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Open Access Article
1 - The Impact of living in the Umayyad Court on John Damascus Attitude toward Islam
Mostafa MoallemiWith the advent of the Islamic invitation by the Prophet (PBUH), Christians living in the peninsula and the Byzantine Empire, took different approaches toward Islam. One of those approaches was the writing of The Apologetics which has been evaluated by the contemporary MoreWith the advent of the Islamic invitation by the Prophet (PBUH), Christians living in the peninsula and the Byzantine Empire, took different approaches toward Islam. One of those approaches was the writing of The Apologetics which has been evaluated by the contemporary Muslim scholars as hostile, groundless and based on forged traditions. It seems that john of Damascus was the first Eastern Christian to write an apologetic against Islam. This study seeks to examine some of the historical statements mentioned in john's work to determine whether these were purely illusions or that they can also be traced back to Islamic traditions. The findings show that what are seen as the most significant problems or reproofs of Christians against Islam and have the highest frequency came out of the Islamic community during the era of the Umayyad's dominance. John and his father, Sarjun ibn Mansur, lived in Umayyad court for decades, and their outlook on Islam was strongly influenced by Mu'awiyah and Yazid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Analysis of the Train Metaphor in Ana Karenina Novel Based on the Model of Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphors
Parisa Changizi Hoseinali NozariPhilosophers and historians of science believe in a particular metaphor for every century in the history of science. Meanwhile, the nineteenth century is under the metaphor of the train, which is the embodiment of the steam engine. On the other hand, at the same time, t MorePhilosophers and historians of science believe in a particular metaphor for every century in the history of science. Meanwhile, the nineteenth century is under the metaphor of the train, which is the embodiment of the steam engine. On the other hand, at the same time, the metaphor of the train plays a decisive role in nineteenth-century literature and it becomes one of the factors on which the plot of the story is based. So in the nineteenth century, the metaphor of the train, which is a tangible form of the steam engine for people, spread everywhere and it found a decisive role in the nineteenth-century literature. This metaphor becomes one of the factors on which the plot of the story is based. After introducing the train metaphor as the dominant metaphor in nineteenth-century science and literature, the paper analyzes the metaphor in Anna Karenina's novel by theme analysis strategy and based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Identification of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in samples tissue ileum of cattle slaughtered in Shahr-e Kord with ziehl neelsen staining and nested PCR method
حسن کریمی عبدالرسول نامجو حسن ممتاز محمدرضا نامداریJohne s disease is a severe chronic progressive enteritis that infect digestive system ofruminants, domestic animals, wild animals and equine .This study performed due to distinguishM. avium paratuberculosis with nested polymerase chain reaction and Ziehl–Neelsen, MoreJohne s disease is a severe chronic progressive enteritis that infect digestive system ofruminants, domestic animals, wild animals and equine .This study performed due to distinguishM. avium paratuberculosis with nested polymerase chain reaction and Ziehl–Neelsen, s stainingon the ilieum samples of slaughtered cattle in Shahr-e- Kord industrial slaughterhouse. Resultsshowed that respectively 6.6% and 26.67 % of bovine are contaminated with M. aviumparatuberculosis according to histopathology method and nested polymerase chain reaction .Mac nemar statistical test showed that sensitivity of PCR test was more than histopathologicalmethod( P<0.001) . Also 80% total agreement between these two methods and the Kappacoefficients calculated at 0.33 which represent is poor agreement (P<0.01). There wasn’tsignificant deference between, gender, race and age with infection rate ( P>0.05). The resultsshowed that a nested PCR test for diagnosis of infection is high speed and accuracy and in theprimary levels of disease that amount of microorganism is a few we cannot trust to result ofhistopathological method for recognition of Johne‚s disease Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Sero-prevalence of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in dairy farms of Tehran-Iran using absorbed ELISA assay
Heidarnejhad, O., Safi, Sh., Mosavari, N., Keshavarz, R. .Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants and have been also isolated from humans. Accurate statistical information about the disease prevalence in different regions of Iran is not available. The objective of the present study w MoreMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants and have been also isolated from humans. Accurate statistical information about the disease prevalence in different regions of Iran is not available. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical Johne's disease in dairy cattle herds of Tehran province, Iran. Knowing the disease prevalence and its damages could have an important role to manage the disease in the farms involved. In the present study which was conducted in the years 1391 to 1393, 338 serum and fecal samples from cows older than 18 months, were obtained from 14 dairy farms in Tehran province, Iran. Antibodies against Johne's disease were assayed using PARACHEK2 absorbed ELISA kit (ParaCheck, Prionics AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Fecal culture and Nested-PCR assays were performed to confirm the disease. The prevalence of the disease determined by ELISA and culture were 9.5% (95% CI: 6.66 - 13.23) and 3.6% (95% CI: 1.69 - 7.27), respectively. Furthermore, the herd prevalence of the disease was calculated using culture as 28.6% (95% CI: 9.58- 57.99) and ELISA as 57.14% (95% CI: 29.65- 81.19). To evaluate the diagnostic value of the test, ELISA results were compared to bacterial fecal culture as the gold standard test. According to the obtained results, ELISA can be considered as a suitable screening test for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis due to the convenient sampling, high speed and low price. It is suggested that precise control programs to be performed based on the prevalence of the disease in Tehran province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - An Introduction to Some of the Most Important Principles and Theories of Religious Pluralism
Abolfazl EbrahimiIn the modern and philosophy of religion, there are two generalapproaches, namely religious pluralism and unificationism, each ofthem has its own epistemological, linguistic and religious principleswhich have made them different and distinguished.In this article we cons MoreIn the modern and philosophy of religion, there are two generalapproaches, namely religious pluralism and unificationism, each ofthem has its own epistemological, linguistic and religious principleswhich have made them different and distinguished.In this article we consider some of the most important principlesand theories of religious pluralism and attempt to answer thesequestions: Is the difference and plurality of religions inherent andrealistic or superficial and formal? What is the nature of suchdifferences and plurality? Is it possible to establish agreement or atleast some understanding among religions or not? Finally we come tothe conclusion that the most important difference between religions isthe distinction of their epistemological and linguistic principles.Because of this difference, the single source of all religiousexperiences, the Absolute Reality or the Sacred, seems plural andmultiple; as a consequence, It takes different shapes and forms.Nevertheless, the Absolute Reality could be perceived as a commonelement of different religions and It can establish agreement andunderstanding among them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Origin and the Advent of Christian Mysticism
علی بادامیBy the advent of Christianity mysticism has started practicing in theChristian religious life and has been influenced by external and internalsources during its development and formation. This essay tries tosurvey the formative period of the Christian mysticism, and inc MoreBy the advent of Christianity mysticism has started practicing in theChristian religious life and has been influenced by external and internalsources during its development and formation. This essay tries tosurvey the formative period of the Christian mysticism, and includestwo parts: In the first part the influence of following factors onChristian mysticism have been dealt with: Jewish heritage– that is, thehistorical and environmental relations of Jewish and Christiancommunities and their similarities in the religious beliefs and rituals–Hebrew Bible and Philo’s treatises, religious texts– such as Didacheand Apocalyptic and apocryphal literature– mysterious religions, andGnostics and Hermetic rituals. Moreover, the impact of Platonic andNeo-Platonic schools on Christians’ tendency towards mysticism hasbeen mentioned. In the second part, the influence of internal sourcessuch as Gospels, the mystical teachings of Christ, Paul and John, havebeen studied. Finally, we come to the conclusion that Christianmysticism, in spite of external influences, has mostly been impacted bythe Gospels and mystical and moral teachings of Christ and his asceticlife. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - A Study about the Author of the Book of Revelation
Azadeh Rezaei Fatemeh LajevardiThe Apocalypses, as the writings which narrate the revelations about the occurrences of the finality of the world, have much in common in Judeo and Christian traditions in terms of form and content. One of their common features is pseudepigraphy, i.e. the attribution of MoreThe Apocalypses, as the writings which narrate the revelations about the occurrences of the finality of the world, have much in common in Judeo and Christian traditions in terms of form and content. One of their common features is pseudepigraphy, i.e. the attribution of the Jewish apocalypses to the most prominent Jewish figures including Moses, through which the real authors could have accentuated on the authority of their works. The authors of the Christian apocalypses, like their Jewish counterparts, attributed their works to the prominent Christian figures. Meanwhile, the Book of Revelation is one of the most significant Christian apocalypses that its author explicitly refers to his name, John, as the author of it. Thus, since the early centuries of Christian history, many discussions have been made concerning the identity of the author by the Christian thinkers, which have even continued until today. This article is seeking to present a clear picture of the identity of the author according to some historical accounts, the ideas of the early Christian thinkers and the ideas of the modern scholars. The present study indicates that John was one of the early Christian prophets who was engaged in his religious ministry in Asia Minor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - John Milton and Christian Marital Love
ارسطو میرانیCatholicism, inspired by New Testament, has a dual view about maritallove. On the one hand it regards the union of a man and his wife as thesymbol of the eternal union of Christ and Church deals with it as asacrament, on the other hand, it regards sexual relation as the MoreCatholicism, inspired by New Testament, has a dual view about maritallove. On the one hand it regards the union of a man and his wife as thesymbol of the eternal union of Christ and Church deals with it as asacrament, on the other hand, it regards sexual relation as the base ofthis union and accepts its legitimacy only for the purpose ofreproduction without any pleasure-seeking intention. Protestant leadersdenied marriage as a religious sacrament but had a positive view aboutmarital sexual relations. In Paradise Lost John Milton criticizes thecatholic view vigorously. He says love, as emotional attachment andempathy not sexual relation, is the base of marital relationship andbelieves that true marital love has a transcending effect on the lover.Therefore one can say that Milton’s views about marital love are evenmore positive than the views of the leaders of the Reformation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Characteristics of Divine Love from the Viewpoint of St. John of the Cross
ابوالفضل محمودی لیلا رضاییDivine love is the cornerstone of John's mystical life. His heart wassurrounded by the flame of love, so much so that every teaching in hismind was strongly connected to it. He believed that by transformationof soul into the divine love, it achieves all virtues and coul MoreDivine love is the cornerstone of John's mystical life. His heart wassurrounded by the flame of love, so much so that every teaching in hismind was strongly connected to it. He believed that by transformationof soul into the divine love, it achieves all virtues and could be able toreceive God's epiphanies. On the other hand, the spiritual itinerarycould not come to an end without love. Thus love is both the way andthe goal of the mystical journey. For John, love is the bearer of blissand knowledge and brings about the unity of the lover and the beloved.He emphasized the annihilation of oneself in Christ, so that the truelover for him is one who abandons his will to the Lord. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Influence of Joachim's Theory of Developmental Periods on Pioneering Reformists
Mansour Motamedi Zahra MighaniHumans' perception of time has always had important role in developing their belief system. Hebrews by having faith in an omnipotent God got free from the cycles of eternal growth and decline. Instead they believed in a unique ending of history. With Christianity histor MoreHumans' perception of time has always had important role in developing their belief system. Hebrews by having faith in an omnipotent God got free from the cycles of eternal growth and decline. Instead they believed in a unique ending of history. With Christianity history turned to a meaningful process and a Christian was believed to be a pilgrim going to an ultimate destination. Before Joachim, this ultimate was believed as the salvation of chosen believers and it was located out of universal history. But Joachim supposed history as a developmental process and brought the salvation into the universal history. It actually led to a hope for an earthly heaven. Pioneering reformist inspired by Joachim`s descriptions of apocalyptic chaos and Golden Age of Holy Spirit started a religious and anti-church reformation. John Wyclif, one of the first reformist, declared that the luxury of the church indicated that the end of the time was approaching. Believing in flourished minds and the relative self-autonomy of Christians in the last era of history led to the idea of spiritual church and objection against the authority of the existing church. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - A comparative study of vocabulary diversity in Arabic and Persian dubbing of Inside Out based on Johnson's model
Abdulbasit Arab YousefabadiIn recent years, statistical analysis is used as a tool to evaluate the independent characteristics of texts. Keith Johnson, one of the theorists of statistical stylistics, believes that the style of that text can be obtained by calculating the ratio of the vocabulary o MoreIn recent years, statistical analysis is used as a tool to evaluate the independent characteristics of texts. Keith Johnson, one of the theorists of statistical stylistics, believes that the style of that text can be obtained by calculating the ratio of the vocabulary of each text. In translation studies, this model can also be used to check the vocabulary diversity of the target text and compare it with the source text. The Inside Out (2015) is the winner of the Oscar award for the best animation, which was well received due to the fascinating subject of psychology and artistic depictions of mental concepts. In terms of style, the script of this animation is full of general and specialized words, a feature that is also evident in the translation of the script. In this research, an attempt is made to compare the lexical diversity of the Arabic and Persian dubbing of the above animation by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and referring to Johnson's model. The results show that the vocabulary of the Arabic dubbing of animation (52%) is more diverse than its Persian dubbing (45%). The reason for this variety of vocabulary can be found in the word production process in Arabic (based on derivation) and its clear difference from the word production process in Persian language (based on composition); Because the process of derivation provides the possibility of producing more diverse words than the process of composition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparative Study on the Cocept of Death in John Donne and Molana’s Works
Narjes Tohidifar Saeed AsadiThe present paper intends to study, research and compare the concept of “Death” in John Donne’s works – the English metaphysical poet in Baroque era in seventeen’s century – and Molana’s – Iranian poet of seventh century. MoreThe present paper intends to study, research and compare the concept of “Death” in John Donne’s works – the English metaphysical poet in Baroque era in seventeen’s century – and Molana’s – Iranian poet of seventh century. Since two poets are different in their view points but similar in concerning death in their works, this paper initially studies their life styles and then their mythical and religious themes in order to find out the why and how of the concept of death in both poets’ works. The present article aims to study the abovementioned concept as two lines – one as John Donne in Baroque era and the other as Molana and find out the similarities and differences which may make them parallel or crisscross. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Literary Array of Paradox in John Donne and Saadi Shirazi’s Works
Fatemeh Azizmohammadi Hamedreza Kohzadi"Paradox" as a literary array plays an important role in the literature of East and West, particularly in Persian Greek and English literature. Using paradox is a method of literary criticism, including a review of ambiguous statements, deduction and subsequent concept More"Paradox" as a literary array plays an important role in the literature of East and West, particularly in Persian Greek and English literature. Using paradox is a method of literary criticism, including a review of ambiguous statements, deduction and subsequent concept of them .Both Saadi Shirazi and John Donne use the paradox to investigate the dominant contradictions that are, to some extent, incomprehensible to ordinary readers. This paper attempts to review and examine the challenge of the readers’ public understanding through the contradictions occuring in their minds by reading these two poets’ poems .This article seeks also to show how the emergence of such thoughts, and goals of these two poets in the application of the paradox Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A comparative study of Sanaee and John Donne’ mysticism
Ali Dehghan Maryam AminiSanaee an epoch-maker poet of Persian literature is the turning point of mystical Persian poetry. John Donne the English speaking American poet of Seventeenth-century is of a similar character and thought as Sanaee. Changing status and restless spirit, and tra MoreSanaee an epoch-maker poet of Persian literature is the turning point of mystical Persian poetry. John Donne the English speaking American poet of Seventeenth-century is of a similar character and thought as Sanaee. Changing status and restless spirit, and tragic dual personality, evolutionary genius in the field of mystical thought, innovation and prominence in lyricism and religious orientation in mysticism are the similar characteristics of these two great belletrists. Accordingly, the common mystical matters as theology, love, intuition, repentance, inexistence and death are read in this article from Sanaee and Donne’s viewpoint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Study on Modernity Appearance in The Curse of the Earth and The Grapes of Wrath
Soudabeh Sadeghi Meisam ZareJalal Al-e-Ahmad was an intellectual and author of The Curse of the Earth novel in forty decade who composed his works by changing the economic – social structures disorders as well as ethical tangles and passed the tradition towards the modernity. On the other ha MoreJalal Al-e-Ahmad was an intellectual and author of The Curse of the Earth novel in forty decade who composed his works by changing the economic – social structures disorders as well as ethical tangles and passed the tradition towards the modernity. On the other hand John Steinbeck – the American moralism tough critic – wrote The Grapes of Wrath in the worst days of America called America's Great Depression. The present article tries to define the common motifs, the manifestation of modernity to the traditional society, the impact of the society with modernity and the effect of the modernity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Comparative Study of Tropes in thePoems of John Donne and Saeb Tabrizi
Nasser Maleki Majid Farahian Maryam NavidiPoems in Indian style are worthy of note due to their rich images, as in terms of word concept they are similar to the English metaphysical poems of the 17th century. Such poems have brevity, delicacy, and are predictable by complex concepts. Hence, having a powerful st MorePoems in Indian style are worthy of note due to their rich images, as in terms of word concept they are similar to the English metaphysical poems of the 17th century. Such poems have brevity, delicacy, and are predictable by complex concepts. Hence, having a powerful structure and a recurrent philosophy, they are considered to possess complex stylistic features matched with the mystic secrets of life. This style is the product of the thoughts and feelings of poets with profound scientific and philosophical knowledge; therefore it requires a distinctive audience. The main features of this style are profound philosophical contemplations, vernacularism, an addressing tone through such devices as simile, metaphor, personification, antithesis, and pun, whose manifestations are noticeable in the literary vocations of John Donne and Saeb Tabrizi, that is to say, these two poets hunt the reader’s mind. This article comparatively studies the selected works of John Donne and Saeb Tabrizi for some of the eminent instances of the above stylistic features. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Woman: Khaqani, John Donne
Seyyedeh Anahit Kazzazi Parisa SadeqiThe comparative literature is one of the literature branches which enables us to perceive the similarities between intelligentsia and literati despite of the time and place differences among cultures and nations. Thus we were persuaded to compare Khaqani Shirvani &ndas MoreThe comparative literature is one of the literature branches which enables us to perceive the similarities between intelligentsia and literati despite of the time and place differences among cultures and nations. Thus we were persuaded to compare Khaqani Shirvani – Iranian poet –and John Donne – English poet – from two different countries with two different cultures. Some similarities could be observed in their looks to women despite of the time and place distances. The present article tries to survey two remarkable panegyrics on the ideal woman by allusions to some of their poems. The commonalities in their views have formed the basis of the present article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A Comparative Study of the Relation between Pain and Suffering and Meaningfulness of Life from the Viewpoint of Rumi and John Hick
goodarz razani farajollah barati meysam amaniPain and suffering are one of the undeniable issues in every man’s life, and their sources, advantages and disadvantages are always under the question. In this study, taking advantage of both Rumis’s and John Hick’s special viewpoint and ideology, pain MorePain and suffering are one of the undeniable issues in every man’s life, and their sources, advantages and disadvantages are always under the question. In this study, taking advantage of both Rumis’s and John Hick’s special viewpoint and ideology, pain and both thinkers’ attitudes towards it, solutions, decreasing its practical impact, and giving meaning to life are discussed. At the end, it is proved that although Rumi and Hick are temporally and locally detached and have insignificant difference of viewpoints concerning issues such as human fall, they have a perfect attitude about pain and have fundamentally theoretical similarities in such a way that it can be said their thoughts are consistent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Method of Conceptive Metaphor and Image Schemata in Mikhail Naimy’s Poetries
Soghra Falahati Ali Piranishaal Zohreh Nae’mi Fatemeh KhorramianConceptive metaphor is a natural principle which is completely present in our daily lives intentionally or unintentionally. Determining a pattern which aids us a better understanding of abstract concepts is important in metaphor. Thus it is worthy to apply this concepti MoreConceptive metaphor is a natural principle which is completely present in our daily lives intentionally or unintentionally. Determining a pattern which aids us a better understanding of abstract concepts is important in metaphor. Thus it is worthy to apply this conceptive tool to understand abstract meanings of contemporary poetries. The present survey studies conceptive metaphor with descriptive – analytical method emphasizing “Lakoff and Johnson” theory who are originators of the mentioned theory; then image schemata – conceptive structures – would be formed based on various experiments and are studied in two odes by Mikhail Naimy – contemporary Lebanese poet – called “Ring of Bells” and “Frozen River”. The results show that the poet has applied conceptive metaphor in various sections to help us having better understanding of abstract. He depicts many abstract concepts with place in order to bold his poetries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - An Analytical Comparison of Justice in Plato's Political Philosophy and John Rawls (With an emphasis on the theory, for example, of Plato)
حبیب عشایریIn the city of Utopia, the Platonic hierarchy is characterized by the degree of knowledge that individuals possess. Hence, the rulers are representatives of "Intuitive Science" and are the guardians of their residents, and they analyze the issues and direct guidance of MoreIn the city of Utopia, the Platonic hierarchy is characterized by the degree of knowledge that individuals possess. Hence, the rulers are representatives of "Intuitive Science" and are the guardians of their residents, and they analyze the issues and direct guidance of the people's thoughts. Ordinary people also suffice for the faithful beliefs learned by the scholars. On this basis, Plato believes that the masses of the people hardly and the strength of the bronze, the class of assistant guardians, such as valuable silver and rulers like gold, are scarce. The city of Plato is a city of wise men, brave, selfish and righteous. Therefore, the establishment of a rule of justice in the soul will mean that the two powers of anger and lust under the rule of reason of the process to a perfectional order embrace all human existence. The John Rawls Justice Theory, which lies in the Cantonese tradition, focuses on the structure of society and its constituent institutions. The essence of his thoughts is justice as fairness. In short, fairness relates to the ethical approach to the principles of justice and justice to fair decision making. The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Exploring the Position of the Doctrine of Difference in John Rawls's Theory of Justice And explaining the desirable society accordingly
hasan arayesh seyedmasoud haselimofrad mohammad ali tavanaThe present paper seeks to answer the fundamental question of what are the philosophical implications of the "doctrine of difference" in John Rawls's theory of justice, and which doctrine draws the desired society? The methodology of this paper is analytical and descrip MoreThe present paper seeks to answer the fundamental question of what are the philosophical implications of the "doctrine of difference" in John Rawls's theory of justice, and which doctrine draws the desired society? The methodology of this paper is analytical and descriptive, and the results show that the "doctrine of difference" in Rawls's theory of justice seeks to create the grounds for fundamental and equal liberty for all citizens, in a manner consistent with the realities of modern life. Rawls, therefore, conceives of humanity as an end in itself, preferring the right to the first priority in the status quo and seeking to create a coherent society based on accepting the principles of difference and plurality among all human beings. A desirable society commensurate with the doctrine of difference is a society based on the principles of liberal democracy, a market economy, and a welfare state in which human beings as citizens are treated politically with respect to the fundamentals of difference, and respect and respect one another's opinions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - A Study of Principles of Religious Knowledge of Peace and Peaceful Co-existence in the Eyes of John Hick and Imam Khomeini (ra)
اکرم نامور سید مهدی میرداداشیPeace and Peaceful co-existence is some type of social behavior that comes into existence within the framework of suitable sense. Social pluralism based on salvation study pluralism is some type of interpretation of peace and co-existence that uses modern philosophical MorePeace and Peaceful co-existence is some type of social behavior that comes into existence within the framework of suitable sense. Social pluralism based on salvation study pluralism is some type of interpretation of peace and co-existence that uses modern philosophical grounds. John Hick, religious philosopher and theologian, has attempted to present new interpretation of Christianity with this approach and passing through historical interpretation of church, thus institutionalizing peace and co-existence among different religions followers. Imam Khomeini vis-à-vis Hick’s approach presents another basis for salvation of religion, peace and co-existence. This article has tried to explore and criticize ideas of John Hick based on his conceptual principles while presenting interpretation of Imam Khomeini from issue of salvation, peace and peaceful co-existence representative of traditional thinking of world of Islam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Affection in semantics analysis of sightless poets: Milton’s Los Paradise and Divan-e-Rudaki
Fattaneh Ghomlaghi Latifeh Salamt BavilThe main duty of literature is to affect audiences’ emotions. Poem is often a reflection of its creator’s emotional state. Thus, affection as one of the spiritual elements of poem is considered the most important artistic constituent. It is as a bridge conne MoreThe main duty of literature is to affect audiences’ emotions. Poem is often a reflection of its creator’s emotional state. Thus, affection as one of the spiritual elements of poem is considered the most important artistic constituent. It is as a bridge connecting the outer and inner aspects of its creator that has the greatest influence on the audience; In this respect, it seems vital to analyze and investigate the aforementioned element compared to other effective ones. This study aims to recognize the two sightless poets’ themes and thoughts in terms of common affection that is due to their physical defects; differences and similarities of their perspectives could lead to more understanding and to help intercultural interactions, affinity of civilizations and betterment of the world piece. In this study through a descriptive-analytical approach, we intends to investigate the ways to transfer affections, emotions, induction of meaning as well as poetic tools such as simile, metaphor, sensuality and illustration. Our findings show sensuality or the element of affection is the main commonality between the two poets. This element is more rigorous when one realizes that their blindness not only has not caused limitations, but also has enabled them to be distinctive from other sighted poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - An Evaluation of American English File Series
Behnam Ghasemi Hamid Reza Haghverdi -
Open Access Article
25 - Teacher training students' experiences of instructional designing based on the constructivism approach
ahmadreza fazeli morteza karamiConstructivism approach is a relatively new approach in the field of instructional designing. The aim of this study was to identify and explore the experiences of the students and teachers of instructional designing based on the constructivism approach and constructivis MoreConstructivism approach is a relatively new approach in the field of instructional designing. The aim of this study was to identify and explore the experiences of the students and teachers of instructional designing based on the constructivism approach and constructivism learning environment design pattern. The research method in this study was qualitative method and was of the phenomenological type. All the students and the teachers of Beheshti Teacher Training Center of Mashhad Elementary Education who had enrolled in this center in the academic year 2012-2013 were chosen as the statistical population .Then, 15 students and teachers were chosen through the target sampling. Due to data saturation, the researchers found this number sufficient. The instrument being used was semi-structured interview. To validate the results of this study, the outcomes and extracted issues were confirmed by the participants. Deductive coding methods, then, was used to analyze the data and the interviews. Applying Johnson's model in the classroom resulted in gaining very significant experiences for both the students and the teachers. Independence, autonomy or self-sufficiency, problem-solving ability, dominance in research, retrieval and storage of information, effective interactions and depth learning were the factors being concluded from the interviews. According to these findings, it can be concluded that this very model and the other models which are based on constructivism approach can have a significant impact on the performance and success of students in different courses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Content analysis of science textbook of the elementary school fifth grade based on Deweyâs problem-solving model
یونس امیراحمدی شهین ایروانی محمدرضا شرفیThis research was conducted with the aim of content analysis of science textbook of the elementary school fifth grade based on Dewey’s problem-solving model. The general approach of textbook for problem solving process was performed by using William Romei techniqu MoreThis research was conducted with the aim of content analysis of science textbook of the elementary school fifth grade based on Dewey’s problem-solving model. The general approach of textbook for problem solving process was performed by using William Romei technique, and two checklists were used with 87.5% reliability to investigate stages and necessary skills in lessons. The results showed that stages and skills of problem solving have not been considered sufficiently in the science textbook. Only three out of eleven lessons of the textbook have conformity with problem solving stages in the framework of content presentation and its activities in the field of organizing the content-based problem solving stages of Dewey. Therefore, organizing the content structure of the textbook did not provide the opportunity for teaching in problem solving method. In the field of necessary problem solving skills, have not been uniformly applied in the textbook and the essential skills were categorized in ten different types. They were including observational skills, classification, measurement, tools application, information gathering, hypothesis and prediction, discussion on the results and findings, selection of variables, communication, evaluation and the design of research. Considerable differences were observed in their frequencies and the differences included the frequency spectrum of 0 to 37. Meanwhile, the most attention was paid to the skills of interpretation, inference and conclusion and the least attention was paid to variables of recognition and assessment skills. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Muraqaba in Sight of St. John of the Cross and Ala Al-Dawla Semnani
Abdolkhalegh Jaafari Bakhshali Ghanbari Abd Al Reza MazaheriMuraqaba is one of the important topics in the mystical conduct of the mystical traditions in Christianity and Islam. Whether it is contemplation or status, there is a difference between the mystics of these two traditions, which is widely mentioned in mysticism. Among MoreMuraqaba is one of the important topics in the mystical conduct of the mystical traditions in Christianity and Islam. Whether it is contemplation or status, there is a difference between the mystics of these two traditions, which is widely mentioned in mysticism. Among the mystics of these two religious traditions, we can mention St. John of the Cross and Ala Al-Dawla Semnani, who spoke about contemplation, and comparing the views of the two has led to novel results. Both believe that in order for Contemplation to take place, seclusion must be practiced, without which contemplation cannot be achieved. While emphasizing both of them, focusing on the environment, ignoring the environment, becoming unconscious, thinking to reach nearness to God, loving attention to God, denying outward thoughts and senses, patience and perseverance prayer in contemplation have been considered as important factors in Muraqaba. Nevertheless, Ala Al-Dawla Semnani considers the mention of language and heart necessary for the seeker to achieve Muraqaba, but according to St. John of the Cross, one should proceed only with God without performing any special deeds. How to enter Contemplation is also different from the point of view of these two mystics. In the method of St. John of the Cross is likened to a ladder and it is stated in general, but Al-Dawla Semnani has explained the conditions and methods of Muraqaba in more detail. In processing the methods of Muraqaba, John is more detailed than Semnani and gives more details. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Chip Formation Process using Finite Element Simulation “Influence of Cutting Speed Variation”
A Kherraf Y Tamerabet M Brioua R Benbouta -
Open Access Article
29 - Allelopathic effects of medicinal plant madder (Rubia tinctorum) on germination characteristics and seedling growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), corn (Zea mays), field bindweed (Convolvolus arvense) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
Ruhollah NADERI Abbas YAZDANI Yahya EMAM Ehsan BIJANZADEHExcessive use of chemical herbicides has resulted to many problems such as adverse environmental impacts, contamination of groundwater and resistant weeds. Therefore, researchers are looking for solutions to reduce the use of herbicides as more as possible. One effectiv MoreExcessive use of chemical herbicides has resulted to many problems such as adverse environmental impacts, contamination of groundwater and resistant weeds. Therefore, researchers are looking for solutions to reduce the use of herbicides as more as possible. One effective approach is to use the characteristics of allelopathic plants. To evaluate the allelopathic effects of extracts of madder on seed germination of several crops (corn and sorghum) and weeds (Johnsongrass and field bindweed), four separate laboratory experiments were conducted in 2011 at Yazd University of Applied Science. The experimental design was a completely randomized with 4 replications and 5 treatments. Treatments were madder extract at 5 levels (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively). The results showed that the extract of madder could decrease traits such as germination percentage and germination rate, root and shoot length, root to shoot ratio (R / S), seedling vigor index and total dry weight of all plants significantly (p <0.5).Germination percentage of corn and sorghum seeds were not significantly affected up to concentration of 50% and 75% of madder extract, however, germination of weed seeds showed a significant reduction at even lower rates of 25% concentration of madder extract. In general, at concentration of 25 %, germination percentage of filed bindweed and Johnson grass decreased 97 and 95.5 % compared to corn and 96 and 94 % compared to sorghum. Although the extract of madder caused a significant decrease in the rate of germination, root and shoot length, root to shoot ratio, seed vigor index and total dry weight of both crops and weeds, it was found that weeds were more susceptible to madder extract than crops. Results indicated that madder, as a useful medicinal plant, may contain allelochemicals that suppress Johnson grass and field bindweed seedlings growth and could be beneficial for weed control in corn and sorghum crops Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Conceptual metaphor in Saadi's ghazal (based on Likoff and Johnson's theory)
nazanin baharvand masoud sepahvandi ghasem sahraeiLanguage has never been free of metaphor at any time and at any level, whether in everyday and automatic language or in literary or scientific language. The fusion of metaphor with experience is such that it is thought that a metaphor can never be understood independent MoreLanguage has never been free of metaphor at any time and at any level, whether in everyday and automatic language or in literary or scientific language. The fusion of metaphor with experience is such that it is thought that a metaphor can never be understood independently of its empirical basis, or even possible to represent it in an appropriate way. Conceptual The systematic dependence of metaphorical expressions on metaphorical concepts allows us to study metaphorical linguistic expressions to understand and understand the nature of metaphorical concepts of our activities. Because of this systematicity, it is possible to understand one aspect of a concept in terms of another aspect. This article examines this type of metaphor in Saadi's ghazals by basing its research method on the conceptual metaphor theory of Likoff and Johnson. . The most cognitive concepts in Saadi's sonnets belong to natural elements and spheres of power. The high frequency of a name map means that this concept has a high dominance in the poet's mind and Saadi is either in conflict with these concepts or in association with them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - A comparative criticism of the classification of conceptual metaphors from lakoff and Johnson view with new classification with evidence from Afghani and Ishiguro works.
Sanaz Taghipoury hajebi Kamran Pashaie fakhri parvaneh AdelzadehThe present study, examination and compares the contemporary view of metaphor against its new classification.The contemporary theory of metaphors which was systematic put forward by lakoff and Johnson, the study of metaphor transformed in to a conceptual metaphor that i MoreThe present study, examination and compares the contemporary view of metaphor against its new classification.The contemporary theory of metaphors which was systematic put forward by lakoff and Johnson, the study of metaphor transformed in to a conceptual metaphor that is at the core of cognitive linguistics that encompasses the purpose of human thought and experience. Most recently due to the lack of categorization of some mapping names, a new classification was introduced by Afrashi and Hesami (1392), who introduced the structural and ontological classes in to three new Categories: objective to subjective, subjective to subjective and objective to objectiveThe purpose of the present study is to review and criticality two conceptual metaphorical perspective and to express their similarities and differences with some evidence of Afghani and IshiGuro.The research method is descriptive - analytical.The finding of the study showed that although the application of lakoff and Johnson classification is the basis of much of the current research, in some cases it is not sufficiently responsive in classifying metaphors, Therefore the new classification is more efficient. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality (review)
Ali PirhayatiThe problem of personal identity, i.e. the question of what a person's being a person is based on, is one of the problems with a long history in philosophy and theology. The most important topic in the debates about personal identity is the criteria based on which a per MoreThe problem of personal identity, i.e. the question of what a person's being a person is based on, is one of the problems with a long history in philosophy and theology. The most important topic in the debates about personal identity is the criteria based on which a person remains the same person over time and is different from others. Personal identity is related to issues such as soul-body relation, memory, the whatness of "I", evidence of identity recognition, and even human population. It goes without saying that the personal identity is one of the topics that can have a special relevance in the survival of the soul and immortality. In his book Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality (1978), John Perry tries to present various philosophical positions and views on personal identity and immortality in the form of a three-person conversation between three fictional characters. In this book, various issues such as survival after death, the role of memory in personal identity, and the relationship of the body with the soul have been discussed from different perspectives. In this article, we will first introduce John Perry and his works. Then we examine the content of the book and the weaknesses of the arguments. At the end, we will have a look at the general quality of the Persian translation of the book (translated by Kaveh Lajevardi, published by Markaz Publications) and suggest what we think are better translations for some of the sentences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - An Applied Pattern for Developing Children's Creativity through Music by Non-Specialized Teachers in Primary Schools (Based on John Cage's Pedagogical Experiences and Musical Innovations)
Zahra Akhoundi Reza AfhamiBackground: Considering the significance of creativity in global development, the emphasis on its development at an early age, and the role of art in its flourishing on the one hand and the concern about “the Creativity Crisis” and lack of understanding conc MoreBackground: Considering the significance of creativity in global development, the emphasis on its development at an early age, and the role of art in its flourishing on the one hand and the concern about “the Creativity Crisis” and lack of understanding concerning creativity in schools on the other hand, necessitate innovative and applied solutions in the present age. Objective: The present study aims to provide an applied pattern for promoting the creativity of elementary school students through music experiences with usability by Iranian non-specialized teachers and its validation. Method: This research has been conducted in three studies. In order to design the intended pattern with the applicability by non-specialized teachers in elementary schools, first and second surveys include assessing the implementation of the artists’ educational practices in the creativity development with musical concepts and Cage’s pedagogical experiences, the prominent musician, teacher of the 20th century, which were evaluated by two rounds of a self-made Delphi questionnaire with concepts and pedagogical practices used to fostering creativity, and determined by experts in three areas of education, art, and music. The third Experimental research, with the purpose of validating the discovered pattern, was conducted by a non-specialist teacher on a group of primary girl students, with a pre-post test of Torrance Creative Thinking Test (TTCT; figural version of form A). Results: The findings indicate acceptance of some dimensions of the artist's educational model and Cage’s pedagogical experiences as a set of strategies for implementing in Iranian schools, according to experts and the third study also showed the significant difference between experimental and control group on creativity dimensions, fluidity, originality, flexibility, and the overall creativity score except expandability. Conclusion: The analyzes indicate the effectiveness of the intended pattern on the creativity development of primary school children and its use by non-specialized teachers in the educational environment of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Standardization of the Third Edition of the Wadkock-Johnson Student Volunteering Scales in Elementary School Students in Islamshahr
Ali Vosoughi Colnteri Kambiz Kamkari Mehrnaz AzadyektaPurpose: In this research, "Standardization of the third edition of the Wadkock-Johnson Student Volunteering Scales in elementary school students in Islamshahr" was studied.. Methoed: The original questioning method has been developed to determine whether the thir MorePurpose: In this research, "Standardization of the third edition of the Wadkock-Johnson Student Volunteering Scales in elementary school students in Islamshahr" was studied.. Methoed: The original questioning method has been developed to determine whether the third edition of the Woodshow-Johnson Student Volunteering Scales in elementary school students in Islamshahr has internal consistency, stability coefficient, criterion validity, and desirable structure validity. The present research is in the field of psychometric planning. The present research community consists of all students of Eslamshahr primary schools. In this research, 720 students (from the first to the sixth and from each base of 30) were selected as the sample, following a randomized random sampling method. In this research, the third edition of the third edition of the Woodcock Johnson Cognitive Test series has been used as a tool that has a desirable validity and validity. Findings: The results of this study showed that by examining the internal consistency (using Alpha Cranbach method and two semiring tests with Spearman-Brown correction), stability by means of test-retest method revealed that the tool consisted of internal consistency of questions and desirable stability (higher Of 0.95). Also, the tool with the fifth version of the Stanford-Bineh Hoe Scale in elementary school students in Eslamshahr has a similarity of validity. Conclusion: Finally, the factor analysis revealed that this tool explains the factors of the seven factors of the Kotl-Horn-Carroll theory (CHC) in elementary school students in the city of Islamshahr. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Analysis of the speech of male and female characters in the story of the kingdom of Goshtasp based on the speech theory of John Searle
mah manzar Mollai Kimia Tajnia Nemat Esfahani Omran Dialogue is one of the most important tricks in the field of fiction and the author in the present research in a descriptive-analytical and library method, with the aim of explaining the speech of male and female characters in the story of Goshtasp's kingdom in Sh More Dialogue is one of the most important tricks in the field of fiction and the author in the present research in a descriptive-analytical and library method, with the aim of explaining the speech of male and female characters in the story of Goshtasp's kingdom in Shahnameh based on the theory of speech action Philosophy of language and mind seeks to clarify the fact that the male and female characters of the story of the kingdom of Goshtasp, when speaking in terms of their position and the audience, what speech action and for what purpose? In John Searle's theory of speech action, speech is divided into five declarative, persuasive, emotional, obligatory and declarative actions, which according to the aspect of the verb used in speech and how to use alternatives, indicators, as well as direct and indirect application of action. The speaker's ability to influence the audience can be measured. According to this theory, news sentences are not only the main and meaningful sentences of the language and the value of truth and falsity of all sentences is not possible; Because Ferdowsi's purpose in expressing action sentences is to describe his action, not to describe a situation. The results of this study indicate that women in the story of Goshtasp, due to lack of power, use more persuasive speech actions and the expressive and emotional actions used are more in line with persuasion of the audience than In this way, they indirectly persuade others (especially men and husbands) to achieve their desires. Also, declarative and commitment actions that require the direct action of the individual are less used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Investigating the love of Eros, the beauty factor of the story in "Wis and Ramin" and "Khosrow and Shirin" (based on John Lee's theory)
tayebe abdollahzade vajiheh torkamani barandozi The love poems of "Wis and Ramin" by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani and "Khosrow and Shirin" Nezami are Undoubtedly, they are among the most prominent works of lyrical poetry. The dimensions of romantic relationships between the characters of the story also provide a goo More The love poems of "Wis and Ramin" by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani and "Khosrow and Shirin" Nezami are Undoubtedly, they are among the most prominent works of lyrical poetry. The dimensions of romantic relationships between the characters of the story also provide a good basis for studying the subject of love and its types with psychological theories. One of these topics is John Lee's theory of love. He has studied the three main love styles of Eros, Ludos, Storg, secondary mania styles, agape, pragma and also compared it with the main colors. The purpose of this study is to study the love of Eros in these two love poems using John Lee's theory of love. So the main question is to answer the question of what color of love in these stories corresponds to what color of love in John Lee's theory and what are the most important components of Eros love that is the main factor of beauty and charm in these stories? The result of this research shows that by examining this issue descriptively-analytically in both stories, an important love component (Eros) is identified related to the behavior of the characters in the story. This component includes a number of actions and motivations that are consistent with John Lee's view in red. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The Impact of Neoliberalism on the Political Thought of John Rawls
Abrahiam Naizi Hasan Shamsini Ghiasvand Seyed Asadolah Athari Mariyan Elaha AbolhasaniPolitical philosophy has paid attention to justice, freedom and equality, so these values have formed a political triangle. In other words, these values form the foundation of political philosophy in different ways. At the end of the twentieth century, justice once agai MorePolitical philosophy has paid attention to justice, freedom and equality, so these values have formed a political triangle. In other words, these values form the foundation of political philosophy in different ways. At the end of the twentieth century, justice once again became the focus of political thought of Western thinkers, even defenders of liberalism such as John Rawls. The main question of the research is: what is the nature of John Rawls' political thought considering the economic developments of the late twentieth century, including neoliberal governments. In other words, what effects have the transformation in the function and structure of governments in the Western world had on the political views of John Rawls in various dimensions of civil rights, the private sphere, the interaction of government and citizens, the relationship between freedom and justice? In general, John Rawls has introduced a new structure of liberalism based on moral justice and responsibility by presenting a new concept of justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Levels on Essential Oil Yield and some Morphological Traits of Hypericum perforatums
M.R. Zadeh Esfahlan A. Ebadi N. Farsad AkhtarTo study the effects of nitrogen and zinc fertilizer on the morphological traits and essential oil yield of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) a greenhouse experiment in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Univ MoreTo study the effects of nitrogen and zinc fertilizer on the morphological traits and essential oil yield of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) a greenhouse experiment in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at University of Tabriz, Iran in 2012. Treatments consisted of three levels of zinc sulphate with a concentration of zinc fertilizer (zero, 3 and 6 parts per thousand) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 50, 100, 150 kg/ha). One half of the fertilizers were applied 20 days after planting of plants and the rest 40 days after transplanting. Traits evaluated were plant height, inflorescence number, leaf area, plant fresh and dry weights and plant essential oil content. The results showed that the traits under study were affected by rate of fertilizer applications. Highest plant height, number of inflorescences, leaf area and essential oil yield were obtained by using 150 kg/ha of nitrogen and applying zinc with 0.006 concentration. Highest fresh and dry weights of above ground parts were also produced by using 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer along with zinc fertilizer 0.003. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The "amnesty" feasibility study is a possible spread of crime
Hamid Masjedsaraei Hasan POurlotollah reza elhamiThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majni Alayh against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of d MoreThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majni Alayh against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of disagreement among jurists, so that the well-known jurists, mainly because such an amnesty requires our removal, do not consider it correct and remove the guarantee from They do not know the next infection. The second view considers such an amnesty to be a valid will, which is valid and effective for up to one-third of the diyat, and more than one-third of which is subject to the permission of the heirs. In contrast, some other contemporary jurists, without justifying this pardon by will, have absolutely ruled that such an amnesty is correct, which, in turn, guarantees the removal of any further contagion for Johnny. The present article, with its descriptive-analytical method, while re-reading the jurisprudential principles of the proposed views and using the available documents and approvals, has considered the third promise to be defensible. The proposal of the present article is that the legislature, with the aim of creating the unity of judicial procedure, by adding a legal article, to give legal validity to the "correctness of pardon from contagion and non-guarantee of life". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Comparison of culture and PCR methods for detection of Mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk of apparently healthy cattle
یونس AnzabiMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent for Johne’s disease which is known as chronic disease in cattle and may attribute to Crohn’s disease in human. High prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been report MoreMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent for Johne’s disease which is known as chronic disease in cattle and may attribute to Crohn’s disease in human. High prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been reported in dairy cattle worldwide. Recognition of infected animals is a major factor to control the spread of the organism. In this regard, detection of the bacterium in milk of clinically suspicious and apparently healthy cows is the best way to control the infection. Although isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by culture assay is considered as the gold standard, PCR method helps us to recognize the occurrence of slow-growing microorganisms in a short period of time with high sensitivity. In this survey, a total number of 160 cow milk was sampled and cream layer together with the pellet of each sample was tested by PCR and culture technique. Using Kappa statistics it was revealed an almost perfectagreement between culture and PCR assay with a product size of 400 bp; however, the agreement between culture and PCR with product size of 228 bp was found substantial. Results showed a substantial agreement between PCR with product sizes of 400 bp and 228 bp. Comparing the agreement between the two PCR approaches with culture assay as gold standard test, it was assumed that PCR could be a robust and rapid method to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. Consequently, PCR can be introduced as a screening test for detection of the bacterium in cow milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The infection status of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in traditional dairy cattle farms in Moghan region
منصور Khakpoor مسعود Fardin هیوا Ahmadi آیدا NehzatiMycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of John's disease which is a remedial chronic disease in all ruminants and is important from economical viewpoint. In this study, a total of 86 fecal samples from suspected dairy cattle were obtained from 11 tr MoreMycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of John's disease which is a remedial chronic disease in all ruminants and is important from economical viewpoint. In this study, a total of 86 fecal samples from suspected dairy cattle were obtained from 11 traditional dairy farms in Moghan region. All samples were evaluated by direct microscopic examination. Subsequently, milk sample of the related cattle were tested by PCR technique. Twenty samples from positive and 10 specimens of negative samples in direct microscopic assay were selected randomly for PCR examination. Among the 86 samples, 51 (59%) samples were positive, while, 35 (41%) samples were found as negative by microscopic assay. From 20 positive samples, 19 (95%) samples showed positive result by PCR, however, among negative samples, 3 (30%) samples were positive in PCR assay. Results revealed that there is a direct relation between contamination of fecal and milk samples. Moreover, due to the correlation between the results of microscopic examination of fecal samples and PCR assay of milk specimens, direct microscopic evaluation of feces could be performed prior to PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in milk samples. According to the results, high contamination rate of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis was found in milk samples. On the other hand, duo to possible etiological role of this bacterium in the development of Crohn’s diseases in human, it should be considered as a serious concern indeed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Cloning of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis hsp70 gene into pET-24a plasmid and its expression in Escherichia coli
Rasa Sheini mehrabzade Masoudreza Siefi abad shapori Masoud Ghorbanpoor Darush GharibiJohne's disease (Paratuberculosis) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) which is a chronic and progressive infection that chiefly affects ruminants. The disease can lead to significant economic losses in the livestock industry and may also b MoreJohne's disease (Paratuberculosis) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) which is a chronic and progressive infection that chiefly affects ruminants. The disease can lead to significant economic losses in the livestock industry and may also be a threat for public health; because it may be transmitted to humans through consumption of milk and other contaminated animal products. Immunity and resistance against the Johne's disease is mainly due to cell mediated immune response. Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) of this bacterium is one of its important proteins, which the immune response against it can prevent the fecal excretion of bacteria. In order to facilitate the production of recombinant vaccine against Johne's disease, in this study the recombinant HSP (recombinant HSP; rHSP) was produced and its immunogenicity investigated in rabbits. For this purpose, the hsp70 gene was cloned into pET-24a plasmid and the resulting recombinant plasmid was transferred to E. coli strain BL21. The expression of the above protein was checked by SDS-PAGE and the accuracy of the nucleotide sequence was confirmed by sequencing. Immunization of rabbits by rHSP70 resulted in the production of high levels of antibodies. Based on the findings, it seems that the HSP70 specific antibody can be evaluated in the design of diagnostic methods of the disease and the produced recombinant protein can be assessed for the production of recombinant vaccines. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Evaluation of clinical and intestinal ultrasonographic findings in cows with Johne's disease
mohammad tooloei gholamali moghaddam mohaddeseh fahimi Paratuberclosis or Johne’s disease is an infection of small intestine caused by Mycobacteriom avium paratuberculosis characterized by persistent and progressive diarrhea, weight loss, debilitation, and eventual death in cattle. A suitable and rapid me More Paratuberclosis or Johne’s disease is an infection of small intestine caused by Mycobacteriom avium paratuberculosis characterized by persistent and progressive diarrhea, weight loss, debilitation, and eventual death in cattle. A suitable and rapid method for diagnosis of the disease in farms is not available. Trans-abdominal ultrasound is a rapid, clinical and non-invasive diagnostic method recommended for diagnosis of animals with chronic inflammation of the intestine. The purpose of the present study was clinical and trans-abdominal ultrasound examination of cattle infected with organism of the Johns disease. This study was done on 20 female Holstein cattle with consist chronic diarrhea and/or weight loss. All animals were blindly tested for Mycobacteriom paratuberculosis antibodies in blood samples by ELISA and also examined by trans-abdominal ultrasound for intestinal wall thickness. The result of the ELISA test showed that 35% of the samples had antibodies against Mycobacteriom paratuberculosis. The rates of chronic diarrhea, low body condition score and both of them in cattle with positive ELISA were 100%, 71.4% and 71.4%, respectively. In the trans-abdominal ultrasound examination, the intestinal wall thickness of the infected animals (7.9±1.54 mm), was significantly (p<0.001) more than non- infected group (2.7±0.13 mm). This study indicates that the ultasonographic evaluation of the intestine and abdomen can be a quick, useful and on farm method with relatively high specificity in the diagnosis of cattle with John's disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in goats of Khuzestan province
saeid Bagheri MAHDI POURMAHDI BORUJENI Mohammad rahim Haji Hajikolaei Masoud GhorbanpoorParatuberculosis or Johne's disease is chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, which has a worldwide occurrence. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the most common symptoms of disease in goats are cachexia, anorexia and MoreParatuberculosis or Johne's disease is chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, which has a worldwide occurrence. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the most common symptoms of disease in goats are cachexia, anorexia and severe disability. The aim of this study was to survey seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in goats of Khuzestan province and its correlation with host and environmental determinants. In this study sera samples were collected randomly from 368 goats in Ahvaz, Hendijan, Izeh, Shushtar, Dezful and Susangerd cities and were tested by ELISA. Apparent and real seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis were 7.07% (95% CI: 4.47-9.67 percent) and 13.8% (95% CI: 10.3-17.3 percent), respectively. This study showed that infection increased with age and odds of infection between the age, based on year and disease is 1.08 (95% CI: 0.86-1.35) (p>0.05). Relative frequency of positive samples in females was more than males and the odds of infection in female goats was 1.19 (95% CI: 0.4-3.59) times the males (p>0.05). The odds of infection in goats with history of diarrhea was 4.38 (95% CI: 1.92-9.96) times more than goats without this history (p<0.001). The seroprevalence in Ahvaz, Dezful, Izeh, Shushtar, Hendijan and Susangerd was 8.06% 5%, 4.92%, 13.33%, 2.67% and 5% respectively (p>0.05). This study confirms that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis exists in goats of Khuzestan province and preventive and control measures should be considered by health authorities. Conflict of interest: None declared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Efficiency of direct microbial diagnosis, IS900 PCR and microbial culture for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis in the feces of apparently healthy cattle
یونس Anzabi صمد Farashi Bonab Gh.A Moggaddam, Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease is responsible for significant economic losses in dairy industry worldwide.  More Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease is responsible for significant economic losses in dairy industry worldwide. Microbial culture as a golden standard test for detection of MAP in faecal specimens requires 6-16 weeks to complete, whereas accurate and rapid identification of cattle shedding MAP in their feces is essential for successful control of the disease in herds. In the present study, direct microbial diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining, microbial culture on Herrolds’ egg yolk media and two IS900 direct PCR assays were carried out on 100 fecal specimens of apparently healthy cattle collected from dairy herds of Tabriz with a history of Johne’s disease. The number of positive specimens identified by the direct microbial diagnosis, microbial culture and PCR with F90/F91 and FP25/FP26 primes were 7 (7%), 14 (14%), 15(15%) and 25(25%) respectively. These results indicated that PCR detected more positive cases therefore it can be employed for rapid and accurate diagnosis of cattle shedding MAP it their feces and the type of primer used has a significant role in the sensitivity of this test. Direct microbial diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining identified 7 (7%) specimens, two IS900 direct PCR assays identified 15 (15%) and 25 (25%) specimens, respectively, and microbial culture identified 7 (7%) specimens as positive. Collectively, these data indicate that PCR detection of MAP was more sensitive than direct microbial diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining or faecal culture, especially if appropriate primers were used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Evaluation of the combined effect of St John's wort hydroethanolic flower extract and flaxseed oil on skin wound healing -in rats-
mohammadreza farahpour The use of biological substances is among the methods utilized to increase the rate and quality of wound healing. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of co-administration of St John's wort hydroethanolic extract and flaxseed oil for acce More The use of biological substances is among the methods utilized to increase the rate and quality of wound healing. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of co-administration of St John's wort hydroethanolic extract and flaxseed oil for acceleration of wound healing based on their therapeutic properties. The study was conducted on 72 male Wistar rats. Experimental wounds measuring 7 mm in diameter was created on both sides of animals then the animals treated with ointments once a day for 2 consecutive weeks. Wound area was determined on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 using a transparent paper. Tissue samples were collected on days 3, 7 and 14 for histopathological studies. According to the data, hydroethanolic extract of St John's wort and flaxseed oil ointment decreased wound area and distribution of polymorphonuclear immune cells in wound area as well as increase in new vessel formation and fibroplasia (P<0.05). Furthermore, wound healing process was better in group treated with hydroethanolic extract of St John's wort and flaxseed oil ointment compared to the other groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Comarison of direct microscopic examination, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), culture and Nested-PCR for diagnosis of herds bulk tank milk infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
آریا Badiei فرهاد Mousakhani عباس Barin امیر Hamidi محسن ZafariCausative agent of Johne’s diseases is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and each year, it hurts dairy cattle industry worldwide by depression of production and reproductive indexes and culling of affected animals. This bacteria is known as a z MoreCausative agent of Johne’s diseases is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and each year, it hurts dairy cattle industry worldwide by depression of production and reproductive indexes and culling of affected animals. This bacteria is known as a zoonotic pathogen and recent researches explain its probable role in Crohn’s disease in humans. This study compared four laboratory diagnostic tests; including Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), direct microscopic examination, milk culture and Nested-PCR for diagnosis of herds bulk tank milk infection with MAP bacteria. 100 bulk tank milk samples were obtained from 100 industrial dairy herds of Tehran province. Samples were screened by four tests and 82 samples (82%) detected as positive in culture media, 94 milk samples (94%) were positive by Nested-PCR test and 98 samples were positive in ELISA test results (98%). But direct microscopic examination identified just 33 milk samples as positive. Four positive samples of ELISA test were detected as negative samples by Nested-PCR. These 4 samples in addition to 12 other samples which diagnosed as positive by ELISA, had no growth in culture media (16 samples). These results indicated superiority of Nested-PCR among these four tests for diagnosis of bulk tank milk infection with MAP bacteria. Furthermore, the results represent high prevalence of MAP bacteria in bulk tank milk of dairy herds in Tehran province and it needs more serious eradication efforts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Study of "Homay and Homayoun" and "Gol and Nowruz" with Theory of Love (John Lee)
Tayebe Abdollahzade Vajiheh Torkamani Barandozi Ahmad Karimi Maryam ShadmohammadiThere has been much debate about the nature and nature of love from the perspective of psychology. In recent decades, researchers have tried to study literary works by focusing on various theories; one of the theories in this regard is the theory of love. Is John Lee. I MoreThere has been much debate about the nature and nature of love from the perspective of psychology. In recent decades, researchers have tried to study literary works by focusing on various theories; one of the theories in this regard is the theory of love. Is John Lee. In his theory, he compares the types of love with the original colors, and the three main styles of love are given: love to an ideal person, love as a game of love as friendship. Farsi, Kermani Khawaji in "Homay and Homayoun" and "Flower and Nowruz" poems, like other Ghanaian poets, deals with the subject of love and relationships of lover and lover; in this study, we have tried to find love in Khaju's poems with John Lee's theory of love. Examine and adapt. The main question of this research is to answer the following question: What are the characteristics of love in these two poems which correspond to the type of love in Lee's theory? The result of this study shows that love in these two love stories is characterized by John Lee's theory of love. It corresponds to being romantic and having a passionate style. Send feedback History Saved Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Analyzing the Conceptual Metaphors of Light in The Second Book of Masnavi Ma’Navi
Mohammadzaman Lalezari Shabnam Hatampour Farzaneh SorkhiLakoff and Johnson's research in the field of metaphor proved that the uses of metaphor are not limited to the field of literary studies and are rooted in human thought that one of the manifestations of it is language. Conceptual metaphor is a term in cognitive linguist MoreLakoff and Johnson's research in the field of metaphor proved that the uses of metaphor are not limited to the field of literary studies and are rooted in human thought that one of the manifestations of it is language. Conceptual metaphor is a term in cognitive linguistics that explains most of the metaphors around us along with the origin-destination pattern. In Masnavi, Rumi has used the conceptual metaphor of light as a linguistic tool to expand cognitive meanings and concepts. This research answers the question through a descriptive-analytical method: How does the contemporary theory of cognitive linguistics match the conceptual metaphor of light in Masnavi? Finally, we concluded that the conceptual metaphor of light refers to the absolute essence of Hazrat Haqq, the mirror of guidance, the guide of the religion, the sun of truth, and the expression of Ana al-Haqq (I am the Truth) of selected saints. Due to the large volume of Masnavi's hundred verses, a statistical sample was selected from the second book, in which the word "light" is used 122 times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - American English File Series Evaluation Based on Littlejohn’s Evaluative Framework
Hamid Reza Haghverdi Behnam Ghasemi -
Open Access Article
51 - Study of Johnson-Cook Model Comprehensiveness at Moderate Strain Rate and Inverse Analysis to Modify the Constitutive Parameters Using Cold Wire Drawing Process
Ashkan Mahmoud Aghdami Behnam Davoodi -
Open Access Article
52 - Pragmatism and Politics: A Study and Critical Review of Pragmatism in the Sphere of Government and Politics
Alireza SabzianMosiabadi Shuaib BahmanPragmatism as a philosophical theory and an approach is almost a new viewpoint which became popular in late nineteenth or early twentieth century in the United States. Pragmatism is based on this fact that each theory or doctrine is to be judged on the basis of the resu MorePragmatism as a philosophical theory and an approach is almost a new viewpoint which became popular in late nineteenth or early twentieth century in the United States. Pragmatism is based on this fact that each theory or doctrine is to be judged on the basis of the result which is derived from it. According to pragmatists if an idea leads to an efficient and useful result for man then it should be considered as real and useful. In fact the reality is not something absolute which exist apart and independent from man. Pragmatism like other philosophies has deep connection with politics and political affairs. The present article initially examines the philosophy and approach of pragmatism and then connection of pragmatism with politics in theory and practice is critically discussed. The finding of the article shows that although in certain cases a pragmatic outlook is necessary but it is not sufficient because excessive use of this method leads to certain problems. These problems are: non-adherence to ethics, instrumentalism, lack of attention to political and social ideals and preferring interests to values and principles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Democratic Peace Model and Cultural Diversity
Mehdi BaratalipourAbstract: John Rawls model of “democratic peace” by recognizing “peoples” and distinguishing between the “democrat liberal”, “hierarchical nobles”, “Burdened”, “Benevolent Absolutism” societies and MoreAbstract: John Rawls model of “democratic peace” by recognizing “peoples” and distinguishing between the “democrat liberal”, “hierarchical nobles”, “Burdened”, “Benevolent Absolutism” societies and outlaw governments in international arena visualizes international justice in line of “reasonability” and not rationality in relations among the countries. This concept of justice puts aside universal moral foundation in favour of “political overlapping consensus”. Now the question is whether this model of democratic peace recognizes cultural diversity in international arena. The critical argument of the present paper is this model is trying to recognize this diversity with taking advantage of the concept of reasonable pluralism, but eventually it also leads to a dream of universal utopian image of the moral foundations necessary for well-ordered international community, in a way which can proceed to humanitarian intervention and just war against the detestable “other”. The finding of the study is that by certain modifications in “democratic peace model” we can consider it successful in recognition of cultural diversity. Therefore, on the basis of this modification democratic peace by offering a “minimal approach”, “conceptual essentialism” and “realistic-utopian view” neutralizes cultural radical relativism and universalistic liberalism in world policy making. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Analyzing the Didactic teachings of 'Anti-Oppression' in the Poem Derafsh-e-Kāviān by Hamid Mosaddegh on the Basis of the Theory of Speech Acts of John Searle
hasan lakzian akbar shabanyContemporary poetry has experienced fundamental changes compared to the classical period regarding the words and content. In terms of content, poets have avoided referring directly to ethics and have used it as a tool to represent political and social issues, which resu MoreContemporary poetry has experienced fundamental changes compared to the classical period regarding the words and content. In terms of content, poets have avoided referring directly to ethics and have used it as a tool to represent political and social issues, which results in the complexity and multiplicity of the poems. Hamid Mosaddegh, as one of the prominent representatives of the social symbolic poetry in the contemporary era, has benefited this technique. In Derafsh-e-Kāviān, by reflecting a set of moral teachings and their connection with the political and social issues, he takes a new step in describing and designing didactic themes. At the infrastructure level, he has encouraged his audience to build a better world in accordance with justice-oriented standards, by using didactic capacities such as God-centeredness, unify of people, self-belief, intellectual and behavioral passivity, negation of determinism, etc. Analyzing Derafsh-e-Kāviān with a descriptive-analytical method and on the basis of John Searle's theory of speech acts shows that using expressive, persuasive, emotional, obligatory and declarative acts resulted in representing anti-oppression as a macro moral concept. Other didactic teachings. Teaching methods have been used to reinforce this fundamental concept. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - State and Civil Society in the Political Thought of John Locke and Karl Marx
Shohreh Shahryari Reza Shirzadi HosseinAli NowzariThe position and relationship between the government and the civil society has always occupied the minds of political thinkers, especially in the modern period. In general, governments assume different roles depending on the application of different approaches. From the MoreThe position and relationship between the government and the civil society has always occupied the minds of political thinkers, especially in the modern period. In general, governments assume different roles depending on the application of different approaches. From the point of view of the relationship and the type of influence of the government on the society, there have always been two competing views, which are rooted in the thoughts of two prominent political philosophers: John Locke and Karl Marx. In John Locke's view, the government is a mediating entity, limited and conditional, based on the principle of consent and with the aim of creating peace and public welfare based on the social contract and the right of public rebellion in times of inefficiency and disobedience to the law, and ultimately independent of civil society. And in the view of Karl Marx, the concept of government is based on three different opinions. The government as a means of suppressing the working class, the government as an arbiter or mediator, and finally the government as a function of the changing economic infrastructure, and ultimately relying on classes of society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Justice from the perspective of John Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei
Ali Ghadimi گارینه آب کشیشیان سیرکی Hassan Khodaverdi -
Open Access Article
57 - Justice from the Perspective of John Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei
Ali Ghadimi Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Hassan KhodaverdiJustice has always been the most basic issue and the most important ideal of man since the beginning of civilization on earth, and for this reason, humans have tried to turn it into reality. Parallel to this importance, the thinkers of every age have tried to explain th MoreJustice has always been the most basic issue and the most important ideal of man since the beginning of civilization on earth, and for this reason, humans have tried to turn it into reality. Parallel to this importance, the thinkers of every age have tried to explain the limits and gaps and realize it. Because the lack of justice in the society causes the emergence of discrimination, oppression, corruption, and the lack of public consensus, and a society based on injustice and heterogeneity emerges. As a result, in order to pass from this society and move towards a healthy society where justice is based, idealistic thoughts are created to reach the desired society. This creates schools, movements and revolutions. This process shows the importance of the fact that in the process of the evolution of civilization, human beings have always had the concern of justice in front of them and it is not limited to a specific group or nation. People everywhere and at all times have the desire to achieve justice. In this article, while examining the origin of justice in the thoughts of John Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei, this concept was compared from the perspective of two thinkers. Rawls from the contemporary West and Allameh Tabatabaei from contemporary Islam are among the most prominent philosophers and thinkers in the world who look at the concept of justice with different intellectual bases. But their theoretical output has similarities in the field of the concept of justice. In this article, using the hermeneutic recovery method, the challenges in the thoughts of Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei in the field of justice were investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Moving from meditation to meditation from the perspective of John the Cross
Abd Al-Khaliq Jafari Bakhsh Ali Qanbari Abd Al-Reza MazaheriMeditation and meditation are concepts that are often used interchangeably, but there are differences between them. There are many practices in Christianity that can be thought of as meditation or the practice of the presence of the mind. The meaning and concept of medi MoreMeditation and meditation are concepts that are often used interchangeably, but there are differences between them. There are many practices in Christianity that can be thought of as meditation or the practice of the presence of the mind. The meaning and concept of meditation is also found in the works of John the Cross, and it seems that he also believed in establishing a relationship with God in this way, provided that meditation leads to meditation. This relationship occurs early in the ascent for the soul and the active night experiences the senses. Communication through images, the senses, and the use of imagination, which John refers to as the imaginative method or sensory meditation and discourse meditation. Meditation is the work of two imagination and senses. The criterion for advancing towards union with God is to give up meditation and go to the stage of thinking. In the thinking phase, communication with God is not received through the senses, but indirectly through the spiritual part of the soul, where there may be more communication. John sees the transcendent experience as transcending thought and understanding into a state of calm and deep inner awakening, and compares this experience to awakening. He uses the term awakening to refer to the process of "awakening the soul from the natural to the supernatural" and believes that the soul, in its simplicity and purity, immediately becomes simple and pure wisdom. John calls meditation meditation: general and pure action, calm inner, loving knowledge, general knowledge or general romantic knowledge, contemplation, loving or peaceful presence, loving attention, attention and general romantic knowledge. In his opinion, contemplation is a sign of sweet divine love. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Comparative Analysis of the Hero’s Mythical-Journey Stages with the Mystic’s Mystical-Journey Stages in English Literature
Mahmoud َAfrouz Traveling (mythological / mystical) is one of the topics covered by great writers of fiction. The present article compares the two models of travel in Iranian and world literature from mythological and mystical perspective. The Pearson-Marr archetypes refer to twe More Traveling (mythological / mystical) is one of the topics covered by great writers of fiction. The present article compares the two models of travel in Iranian and world literature from mythological and mystical perspective. The Pearson-Marr archetypes refer to twelve stages of the hero's mythological journey (innocent, orphan, warrior, protector, seeker, destroyer, lover, creator, governor, wizard, wise and clown). In Mantiq-u-Tayr, the outstanding book of Attār of Nishapur, seven stages of mystical journey (suluk) are mentioned as follows: search (talab); love (eshq); knowledge (marifat); unity (tohid); contentment (esteghnā); bewilderment (heirat); true poverty (faqr); nothingness (fanā). The purpose of the present article is to compare the Pearson-Marr archetypes with Attār's stages of mystical journey by examining John Bunyan's the Pilgrim’s Progress, a classic Christian novel with travel theme. Christian, the hero of the story, begins his journey from his hometown, the "City of Destruction" (this world), to the "Celestial City" (the Heaven). The research findings show that the main reason for the similarity between the two books (Mantiq-u-Tayr and the Pilgrim’s Progress) is their religious background. Although there is no one-to-one correspondence between the stages of the journey in the two models of Attār and Pearson-Mar, but since John Bunyan's book is about a mythological-mystical journey, the steps that his protagonist (Christian) goes through fit into both patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The Role of Myth and Gender (Heroine) in the Works of Bahrām Beyzāii
Akbar Shāmiyān Sārookalāii Maryam AfshārIn the works of Bahrām Beyzāii, sometimes structures and functions of myth, for example, the stereotype of hero, have been transformed. Some mythologists, like Joseph John Campbell in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, have extensively noticed role of hero and his MoreIn the works of Bahrām Beyzāii, sometimes structures and functions of myth, for example, the stereotype of hero, have been transformed. Some mythologists, like Joseph John Campbell in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, have extensively noticed role of hero and his journey. Campbell identifies ten stages in a hero’s journey, noting that all of the stages have to occur in every heroic story. But Bahrām Beyzāii changes this pattern with reducing the status of hero and raising the dignity of heroine. Ra’na in the film of Qaribé va Meh (1974 - The Stranger and the Fog), the wife of miller in the theater of Marg-e Yazdgerd (1979 - Death of Yazdgerd), Tārā in the film of Charike-ye Tārā (1979 - Ballad of Tārā), Khanoom Bouzrogh and Mahorukh in the film of Mosāferān (1992 - Travellers) and Golroukh in Sagkoshi (2001 - Killing Mad Dogs) wisly examine and salavage, and transformed into a heroine. So the role of myth and gender are brought into prominence in his works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Lubrication and oil recovery by biosurfactant produced by Acinetobacter johnsonii ABR6
Elham Akbari Kaivan Beheshti Maal Behnam Rasekh Zarrin dokht Emami Meisam OmidiBackground and Objectives: Solid and semi-solid wastes are produced as oil sludge at different stages of crude oil refining. Accumulation of oil waste in the refinery reduces the efficiency of oil refining and its release causes environmental pollution. The purpos MoreBackground and Objectives: Solid and semi-solid wastes are produced as oil sludge at different stages of crude oil refining. Accumulation of oil waste in the refinery reduces the efficiency of oil refining and its release causes environmental pollution. The purpose of this study is to lubricate crude oil in pipelines and recycle oil using a biosurfactant produced by an indigenous strain. Materials and Methods: The biosurfactant-producing isolates were obtained from petroleum reservoir in Isfahan Oil Refinery, Isfahan, Iran. Screening was performed by oil displacement method. Also the surface tension was measured by tensiometer. Biosurfactant chemical structure was identified by using chemical analysis. Oil recovery from the sludge was measured under controlled condition. The effect of biosurfactant lubrication was investigated on crude oil in the pipelines in vitro. The stability of biosurfactant in different environmental conditions was also determined. Results: The best biosurfactant-producing bacterium was identified as Acinetobacter johnsonii ABR6, and its 16S-rDNA genomic sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number of MK100470. Chemical analysis of TLC and FTIR confirmed that the produced biosurfactant was lipopeptide. The biosurfactant obtained from this bacterium recovered 50% of crude oil from petroleum sludge and also reduced transportation speed from 64 to 35 seconds. This biosurfactant had high stability in 5% w/v NaCl, pH range of 8 to 10, temperature of 60°C and autoclave conditions. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the biosurfactant produced by the native strain of Acinetobacter Johnson ABR6, in addition to operating in extreme conditions, also has the ability to recover oil and increase the transfer rate of crude oil in pipelines. Therefore, the use of this biosurfactant can be considered as an asset in the petroleum industry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by Nested PCR in dairy cattles suspected to john’s disease
Abbas Doosti Saadat MoshkelaniBackgorund and Objectives: Johne’s disease is a chronic intestinal disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. So that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, necessary to use prevention and con MoreBackgorund and Objectives: Johne’s disease is a chronic intestinal disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. So that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, necessary to use prevention and control methods to eliminate this agent matter needs the attention of corresponding managers. The aim of this study is base on use of Nested PCR as an accurate and rapid method to detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bovine feces. Material and Methods: Fecal samples from 120 dairy cattle were collected and DNA extraction was performed from the samples. Then, samples were evaluated with specific primers for the Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-specific IS900 gene by Nested-PCR assay. Finally, PCR products were electrophoresis on agarose gel. Results: In total, from 120 samples were enrolled in this study, 22 specimen (18.33%) were found positive on the basis of Nested-PCR analysis. Conclusion: Nested PCR technique is considered as a fast, reliable and affordable assay to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Narration of Realism in the Stories of PezeshkZad
Afsaneh Sehati Gorgan Monireh Ahmad SoltaniThe purpose of this article is to examine the narrative of realism in two works by Iraj Pezeshkzad. One of those works is Uncle John Napoleon, which is usually considered as a satire because of its humor, but the author tries from a realistic point of view, that is, the MoreThe purpose of this article is to examine the narrative of realism in two works by Iraj Pezeshkzad. One of those works is Uncle John Napoleon, which is usually considered as a satire because of its humor, but the author tries from a realistic point of view, that is, the reality of people and events and their narration taking into account the situation and circumstances of the narrator. That is the main point of this article. Another work that will be examined is Haj Mohammad Jafar in Paris, which deals with the memories of an Iranian businessman on a trip to Paris. Since the events and characters are real and the narrator of the story observes the actions and behavior of people from the beginning to the end, the author has tried to narrate the work in terms of realism. It is noteworthy that this work is not without humor, but because it happened at some point in time, the author has dealt with the real aspects of the story and proved that the style of this story is realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Locke and the Problem of the Criterion
Mohammad Hosein EsfandiariIn the literature on the problem of the criterion, John Locke is described as a methodist: one who prioritizes the criterion of knowledge over its extent and believes that based on the criterion of knowledge, its extent can be determined. However, there is no independen MoreIn the literature on the problem of the criterion, John Locke is described as a methodist: one who prioritizes the criterion of knowledge over its extent and believes that based on the criterion of knowledge, its extent can be determined. However, there is no independent research to substantiate this description. That is the arguments and evidence confirming that Locke is a methodist have not been presented and examined independently. The following article addresses this issue. Hence, the author after a brief review of the problem of the criterion and its background provides the reasons and evidence that Locke is a methodist, including the argument based on 'no innate knowledge', the argument based on 'tabula rasa', and the argument based on the rejection of epistemic authoritarianism. Then, the nature of his Methodism and, indeed, Locke's view of the criterion of knowledge are discussed. During this discussion, it is examined whether Locke considers the criterion of knowledge to be related to the achievement of knowledge or justification. Then, it is argued that if the criterion of knowledge in Locke's view is related to the achievement of knowledge, should his epistemology be considered naturalized? And if so, what is the significance of Locke's discussion of the primacy of the criterion of knowledge over its extent, which is a normative discussion? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - A Comparative Study of the Structure of Cognition in Descartes and John Dewey’s Philosophy
Seyed saber Seyedi fazlollahi Mohammad AkvanIn his philosophical structure, Descartes intended to organize, on the basis of mathematics, an efficient method of certainty for research and philosophy. The Mathesis is a body of universal and necessary truths of order and connection between ideas. According to Descar MoreIn his philosophical structure, Descartes intended to organize, on the basis of mathematics, an efficient method of certainty for research and philosophy. The Mathesis is a body of universal and necessary truths of order and connection between ideas. According to Descartes' epistemology, man has become a researcher and discoverer who must discover himself. For Descartes, certain knowledge is possible, and in his structural cognitive style, action is a function of the form, while Dewey's cognitive style is a function in which form is a function of action and behavior. Examining the consequences of Darwinian views of the world, Dewey rejects Descartes' view: The question of the possibility of human knowledge has been fundamentally wrong. Dewey, by looking again at the absolute, the unconditional, and the certain, in philosophy, sees it only as a means to use if it results in success. Philosophy is not merely a mental organization of eternal and absolute truth, but a technology, method, and technique to be a means for social reform, regulation, and improvement of human and societal behavior. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - A Comparative Comparison of the Gospel of John with the Holy Quran from the Artistic Illustration Perspective
ali fathollahi Ruhollah Nouri Farshad Mirzaei Motlagh One way to express meaning is to use artistic illustration. Rhetorical-artistic illustration has tools such as: allegory, metaphor, simile, irony, etc .; These tools are used to sensualize spiritual and abstract matters. In this resear More One way to express meaning is to use artistic illustration. Rhetorical-artistic illustration has tools such as: allegory, metaphor, simile, irony, etc .; These tools are used to sensualize spiritual and abstract matters. In this research, a comparative study of the Gospel of John with the Holy Quran from the perspective of artistic illustration has been considered. Due to the simple prose and narrative-story format of the book, the author of the Gospel of John has used less artistic images than the Holy Quran; in other words, the multiplicity of spiritual meanings and themes in the Holy Qur'an, which include monotheistic, religious, moral, theological, and otherworldly truths, are all abstract and abstract matters embodied by the means of artistic illustration. But these truths and spiritual matters are seldom seen in the Gospel of John; So that the statistics of the use of image-making tools in the Gospel of John is 36 and is not comparable to the Holy Quran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - A New Reading on the Level of Citizen Participation Based on John Friedman's Planning Traditions
Shamsieh Raispour Zahrasadat Saeideh Zarabadi Hamid MajediParticipation is a concept that depends on the context and conditions of a society, and therefore, it takes on various forms and levels. One of the most recognized methods of achieving public benefit in Habermas' perspectives is seen in his concept of communicative acti MoreParticipation is a concept that depends on the context and conditions of a society, and therefore, it takes on various forms and levels. One of the most recognized methods of achieving public benefit in Habermas' perspectives is seen in his concept of communicative action. Furthermore, Jane Friedman categorizes planning theories into four traditions and approaches based on the extent of knowledge application in the public sphere, namely policy analysis, social reform, social learning, and social mobilization. The aim of this research is to categorize the theories of public participation theorists and develop a new interpretation of the levels of participation in conjunction with Jane Friedman's planning traditions. Data was gathered through document analysis and literature review using a qualitative approach. The results reveal that within the framework of the proposed concept of participatory planning, the traditional top-down planning process corresponds to policy analysis, which does not involve participation and cannot be considered a stage of participatory planning. In the second stage, supportive planning corresponds to social reform. The next stage is educational planning corresponding to social learning, and finally, participatory planning is defined as the highest level, corresponding to social mobilization. In this framework, the outcome of each stage sets the foundation for the next stage, providing the basis for genuine participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The effect of nitrogen application on the competitiveness of corn at different densities of Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense)
A. Keivanlo mohammad ArminIn order to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on corn competitive ability with Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense) at different densities, An experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block design with three replications MoreIn order to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on corn competitive ability with Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense) at different densities, An experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block design with three replications at researcher greenhouse of Islamic Azad university, Sabzevar Branch in 2015. Factors were: Nitrogen Levels (recommended (90 Kg.ha-1 of N) and recommended+50%(135 Kg.ha-1 of N)) and Johnson grass density (0, 1, 2 and 3 plants. Pot-1(0, 15, 30 and 45 plants. m-2, Respectively). Corn and Johnson grass were planted in pot with 30 cm diameter containing approximately 10 kg soil. Corn density was five plants per pot. Analysis variance result showed that chlorophyll index, stem dry weight, root diameter, root volume, root dry matter and root/shoot ratio affected by nitrogen levels. Increasing nitrogen amount increased these characteristics. Increasing Johnson grass density decreased chlorophyll index (7.89%), stem dry weight (16.48%), root diameter (21.31%), root area (22.18%), root volume(22.99%) and plant height (1.1%). Other corn root trait was not affected by Johnson grass density. Overall. Nitrogen application increased competition ability of corn with johnson grass, whereas increasing of Johnson grass density had negative impact on corn root morphological. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - diagnostic validity of the third versionof the WoodcockJohnson cognitive ability scale in students with learning disabilities in Hamedan city
Kambiz Kamkary saed hasanzadeh roya kavehIn this research, the "diagnostic validity of the third version of the Woodcock Johnson cognitive ability scale in students with learning disabilities in Hamedan city" has been discussed. The main question of the research was formulated as follows: Does the th MoreIn this research, the "diagnostic validity of the third version of the Woodcock Johnson cognitive ability scale in students with learning disabilities in Hamedan city" has been discussed. The main question of the research was formulated as follows: Does the third version of Woodcock Johnson's cognitive ability scale have diagnostic validity in students with learning disabilities in Hamedan city? The current research method is in the field of psychometric studies, which is a subset of the methodological research method. The population of this research consists of all the male and female students with learning disabilities who received special educational and therapeutic services in the fifth and sixth grades of non-governmental centers for special learning difficulties in Hamedan city in the academic year of 2013-2013. By using the purposeful sampling method and using the simple random sampling method, 60 students were selected as a sample. The measurement tool in this research is the new third version of Woodcock-Johnson's cognitive abilities, which have good validity and reliability. The statistical model used in the current research to determine the diagnostic validity is the scatter plot method (Davis method) and the confidence interval method. The results of the research showed that with the method of scatter plot points, verbal comprehension tests, spatial relations, sound composition, concept formation, visual adaptation, number inversion, incomplete words and active listening memory and with the confidence interval method of tests Verbal comprehension, visual-auditory learning, visual adaptation and incomplete words have diagnostic validity. Finally, it can be concluded considering that the tests of verbal comprehension, visual adaptation and incomplete words have been shown to have diagnostic validity by both methods, therefore, from the three mentioned tests, He used normal students to identify learning disabled students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Choosing the best method of estimating reliability parameter for grain harvesting machines in Markazi province, Iran
Mohammad Reza Vafaee hamid Mashhadi Meighani mortaza Almasi saeed MinaeeThe main goal of this study was finding an appropriate pattern for estimating reliability of cereal harvester specially John Deer 955 combine in Farahan region. In this purpose, five steps including: selecting the statistical community, recording of data related to repa MoreThe main goal of this study was finding an appropriate pattern for estimating reliability of cereal harvester specially John Deer 955 combine in Farahan region. In this purpose, five steps including: selecting the statistical community, recording of data related to repairs and their abundance with the time of operation, choosing a suitable distribution function which fallow repairs, estimating the parameter of distribution function, and using estimated functions for determining of reliability were considered. In this case, five JD955 combine with 1800, 1000, 900, 800 and 445 worked hours were selected, randomly. Combines were divided to five main parts including: cutting and feeding unit, belts and chains, engine, hydraulic system and rest of combine mechanisms including: threshing system, separating system, cleaning system and transmition system. All of repairs were recorded based of time duration of work and systems. Repairs were divided into major and minor levels. Finally, time duration between impairments and their abundance types were recorded separately for each system. Based on data distribution and their variations, coefficient β>1, and general form of graph inferred from survival function, Weibull distribution function was selected as the best equation to make clear of impairments. The general form of Weibull function was selected with three parameters, but it changed to F(X)=1-EXP(-X^(β/α))form because first impairments could occurre in initial time of combine operation. In order to estimating of Weibull function parameters, maximum likelihood estimated (MLE) method was used. For anticipating the time between repairs, Mont carlo method was used. Results showed that reliability of studied combines was zero after 130 hours operation and time duration between repairs of combine was calculated by 42.8 hours. Manuscript profile
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