour Quran's verses about Mary have widely being reported in Islamic mystical literature; and they have been interpreted in various points of view by a number of prominent Muslim mystics. Compassion to people, for Muslim mystics, is one of the prominent characteristi More Quran's verses about Mary have widely being reported in Islamic mystical literature; and they have been interpreted in various points of view by a number of prominent Muslim mystics. Compassion to people, for Muslim mystics, is one of the prominent characteristics of saints. As a saint, Mary wishes death from God, not because of being blamed by people, but for compassion to people who slandered her and accused her of committing adultery. She struggles against carnal desires and practices patience; hence she can perform miracles. According to Muslim mystics, she dwelled in paradise by choosing the voluntary death. Her modesty and refraining from all of the other things saving God makes Jesus, a resident of heaven. The present article tries to show Mary’s abodes, portrayed in the mystical texts of the 4th till 9th Centuries A.H. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Siyāvash in Persian Literature
نسرین شکیبی ممتاز Siyāvash, a mythical figure in Persian mythology, is an important character in Shāhnāmeh, Ferdowsi’s epic. He is the symbol of purity and innocence in Persian culture. The present article, by taking into account the historical debates on Siyāvash, More Siyāvash, a mythical figure in Persian mythology, is an important character in Shāhnāmeh, Ferdowsi’s epic. He is the symbol of purity and innocence in Persian culture. The present article, by taking into account the historical debates on Siyāvash, tries to illuminate his character in Persian literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Awareness of Death in the Story of Mattie and Grandpa
Narges Bāgheri Sharooz HamidiMattie and Grandpa, by Roberto Piumini, is a symbolic story for children with theme of death. When the main character of the story (Mattie) confronts with his grandpa's death, he begins a ritual journey in order to gain awareness of mysteries of death. In the journey, h MoreMattie and Grandpa, by Roberto Piumini, is a symbolic story for children with theme of death. When the main character of the story (Mattie) confronts with his grandpa's death, he begins a ritual journey in order to gain awareness of mysteries of death. In the journey, he finds his individuality, strengthens himself and discovers the rebirth. Based on analytical psychology and archetypal criticism, the present article tries to study his journey. In an emotional space, the symbolic system of the story uses symbols as psychic and dynamic energy with effective materials and child-like imagination. Decoding of the symbols shows that Mattie is a symbol of a hero, the grandpa as the wise old man, river represents life, and the left side of river as unconscious; where discovering the mystery of death means to be the goal the journey. The journey is done in a full day and this is supposed to be the symbol of perfection and perfect cycle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Divine Birth and Death in Masnavi
mohammad mohammadpour navide bazargan amir hosein mahoziScholars believe that man has two kinds of birth: 1) formal and 2) the second or spiritual birth. The spiritual birth, which is also called divine birth and wedding of eternity, is one of the foundations of mysticism of Mulānā Jalāl-al Din Rumī. Like the mystics who bel MoreScholars believe that man has two kinds of birth: 1) formal and 2) the second or spiritual birth. The spiritual birth, which is also called divine birth and wedding of eternity, is one of the foundations of mysticism of Mulānā Jalāl-al Din Rumī. Like the mystics who believe to expansion and intoxication, he speaks about loving death and considers it as a state of human evolution, in which one moves from realm of multiplicity and world of nature to realm of unity and world of divine. According to Rumī, the spiritual birth depends on faith, spiritual fatherhood and love. On the basis of the anecdotes of Masnavi Manvi, the present article tries to explain different kinds of birth, factors affecting volitional death, state, features, ways and benefits of this kind of death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Self-Compassion, Attitude Towards Religion and Death Anxiety: Predictors of Psychological Well-Being in the Elderly
Payam Varaee Khodamorad Momeni Asie Moradihe aim of this study was to examine the relationships among psychological well-being, religiosity, self-compassion, and death anxiety in the elderly. A nonrandom and volunteer sample of 300 elderly people from Mehregan part-time elderly care center in Kermanshah, Iran p Morehe aim of this study was to examine the relationships among psychological well-being, religiosity, self-compassion, and death anxiety in the elderly. A nonrandom and volunteer sample of 300 elderly people from Mehregan part-time elderly care center in Kermanshah, Iran participated in the study. The participants completed the Psychological Well-being (Ryff, 1989), the Self-Compassion Scale (Raes, Pommier, Neff & Gucht, 2011), the Muslim Attitudes toward Religion Scale (Wilde & Joseph, 1997) and the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970). Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data.The results indicated that psychological well-being positively related to self-compassion and religiousness. The psychological well-being negatively related to death anxiety. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that over-identification, personal help, mindfulness, isolation, death anxiety, self-judging and Islamic rituals accounted for 59% of variances of psychological well-being. The findings suggested that psychological well-being in elderly people may be increased by strengthening self-compassion and religiosity and weakening death anxiety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - The Moderating Role of Coping Styles in the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Obsession Death among the Elderly
Ali TaghvaeiniaThe aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of coping styles in the relationship between attachment styles and obsession death in the elderly. Three hundred and twenty six elderly people (185 males, 141 females) were selected from Noorabad Mamasani, Iran by MoreThe aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of coping styles in the relationship between attachment styles and obsession death in the elderly. Three hundred and twenty six elderly people (185 males, 141 females) were selected from Noorabad Mamasani, Iran by convenient sampling. The participants completed the Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), the Coping Styles Questionnaire (Park, 2007) and the Death Obsession Scale (Abdel-khalek, 1998). The data analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. The results indicated that secure attachment style and positive coping style related to obsession death significantly and negatively. The insecure attachment styles and negative coping style related to obsession death significantly and c positive The. positivelyoping style predicted lower scores in obsession death. The positive coping style moderated the relationship between attachment styles and obsession death. The findings suggested that increasing level of positive coping style weakened the relationship between insecure attachment styles and obsession death. Manuscript profile -
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153 - Local Characteristic Decomposition as a Novel Approach to Predict Sudden Cardiac Death in Congestive Heart Failure Patients
Ali Dorostghol Adel Maghsoudpour Ali Ghaffari Mansour Nikkhah-Bahrami -
Open Access Article
154 - Teleology in some of the Pre-Islamic Poetry
Simin valaviIn some of the Pre-Islamic Poetry traces of belief in after death life is detectable. On the other hand some scholars believe that the majority of the verses and poems containing religious concepts are made up by the narrators and are majorly composed after Islam and de MoreIn some of the Pre-Islamic Poetry traces of belief in after death life is detectable. On the other hand some scholars believe that the majority of the verses and poems containing religious concepts are made up by the narrators and are majorly composed after Islam and deliberately attributed to pre Islam poets. In this paper Ignorant Arabs' belief in after death life as well as authenticity of the mentioned poems is analyzed. Manuscript profile -
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155 - Immorality and The world after death from the perspective of epic literature With the look of Gil Gamesh
Fatemeh KhodakaramiDeath, with the beginning of life, casts a shadow on human life. Fear and worry about the passage of time and the end of worldly life has always been the main concern of mankind.The fear of death and the search to find the water of life and a young plant to become immor MoreDeath, with the beginning of life, casts a shadow on human life. Fear and worry about the passage of time and the end of worldly life has always been the main concern of mankind.The fear of death and the search to find the water of life and a young plant to become immortal have become the basis of the creation of universal works. The myth of "Gil Gamesh" as a global epic and a human existentialist work is the story of evolution and finally surrendering to the afterlife. Gil Gamesh's epic is one of the most comprehensive and beautiful works of Sumerian and Babylonian literature. The essence of this mythological legend is the struggle to find the plant of youth and eternal life. In this oldest human epic, the hero of the story, like other immortal heroes of the atmosphere, is searching for the secret of immortality and wisdom.In this article, an attempt has been made to look at the philosophy of wisdom and the survival of the soul and the world after death from the perspective of mythology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Death and Immortality from the Viewpoint of Rumi
مرتضی شجاریAccording to the Rumi’s words, death is a two-sided concept which is described either as unpleasant thing or pleasant and sweet. From his viewpoint, soul is the true nature of man which is imprisoned in the body for a while. One who ignores this fact, and recogniz MoreAccording to the Rumi’s words, death is a two-sided concept which is described either as unpleasant thing or pleasant and sweet. From his viewpoint, soul is the true nature of man which is imprisoned in the body for a while. One who ignores this fact, and recognize the physical body as the true self, is a dead person. Therefore, men who become attached to this world are like the dead to whom the dark and tight atmosphere of the grave seems bright and wide. In this sense, life and death are equivocal concepts and their gradations are determined by the closeness and remoteness of man toward God. Knowledge which has its own gradations brings closeness. So, one who has more knowledge is more close to God and more alive. However, for Rumi death has another meaning and this is what the mystics are eager to achieve. He describes this kind of death as the mystical union and removing the veil. By quoting Rumi’s words and analyzing them according to his mystical views, this essay tries to become close to the Rumi’s vision of life and death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - The relationship between Corona anxiety and social media addiction, depression and death anxiety in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
mina maleki manijeh shehni yailaghThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between corona anxiety and social media addiction, depression and death anxiety in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. the current research was of applied type and in terms of method it was a d MoreThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between corona anxiety and social media addiction, depression and death anxiety in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. the current research was of applied type and in terms of method it was a descriptive-correlational study. the statistical population of this research consisted of all male and female undergraduate students of shahid chamran university of ahvaz who were studying in 2021-2022, and among them, 240 people were selected through cluster sampling. they responded to the questionnaires about Corona anxiety by Ailpour et al. (2018), social media addiction by Khaje Ahmadi et al. (2015), depression of students by Kawaja and Bryden (2006) and Templer's death anxiety (1970). Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation test and multiple regression using SPSS version 26 software. the findings showed that social media addiction (r = 0.541), depression (r = 0.473) and death anxiety (r = 0.310) have a significant relationship with corona anxiety. also, the results of multiple regression showed that the variables of social media addiction and depression have the ability to predict Corona anxiety by 37% and 24%, respectively, but death anxiety was not able to predict Corona anxiety. the results of the findings showed that social media addiction and depression have the ability to predict the Corona anxiety, so it seems that in the conditions of the Corona epidemic, it is possible to reduce the anxiety of Corona by reducing the social media addiction and intervening to improve depression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Relationship between Psychological hardiness and emotional processing with the rate of death anxiety in older women during coronavirus
Abolfazl Bakhshipoor Farzaneh FardinfarThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological toughness and emotional processing with the rate of death anxiety in older women during coronation. The design of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical populat MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological toughness and emotional processing with the rate of death anxiety in older women during coronation. The design of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study included all women in nursing homes in Mashhad in the first quarter of 1400, from which several nursing homes were available and 184 elderly were selected as a sample group. Participants responded to the Calt-Leicester Death Anxiety Scale, Kiamers et al.'s Psychological Hardiness Scale, and the Baker et al. Emotional Processing Scale. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a significant negative relationship between psychological toughness and death anxiety. Also, a positive and significant correlation was found between the dimensions of emotional processing and death anxiety. The results of stepwise regression analysis also showed that among the components of emotional processing, two components of emotional symptoms of emotional processing and control and the variable of psychological toughness have a significant contribution in predicting death anxiety in the elderly. The mentioned components explained a total of 22% of the variance of death anxiety. Based on the results, in order to reduce death anxiety, it is recommended to hold courses to promote psychological toughness and emotion regulation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - The mediating role Quality of Life in the relationship between the Meaning of Life and Sense of Coherence with Death Anxiety in elderly of Ahvaz city
Mahan Mahmoodi Zahra Dasht BozorgiThe elderly, like all periods of life, is an important stage of life, such as childhood, and because this period is the last period of identification, it is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of quality of life(QOL) in the relati MoreThe elderly, like all periods of life, is an important stage of life, such as childhood, and because this period is the last period of identification, it is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of quality of life(QOL) in the relationship between the meaning of life and a sense of cohesion with death anxiety in the elderly in Ahvaz. The correlation research design was structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the elderly in Ahvaz. For this purpose, 108 elderly people were selected by the available sampling method. To collect the data, questionnaires such as Death anxiety of Templer (1970), Meaning of life of Stjeger & Oshi (2004), Sense of coherence of Flensborg-medsen, Ventegodt & Merrick (2006) & World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire- Short Form (1966) were used. For data analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient & structural equation method were used (p<0.05). The results showed that all was a direct path was significant except for the relationship between a sense of coherence and death anxiety (p>0.05). Also, there was an indirect & significant relationship between the meaning of life with death anxiety with the role of mediator (QOL) & between sense of coherence with death anxiety with the role of mediator (QOL). Thus, informing and applying measures to empower the elderly in the field of (QOL) in the relationship between meaning in life and a sense of cohesion played a significant role in reducing death anxiety in the elderly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Jurisprudential-legal analysis of donating organs of those sentenced to death
Elahe Sadeghi zahra FehresteNowadays, organ transplant is an inevitable necessity for patients who cannot be treated by other medical treatments. Nevertheless, it has become one of the major challenges of societies to find enough transplantable organs in order to bring patients back to society and MoreNowadays, organ transplant is an inevitable necessity for patients who cannot be treated by other medical treatments. Nevertheless, it has become one of the major challenges of societies to find enough transplantable organs in order to bring patients back to society and their families. The attention of organ transplant experts and jurists has been drawn to finding new sources for organ donation, because of restrictions on member donors despite the increase in people in need of organ transplants. One of the most important resources of organ transplants is the organs of people sentenced to death. The present study aims to analyze the jurisprudential point of view regarding to the organ donation of those sentenced to death and retribution, by studying primary religious resources and regulations based on documentary method. This jurisprudential view emphasizes that the punishment for those sentenced to death and execution need not be the same. This view considers the execution and retribution of convicts possible by removing their vital organs under anesthesia. Donation of non-vital organs of people sentenced to retribution can also be considered as another source of providing organs for transplantation, if he obtains the consent of his parents. This donation can lead to discount of his punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Proposing A stochastic model for spread of corona virus dynamics in Nigeria
Aliyu Kinafa -
Open Access Article
162 - Exploration of COVID-19 Pandemic Using Variety of Frequency Tables
Mohammed Mohammed Mohd Adam Hassan Ahmed H. D. ‎Salihu -
Open Access Article
163 - The Effect of Low Temperatures on Domestic and Wild Pistachio Rootstocks and Interspecific Hybrids Based on Physio-biochemical Indices
Maryam Afrousheh Amir Mohammadi Hojat Hasheminasab Ali Taj Abadi Pour Hasan Arab Alireaz Dabestani -
Open Access Article
164 - Influence of Arsenic (III), Cadmium (II), Chromium (VI), Mercury (II), and Lead (II) Ions on Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer (HCC1806) Cell Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability
Tsdale F. Mehari Checo J. Rorie Sherette S. Godfrey Radiah C. Minor Sayo O. Fakayode -
Open Access Article
165 - Cytotoxicity Effect of Shigella flexneri Fraction on Breast Cancer Cell as a New Compound for Cancer Therapy
Mehdai Gudarzi Neda Soleimani Mahru Seyyed jafari olia -
Open Access Article
166 - Analysis the Story of Bijan and Manijeh Based on the Mythology of Fertility
Kobra Jalili Mo'akher Hamid Reza farzi Ebrahim Pour Darghahi Pour DarghahiAbstractOne of the surviving methods of the myths is their continuum in fiction and story., specifically the folk stories. Some stories in this case tell the myths related to the nature of fertility.The importance of such myths are so that James Frazier calls it the fun MoreAbstractOne of the surviving methods of the myths is their continuum in fiction and story., specifically the folk stories. Some stories in this case tell the myths related to the nature of fertility.The importance of such myths are so that James Frazier calls it the fundamental bases of all myths and Mehrdad Bahar labels it as one of the main columns of myths. The myths of the nature ( fertility ) are those which are in connection with nature's death and its resurrection. Delving in some stories in Persian literature one can find the traits of the myths in nature and fertilization rites. The story of Bijan and Manijeh, in this essay, has been studied in connection with a thematical analytic method. The writers' assumption is that in the deep structure of this story one can find the symbols of myths in the nature. Based on this theory and with its thematical analysis we come to the conclusion that the myths of the nature and the rites of the fertility have been proved. Death and birth of the nature have been symbolically manifested and can be seen in its characters. Furthermore, there are other symbolic elements and archetypes in the text that are in relation with the main theme and have been analyzed thereof. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - An Investigation on the Semiotic Rites of Transition in " The Gol and Nowrooz " from Khajooyeh Kermani
Ali Hashem zadeh Hamid Reza farzi Ali DehqanAbstract The rites of transition which is the collection of customs in the passage of time, covers the different stages of man's life including: birth, maturity, marriage and death. There are common ceremonies in the structure MoreAbstract The rites of transition which is the collection of customs in the passage of time, covers the different stages of man's life including: birth, maturity, marriage and death. There are common ceremonies in the structure of the rites of people in different cultures which have roots in the beliefs of ancient world view of the nations and tribes towards the initial creation of the world which can lead to the unity of the nations. The researcher, in this paper, has tried, by following the theory of Van Gennep and others such as Minoo Amir Ghassemi, Hajiloo, Mircha Elyadeh and also the golden branch of James Frazier to study the semiotic rites of transition in an individual's life ( birth, maturity, marriage and death ), seclusion and separation, passage and return in the story of Gol and Nowrooz from Khajooyeh Kermani and also some similarities among the nations of Africa, North America, and Australia. The purpose of the researcher is to explain the combination of speculation and behavior, determining the man's abstract thought and create a new pattern of the internal structure of the rites which can lead to the unification of the dialogue between cultures and civilizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Thinking about death, in Qaiser Aminpour's poems
parisa salehiDeath can be considered the most important common issue among humans in all times, places and the only rival of life. Expressing the nature of death is a kind of representation of different people's attitude towards the nature of life. None of the poets have removed thi MoreDeath can be considered the most important common issue among humans in all times, places and the only rival of life. Expressing the nature of death is a kind of representation of different people's attitude towards the nature of life. None of the poets have removed this concern. Therefore, addressing the thoughts of writers and poets, in this regard, will be effective in better understanding and getting to know the intellectual and epistemological views of these poets. To achieve this goal, one should analyze the texts and poems of these poets. One of the methods of text analysis is critical discourse analysis. in which they discover the author's and poet's attitude towards his works. Since literature and society have a two-way relationship and the influence of contemporary poetry on society and the influence of contemporary literature in the formation of many socio-political developments has been proven. In this research, we aim to examine the influence of society on the poet's thought about death and its reflection in his works. Among the contemporary poets, Aminpour has expressed the important social and political issues of each period in his poetry explicitly and with appropriate tone, and this issue brings us into the realm of discourse analysis of his works. Accordingly, in this essay, by applying the level of explanation in the analysis of critical discourse, we seek to prove the ups and downs of the poet's death thoughts in his different poetic periods. It seems that his attitude towards death, which includes the outlook on life, has changed in different periods of his life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Analyzing Binary Oppositions in Hassan Alwan’s Novel Mouton Sageer Through the Eyes of Iranian Mystics
رضا ناظمیان mansooreh doagooBinary oppositions have long captivated mystics and are a focal point for structuralists, who often build the foundation of texts around them. By emphasizing these dichotomies, they aim to unveil a unified system and gain deeper insights into the text. In "Mouton Sageer MoreBinary oppositions have long captivated mystics and are a focal point for structuralists, who often build the foundation of texts around them. By emphasizing these dichotomies, they aim to unveil a unified system and gain deeper insights into the text. In "Mouton Sageer" (A Small Death), binary oppositions play a central role, and this study examines their significance in the story of Hassan Alwan through a descriptive-analytical approach. Drawing from Ibn Arabi's mystical themes, the research delves into the perspectives of Iranian mystics to elucidate the author's underlying framework. The title "A Small Death" symbolizes an earthly love that undergoes a transformation, elevating a mortal being to a celestial realm and fostering a connection to true love. Alvan's work strives to expound upon an intellectual system rooted in binary oppositions, illustrating a mystical concept of "unity in plurality" where love serves as the unifying principle. The ultimate goal is to bring harmony to the current world, transcending conflict, as Alvan posits love as the key element that binds individuals together. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - The Explanation of the Noble Life and Death of the Organizations through Phoenix Metaphor Approach (Case Study: Educational Organizations)
Ali Kargar Zanjani Rostam Gharehdaghi Zahra GhasemiBackground: Although the organizations play an important role in our modern world, and their presence affects every aspect of our current social life, the existence of an organization is essential when the society needs it, and its absence is crucially felt if it is eli MoreBackground: Although the organizations play an important role in our modern world, and their presence affects every aspect of our current social life, the existence of an organization is essential when the society needs it, and its absence is crucially felt if it is eliminated. Purpose: This paper attempts to explain the concept of noble life and death of organizations as a fortune to consume and to allocate resources optimally, to decrease inefficiency costs, profusion, and the decline of outdated methods.Method: This research is exploratory in method (including reading texts, exploratory interviews and complementary method), it applies content analysis and for extending the subject realism, storytelling method is used.Findings: In this regard, Phoenix metaphor approach is used for understanding the organizational behavior in confronting death or planned death. Also its relative capability for explaining the behavioral and structural aspects of organization is evaluated.Conclusion: The results of the research show that green organizations contrariwise immortal organizations chose noble death after the end of mission so that the other organizations have a better life. The organizational designers should have such an exact planning for mortal organizations such as Literacy Movement that they resign to noble death after the end of their mission. Accordingly they can affect Iranian social life in a stable way or a new form. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - An Evaluation of khayyam's notion on the Basis of the corpus of his Authentic Quatrains
mehdi mahoozi There is no thinker like Omar Khayyam Neishaboury. Likewise, there is no poetry which invites us as much to dialogue, discussion, and translation as his Quatrains. I would belive that the study of Khayyam's noti More There is no thinker like Omar Khayyam Neishaboury. Likewise, there is no poetry which invites us as much to dialogue, discussion, and translation as his Quatrains. I would belive that the study of Khayyam's notion should be based on the corpus of his authentic Quatrains. In order to distinguish the Quatrains that were written by khayyam from the derivative ones, it is necessary to separate all of them by studying all this writings and comparing those Quatrains with the authentic ideas snd believes of khayyam which we withdrew from our study on all his works. In this paper constraints are introduced for identifying khayyam's authentic Quatrains. with the aid of these parameters, Quatrains which play a key-role in khayyam's thought were selected. On the basis of these results, it was possible to re-evaluate the understanding of khayyam's thought in European and Western Studies on this subject, from his own lifetime until the present day. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Verese Stylistics of the th century
Sayyed Ziaedin SajadiHereby we talk about the characteristics of verse stylistics in the th century. It's started with examinig Sanaii Ghaznavi's Poetry that was known as a Nezami's Eghbalnameh Coincided with the finishing of his EskandarNameh in the th century. MoreHereby we talk about the characteristics of verse stylistics in the th century. It's started with examinig Sanaii Ghaznavi's Poetry that was known as a Nezami's Eghbalnameh Coincided with the finishing of his EskandarNameh in the th century. In this century Persian poetry changed in many ways such as theme, rhythm, form, word, and rhyme blending, novelty and the khorasani's poetry styles developed in the th century, and the most significant change is the entrance of Sufi and mystical ideas which was started by sanaii and Nezami ended it. Manners like virtues, Lampoonic, and Satirizing Poems, Wise sayings, Panegyric verse, Death Elegies, etc. engaged the Poets thoughts in this century. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - A classification method for anecdotes concerning “Extraordinary Deaths” (In Prose Mystic Manuscripts until the end of the 6th century Hegira)
Iraj ShahbaziOut of the wide variety of Mystic Tales, ones associated with death is the main concern in this article. Death of saints like the other parts of their lives is in a veil of mystery. Since to date, no serious attempt is made to classify such stories, hence i MoreOut of the wide variety of Mystic Tales, ones associated with death is the main concern in this article. Death of saints like the other parts of their lives is in a veil of mystery. Since to date, no serious attempt is made to classify such stories, hence in this article a precise and comprehensive method is suggested which classifies more than twenty eight kinds of such “incredible deaths”. For each story, full information about plot, content, saints, mystic figures, Performers of Miraculous Acts, moral points and the corresponding sources of tales is neatly presented thereby a large volume of information becomes readily available. For this purpose the method of Arneh-Thompson has been used. The research data is drawn upon thirteen prose mystic manuscripts covering the anecdotes till the end of the sixth century. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - The Account of death in Tarikh Bayhaghi
Maryam As’adiThis article is concerned with the analysis of manner of death regarding the characters in Tarikh Bayhaghi and discussion of its relevant issues. As the role players of this book are quite distinct in their characters, their deaths are also quite unique from diffe MoreThis article is concerned with the analysis of manner of death regarding the characters in Tarikh Bayhaghi and discussion of its relevant issues. As the role players of this book are quite distinct in their characters, their deaths are also quite unique from different aspects such as sensitivity, quality, and consequences it entails. In the first part the following deaths under the titles “particular and sensitive deaths”, “ordinary deaths”, “epic deaths”, “political-religious deaths” are analyzed. In the second part, methods of death of persons are discussed under the title of murder, natural death, sudden death, and unknown death. Part three is divided into two sections, characters before and after death. Part four deals with such issues as will, funeral procession and mourning, and finally part five is concerned with elegy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Death and its adventure in Roudaki’s poetry
Kimia TajniaNo doubt, one of the strongest subject matter in Roudaki’s poetry manifested in a significant and multitude of form is death. Roudki’s conception of death is a profound one. Apart from the fact that the subject of death in elegies is brought about with MoreNo doubt, one of the strongest subject matter in Roudaki’s poetry manifested in a significant and multitude of form is death. Roudki’s conception of death is a profound one. Apart from the fact that the subject of death in elegies is brought about with such openness and with some remorse, such an outlook towards death brings to mind a kind of Khayyamic mode of thought whose recurrent theme is a Carpedieum motif, an invitation to joyful life because of its short duration. Moreover, manifestation of death in Roudaki’s lyrical poetry, where he creates an image of his own death in a conversation with his beloved, a kind of sympathizing with the beloved, later finds expression in a more serious form in Persian lyrical literature is discussed along the main subject. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Post structuralism in Shahnameh Ferdowsi (With emphasis on Bahram’s death)
Ro’ya SayyedoshohadaeiThe purpose of this article is to investigate the esthetic aspect of the death of one of the Ferdowsi’s epic characters, in order to reveal only a glimpse of the dynamic potentialities and the scope of interpretation of this grand masterpiece. The historic & MoreThe purpose of this article is to investigate the esthetic aspect of the death of one of the Ferdowsi’s epic characters, in order to reveal only a glimpse of the dynamic potentialities and the scope of interpretation of this grand masterpiece. The historic – mythic structure of the epic texts apparently does not lend itself to interpretation however the texture of stories in Shahnameh is such that renders the text quite interpretable. Ferdowsi’s epic has a paradoxical texture: On one hand there are signs that point realistically to concise, consistent, and systematic features, and on the other hand there are endless interpretations, and it is extremely decontextualized, produces multiple layers of meanings and it is filled with ambiguities. It constantly seeks to remain without an ultimate texture and to remain detached from history, to be non-spatial and hence be eternal. Selection of Bahram’s death and glorified esthetical death of this epic hero is an occasion to illustrate the post structuralist nature of Ferdowsi’s epic despite the fact that the characteristic feature of Shahnameh is inclined towards a consistent structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Believe in Astovidatu or demon of death and examining its reflection in Shahnameh
Ardeshir SanchooliDemons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs. Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and dest MoreDemons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs. Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and destructive elements were related to a corresponding demon. A phenomenon named Astovidatu or demon of death is one such example. Although after coming of Islam this belief had lost its original vigor, yet its reflection could be clearly seen in certain works particularly in Shahnameh all the more reason for Ferdowsi’s use of imageries in connection with the concept of death. It is the purpose of this article to compare these imageries with information that exists regarding the demon of death, a belief already existed before Islam in Zoroastrian religion and to prove and demonstrate that the creation of those imageries consciously or unconsciously were under the influence of Astovidatu. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Robai and the subject of death in robais of Mowlana
Khalil Ebrahim SariOqluRobai as a poetic genre is known to be originated in the Persian language. Since this genre normally deals with a single concept and has meter of its own, its employment in contrast with other poetic genre is less encountered in the Persian language. Among his pro MoreRobai as a poetic genre is known to be originated in the Persian language. Since this genre normally deals with a single concept and has meter of its own, its employment in contrast with other poetic genre is less encountered in the Persian language. Among his prolific poems, Mowlana has composed quatrains with utmost mastery and skill. This article is concerned with issues such as death, life after death, and Mowlana’s views regarding these subjects are provided. �ا اندیشههای وی دربارة مرگ ـ که میان انسانها مشترک است ـ ، حیات بعد از مرگ و حیات اخروی ـ که جای محاسبة اعمال این جهانی است ـ آشنا میشویم. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - The relationship between defensive styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies anxiety death in the elderly
Haleh Vesali َAziz Lachini Reza Afshani Morteza MahdoodiZamanDeath anxiety is an unusual and great fear of death that is accompanied by emotions such as fear of death or apprehension when thinking about the process of dying or what happens after death. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between defensive sty MoreDeath anxiety is an unusual and great fear of death that is accompanied by emotions such as fear of death or apprehension when thinking about the process of dying or what happens after death. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between defensive styles and cognitive regulation strategies. The excitement was the anxiety of death among elderly men and women in Urmia. For this purpose, in a descriptive correlational study, 250 elder (52 women and 198 men) were selected, available for sampling, and evaluated in terms of defensive styles, adjustment problems, and death anxiety. The results of regression analysis showed that the use of defensive styles, increases the rate of death anxiety in the elderly. It was also found that the relationship between undeveloped defensive styles and overall death anxiety was significant, and in developed defensive styles with death anxiety, this relationship was confirmed. The results of this study showed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies are able to predict and explain anxiety disorders; also, death anxiety can be predicted by acceptance variable up to 15%, by acceptance and catastrophizing variables up to 28%, by acceptance, catastrophizing, and blaming others variables up to 29%, and by acceptance, catastrophizing, blaming others, and positive reassessment variables up to 31%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in relationship between attachment styles and anxiety of death among cancer patients
Shahed Masoodi Hamid Reza Hatami Morteza Modaress Shokosadat BanijamaliDeath anxiety is defined as feelings of panic, anxiety and fear of death and non-existence. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in relation to attachment styles and anxiety of death among patients with cancer. For this pur MoreDeath anxiety is defined as feelings of panic, anxiety and fear of death and non-existence. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in relation to attachment styles and anxiety of death among patients with cancer. For this purpose, in a descriptive correlational study, 367 patients (140 women and 227 men) were selected through volunteering sampling from cancer patients referred to specialized and oncology centre of Emam Reza, Ghaem Hospital and Omid Hospital in Mashhad between September 93 to August 94. The participants were evaluated for death anxiety level, adult attachment style, and early maladaptive schemas. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between attachment styles and anxiety of death through mediation of early maladaptive schemas, and that early maladaptive schemas have been able to affect, the relationship between attachment styles and the anxiety of death as a mediator variable. Thus, using the psychological interventions for alteration of unhealthy behavioral patterns, and counseling a psychologist to identify and modify the primary schemas, alongside the primary medical techniques, can help to reduce the psychological harm among the cancer patients. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Examining organ transplantation from the perspective of parties and French law
reza kolahkaj فرج اله براتی seyedhesamh hosseiniThe majority of Shia and Sunni jurists consider organ transplant as absolutely permissible if it depends on the preservation of human life (whether Muslim or infidel), and if the preservation of human life does not depend on it, it is subject to other conditions that ar MoreThe majority of Shia and Sunni jurists consider organ transplant as absolutely permissible if it depends on the preservation of human life (whether Muslim or infidel), and if the preservation of human life does not depend on it, it is subject to other conditions that are among the jurists. Imamia and Ahl al-Sunni are controversial. However, in American and European countries, including France, organ transplantation is permitted after five tests have been performed to diagnose brain death. In French law, brain death is considered death, and if brain death is confirmed, the use of organs is permitted. Brain-dead bodies are used for organ transplantation. The main question of this research is how organ transplantation is expressed from the point of view of subject law and foreign jurisprudence and French law? The hypothesis that is proposed for the main question of the research is: : It seems that in these different systems, the nature of all Shari'a and legal rulings is the same, and there is a difference between the binding of Muslim and non-Muslim members in unnecessary cases between the parties and French law, and in other cases, there is a special distinction in the field. There is no implementation of the link. The current research is a descriptive analytical method. The collection of information is based on the method of library collection. Quranic verses, authentic Islamic sources, jurisprudential books and hadiths were used to explain the separation of the soul from the body and the issue of death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Biochemical parameters, Cell death, Sage, TiO2 NPs, UV-B radiation.
torfeh akhavan hezaveh<strong>Introduction:</strong> <em>Salvia officinalis </em>L. is a plant of family Lamiaceae native of Asia and Latin America. The major phytochemical constituents of <em>Salvia officinalis</em> include phenolic compounds (e.g., coumarins, flavonoids, tannins), polyacet More<strong>Introduction:</strong> <em>Salvia officinalis </em>L. is a plant of family Lamiaceae native of Asia and Latin America. The major phytochemical constituents of <em>Salvia officinalis</em> include phenolic compounds (e.g., coumarins, flavonoids, tannins), polyacetylenes, steroids and terpenes/terpenoids (e.g., monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids.<em> Salvia</em> is an important genus consisting of about 900 species in the family Lamiaceae. Nowadays, many Mediterranean countries where sage grows have substantial gains from its production and its export. UV radiation causes the generation of oxygen free radicals such as singular oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals which disturb the metabolic balance of cells. TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles possess all of the characteristics of TiO<sub>2</sub> and due to smaller sizes, their contact surface with other materials and consequently their efficiencies are increased such that these unusual characteristics have created concerns regarding their potential environmental effects. In order to investigate the applicability of titanium oxide nanoparticles in decreasing the effects of stresses due to UV radiation in the sage plant, an experiment was conducted in biology department of Technical and Vocational University.<br /><strong>Experimental:</strong> In the current survey, based on the pot culture method using (Titanium dioxide nanoparticles) TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs pretreatment in three levels of (0 ppm, 30 ppm, 60 ppm) then applying UV-B in three levels of (0, 20, 40 min),totally in 9 treatments and three repetitions for every treatment, the growth and some biochemical detectors of the sage plant (<em>Salvia officinalis</em>) were studied. During 3 weeks and irrigated with Hoagland solution every day.<br /><strong>Results and Disscussion:</strong> The analysis of variance revealed that that UV-B stress increased cell death, carotenoids, anthocyanin, flavonoid, root protein. The results also showed that TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs decreased dry weight, soluble protein compared to control plants. The results obtained from investigating the application of UV-B combined with TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs showed that applying 30 ppm TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs concomitant with UV-B improved the effects of UV-B stress in sage plant compared to other concentrations of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs. The results obtained from investigating the application of UV-B combined with titanium oxide nanoparticles showed that applying 30 ppm titanium oxide nanoparticles concomitant with UV-B improved the effects of UV-B stress in sage plant compared to other concentrations of titanium oxide nanoparticles. TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs are able to activate an adaptive survival mechanism the plant even under oxidative stressful conditions.<br /><strong>Extension:</strong> Based on the results, growers can apply TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs at low concentrations of 30 ppm to complete the life cycle of sage plant to improve the antioxidant capacity of <em>S. officinalis</em>. Manuscript profile
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