erosion

Open Access Article

1 - Estimating the economic value of the preservation and maintenance functions of soil nutrients in Zagros forest ecosystem (case study: Dalab Ilam region)
Farshid Karami abdolali karamshahi amir modaberi ali mahdavi jalal Hanareh Khalyani

10.30495/jrnr.2023.73486.10292

In this research, one of the most important functions and services of the forest, the function of maintaining soil nutrients in the forests of the Dalab watershed in Ilam province, has been valued. First, the amount of erosion and sedimentation in the study area was che More

In this research, one of the most important functions and services of the forest, the function of maintaining soil nutrients in the forests of the Dalab watershed in Ilam province, has been valued. First, the amount of erosion and sedimentation in the study area was checked using the modified MPSIAC model in the current condition. By developing two scenarios of converting the (current) natural forest with 30 to 50% canopy cover to bare land through scoring the model, the changes in the amount of erosion and sedimentation were estimated. Next, the amount of soil nutrients was determined by soil sampling and laboratory analysis. Then, taking into account the difference in the amount of erosion in the state of natural forest (current) with 30-50% canopy cover and bare land, the amount of each nutrient element in the soil, and the loss of soil nutrients was also calculated. Then, using the replacement cost method, the service value of forest ecosystem soil nutrient maintenance was estimated. The results showed that the studied forest can maintain 2.52 tons of phosphorus, 35.55 tons of potassium, and 251.96 tons of nitrogen per year with an approximate value of 2,275,700 million rials per year and prevent its loss due to erosion. Also, the value of each hectare of forest for this function was estimated at 88.13 million rials. The estimation of the value of this ecosystem service in Zagros forests indicates the very effective role of forest ecosystems in controlling erosion and protecting soil nutrients. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Operation and empirical models to estimate erosion and Tvlydrsvb (Case Study castle area between the city Provinces.)
منصوره قوام محمود دره رودی علی البوعلی

Including water resources and soil erosion processes that threaten the country. Erosion process is very complex and many factors are involved in it ‌Kh most important climatic factors, land slope, Pvshsh‌Gyahy, and how land is managed. Due to lack of information on the More

Including water resources and soil erosion processes that threaten the country. Erosion process is very complex and many factors are involved in it ‌Kh most important climatic factors, land slope, Pvshsh‌Gyahy, and how land is managed. Due to lack of information on the area of the experimental method, four methods MPSIAC‌, EPM, FAO, BLM selection and evaluation of these four models in the domain of Kohgiluyeh Boyer Ahmad (the area between the castle) was performed. Cleans four basic models of erosion and deposition model to quantify and the other two as a qualitative estimate erosion. Based on annual erosion rate MPSIAC 59/3 tons per hectare per year and areas for EPM 76/2 tons per hectare per year, respectively. In the method, FAO, BLM final scores for all domains related to the erosion of 9/55 and 9/47, respectively, the average was calculated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Relation between Drainage Density and soil Erosion rate (Case study: five watersheds in Ardebil Province, Iran)
ابوالفضل معینی Nazafarin Karami Zarandi Ebrahim Pazira

Drainage density is one of the parameters that can be considered as an indicator of erosion rate. This study analysed the relation between drainage density and soil erosion in five watersheds in Iran. The drainage density was measured using satellite images, aerial phot More

Drainage density is one of the parameters that can be considered as an indicator of erosion rate. This study analysed the relation between drainage density and soil erosion in five watersheds in Iran. The drainage density was measured using satellite images, aerial photos, and topographic maps by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. MPSIAC model was employed in a GIS environment to create soil erosion maps using data from meteorological stations, soil surveys, topographic maps, satellite images and results of other relevant studies. Then the correlation between drainage density and erosion rate was measured. T.The results indicate that the relationship between these two factors improved when the types of sheet erosion, mechanical erosion and mass‌ erosion was ignored because these types of erosion were not mainly influenced by the power of runoff. There was a high correlation between drainage density and erosion in most of the watersheds. Finally a significant relationship was seen between drainage density and erosion in all watersheds. Based on the results obtained, the present method for distinguishing soil erosion was effective and can be used for operational erosion monitoring in other watersheds with the same climate characteristics in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Assessment of soil erosion zonation using F.A.O model in maroon basin
حمید بابلی موخر Kourosh Shirani morteza khodagholi

The Soil erosion mapping is the priority basement of soil conservation program in the watershed management. This study aimed to apply the FAO model and assessing factors affecting erodibility of soil using GIS and producing soil erosion map in Maroon watershed. For this More

The Soil erosion mapping is the priority basement of soil conservation program in the watershed management. This study aimed to apply the FAO model and assessing factors affecting erodibility of soil using GIS and producing soil erosion map in Maroon watershed. For this purpose, the basin maps were digitized in a scale of 1:50,000 and they were integrated with each other by using ArcGIS10.3 software. Homogeneous units map was produced. Then, according to the scoring table used in the model of FAO and surveying using GPS in the field and apply the factor scores for each homogeneous units was estimated the final score for each factor and the severity of erosion in homogenous units by GIS. Finally, the produced weight map was reclassified according to the FAO model and the minimum and maximum score of the erosion for the evaluated factors. It was categorized in four classes by including low, medium, high and very high classes. The results revealed that 95 percent of the study area located in the moderate erosion (49.06%) to high (45.98%) and only 5% of the area in the relatively moderate erosion (3.66%) and very high (1.30%) were occurred. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Identification of Erosion Severity Area with Study of Fargas Model (Case Study: Sangab Drainage Basin- Iran)
H. Ahmadi A. A Mohammadi

In order to identify critical sediment sources in large catchments, using easilyavailable terrain information at regional scale, a methodology has developed to obtaina qualitative assessment necessary for environmental management. So it has been triedto study and used F More

In order to identify critical sediment sources in large catchments, using easilyavailable terrain information at regional scale, a methodology has developed to obtaina qualitative assessment necessary for environmental management. So it has been triedto study and used Fargas and etal, method in this research. This has been done in oneof the sub-basins of Hable Rood basin called Sangab with an area of 7684.71 hac inNE Iran, arid and semiarid climate of Iran. The main objective of this model is to usebasic terrain data related to the erosive processes that contribute to the production,transportation and accumulation of sediments through the main water paths in thewatershed. This model is based on the selection of homogeneous zones regardingdrainage density and lithology, achieved by joining the basic units by a rating system.The values of drainage density are rated according to an erosion class. The lithology israted by erosion indexes, adapted from FAO (1977). The combination andreclassification of the results brings about five qualitative classes of sediment riskaccording to Fargas and etal (1997). The privileges of this method is, it used only twomain factors of the erosion, that are lithology and drainage density, and this factors arein our geologic and topographic maps in Iran. The mapping scale was 1:50000 and themodel were implemented through a vector GIS (Arc GIS9.2). The tested methodologyhas been proved useful as an initial approach for erosion assessment and soilconservation planning at regional level and also to select priority areas where furtheranalyses can be developed and finally for environmental management. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Investigation of effective factors and proposed model for define potential gully head advancement (study area: Hableh Roud drainage basin)
. H Ahmadi . A. A Mohammadi جمال Ghodousi. علی Salajegheh.

Gully erosion is one of the most complicated and destructive kinds of watererosion. In order to prevent this erosion, the important factors of gully headadvancement must be recognized. For this case, this research has been done in one ofthe sub basins of Hable Rood drai More

Gully erosion is one of the most complicated and destructive kinds of watererosion. In order to prevent this erosion, the important factors of gully headadvancement must be recognized. For this case, this research has been done in one ofthe sub basins of Hable Rood drainage basin with name’s of Dehnamak in arid andsemiarid weather. Then, effective factors of gully head advancement of four models:Thompson, SCS(І), SCS(ІІ) and FAO, that are: gully head cut watershed area, claypercentage amounts, gully bottom slope percentage and other factors such as solublesalts percentage, silt percentage amounts and sand percentage amounts have beenminded. Meaning amount of each effective factor with gully head advancementamounts in stage of 95% in period of time 1956 to 2005 studied.Result of statistical studies shows, factors such as gully head cut watershed areawith correlation coefficient of 0.98, soluble salts percentage with correlationcoefficient of 0.97 and clay percentage amounts with correlation coefficient of 0.96,intermittently have a most meaning in stage of 0.95. After this, model with usingeffective factors, above mentioned, and SPSS software and two methods, Enter andBackward formed. Then, potential of gully head advancement in following years in theway of comparison estimated amounts by models and measure amounts by aerialphotos studied. Finally with regards to minute difference of 0.001% between twomethods Enter and Backward, Backward method proposed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Effect of land use and vegetation on erosion forms and sediment production (Case Study: Watershed Vers Qazvin province)
Mehrdad Esfandiari Abolfazl Moeini Rahele Moqadasi

In recent years, the interaction of land use change with soil erosion has become a major environmental concern and has a dramatic impact on soil erosion and sediment yield. In this research the impact of land use and vegetation on erosion forms and sediment production o More

In recent years, the interaction of land use change with soil erosion has become a major environmental concern and has a dramatic impact on soil erosion and sediment yield. In this research the impact of land use and vegetation on erosion forms and sediment production of the basin vers in Qazvin province was investigated using MPSIAC erosion model by Geographical Information System (GIS). The different forms of erosion (Surface, Rill, gully, bank, Stream) can be seen as moderate to severe in vers watershed. Amount of sediment for the whole of watershed was 7.1 ton per hectare per year and the amount erosion was 7.04 tons per hectare per year. Dryland farming with 2.14 (metric tons per hectare per year) has the greatest impact on erosion and sediment yield. In pasture (type 3) and dry farming have very high sediment yield and indicated the improper use of land. Sediment produced on pasture (Type 1) Less than a garden land use that reflects the positive impact of proper pasture vegetation in reducing the amount of erosion and deposition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - In the stability of the western slopes of mountain in Talesh and its morphological effects on filled plain of Ardabi
Nader Golzad nanekaran Jamshid Jedari Eyvazi

After the age of Euosen, the plain of Ardabil has been appeared like a subsidence hole, by faults (Neuor, Hir, Anbaran …) and the sediments wich are sensitive to Quaternaring erison have covered them. also From beginning of the middle age of Oligocene mountains o More

After the age of Euosen, the plain of Ardabil has been appeared like a subsidence hole, by faults (Neuor, Hir, Anbaran …) and the sediments wich are sensitive to Quaternaring erison have covered them. also From beginning of the middle age of Oligocene mountains of the reigion have been elevated and the next age of erosion has started. the orogency of Pasadenian causes faulting mild thrust and region elevation. The existence of congolomerate with fragile cement and volcanic pieces in the southen part of Ardabil in Peleo- Quaternary are the sings  of  havy rain fall in the beginning of Quaternary. The new alluvium of Quaternary(Holocene) have been  carried through by mountaion waterway to the Ardabil plain and his process is done by the region water ways at the present time. The Alluvial terraces, alluvial con and … are signs of instability of the western slops of Talesh mountains and its morphological effects on filled plain of Ardabil. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Study and qualitative of estimation erosion on geomorphologic outcrops using FAo method Navroud drainage basin
Tahereh Fatolahzadeh Mohammadreza Servati

Watershed basins of Iran are very different with a view to geology, unevenness, climate andthe other factors effective in erosion. The aim of this research is study of different types oferosion in Navroud watershed basin, investigation of the intensity of erosion, sedim More

Watershed basins of Iran are very different with a view to geology, unevenness, climate andthe other factors effective in erosion. The aim of this research is study of different types oferosion in Navroud watershed basin, investigation of the intensity of erosion, sedimentproduction and the factors effective in this relation. The physiological, topographic, climatic,geological and geomorphological specifications, plant covering, soil, erosion and sedimentproduction were generally studied. The area of the basin is about 265.46 square kilometers.Then with integration of the original work units and their petrological structure. The intensityof erosion and sediment production in each work unit was investigated with use of(qualtitative) FAO (experimental method). On the basis of the obtained results subbasins Nos.Also they have the most amount of sediment production as compared with the othersubbasins. Some of the reasons include the great slope, change of application, ruining offorests and pastures, construction of roads and existence of the formations sensitive toerosion. The other subbasins have the least amount of erosion and sedimentation, becausetheir formation is resistant to erosion and generally includes biotite, sandy lime, tuff andandesite. Generally the results of this research show that in each work unit, slop is the mostimportant factor of erosion and this is true in some of the outcrops. The most considerablefactors for occurrence of erosion in a basin include application change, forests and pasturesruining, road construction and very great slope. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Analysis of gullies morphometery in Salavat Abad-Bijar area, Kordestan province
REza Esmaili Ronak Shokati

One of the most important resources of every country is soil. Today, its erosion and producingdeposit is a difficult that is increasing progressively and causes to lose surface soil of slope,sediment accumulation in reservoirs, sedimentation in channels and enormous dam More

One of the most important resources of every country is soil. Today, its erosion and producingdeposit is a difficult that is increasing progressively and causes to lose surface soil of slope,sediment accumulation in reservoirs, sedimentation in channels and enormous damage to theeconomy. In this research the gullies of region Salavat Abad-Bijar was studied. Dimension ofgullies was studied by using field surveys.The parameters of width, depth, the ratio of width todepth, the channel angel and the parameters of gully shape obtained the cross-sections wereestimated. Then these data was clustered by SPSS software and analyzed by the effectiveness ofeach variable in clusters by variance analysis and used mann-whitney U for assessing differenceof each variable with litology. Among of parameters, slope and depth of gullyhave a significantdifference with litology. According to this clustering the gullies is divided into three clusters.The results of test show homogeneity that among the different factors, only slope has beeneffective in the gullies of region and the reminded parameters has not been effectiveness as thedirect factor on gullies, therefore we concludes in the region studied, the morphometric indexescannot interfere in clustering as an effective factor. Also, it was surveyed the difference amongthe numbers of gullies in this span under study along with the factors of the amplitude shape,land use, the sensitive level to gullies, slope and the direction of amplitude by using KruskalwallisH test.The results of this test showed that there is a significant difference among thenumber of gullies with the mentioned factors in the meaningful level of 0.05. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Gully erosion hazard zonation in Torood watershed
Zahra Arab ghashghaie Davood Nikkami Samad Shadfar Abolfazl Moeini

Gully eroaion is one of the developed forms of water erosion which redolent ofsurface soil destruction in the lands. Recognize of the effective factors in happence ofgully erosion and it’s zonation is a basic implement to manage and control thisphenomenon. this st More

Gully eroaion is one of the developed forms of water erosion which redolent ofsurface soil destruction in the lands. Recognize of the effective factors in happence ofgully erosion and it’s zonation is a basic implement to manage and control thisphenomenon. this study has been performed with aim of recognizing the effectivefactors on the gully erosion making and it’s zonation in the watershed of Torood. Themost important effective factor in happending gully erosion such as slope, aspect,litology, land use, distance of communications network, land and canopy cover wereselected as the most important factors on gully development and their layers wereprovided in GIS environment. All three gullies in the area were selected for the study.For each gully, three soil samples were collected from 25, 50 and 75 percent of gullylength and three from outside of gully for comparison. This Samples have examinedfrom the view of Gypsum, Organic Carbon, Salinity, Saturation Percentage, Lime,Sodiun Absorption Ratio and PH. Gully erosion zonation map of Torood watershedwas prepared using 1:40,000 areal photos of 2001 and field measurements using GPS.The area covered by gully erosion in each class of effective factors, were computed byoverlaying gully erosion zonation map with effective factor layers. Effective factorsand their classes in related layers were weighted using Multi Class Mapsmethod.Results demonstrated that 88 percent of gullies are located at high to very highclasses of vulnerability zones. Soil analysis also indicated that salinity, gypsum andsodium absorption ratio in the gullies are higher and the amount of organic carbon isless than that of surrounded areas. But, there were no significant difference betweensaturation percentage, lime and pH in the gullies and surrounded areas. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Investigation of effective factors on geomorphologic Characteristics and Development of erosion features, using GIS and RS (Case Study:mirdeh cheraghvis Basin, Kurdistan province)
محسن Ranjbar فاضل Iranmanesh

Geomorphologic Characteristics are base of study of natural resources in watershed basin. Because, these Characteristics are influenced by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. Doubtless, erosion features will develop with Geomorphol More

Geomorphologic Characteristics are base of study of natural resources in watershed basin. Because, these Characteristics are influenced by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. Doubtless, erosion features will develop with Geomorphologic Characteristics. In this research, effective factors on geomorphologic Characteristics and development of erosion features have analyzed using remote sensing data and GIS and with an integration method. In this way, boundary of basin was clipped using topography map in 1:50000 scales. Then, all layers such as geology, slope, and land use and land capability were digitized. An image of Land sat ETM+ taken in 2002 was also used to discretion of geomorphologic unit, Type and interpretation of erosion features. The results showed that, Geomorphologic features in the basin separated to mountains, hills and alluvial deposit base on height, slope and morph metric Characteristics. Totally, eight Geomorphologic fancies are recognized. Stone mass with deposited cover from mountain unit with regular slope (1_1_1) have 74 ha (45% from whole area). Also, a lot of surface erosion has developed like white scattered spots and without vegetable or few vegetable. To add natural factors, human factors such as livelihood and sheep keeper can effect on developed erosion features.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Effect of different land- use management scenarios on soil erosion using USLE model in Kalaybarchay watershed
حبیب نظرنژاد اسلام قهرمان‌نژاد میرحسن میر‌یعقوب‌زاده

Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems which can be considered as a threat for natural resources, agriculture and the environment. Thus, determining the temporal and spatial extent of soil erosion is an effective way to management of soil erosion and sediment More

Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems which can be considered as a threat for natural resources, agriculture and the environment. Thus, determining the temporal and spatial extent of soil erosion is an effective way to management of soil erosion and sediment control through watershed management. Todays, the misuse of lands and converting forests and grasslands into agricultural land, overgrazing, tillage on steep slopes leads to increase soil erosion and sediment yield. Therefore, defining the contribution of different land uses has a significant role in preventing erosion and prioritization of land management activities The objective of this study is to estimate and compare the rate of soil erosion in in different land uses on the current status and prediction of erosion in Two main scenarios and each mail scenario has three sub-scenarios (25, 50 and 75 percent of area) at KalaybarChay watershed with an area of 452 km2 in the province of East Azerbaijan using USLE model. To predict the foregoing, land use map was prepared Using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and TM Sensor of satellite image Landsat5 on the ENVI 4.3 software. After the preparation of USLE model factors includes R, K, LS, C and P model was performed and mean value of each factor was calculated and soil erosion map was prepared by multiplying the average values. Results showed that the average amount of soil erosion rate is 12.3 (ton/ha/yr). Also the highest and least rate of erosion is assigned on conversion of rangeland to dry farming scenario; and the rangeland to tree dryland scenario equal to 15.43 and 9.03 (ton/ha/yr), respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Evaluating the effective plants’ ability to control gully erosion (Case Study: Konar Takhteh Region, Fars Province, Iran)
Akbar Farhadi Hasan Ahmadi Baharak Motamedvaziri Abolfazl Moeini

10.30495/wsrcj.2023.66573.11287

Background and Aim: Gully erosion is one of the types of water and intensified erosion, which causes a significant change in the landscape and environment. Although engineering methods are important for erosion control, biological methods are very efficient and low-cost More

Background and Aim: Gully erosion is one of the types of water and intensified erosion, which causes a significant change in the landscape and environment. Although engineering methods are important for erosion control, biological methods are very efficient and low-cost methods for soil erosion. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the characteristics of plant organs for erosion ability, which has yet to be studied. Thus, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the ability of native plants to slow gully erosion in the semi-arid Konar Takhteh region in Fars province. Method: Based on four criteria of resistance to concentrated erosive flow, the ability to stabilize the walls, the bending threshold due to water flow, and the ability to trap suspended load, and by using five quantitative indices, the power of plants to control gully erosion is evaluated. The comparison and scoring of plants are done based on the above criteria and based on multi-criteria analysis. After measuring the indices of stem density (SD), sediment obstruction  potential (SOP), plant stiffness (MEI), relative soil detachment rate (RSD) and root cohesion (Cr), each index is divided into five grades according to the scale (zero is the lowest and four are the highest). In the following, the score of each index is shown in a radar chart. Finally, in order to evaluate better, different species to control the gully erosion, the occupied surface of radar chart is examined. Results: The measurement results of SD, SOP, MEI, RSD and Cr indices for Ziziphus spina-christi species equal to 0.0027, 0.097, 108, 0.398 and 8.34 kPa, respectively, which demonstrates the best performance in comparison with other species. Overall, with a total of 18 points, it is the most suitable specie to control ditch erosion. Atriplex canescens with 13 points is in the second place and the other species are in the next places with lower performance. Conclusion: Species such as Ziziphus spina-christi and Atriplex canescens may be beneficial in the revitalization and development of vegetation in the region due to their adaptation to the climate, dry conditions of the region, their resistance to concentrated currents as well as the stabilization of the gullies’ wall. The use of a combination of plant species is helpful in controlling erosion due to their different capabilities. Therefore, it is recommended to use perennial and herbaceous resistant indigenous species for biological combat against intensifying erosions, especially gully erosion in semi-arid areas. It is suggested to use the findings of this research in other semi-arid regions of the country. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Investigation of lithological units susceptibility of erosion using mineralogical characteristics
Seid Saeid Ghiasi Sadat Feiznia Alireza Moghadam nia Somayye Najirad

Soil resource conservation requires management approaches and provides appropriate solutions that can be achieved by knowing nature of rock units and relative importance of main sediment sources. The aim of this study is to determine hole of each lithological unit in se More

Soil resource conservation requires management approaches and provides appropriate solutions that can be achieved by knowing nature of rock units and relative importance of main sediment sources. The aim of this study is to determine hole of each lithological unit in sediment generation and to recognize their erosion conditions. For this purpose after sampling the sediment source and sediments of waterways of Kiov-chai Watershed, grading was performed for all samples by dry sieving. Then, 600 micron and 4 mm sieves were selected as indicators and by choosing 100 grains of sediment from each sample, mineralogical analysis was performed using a pair of binocular and considering mineral and rock fragments the results were compared with and adapted to the lithological units and the share percentage of each stone, was determined by counting the number of minerals and rock fragments. The results showed, Qvl lithological unit has the highest share in sediment yield with a 45.51 percent and has the very severe erosion status with total erosion index score with a 1053.14 which can be justified completely due to extensive degradation and its spread on both sides of the main river. After Qvl lithological unit, Qds2 and Qvb lithological units have the highest share in sediment yield with a 30.87 and 10.54 percent, respectively and Qtasllithological unit has the lowest share in sediment yield with a 45.51 percent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Identification of causes of the occurrence of Gully erosion with emphasis on soil-related factors (case study: Agh Imam watershed)
maryam mohamadebrahimi

Gully erosion in one of the different types of soil erosion by water that initiation and advancement of it can tend to the great changes on landscape and degrades the lands. The objective of the current study is to analyze the effects of soil-related factors on the occu More

Gully erosion in one of the different types of soil erosion by water that initiation and advancement of it can tend to the great changes on landscape and degrades the lands. The objective of the current study is to analyze the effects of soil-related factors on the occurrence of Gully erosion in the Age Imam watershed.  This watershed, with an area of 5442.45 hectares, is located in the east of Golestan province, and experiences many substantial difficulties due to Gully erosion.  In this study, ditches in the region were identified through field study. Then five ditches were selected and 10 soil samples from the within the ditch and 10 from outside the ditch were taken (a region in the adjacent area above the ditches), from two depths (0-30 cm, and 30-60 cm) and were subjected to laboratory analysis.  The comparison of  the averages of the two statistical populations was used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of soil taken from two depths,  Results showed that significant differences existed (on a 5% level) among some soil characteristics between surface soil and the soil below that, as: Percentage of Silt (at both depths, taken from the ditch), percentage of saturation humidity (at both depths, taken from the ditch), electric conductivity (at the lower depth, taken from the ditch), neutralizing substances (at both depths, taken from outside the ditches), cation exchange percentage (lower depth, taken from outside the ditch), sodium absorption ratio (lower depth, taken from the ditches), and the percentage of exchange sodium (at the lower depth, taken from the ditches), had an effective role in Gully erosion, due to the higher amounts and statistical significances. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Study of the Rate of headcut and sediment volume Erosion in Channels with Steep Slope
امیررضا سالمیان mahmood shafai امیر خسروجردی حسین بابازاده حسین صدقی

Headcut erosion is a sudden change in height or slope that makes gullies and valleys and may change within a height ranged from less than one centimeter to several meters depending on several factors and upstream movement. Occurrence of headcut erosion phenomenon in the More

Headcut erosion is a sudden change in height or slope that makes gullies and valleys and may change within a height ranged from less than one centimeter to several meters depending on several factors and upstream movement. Occurrence of headcut erosion phenomenon in the rivers will result in bed erosion and instability of beaches. As a result, the river is widened and the outcome of the phenomenon is the transfer of large amounts of sediment downstream and dams’ reservoirs. Five adhesive soil samples including, clay and silt with different mixture percentages were examined and tested for 25% upstream and 5% downstream slopes for discharge, velocity and depths of several flows in the study. Volume of the produced sediment was measured in terms of real time and average. In addition, headcut rate and sediment discharge were measured. Some of the phenomena observed in the study that played an important role in the production of sedimentation volume and headcut rate include occurrence of hydraulic jump at the junction of steep slope to mild slope, tensile cracks on the soil surface and increased slope of bed during the experiment due to erosion. According to the results, changes in the three parameters of the amount of silt, upstream slope and flow rate are directly related to the increased rate of movement of sediments and headcut velocity. In pure clay, by increasing flow velocity 1.5 times the average volume of sediments, 13% headcut velocity and sedimentation discharge increased to 40% and 21%, respectively. Moreover, 50% increase of silt increased the average sediments volume, headcut velocity and sedimentation discharge  by12%, 38% and 19%, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Dependency of runoff characteristics on the plot scale in rainfed land under semi-arid rainfalls
علی رضا واعظی مژگان نوقان مجید فرومدی

Runoff is the major soil erosive factor which can be controlled to different factors such as hillslope length.Knowledge of the role of hillslope length in runoff can help in designing soil conservation practices particularlyin rainfed lands. This study was carried out t More

Runoff is the major soil erosive factor which can be controlled to different factors such as hillslope length.Knowledge of the role of hillslope length in runoff can help in designing soil conservation practices particularlyin rainfed lands. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of slope length on runoff in rainfed lands ofsemi-arid regions, north west of Iran. Twenty two plots with different lengths ranging from 1 to 22.1 m and withthe same width were installed on a 10% slope according to the Universal Soil Loss Equation model. Runoffcharacteristics (total runoff volume, runoff per area and runoff coefficient) were determined for a fourteen-monthperiod from March 2015 to Jun 2016. The results indicated that significant difference was found among the plotsin total runoff volume (P< 0.0001). Total runoff volume was significantly differed from 1-m plot to 8-m plotwhile in the higher plots (from 9-m to 22.1-m plots) there was no statistically difference among the plots(R2=0.97). In general, a significant relationship was found between total runoff and the plot length. Runoffcoefficient was largely differed in the rainfall event. There was no significant relationship between runoffcoefficient and rainfall intensity. Runoff per area increased from plot 1-m to plot 8-m and decreased gradually inthe larger plots. According to this result, plot 8-m can be considered as a proper plot for investigating runoff inthe rainfed lands. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Determination of optimum level of land use and biological measures to reduce erosion and sediment (case study: watershed saqqezchi, ardebil province)
ابوالفضل معینی masoome najafi sani shiva mohammadian khorasani sepideh mofidi

Nowadays, Soil erosion is one of the largest problems of the world, particularly in Iran. side effects and dangersof this phenomenon within the watershed field is the main problem that affected the overall ecological balance ofthe basin. The main objective of this study More

Nowadays, Soil erosion is one of the largest problems of the world, particularly in Iran. side effects and dangersof this phenomenon within the watershed field is the main problem that affected the overall ecological balance ofthe basin. The main objective of this study was to determine the optimal level land use for reducing erosion andenhance stakeholders income at Saghezchi watershed is located in the Ardebil. For this aim, linear programmingmodel for three different options include current situation land uses, standard land use and standard conditionswith biological measures land use in accordance with scientific principles and criteria were used. The resultsshowed that the current land use level to reduce erosion and increase the income of residents is not suitable andin optimal conditions must be changed. in optimal conditions the garden lands level from 132.29 hectare to1902.83 hectare (1438.4 % increased), rangeland level without change, irrigated land surface from 319.94hectare to 57.6 (81.99% decrease) and rainfed cultivation is also from 1549 hectare to 40.8 hectare (97.36%decrease) was changed. In addition, the results showed that land use optimization in the current situation, Theratio of soil erosion and total profitability, 0.07% decrease and 7.7% increase respectively, at the standardconditions land use 3.72% decrease, 7.7% increase respectively and at the standard conditions with biologicalmeasures land use, The ratio of soil erosion and total profitability, 5.48% decrease and 30.65% is increasedrespectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Increasing the accuracy of predicting sediment yield in watem/sedem model using image fusion algorithm (case study: Darkesh watershed)
عاطفه بهزادفر Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan علیرضا قره گوزلو

Nowadays, knowing the amount of soil erosion is an important part of the comprehensive management ofwatersheds. Due to the lack of sufficient information and data relating to water and sediment discharges inwatersheds, soil erosion is estimated using user-friendly model More

Nowadays, knowing the amount of soil erosion is an important part of the comprehensive management ofwatersheds. Due to the lack of sufficient information and data relating to water and sediment discharges inwatersheds, soil erosion is estimated using user-friendly models and new technologies. The aim of this study isto predict erosion and sediment yield in the Darkesh watershed, North Khorasan province, usingWaTEM/SEDEM model and RS and GIS and image fusion algorithm. At the first, the crop management factor(C) was mapped based on land use map. The Gram-Schmidt algorithm was used to combining multispectralimages Landsat 7 and 8 with panchromatic images for the two satellite images with 12-year time distance (2003and 2015) and a scale of 1:25,000. The maps of other input factors were then prepared using ArcGIS and ENVIsoftware and the model was run and the rates of erosion and sediment yield with the scale of 1:25,000 waspredicted with and without image fusion algorithm and were compared with the observed rates in the watershed.Comparing observed sediment data in Darkesh watershed with predicted amounts showed that the final map oferosion classification by applying image fusion algorithm led to better and more accurate identification oferosion sensitive areas. Based on the results of this study, high-performance of WaTEM/SEDEM model topredict of sediment yield was proved and it was found that image fusion algorithm was also led to increase theaccuracy of the results. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Investigating indices of soil surface erosion and their relations to slope characteristics in semi-arid rangelands
علی رضا واعظی زهرا بیات مجید فرومدی

Surface erosion is a one of the major factors of soil degradation and gradual decline in soil productivity. Little studies have been done on the surface erosion indices in the semi-arid rangelands. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify surface soil erosion ind More

Surface erosion is a one of the major factors of soil degradation and gradual decline in soil productivity. Little studies have been done on the surface erosion indices in the semi-arid rangelands. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify surface soil erosion indices using the land characteristics in a semi-arid region. Five southern hillslopes with different slope gradients (9, 13, 17, 31 and 33%) which subjected to surface erosion were selected in Zanjan province. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm) in four locations at a 2-m distance along the slope at two replications. A total of 80 soil samples were collected for analyzing particle size distribution. Soil surface erosion indices were determined using the proportion of particle diameter for given frequency in surface and sub-surface soils. Toward this, the proportion of particle diameter in the frequency of 40 (d401/d402), 50 (d501/d502), 60 (d601/d602) and 70 % (d701/d702) was computed. Additionally, proportions of mean weight diameter (MWDp1/MWDp2), geometric mean diameter (dg1/dg2) and geometric standard deviation (δg1/δg2) of surface and subsurface soils particles were determined. Based on the results, significant differences were found among the hillslopes in all soil surface erosion indices, whereas the differences for the locations along the hillslopes were not statistically significant. In the steep slopes, the frequency of fine particles (silt and clay) and organic matter content was very low in surface soil. Multiple linear regression analysis appeared a strong relationship between the MWDp1/MWDp2 and slope gradient (R2= 0.51, p< 0.001). This study revealed that the MWDp1/MWDp2 is the proper index to evaluate soil surface erosion in the semi-arid hillslopes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Particles size distribution of Lake Urmia area soils erosion sampling by BSNE sampler
FATEMEH ZABIHI Mehrdad Esfandiari MOHAMMADREZA DALAIAN Abolfazl Moeini

Recently, the Lake Urmia has become one of the key dust sources in Iran due to a sharp drop in its water level. One of the essential information to decide how to deal with this problem is to know the distribution of the particles size carried at different heights above More

Recently, the Lake Urmia has become one of the key dust sources in Iran due to a sharp drop in its water level. One of the essential information to decide how to deal with this problem is to know the distribution of the particles size carried at different heights above the soil surface. In order to trap the dust particles of the Lake Urmia area soils erosion, one of dust centers that was located in the southeastern of the Lake Urmia in 30 kilometers distance from the Tabriz-Azarshahr road was selected and the BSNE samplers (Big Spring Number Eight) were used. 14 pole, each of which had 4 samplers at 0.15, 0.5, 1 and 2 m heights above the soil surface were installed in a circle pattern. The samplers were evaluated in 12 interval periods (March 2016-February 2017) and the particle size distribution and the vertical profile of gathered particles were determined. Results showed that the amount of fine particles (0.15-0.053 mm) was greater than the coarse particles (1-0.25 mm). The highest amount of the fine particles was obtained at 100 and 200 cm and of the coarse particles was obtained at 15 cm height above the soil surface. When the height above the soil surface increased, the weight of gathered particles decreased. The power function was the best to explain changes between the weight of gathered particles and the height above the soil surface. There was a negative correlation between monthly rainfall and the weight of gathered particles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Assessing the stability of maximum entropy prediction for rill erosion modelling
maryam pournader sadat feiznia hasan ahmadi haji karimi hamidreza peirovan

Soil erosion management requires providing appropriate solutions that can be achieved with knowing soil erosion situation. The aim of this study, modeling rill erosion potentially by using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and investigation of its robustness to knowing about ril More

Soil erosion management requires providing appropriate solutions that can be achieved with knowing soil erosion situation. The aim of this study, modeling rill erosion potentially by using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and investigation of its robustness to knowing about rill erosion susceptibility in the Golgol watershed, Ilam province. To this purpose, different geo-environmental factors were selected to be employed in the modeling process. In addition, 157 rill erosion events were recorded by a global positioning system (GPS). These events were then classified into two classes of training and validation with a ratio of 70:30. To evaluate model robustness, these classifications were repeated three times, and therefore, three sample datasets (D1, D2, and D3), were prepared. The area under receiver operating characteristics (AUC) curve was used for evaluating the performance of the model. Regarding the robustness results, all of the datasets obtained good AUC values and all of them were robust for both the goodness-of-fit (RAUC =1.3) and prediction performance (RAUC =3.1). In other words, the results demonstrated that the model remained quite stable when the calibration and validation data were changed. In addition, we found that the MaxEnt model is capable to produce rill erosion susceptibility map. Furthermore, based on the sensitivity analysis, it found that the most important components in rill erosion susceptibility modeling are lithology and distance from stream. The adopted methodology can be useful as an efficient approach for land use planning and erosion risk management. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Efficiency of Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation on Surface Strength of Jabalkandi Dune Sand
Kazem Badv ّFarzaneh Douzali Joushin Mohsen Barin

By approaching towards Urmia Lake, the potential source of sand dust originating from the sand dunes can be clearly observed. Wind erosion causes soil and environmental degradation. The high cost of petroleum mulches and their destructive effects on the environment have More

By approaching towards Urmia Lake, the potential source of sand dust originating from the sand dunes can be clearly observed. Wind erosion causes soil and environmental degradation. The high cost of petroleum mulches and their destructive effects on the environment have led to the use of environmentally friendly and cheaper materials. In this study, the control of surface erosion of sand dust in the Jabalkandi region has been investigated by enhancing its surface strength by microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. An aerobic sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria, which exists pervasively in natural soil deposits was utilized to control soil erosion. The industrial corn extract has been used to cultivate this bacterium. To evaluate the effect of bacteria, the undrained shear strength of the soil was measured using insitu vane shear apparatus. The evaluated parameters included the bacteria concentration, retention time, effect of double injection with 7 days delay period, effect of environmental conditions on the bacteria functionality and the rate of gain of surface strength. The results showed improvement of the soil shear strength with time. The resulted maximum soil shear strength was 0.65 kg/cm2. The results indicated that the reinjection of the bacteria solution and cementation resulted in 60 % extra surface strength gain of the soil compared to one time injection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Laboratory Valuation of Longitudinal and Transverse Profiles of Scour in a 180-Degree Channel: Application of Permeable Triangular Vanes
Mohammad Reza Kalamizadeh Amir Abbas Kamanbedast Ali Reza Masjedi Mahmoud Shafai Bejestan Hooshang Hasoonizadeh

10.30495/wsrcj.2022.20325

Background and Objectives: One of the new methods for controlling erosion on the outer bank of river curve is the use of plates connected to the riverbank. Coastal vanes are the environmental structures which are used to control bank erosion, divert flow from bank to ri More

Background and Objectives: One of the new methods for controlling erosion on the outer bank of river curve is the use of plates connected to the riverbank. Coastal vanes are the environmental structures which are used to control bank erosion, divert flow from bank to river center, improve sediment transport status, develop river for sailing, restorate and develop river's aquatic habitat. Despite the many advantages of coastal vanes, there is no detailed information about erosion and sedimentation and flow patterns around them under different hydraulic and geometric conditions and fewer research have been done. In the present study, the effect of different installation scenarios of triangular permeable vanes on bed sediment longitudinal and transverse profile changes in a laboratory channel with a 180-degree bend is evaluated.Methods: In this research, the main purpose is to investigate sedimentation and erosion patterns in the rivers’ bend using coastal triangular vanes; in this regard, the impact of distance between triangular vanes, their effective length, and Froud number on the erosion control of the outer bank of the 180 degree bend is focused. Experiments in a laboratory flume with a mild 180-degree bend with a  ratio and a rectangular cross section with a width of 0.6 meters is done. The angle of fixed triangular vanes is 60 degrees, the height of the permeable triangular vanes from the sediment surface is 10cm and the permeability of the triangular vanes is 12%. The experiments were carried out with limpid water mode. The effective lengths of the prepared vanes were 12, 15 and 20 cm with installation intervals of 60, 75 and 100 cm respectively and were run at two different inlet discharges.Results: Investigating the effect of the distance between permeable triangular vanes on bed topography shows that in each Froud number, with increasing the distance of vanes from each other, the maximum scour depth will be increased. The results demonstrate the use of permeable triangular vanes causes the flow deviation from the outer bank to the center and then the inner bank of the flume, which leads to control the erosion in the river outer bank. By increasing the inlet flow discharge and increasing the effective length of triangular vanes and the distance of triangular vanes from each other in a 180-degree bend, the maximum scour depth and volume are increased. The installation of triangular vanes with an effective length of  and a distance of 5L causes the flow deviation from the outer bank to the vanes cape and the middle of the flume, consequently results in a decrease in the shear stress in the middle of the flume and scour depth of the erosion channel and creates thalweg in the vanes cape.Conclusion: The results illustrate that by installing the triangular vanes, the point-bars are created in the interval between them. Therefore, during the effective length of 12cm, the maximum height of the point-bar on the outer bank equals to 30 and 31% of water depth, between the 0 to 170 degrees and 68.7 to 115 degrees equal to 11 times and 3 times the distance between the vanes, for discharge values of 13.5 and 15.5 l/sec, respectively. Also, for the mentioned conditions the width of the point-bar on the outer bank reaches  85% and 75% of vanes’ effective length , respectively. Permeable triangular vanes with six pillars are recommended for meandering rivers like  Karun in 90 and 180-degree arcs. These rivers have high torsion and curvature as well as high flow depth and low flow velocity in them, which contain high suspended sediments and the slope of this type of rivers is 0.001 or less and due to the low slope, their sediment carrying potential. Sediment loads are mostly fine. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Spatial Pattern of Sediment Yield by Sediment Structural Connectivity Model in the Taleghan Watershed, Iran
Mohammad Ali Hilou Seyed Abbas Hosseini Ahmad Sharafati

10.30495/wsrcj.2022.68481.11309

Background and Aim: Nowadays, due to the importance of sediments in watersheds, the integrated watershed management in the country requires a specific framework in planning related to monitoring and control of sediments.One of the most effective methods is the use of se More

Background and Aim: Nowadays, due to the importance of sediments in watersheds, the integrated watershed management in the country requires a specific framework in planning related to monitoring and control of sediments.One of the most effective methods is the use of sediment connectivity index (IC). Connectivity process is an innovative concept to understand the processes which occur in the watershed area that affect water flow and sediment movement at different spatial-temporal scales. This index explains the degree of connection of the sediment flow throughout the watershed, especially between the sediment source and the downstream area, and in a way, expresses the sediment delivery ratio. Therefore, the current research is conducted with the aim of investigating the sediment connectivity in Taleghan watershed of Alborz province to extract the sediment connectivity index map and also verify the results with field investigations.Method: In this research, in order to investigate the spatial pattern of sediment production in the watershed, the sediment connectivity map of the basin was drawn from the method presented by Borselli et al. and the definition of connectivity index (IC). For this purpose, at first, topographic data from 30-Meter Digital Elevation Model and vegetation data at 10- and 30-meters spatial resolution are obtained with Sentinel-2A and Landsat 8 images, respectively, and by using data layers such as the average slope gradient, the average weighting factor and the upslope contributing area the amount of upstream component of the flow starting path in sediment transport was calculated. Then, using the layers of the length towards the downslope path, the weight factor of each cell and finally the slope gradient of each cell, the downstream component in the sediment connectivity network was calculated and by referring to catchment outlet in the ArcGIS 10-2-2 software, the connectivity index for all pixels Calculated and the sediment connectivity map was drawn. The IC can assume values ranging from -∞ to +∞ and as IC grows toward +∞, the connectivity increases, finally in order to evaluate the results of the field connection index model (FIC), it is implemented in 30 points of the watershed and the correlation between the IC index and FIC in these points are evaluated. Results: According to the findings of this research as well as the fitting of IC sediment connectivity index values with FIC field sediment connectivity index in 30 points, the relationship between these two indicators is linear. The coefficient of determining the output of the model with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters was obtained with a numerical value of 0.62, It shows the higher accuracy of the sediment connectivity index results with a spatial resolution of 10 meters compared to 30 meters. Although the distribution of the points is irregular in some cases, the general trend of the results shows that with the increase in the amount of IC connection, the amount of FIC field computing sediment connection has also increased linearly. In calculating the index of connectivity, the factors such as the shape, slope and roughness of the basin which are easily accessible due to the less data requirement and high efficiency, can be the basis for improving the estimation of sedimentation models.Conclusion: In this research, the results show that the sediment connectivity index with a spatial accuracy of 10 meters has a higher accuracy than the connectivity index with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters. In addition, the results demonstrate the slope and the vegetation factor are critical parameters in the sedimentation of the Taleghan watershed. It is also worth mentioning that in order to investigate the effect of the watershed area and the principal waterway length, the results of the sediment connectivity index can be evaluated more precisely at the sub-basin and even the hillslopes. Considering the importance of these items in the sedimentation of each sub-basin, including the flow direction map and flow accumulation in the assumptions of this model, is one of the advantages of this technique. The other important advantage of this model is its low data requirement, which can greatly reduce the complexity and data requirements of existing erosion and sedimentation models. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Perlite effect on changes of splash erosion in three collected soil types with different land uses
Leila Gholami Armin Balvayeh Nabiyeh Karimi Fatemeh شکریان

Splash erosion as the first stage of the water erosion process, caused by the raindrops effect on soil surface. The amount of soil splash can change with change in characteristics of soil physical. The conservation from the surface soil cause the effect of raindrop ener More

Splash erosion as the first stage of the water erosion process, caused by the raindrops effect on soil surface. The amount of soil splash can change with change in characteristics of soil physical. The conservation from the surface soil cause the effect of raindrop energy reduces on the surface soil and thus the amount of sediment from the splash erosion process decrease. Therefore, present study was conducted to performance evaluation of perlite at levels of 25, 50 and 75%in rainfall intensity of 80mmh-1 on splash erosion in three soil types with landuse of forestry, rangeland and agricultural. Experiments were carried in laboratory conditions and scale of splash cups and then splash erosion measured in different perlite amounts and various landuses. The results showed that application of different perlite amounts in the various landuses reduced the total and net splash compared control treatment. The results also showed that the separate effect of various landuses and different perlite on total and net splash was significant at level of 99%and also the interaction effect different perlite amounts and various landuses on total splash was significant at 99%. Also, the landuses soil of rangeland and agriculture, the perlite with amount of 25%had the more effect on control of splash erosion toward two another amounts. This amount caused the reducing the total splash with rate of 55.27 and 57.48%, net splash with rate of 55.11 and 91.03%up slope splash with rate of 62.78 and 36.85%and down slope splash with rate of 55.23 and 66.72%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Laboratory evaluation of the effect of permeable vanes distance using six-pillar concrete elements on the bend migration
Ebrahim Najjaran Amir Abbas Kamanbedast Mahmood Shafai Bejestan Alireza Masjedi Hooshang Hasonizadeh

Permeable vanes are structures that move the erosion of the outer bank of the river by diverting the erosive flow from the outer arch of the river to its center. In this study, the pattern of erosion and sedimentation around the hydraulic structure in the installation c More

Permeable vanes are structures that move the erosion of the outer bank of the river by diverting the erosive flow from the outer arch of the river to its center. In this study, the pattern of erosion and sedimentation around the hydraulic structure in the installation conditions of different distances from each other has been studied. Six-pillar concrete elements are materials that form a permeable structure overlapping and are applicable without drying the riverbed. These blocks need to be examined for how the structure works. With this concept, in the present study, the performance of this structures were performed in a laboratory channel with a width of 60 cm and a 180 degree flume under different hydraulic conditions (Fr = 0.227, 0.244, 0.261, 0.278). The required data were measured at different distances (5L, 6L, 7L, 8L) with an effective length equal to 20% of the width of the flume (L=12cm). Control experiment was performed in similar conditions to other scenarios without groins construction. Comparison of the results of the control and main experiments showed that the construction of permeable rectangular groin with a distance of 5L had the best efficiency in reducing the maximum depth of scour at the outer bank compared to the control experiments equal to 70.1% and 57.9% in Froud numbers of 0.227 and 0.261, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Evaluation of temporal variation of splash erosion in different slopes and agricultural and forest land uses
Ashkan Yusefi Ahmad Farrokhian Firouzi Bijan Khalili Moghaddam

Soil erosion is one of the major worldwide environmental challenges and its related destructive effects cannot be ignored at both inside and outside of a region. Splash and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. The obje More

Soil erosion is one of the major worldwide environmental challenges and its related destructive effects cannot be ignored at both inside and outside of a region. Splash and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. The objective of this research was to investigate temporal variations of splash erosion in different slopes and land uses using a rainfall simulator. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. The experimental treatments were consist of slope at two levels (5 and 15%), duration of rainfall at four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 minute) and different land uses (forest and agriculture).The results indicated that amount of splash increased with increasing rainfall duration. The amount of splash erosion of the 20-min rainfall duration was 2.08, 1.76 and 1.08 times more than of 5, 10 and 15-min, respectively. The average soil loss by splash erosion in agricultual and forest land uses was 29.37 and 25.56g.m-2, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that as slope increased from 5 to 15% the amount of splash erosion increased 11%. In general, at all rainfall durations, splash erosion increased significantly with changes in slope steepness (from 5 to 15%) and land use from forest to agriculture, but there was no significant difference between the15 and 20-min rainfall durations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Effectability of runoff and sediment yield from soils induced by freezing and thawing cycle under simulated rainfall condition
Morteza Behzadfar Seyed Hamid Reza Sadeghi Mohamad Javad Khangani Zeinab Hazbavi

Many factors affect soil erosion and runoff generation. However, the role of some factors such as freeze-thaw (FT) processes has not been well considered yet. The present study therefore aimed to simulate and explain the effect of FT cycle on runoff generation and More

Many factors affect soil erosion and runoff generation. However, the role of some factors such as freeze-thaw (FT) processes has not been well considered yet. The present study therefore aimed to simulate and explain the effect of FT cycle on runoff generation and sediment yield under rainfall simulation condition. Towards this attempt, air and different soil depth temperatures were analyzed in natural condition and 10 cm soil depth was targeted for the soil laboratory experiments. A FT cycle with three and two days for freezing and thawing was taken place. The rainfall storm with 1.2 mm/min and 30 min duration was simulated and conducted for three treatments in soil erosion and rainfall simulation laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University. The results showed that the induced FT cycle soil had a distinct and significant behavior and different from that seen for the control plot. So that, the times of runoff generation in freezed and FT cycle treatments were 2.74 and 3.25 times less, respectively, compared to that reported for the control plots. The runoff volume and sediment yield were also respectively reported in turn of 1.46 and 1.16 and, 11.92 and 2.65 times more for freezed and FT cycle induced treatments compared to those recorded for control plots. Ice lenses and frost heaves plus creating situations close to soil saturation after FT cycle were the most effective factors in distinct behavior of soil induced by Freezingand FT cycle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Effect of type and application level of polyacrylamide on soil loss
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi Zeinab Karimi Hossein Ali Bahrami

Soil erosion is one of the basic issues at global, regional and local scales. Considering management plans in hindering its effects has therefore significant importance. Additionally, application of additive materials including polyacrylamide is one of new techniques in More

Soil erosion is one of the basic issues at global, regional and local scales. Considering management plans in hindering its effects has therefore significant importance. Additionally, application of additive materials including polyacrylamide is one of new techniques in the field of soil erosion control. Despite of application of Polyacrylamide in runoff and soil erosion management, its contemporary effect in type and the amount of usage has been less considered. The present study was therefore carried out in order to determine the impressibility of soil loss in small plots from application of flour and soluble polyacrylamide in different levels of 0.4, 2, and 6 g m-2 under the laboratory conditions. To this end, three plots with dimensions of 0.5*0.5m and 30% slope were used. In order to apply the current study, rainfall was simulated on study plots with intensity of 50 and 80 mm h-1 and respective duration of 17 and 8 min after 48 h from using polyacrylamide in flour and soluble types. The results obtained from statistical tests verified significant (P=0.00) effect of polyacrylamide type and different rainfall intensities on the amount of soil loss in different levels of the polyacrylamide usage. In addition, the performance of powder application of polyacrylamide under study conditions was found better than that recorded for the solute application and therefore is recommended for the purpose of soil loss control.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Effect of rice straw on surface runoff and soil loss in small plots
Seyed Hamid reza Sadeghi Ehsan Sharifi Moghadam Leila Gholami

Soil erosion is one of the most challenging issues in optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Land surface cover affects runoff production and soil loss processes. Nowadays, miscellaneous amendments and conditioners are being applied to conserve water and soil More

Soil erosion is one of the most challenging issues in optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Land surface cover affects runoff production and soil loss processes. Nowadays, miscellaneous amendments and conditioners are being applied to conserve water and soil worldwide. However, the role of environmentally friend and available organic amendments have been rarely considered. This study was therefore taken place in order to assess the effect of rice straw (0.5 kg m-2) on runoff volume and soil loss on a sandy clay loam placed in three small plots (0.5×0.5×0.3m) with 20% slope steepness using rainfall simulator. The study plots were then subjected to 50 and 90 mm h-1 rainfall intensities for 15 minutes after spreading rice straw on the soil surface. The results showed that the rice straw treatment under 50 and 90 mm h-1 rainfall intensities and in comparison with control plot reducing the runoff about 90% and 96%, respectively. In addition, soil loss was completely controlled in treated plots and under both studied rainfall intensities. All differences were found statistically significant at 1% significancy level.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Evaluation of Emprical Models for Sediment Yield Prediction at Semi-Arid Small Watershed using Measured Data
Ali Bagherian kalat Ali Akbar Abbasi Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour

10.22034/jest.2019.41563.4538

Background and Objective: Due to the lack of sediment stations in most of the country's watersheds outlets and inadequacy of data, experimental models can be important tools for the production of these information layers. Common Empirical model in Iran is EPM. Method: More

Background and Objective: Due to the lack of sediment stations in most of the country's watersheds outlets and inadequacy of data, experimental models can be important tools for the production of these information layers. Common Empirical model in Iran is EPM. Method: Since this model has been designed in other countries, it is necessary to examine its performance in Iran. The main objective of the project is Model situations with nature and complete database available about erosion and its affecting factors. In implementing this plan, 4 small soil dams in Kardeh Dam and five sub-basins have a pond to collect runoff and sediment in Sanganeh of Kalat was selected. These catchment areas were studied and information layers for EPM model produced. Amounts of sediment were estimated and were compared with observed sediment. Findings: The results indicated that the uncalibrated FMS model overestimated the eroded materials. Results of the EPM and calibrated FMS model indicated 0.66 and 0.35 Nash-Sutcliff efficiency. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, we can accept the estimated results of this model as somewhat reliable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Evaluating the Effects of Run off on Khadijeh Khatoun Basin Using MPSIAC Model
Hamidreza Pazouki Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Hossein Babazadeh

10.30495/jest.2019.42260.4819

Background and Objective: Unfortunately, in recent decade, due to land use change and vegetation cover degradation, most of the rainfall changed into run off and causes abundant loss of life and property by creating enormous floods. The purpose of this evaluation was to More

Background and Objective: Unfortunately, in recent decade, due to land use change and vegetation cover degradation, most of the rainfall changed into run off and causes abundant loss of life and property by creating enormous floods. The purpose of this evaluation was to study the run off impacts on the erosion of the catchment area using the MPSIAC model.Method: For this purpose, the basic information and maps of the Khadijeh Khatoon basin in 2018 such as topographic and geology maps were collected. Then the calculation steps of nine model factors including surface geology or metrology, soil, climate, run off, topography, land cover, land use, current erosion and river erosion, and erosion and Sediment is estimated. Finally, the relationship between runoff and erosion of the basin was determined and the model of erosion and sediment estimation from runoff was determined.Findings: The results of this study showed that the amount of soil erosion is equal to 5806.97 tons per year and is 3.58 tons per hectare per year. If the value of one ton of agricultural land is equal to 50 US dollars and if the condition of erosion is available, the value of 5806.97 tons per year is equal to 290348.5 US dollars, which is equal to 11613.9 million Rials. The MPSIAC's seventh and eighth factor basins are the most effective factors.Discussion and Conclusion: This conclusion suggests that pastures around Khadijeh Khatoun are not well-conditioned due to over-capacity utilization, and the whole of the region's pastures due to climatic conditions. Also, the results showed that the runoff factor had a linear correlation of 0.98 with erosion, which indicates that the higher the runoff, the increase in the amount of erosion and deposition.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Assessment of land sensitivity to determine areas dust sources (Case study: Alborz province)
katayoon hojati Zahra Abedi behzad raigani mustafa panahi

10.30495/jest.2021.55807.5184

Background and Objective: The vastness of arid areas and the abundance of dust storms in the country have made the accurate identification of dust production centers always one of the main goals of research in the field of dust. The primary objective of this study is du More

Background and Objective: The vastness of arid areas and the abundance of dust storms in the country have made the accurate identification of dust production centers always one of the main goals of research in the field of dust. The primary objective of this study is dust storm source identification in Alborz ProvinceMaterial and Methodology: In this study, the Index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE) was used to locate dust sources. The ILSWE was created by combining five influential wind erosion factors including climatic erosivity, soil erodibility, soil crust, vegetation cover & surface roughness. Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sand percentage, silt, clay, calcium carbonate, EVI and land use maps were used to calculate these factors. After calculating each of the factors, by multiplying them together, the ILSWE index was calculated. Finally, by classifying this index in Arc GIS software, sensitive areas were identified.Findings: The final map of ILSWE index showed that in general, the southern regions of Alborz province are more sensitive to wind erosion than other regions. The ILSWE classification map showed that 34.5% of the studied area falls within the very low class, 26.8% in the low class, 18.3% in the medium class, 12.6% in the high class and 7.8% in very high sensitivity to wind erosion class. Very high sensitivity class was considered as dust sources, which is mainly located in the southern parts of Alborz province. Most sources of dust are barren lands.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, barren lands have an important role in dust production in Alborz province; therefore soil stabilization operations in these areas are necessary to reduce dust. In general, the results of this study showed that the ILSWE index is a suitable regional model for determining susceptible areas and centers of dust production. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Sediment Yield Estimation Due to Forest Road Network Using SEDMDEL and GIS
Zakaria Asadollahi Saleh Yosefi Majid Mohammady

Background and Objective: Forest roads are important components of forest management units and involving special roles in wood transporting and the other forest uses such as hunting, tourism, etc. One of the most important problems due to forest roads developing is incr More

Background and Objective: Forest roads are important components of forest management units and involving special roles in wood transporting and the other forest uses such as hunting, tourism, etc. One of the most important problems due to forest roads developing is increasing erosion of different forms of soils around roads, sediment yield resulting of vegetation destroy, ruining of soil structure, increasing run off velocity and instability of slope. Method: In this research, sediment due to existence forest roads was estimated in a part of Experimental Forest Station of Tarbiat Modares University using of SEDMODEL and GIS. In this model effective factors consist of geology, road, slope, precipitation, vegetation cover and drainage network. Findings: Created erosion resulting of this road network was estimated about 1576.4 ton/year without considering SEDMODEL. This amount was estimated about 140.7 ton/year with considering SEDMODEL on basis distance of waterway. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that the share of roads sediment yield is about 1.33 percent of watershed exit, but roads includes 0.017 percent of watershed areas. Paying attention to the covered areas by roads in watershed, the amounts of sediment yield is 78 equal of sediment yield average in watershed area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - The Importance of Watershed Ecosystem Services with Emphasis on Runoff yield and Erosion Control
Elnaz Ghabelnezam Raoof Mostafazadeh Abazar Esmali Zeinab Hazbavi

Target field: Rapid growth of human population and the over exploitation of natural resources leads to the higher demand for ecosystem services which exceeded their supply capacity. Ecosystem services are benefits that directly or indirectly affect human well-being. As More

Target field: Rapid growth of human population and the over exploitation of natural resources leads to the higher demand for ecosystem services which exceeded their supply capacity. Ecosystem services are benefits that directly or indirectly affect human well-being. As ecosystem services are the product of natural systems in interaction with human society, they are essential for economic prosperity, welfare, and human survival. Analysis method: In this regard, the present paper deals with explaining watershed ecosystem services with emphasis on issues related to runoff generation and erosion reduction in watersheds. In addition to thoroughly reviewing studies conducted with different goals, different classification types of ecosystem services, the used approaches in evaluating these services have been examined. In the following, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) framework in terms of interaction between ecosystem services and human welfare has been described. In addition, the relationship between watershed management and the improvement of ecosystem services is also discussed. Models used in estimating ecosystem services are mentioned and finally a conclusion from the role and importance of runoff and erosion reduction in ecosystem services as one of the important components of watershed response is provided. Findings: The results of literature review showed that the most related studies focused only on a limited number of ecosystem services, and investigating the location of runoff production and reducing erosion and setting it as an ecosystem service is not very evident in these studies. Discussion and Conclusion: Given that the issue of runoff and erosion is a serious issue in the world and especially in Iran, therefore, measures to identify factors, control and protect areas prone to runoff, sedimentation and erosion are among the most important national duties and measures in the country. Based on this, by broadening studies and researches and providing methods for quantifying and predicting ecosystem services based on runoff regulatory services and erosion reduction, it is possible to help prioritize and zone areas prone to runoff and erosion to explain management strategies and deterrence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Assessment of the environmental impacts of wind erosion in three economic, social and environmental environments using the DPSIR model. (Case Study: Regan County)
Mina Behnood Maryam Morovati Mohammad Javad Ghanei Bafghi

Background and purpose: In today's world, population growth and industrialization, regardless of the potential of the lands, have put pressures on the environment, upsetting the balance of nature, creating environmental challenges and affecting the quality of human life More

Background and purpose: In today's world, population growth and industrialization, regardless of the potential of the lands, have put pressures on the environment, upsetting the balance of nature, creating environmental challenges and affecting the quality of human life today.  Wind breaking is a complex process that takes place in various forms such as excavation, transfer, granulation, abrasion and finally sedimentation. One of the most important environmental crises in arid and semi-arid regions is the destructive phenomenon of desertification and windfall, the occurrence of which is the occurrence of dust storms and the movement of fine dust. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of wind in Reagan County on economic, social and environmental sectors using the DPSIR model. Since wind is one of the major problems in the Reagan area, it is necessary to draw a chain of cause-and-effect relationships involved in the three economic, social and environmental environments of the region.Material and Methodology: In order to conduct this research, three indicators were selected from three environments:  economic, social and environmental. Then, the available information was collected from relevant organization of each indicator, they were placed in the DPSIR framework. And then was shown a chain of cause-and-effect relationships in relation to those indicators.Results: The results of the research indicate that the damage to the agricultural sector due to the dust phenomenon has had an upward trend from 2007 to the first 6 months of 2018. In the social sector, according to the suspended particle measuring device (pm) in the two months of April and May 2018, there were few clean days and according to the statistics of the health center, the number of people referring to medical centers due to respiratory problems has been high. Also in the field of environment, in Reagan area, an area of 158,200 hectares of critical hotspots was identified with great intensity and has affected the biodiversity of the region, especially Persian Kahour trees.Discussion and Conclusion: The result of the research showed that the wind phenomenon in Reagan area with improper human management and exploitation of the environment as a positive feedback has fueled this phenomenon and has created adverse effects such as dust storms.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Effect of flooding on Contamination of Agricultural Soils, with Case study
Ramin Salmasi

During the intensive flood in 1384, the floodplains in east Azerbayjan were waterlogged for a periodof 1 month. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the flood on the level of contamination ofthe soils in this region. For this purpose, 20 soil samples were co More

During the intensive flood in 1384, the floodplains in east Azerbayjan were waterlogged for a periodof 1 month. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the flood on the level of contamination ofthe soils in this region. For this purpose, 20 soil samples were collected from the area immediatelyafter the flood event from the upper (0–30 cm) soil layer together with four samples from the 30–60-cm depth layer. The analysis included basic physicochemical soil properties, contents of Cd, Ni, Pb,Cu, and Zn metals. The concentrations of identified metals at all the samples were below theacceptable limits for agriculture use. The results show that this flooding episode in “clean” agriculturalarea had no immediate negative impact on the soils properties (organic matter percent, acidity, andnitrogen content) and did not result in excessive soil contamination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Investigation of habitation value of four under protected areas from the viewpoint of wind erosion zonation in Yazd province
Mohammadhassan Sadeghi Ravesh

According to desert habitation sensitivity and for optimum management of these areas and zone, it is essential that all effective factors in the habitation situation are investigated. Therefore in this research the relationship between wind erosion as a climatic-anthrop More

According to desert habitation sensitivity and for optimum management of these areas and zone, it is essential that all effective factors in the habitation situation are investigated. Therefore in this research the relationship between wind erosion as a climatic-anthropogenic common phenomenon in desert area and under protected areas is studied in Yazd Province. By estimating the rate of wind erosion in such area, the capability of environment for providing appropriate conditions for animal species subsistence can also be estimated. This research has two parts: first, using of iso-erosion map and under protected areas map in order to determine of affected regions in every zone. Second, determination of habitation value of four under protected areas on the basis of food, water and security as three variable factors. Finally the correlation of the value of each habitation with the area of the regions was determined. The results showed there is strong correlation between two mentioned factors (r = -0.87). It means that effective factors of the increase of wind erosion amount affect on the quality of protected habitation and habitation value reduce proportional with the increase of the area of affected regions.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Effect of Flooding on Contamination of Agricultural Soils Based on a Case Study
Ramin Salmasi

During the intensive flood in 1384, the floodplains in east Azerbayjan were waterlogged for a period of 1 month. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the flood on the level of contamination of the soils in this region. For this purpose, 20 soil samples were More

During the intensive flood in 1384, the floodplains in east Azerbayjan were waterlogged for a period of 1 month. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the flood on the level of contamination of the soils in this region. For this purpose, 20 soil samples were collected from the area immediately after the flood event from the upper (0–30 cm) soil layer together with four samples from the 30–60 cm depth layer.  The analysis included basic physico-chemical soil properties, contents of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn metals. The concentrations of identified metals at all the samples were below the acceptable limits for agriculture use. The results show that this flooding episode in “clean” agricultural area had no immediate negative impact on the soils properties (organic matter percent, acidity, and nitrogen content) and did not result in excessive soil contamination.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Soil Erosion; Challenges, Costs and its Conservation Benefits
Mehran Mojarad Ashena Abad Ali Reza Rohani

In future, soil erosion will be a great challenge for biosphere. If the soils today are notprotected carefully hunger crises all over the world will be widespread. The present article endeavorsto survey soil erosion process and approaches to prevent it. Furthermore the More

In future, soil erosion will be a great challenge for biosphere. If the soils today are notprotected carefully hunger crises all over the world will be widespread. The present article endeavorsto survey soil erosion process and approaches to prevent it. Furthermore the article tries to review therelation between soil character and soil production capability shedding light on the effect of erosion onsoil characters. There will also be a review of presented models by Pimentel and et al (1995). Finallythe results of economic valuation of erosion damages in different parts of the world will be analysed.Cost – Benefit analysis will be done with regard to soil erosion. The article will be concluded byplacing emphasis on the importance of economic valuation of erosion and the necessity of soilprotection Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Investigating the Research Conducted on Improving the Properties of Oxidation Resistance and Erosion of ZrB2/SiC Composites
K Kolahgar Azari A Alizadeh A Sayadi Kelemi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Evaluate the sensitivity of ecoregion to desertification in the Lorestan province in the framework of life cycle assessment
Somayeh Heydarnezhad Abolfazl Ranjbar Fordoei Sayed Hojat Mousavi Rohollah Mirzaei

Land degradation and desertification has intensified by the interaction of climatic factors, land use change and human pressure in recent decades. Awareness that desertification is taking place in which ecosystems, the most important step to control and deal with this p More

Land degradation and desertification has intensified by the interaction of climatic factors, land use change and human pressure in recent decades. Awareness that desertification is taking place in which ecosystems, the most important step to control and deal with this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine sensitivity to desertification Lorestan province ecoregions using life cycle assessment. For this purpose, the study area was classified into six ecoregions in terms of climate and dominant type of vegetation. Then selected indicators of drought, water erosion and excessive extraction of groundwater as the evaluation criteria. Indicators were prepared using geographic information systems. Finally, combined with variable selection and ecoregion map. Calculation of the characterization factors for each of these factors using geographic information systems, and characterization factors were obtained from the sum of the factors, a total characterization factor. Results indicated that there is the greatest sensitivity 5 ecoregion (dry/Astragalus adscendens Boiss) with characterization factors 1.29 and the lowest sensitivity to desertification 1 ecoregion (dry sub humid/Quercus brantii) with characterization factors 0.29. The results showed that aridity with 2.69 value, is the most effective factors to increasing the sensitivity of the area to desertification. Therefore, should pay attention serious to this problem in planning, managing and Combating desertification. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Environmental hazards zonation landslide, earthquake, flood and erosion using AHP Fuzzy method (Case study: Vark Basin)
Siyamak Baharvand salman soori Jafar Rahnama Rad

Natural hazards cause every year around the world, including Iran harmful damages. A Vark basin in the Lorestan province due to a variety of geological properties such as lithology, tectonic and climatic conditions, is taken as areas with potential environmental risks i More

Natural hazards cause every year around the world, including Iran harmful damages. A Vark basin in the Lorestan province due to a variety of geological properties such as lithology, tectonic and climatic conditions, is taken as areas with potential environmental risks into account. To reduce the damage caused by these risks, earliest and foremost task is to determine areas with high potential risk. In order to evaluate environmental hazards in this basin,  each informational layer has been identified and registered using the satellite images ETM+ (2016 year), geological maps, topographic maps and field visits (2017 year). Then, using the informational layers of the slope, aspect, elevation, land use, geology, the epicenter of the earthquake, fault, drainage and rainfall in ArcMap software and based on an AHP-Fuzzy method of the map, the risk of landslide, floods, erosion and earthquake have been prepared. In this study, in order to map the environmental risks using expert judgment, the Quartet Hazards of the region were weighted and then overlapped. Based on the results achieved, 9.03, 20.84, 27.68, 27.41 and 15.03 percent of the area ranked at-risk classes very low, low, medium, high and very high respectively. The results of the environmental risk map of the region show that landslides and flooding are a larger role in the creation of high-risk zones. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Study of land use change and its effect on erosion in Nir city using GIS and RS (Case study: Nir county)
sayyad asghari saraskanroud Leila Aghayary Elnaz Pirouzi

Due to human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth is always undergoing change. Therefore, for the optimal management of the natural areas, awareness of the land use ratio is a necessity. Soil erosion is one of the environmental disasters that annihila More

Due to human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth is always undergoing change. Therefore, for the optimal management of the natural areas, awareness of the land use ratio is a necessity. Soil erosion is one of the environmental disasters that annihilates thousands of soil, crops each year, and land use change is one of the important factors in erosion. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the land use change trend in Nair, Ardabil province, and its effect on erosion using GIS and RS in order to carry out the research, images from 2000 and 2016, OLI and TIRS sensors, Landsat 8 were used and land use map was prepared using a controlled classification method. The erosion zonation map was performed using landuse maps and factors such as slope, lithology, distance from the road, distance from the waterway, precipitation and soil using Critical Weighing and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The results showed that the highest amount of area in 2000 was related to dry land farming with 442.38 km2 and semi-condensing pastures with an area of 347.39 km2. In 2016, the highest area of use of rangelands density, and then the use of semi-metamorphic rangelands are 478.76 and 458.5 km2, respectively. According to the erosion zoning plan of 2000, 17.25% and 25.55%, respectively, according to the 2016 erosion zonation, 12.44% and 26.51% of the city area are located in two high risk and high risk categories. Mostly, high risk and high-risk areas are located in both dry land and aquaculture fields at both time periods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Performance evaluation of Dempster-Shafer model for erosion potential mapping in Kakareza watershed, Lorestan province
Samira Ghorbaninejad Hossein Zeinivand Ali Haghizadeh Naser Tahmasebi

Identifying susceptible areas for erosion can be considered as one of the most important soil conservation measures. In this study, the capability of Dempster-Shafer (DS) model for mapping potential areas for erosion was investigated in Kakareza watershed in Lorestan pr More

Identifying susceptible areas for erosion can be considered as one of the most important soil conservation measures. In this study, the capability of Dempster-Shafer (DS) model for mapping potential areas for erosion was investigated in Kakareza watershed in Lorestan province. First thematic layers of influential factors in soil erosion, including altitude, slope, slope, aspect, plan curvature, lithology, land use, distance from the river, soil and topographic wetness index were prepared. In addition, 29 eroded positions in the study area that their positions were obtained from GPS and Google earth on 10 July 20016 were mapped and then were divided into a training (70%) and testing (30%) points. The layers of environmental variables were classified into different classes according to and then based on the density of eroded points in the study area and DS analysis, the weight of each class was determined and the potential map of vulnerable areas to erosion was obtained according to the DS model. The accuracy of a generated map was also investigated using testing points and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The result showed that the produced map has the success rate of 21%, that means the poor capability of the DS model for mapping susceptible areas of erosion. In addition, according to the DS map, areas with the highest potential to surface erosion are located in the central and eastern part of the study area. Therefore, it can be indicated that this model has a poor ability in identifying potential and vulnerable areas to surface erosion compared to other phenomena such as flood and gully erosion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - Evaluation of of DEMs to the modeling of the potential of gully erosion using Maxent model (Case study: Semirom catchment in the south of Isfahan Province, Iran)
Reza Zakerinejad

10.30495/girs.2020.674955

Background and ObjectiveGully erosion is a type of water erosion that occurs in many climate areas, from arid to humid areas. This type of soil loss causes the displacement and destruction of soil surface horizons by the accumulation of runoff. In many parts of Iran, in More

Background and ObjectiveGully erosion is a type of water erosion that occurs in many climate areas, from arid to humid areas. This type of soil loss causes the displacement and destruction of soil surface horizons by the accumulation of runoff. In many parts of Iran, in the north, south and central faced with this type of soil loss.  In fact, gully erosion occurs in this area due to the complex topography, erodible soils, mismanagement of soil and land use/land cover. Therefore, in order to protect the soil in these areas, it is necessary that a susceptible map should be available to the managers and policymakers. Many parameters affect the occurrence of gullu erosion, including soil, geology, tectonics, hydrology, land use, vegetation and topography, that have been mentioned in various studies around the world. The topographic indices are the most important parameters in the event of gully erosion, which operates differently in each region according to the physical characteristics of the areas. This parameter also indirectly affects the other indicators or criteria (for example, its impact on the vegetation, climate and soil of the area). Even there are many researches on the gully erosion, but there are only a few studies on the modelling with applying the stochastic approaches. This study is the first attempt to the modelling of gully erosion in the central of Iran with applying the maximum Entropy model and topographic indices that have been applied with using the free of charge of digital elevation model. This study uses a new approach to preparing the susceptibility map of gully erosion in the Semirom catchment in the South of Isfahan province. This area is affected by different types of water erosion, same as; gully, rill and landslide. Also, the purpose of this research is to compare the accuracy of two digital elevation model, ASTER and SRTM with 30 m resolution, (DEM) from USGS website, for the modelling of gully erosion in the study area. The emphasis of this research was on the topography indices because it has most important on the event of gully erosion. Materials and MethodsIn this research for the prediction of the susceptible areas in the result of the main type of gully erosion, the following steps have been applied; In the first step the locations of some sampled gullies, have been digitized randomly with using the Google Earth (GE) images, aerial photos and fieldwork in polygon shapes for each gully. Subsequently, we converted the polygons and into equally spaced points. In the second step, we determine the most important criteria as the environment layers for the modeling. These topography indices including, wetness Index (TWI), curvature, profile curvature, slope, aspect, catchment area, flow length, elevation, slope, LS factor, Stream Power Index (SPI). The topographic indices have been extracted in SAGA GIS from the SRTM DEM with 30m spatial resolution and were then converted to the ASCII format to run in the model.  Before applying the indices, the DEM was preprocessed with low pass filtering to extract artefacts and errors, like local noise and with using ArcGIS. Subsequently, the DEM was hydrologically corrected eliminating sinks using the algorithm proposed by Planchon & Darboux. The Maximum Entropy Model is a general-purpose method for making predictions or inferences from incomplete information. MEM explores applications in diverse areas such as astronomy, portfolio optimization, image reconstruction, statistical physics and signal processing. The idea of Maxent is to estimate a target probability. In fact, this model needs only the gullies feature (present data). The advantages of this model include the following; It requires only presence data together with environmental information for the whole study area. It can utilize both continuous and categorical data and can incorporate interactions between different variables. Results and Discussion With applying the Maxent model in the Semirom catchment, it was trained using 70% of the mapped points of gully features as the target or dependent variable and 30% of the mapped gully as testing samples. The raster type of environmental layers (topographic indices) as the independent variable. The validity of the model used in this study was assessed using the level below ROC or Area Under Curve (AUC). The ROC curve was automatically generated by running this model for both training and testing data. The AUC for training data for SRTM and ASTER is 0.64 and 0.72 respectively and also for testing is 0.68 and 0.72 respectively. These results indicate that the SRTM elevation model has higher accuracy than the ASTER DEM. One of the reasons for the low accuracy of the ASTER DEM can be due to the impact of vegetation, which has caused terrace-like errors, while in the SRTM DEM, due to the radar nature of the waves, this error is reduced and a more accurate map of this the model has been prepared.  Our results show that SPI index with 40.3% contribution, elevation with 22.7% and convergence with 18% are the most important factors for the zoning of the susceptible areas. Regarding the predicted map of the potential of gully erosion, the area in the central and south of the study area are in the high probability. Conclusion This study applied the Maxent model to map the susceptibility of gully erosion in the Semirom catchment in the Isfahan Province, using various topographic effective factors and the Maxent model. Stochastic approaches like statistical mechanics provide a powerful tool to study the relations between locations of gully erosion features and corresponding environmental characteristics. The result of this study can be used for land-use planning and management of the areas with gully erosion for sustainable development in the prone areas. Although the results of this study show the prominent role of the topographic indicators for the prediction of the potential gully map, to increase the accuracy of the modeling results, in the furture researches the other criteria such as land use, vegetation and used soil, etc according to the availability of information to can be applied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - Assessment of spatial changes and the effect of climatic elements affecting the occurrence of dust phenomenon in two sources inside and outside by remote sensing technique
Sedigheh Iosefi Hossein Gharehdaghi Marzieh Rezaie

10.30495/girs.2023.686989

Iran's location in the desert belt of the northern hemisphere, rainfall irregularities, multiple droughts and poor vegetation have caused the phenomenon of dust in the country. This phenomenon is one of the most important environmental hazards that causes a lot of damag More

Iran's location in the desert belt of the northern hemisphere, rainfall irregularities, multiple droughts and poor vegetation have caused the phenomenon of dust in the country. This phenomenon is one of the most important environmental hazards that causes a lot of damage every year in different parts, especially in the southern and southwestern provinces of the country. The present study investigates the causes of dust storms in Hormozgan province in the period from 2002 to 2009. In this study, which was conducted using the statistics of the Meteorological Organization of Iran in five synoptic stations of Hormozgan province, dust days with two sources near and outside the synoptic stations were extracted and after annual and monthly monitoring of storms, using climatic elements. And Plant Index (EVI) was investigated for dust storms using multivariate regression. The results show that dust with a source close to the station causes the most dust days in the region, so that more than 65% of dust days caused by dust originates near the station and the most occurrence of dust occurred in the warm season. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the simultaneous use of ground measurements and satellite images has a good ability to monitor and investigate dust storms. Due to the fact that most of the dust in this area is close to the station, it is possible to reduce the significant volume of these storms by biological and mechanical measures and to deal with wind erosion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - The role of check structures in attracting tourists and reducing the risks of erosion and sediment (Case study: Khorramabad city)
Vahid Beiranvandi Bahar Beishami

10.30495/girs.2022.683689

Background and Objective Human civilizations have long been formed along the rivers and water-rich areas, due to the need for water resources. Today, the growing trend of societies and the need for progress in various fields such as agriculture, housing, tourism, etc., More

Background and Objective Human civilizations have long been formed along the rivers and water-rich areas, due to the need for water resources. Today, the growing trend of societies and the need for progress in various fields such as agriculture, housing, tourism, etc., have made the exploitation of water resources inevitable. The severe economic dependence of the country on the oil exports on the one hand, and the disregard for the potential income from different types of tourism, on the other hand, made in this study solve the problems concerning the tourism industry. While identifying a suitable place for investment in the margins of water resources, we will introduce the most crucial capacities for the growth and development of tourism in communities, including structures such as dams, rivers, and dikes correction. These structures prevent hazards such as floods, erosion, and sediment that impede sustainable development. Therefore, this research will help us in watershed management operations and tourism development, along with creating special landscapes and reducing the related expenditures. For this purpose, by preparing various scenarios for special conditions such as slopes and water canals, necessary measures such as the dikes correction can be done in the best way. Also, the present study may provide the managers and stakeholders with a better view of the field of watershed management and the tourism industry. The research questions are as follows: What are the advantages and disadvantages of constructing any type of dike for tourism?, and What is the impact of dikes correction on the catchments of the study area and its role in attracting tourists?. In today's world, where tourism is a lucrative and pervasive industry, it is possible to help attract more tourists and identify these attractions by linking the watershed management, tourism, and rural attractions. Corrective structures are small structures constructed, using simple materials such as wood, stone, stone and mortar, concrete, and gravel netting, to reduce the slope of the canals, reduce the speed of water flow, and control erosion. In this study, by determining the appropriate location of dikes correction, it has been attempted to show the role of watershed management operations in the development of tourism in an area and the ways of reducing the financial and human costs of natural threats caused by rainfall. Without carefully examining the proper location of the dikes correction, any measure will have adverse effects on rural areas, roads, farms, and gardens, as well as urban areas. By merely building some kinds of the dike, we could not hope to earn huge incomes from tourism. Therefore, in this research, the following goals would be pursued: Determining and identifying the places affected by the dikes correction plan in the study area, Preserving water and soil, preventing the erosion, and creating a tourism-friendly environment; Scientific review of the advantages and disadvantages of dikes correction; Reduction of damages resulted from the drought and creating a beautiful environment; Study of international ideas and experiences in this regard; Reviewing the works done in other areas and comparing it with the works in the study area; The performance of dikes in the study area in terms of rainfall status and its role in the rate of erosion and sedimentation; The impact of structures correction on human, social and physical capitals and its consequences for society.Materials and Methods This applied study has been conducted in Khorramabad, the center of Lorestan Province-Iran. With an area of 4942 square kilometers and an altitude of 1148 meters above sea level and having a temperate climate, this area is one of the most important and largest catchments of the Karkheh River. Using the opinion of experts and applying the #C programming language for each of the hydrological criteria with the following sub-indicators, a weight is obtained. Using the effect of the weights on the created phase map and the geographical information system, a weight map is produced. Sub-indicators include water canals (grading the streams), wells, springs, and aqueducts (location of these resources downstream of these structures), topography with geological subsections (rock hardness), coverage, slope (division in the range of 5-70%), economic and social indicators (main roads and by-ways and location of villages) and two important land usage priorities (severe dependency on the type of land coverage with regard to the erosion) and faults prepared from the Geology map (1:25000). By merging all accessible maps, suitable locations will be selected to build correction dams in proper tourist areas.Results and Discussion In this study, we examined the type of dikes correction in 8 random points of the study area, the results of which show the appropriateness of the implementation method of the study. Considering the objectives of the study and the importance of constructing each of the dikes correction in reducing the damages caused by erosion and sedimentation after rainfalls, and regarding the importance of the project in tourist attraction, and lastly to improve the performance of such projects, we will present the following suggestions: Implementation of studies in the margins of structures, for tourism development; Construction of fishing ponds in the path of correction structures and including a fishing program for tourists, with the aim of entertainment and creating inner peace; Reducing the pressure on water and land resources, by increasing currency earnings and entrepreneurship in the framework of ecotourism services; Maintaining and increasing the balance of water resources in order to attract tourists; Storage and preservation of seasonal waters in order to grow vegetation and increase the desire of tourists, in the dry seasons of the region; Piloting a part of the study area, with the aim of determining the role of dikes correction in attracting tourists and comparing it with other water resources; Using the knowledge of watershed management engineers in the scientific construction of various correction, in order to attract scientific tourists; Maximize the development of ecotourism with abandoned water resources.Conclusion The analysis of the findings of this study reveals that in order to assume tourism as an applied industry, its various aspects should be considered; The most important strategies and suggestions presented to achieve this research goal are as follows:  Providing simple, appropriate and practical solutions based on scientific principles to improve the employment situation, maintain and develop infrastructures, revitalize tourist sites (watershed structures) and sane financial resources. Prioritization in this way plays an effective role in making the watershed and tourism construction credits, purposeful. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Simulation of surface runoff using GIS-based model of Limburg soil erosion model (LISEM)
Roya Jafari Vahed Berdi Sheikh Mohsen Hosseinalizadeh Hassan Rezaei Moghadam

Simulation of runoff resulted from any significant rainfall events can help to estimate the severity of floods. To protect watersheds, application of a model which is able to predict runoff at certain times and places is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to simulat More

Simulation of runoff resulted from any significant rainfall events can help to estimate the severity of floods. To protect watersheds, application of a model which is able to predict runoff at certain times and places is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate runoff generation in upstream catchments of the Shahrake Behzisti as well as assessing the effect of implementation of vegetation management scenarios, using three relatively intense rainfall events occurred in recent years. The model of physically based Limburg soil erosion model (LISEM) within PCRaster GIS and programming language was applied in this study. In order to run the LISEM model, four basic raster maps of digital elevation model, landuse, soil texture and roads (impervious areas) were prepared. Digital elevation model map of the catchment was extracted from the Ultracam image of 1 m resolution within the ArcGIS environment. During this study, only two events on 2/11/2014 and 16/9/2015  led to runoff generation. Thus, the first event was used for calibration and the second one for validation of the model. Statistical comparison of the simulated and observed hydrographs of the rain events on 2/11/2014 and 16/9/2015 showed the correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.76 and Nash-Sutcliffe criteria of 0.8 and 0.5 respectively. The results of the simulation showed that the model was able to predict total runoff, peak discharge, runoff initiation time and time to peak discharge with relatively good performance. The results of the application of the LISEM model showed that runoff volume and peak discharge significantly decreased by implementation of vegetation management scenarios. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - Calculation of Collision Speed Corresponded to Maximum Penetration Using Hydrodynamic Theory
A.R Nezamabadi

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Open Access Article

53 - Identification of sand dune sources in the east Sistan, Iran by using mineralogical and morphoscopic characterization of sediments
Gholam Heidar Zoraghi Kazem Shabani Goraji محمد رضا نورا علی رضا راشکی آدام بمبای

10.30495/ijes.2019.667378

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Open Access Article

54 - A New Hydrological Method for Estimating the River Bed and Drainage Basin Components of Erosion and Suspended Sediment Fluxes in River Basins
A.V. Gusarov

This paper uses the results of river suspended sediment flux (SSF) analysis to propose a new hydrological method for quantitatively estimating the river bed and drainage basin (sheet erosion, rill and gully erosion) components of total erosion intensity in river basins. More

This paper uses the results of river suspended sediment flux (SSF) analysis to propose a new hydrological method for quantitatively estimating the river bed and drainage basin (sheet erosion, rill and gully erosion) components of total erosion intensity in river basins. The suggested method is based on the establishment of the functional power connection between mean monthly water discharges (WD, Q i ) and suspended sediment fluxes (r i ) calculated for the low-water-discharge phases of a river’s hydrological regime in various (on mean annual water discharges) years: r i = a×Q i (where a, ì are some empirical coefficients), and further extrapolation of this connection for other phases of the hydrological regime. Thus, the extrapolation allows us to calculate (in a long-term annual SSF) the proportions of sediments originating in river beds and drainage basins. The proposed method is tested using a long-term (not less than 10 years) series of observations for WD and SSF of 124 chiefly small and midsize rivers of the East-European plain, the Urals, the Eastern Carpathians, the Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus, and Central Asian mountains, containing data on the mean monthly values of WD and SSF. The paper also compares the method with other methods for estimating the components of erosion intensity and SSF.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - New Approach for Estimation of Natural and Anthropogenic Components in the Recent Tendencies of Erosion Intensity and Suspended Sediment Yield Changes in River Basins
A.V. Gusarov

The offered approach is based on the establishment of the functional dependence between river water discharge (Q) and suspended ms ,in a number of observations, which noticeably differs from the mean value (R) of subsequent allocated period(s). The earliest period anthr More

The offered approach is based on the establishment of the functional dependence between river water discharge (Q) and suspended ms ,in a number of observations, which noticeably differs from the mean value (R) of subsequent allocated period(s). The earliest period anthropogenic component during the subsequent period(s) is the difference between an actual suspended sediment yield and its hypothetical value, which is connected only with changes of natural (mainly, hydro-climatical) factors without any anthropogenic changes of geographical (erosive) conditions in a river basin. This hydro-climatical component is calculated by extrapolation of an me for subsequent period(s). Approbation of the offered approach is made on the examples of some rivers (Zapadny Bug (Ukraine), Magdalena (Colombia), Bei-Nan (Taiwan, China), Sanchuanhe (China) and Indus (India, Pakistan, China). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Estimation of erosion and sediment yield of Ekbatan Dam drainage basin with EPM, using GIS
S. Amini B. Rafiei S. Khodabakhsh M. Heydari

Soil conservation and control of erosion is a basic problem in all countries. The goal of this research is to estimate erosion and sediment yield in Ekbatan Dam drainage basin by Erosion Potential Method (EPM), using Geographic Information System (GIS). The basin is loc More

Soil conservation and control of erosion is a basic problem in all countries. The goal of this research is to estimate erosion and sediment yield in Ekbatan Dam drainage basin by Erosion Potential Method (EPM), using Geographic Information System (GIS). The basin is located in Hamedan Province, west of Iran, in a cold and semi- arid region, with an average annual rainfall of 334mm. The study area is about 218 km2 and is divided into 8 sub- basins. Sub- basins 1 and 6 are the largest (49.14 km2), and smallest (9.92km2), respectively. Elevation ranges between 1960 to 3580 m. The litho-units include schist, granite, hornfels, limestone, sandstone, (Pre- Jurassic to Neogene in age), conglomerate, and recent alluvium. Most sediment in the basin is generated from erosion of schist. The main factors in the EPM (slope average percent, erosion, rock and soil erosion and land- use) were evaluated using GIS software. Data layers used in this study were created from topographic, homorain, homotemp, geology, lithology maps, landsat TM digital images, and field observations. According to calculated results, the coefficient of erosion and sediment yield (z) for this basin fall into moderate and heavy erosion classes. For avoiding soil erosion in this basin, therefore, soil conservation operations should be performed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - Typology of Experts' Attitudes on Constraints of Conservation Agriculture Development (A Q Methodology )
Shahpar Geravandi Fereshte Moradi Mohamad Hossein Babaei

10.30495/sarj.2021.1939172.1033

In recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many More

In recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many obstacles. In the present study، an attempt was made to examine the obstacles to the development of conservation agriculture from the mental dimension of the experts of the Research Center. The target population was the experts of Sararud Research Center in Kermanshah in 2019-2020 who were studied purposefully. In this regard, Q methodology was used. This method is one of the mixed research methods. Based on the findings of the Q-factor results، the number and manner of groupings show that the range of mindsets and opinions of experts regarding barriers to conservation agriculture have differences and similarities. Therefore، according to the purpose of studying Q and the criterion of interpretability of factors or groups, 5 categories (technology-centric، tradition-oriented، knowledge-centered, cognitive-centric, institution-centered) of the mentality and beliefs of experts in Sararud Research Center Kermanshah has been obtained. Each group had different mindsets and attitudes about barriers to the development of conservation agriculture. Given the prevailing mental model identified (central institution)، it is recommended that the government provide incentives and grants (loans، etc) to beneficiaries so that they can apply the method conservation agricultural farms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - بررسی آبشکن بر الگوی جریان و تثبیت ساحل در رودخانه کارون با استفاده از نرم ‌افزار CCHE2D
بابک نیک خوی امین بردبار

از جمله روش‌های متداول کنترل فرسایش کناری رودخانه‌ها، استفاده از آبشکن‌های نفوذناپذیر می‌باشد که در صورت طراحی و اجرای صحیح، علاوه بر کنترل فرسایش کناری، منجر به بازیابی و احیای اراضی با ارزش حاشیه رودخانه‌ها می‌شود. آبشکن‌ها علاوه بر کنترل فرسایش کناری، منجر به بازیابی More

از جمله روش‌های متداول کنترل فرسایش کناری رودخانه‌ها، استفاده از آبشکن‌های نفوذناپذیر می‌باشد که در صورت طراحی و اجرای صحیح، علاوه بر کنترل فرسایش کناری، منجر به بازیابی و احیای اراضی با ارزش حاشیه رودخانه‌ها می‌شود. آبشکن‌ها علاوه بر کنترل فرسایش کناری، منجر به بازیابی و احیای اراضی با ارزش حاشیه رودخانه می‌گردند  و در صورت عدم اجرای صحیح و طراحی غلط ممکن است باعث تشدید فرسایش و نابودی خاک‌های زراعی شوند. شاید بتوان گفت مهم‌ترین قسمت طراحی آبشکن‌ها، جانمایی آنها می‌باشد. برای تعیین طول آبشکن‌ها و همچنین فاصله‌ی آنها تئوری خاصی وجود ندارد. در این تحقیق به شبیه‌سازی الگوی جریان حول آبشکن‌های ساده در رودخانه کارون حد فاصل اهواز تا خرمشهر در محدوده 5 کیلومتری جنوب اهواز پرداخته شد. نصب آبشکن در قوس بیرونی به علت پایین آوردن سرعت، باعث جلوگیری از فرسایش و در نتیجه تثبیت ساحل می‌شود. با افزایش دبی از 100 تا 2000 مترمکعب بر ثانیه سرعت جریان از17/0 متر بر ثانیه به 1/2 متر بر ثانیه رسید و با نصب آبشکن سرعت جریان از 11/0 متر بر ثانیه به 57/0 متر بر ثانیه رسید. همچنین تنش برشی از 08/0 نیوتن بر متر مربع به 36/9 نیوتن بر متر مربع رسیده و با نصب آبشکن تنش برشی از 03/0 نیوتن بر متر مربع به 72/0 نیوتن بر متر مربع رسید. نتایج کاهش سرعت جریان و تنش برشی با نصب آبشکن بیانگر اندازه محدوده تاثیر آبشکن بر جلوگیری از فرسایش ساحل قوس بیرونی می‌باشد. Manuscript profile

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59 - برآورد فرسایش و رسوب حوضه بالادست سد وشمگیر
وحید یزدانی سپیده یکه باش امیر حسین آقاخانی افشار

به دلیل اهمیت آب و نقش حیاتی آن در زندگی انسان، مطالعات رودخانهای و به تبع آن مطالعه بر روی حوضههای آبریز ضروری به نظر میرسند. استان گلستان با مساحت 20437 کیلومترمربع بین عرض جغرافیایی ΄24 ˚36 تا ΄0 ˚38 شمالی و ΄51 ˚53 تا ΄14 ˚56 شرقی واقع شده است. گرگان‌ More

به دلیل اهمیت آب و نقش حیاتی آن در زندگی انسان، مطالعات رودخانهای و به تبع آن مطالعه بر روی حوضههای آبریز ضروری به نظر میرسند. استان گلستان با مساحت 20437 کیلومترمربع بین عرض جغرافیایی ΄24 ˚36 تا ΄0 ˚38 شمالی و ΄51 ˚53 تا ΄14 ˚56 شرقی واقع شده است. گرگان‌رود یکی از مهم‌ترین رودخانه‌های استان گلستان به شمار می‌رود و در تمامی دشت گرگان جریان داشته و آن را به دو قسمت تقسیم می‌کند. سطح حوضه آبگیر آن به مساحت 10250 کیلومترمربع می‌باشد. گام اصلی و مهم در مطالعات فرسایش و رسوب به روش تجربی، تعیین و شناسایی اشکال، و سیمای فرسایش است. در این مرحله نقشه‌های مختلف شامل شبکه آبراهه، شیب، زمین‌شناسی، ژئومورفولوژی، خاک‌شناسی و کاربری اراضی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت؛ و نقشه واحد کاری منطقه مشخص و با تفسیر عکسهای هوایی و بازدیدهای میدانی نقشه تدقیق گردید. جهت برآورد میزان فرسایش و رسوب در زیرحوضه‌ها  از مدل MPSIAC استفاده شد. طبق بررسیهای میدانی صورت گرفته و نتایج بدست آمده انواع فرسایشها، در سطح مورد مطالعه به وقوع پیوسته است. طبق بررسیهای صورت گرفته بیشترین فرسایش در زیر حوضه با کد 1625220 (بار بستر 62/3 و با معلق 47/14) و کمترین فرسایش در زیر حوضه با کد 1624210 (بار بستر 32/0 و بار معلق 3/1) بود. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده نسبت تحویل رسوب در زیر حوضههای مورد بررسی بین حداکثر 6/23 الی 6/39 درصد می&lrm;باشد. در همین راستا میزان رسوب ویژه بین 6/1 الی 1/18 و فرسایش ویژه بین 9/4 الی 3/58 تن در هکتار در سال متغیر بود. Manuscript profile

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60 - Estimation of erosion and sediment production using GIS and EPM model (Case study area: Ghomrood-Aligudarz Basin)
Arefe AliMohamadi Alireza Iildermi Mirmehrdad Mirsanjari

One of the most important issues that causes soil erosion in Iran is the problems of management and control of the erosion of the watersheds of the country, the lack of statistical data to accurately estimate the extent of erosion. Therefore, this research is aimed at e More

One of the most important issues that causes soil erosion in Iran is the problems of management and control of the erosion of the watersheds of the country, the lack of statistical data to accurately estimate the extent of erosion. Therefore, this research is aimed at estimating the rate of erosion and sediment production in Ghomrood-Aligudarz Basin using experimental model EPM (GIS) to control soil erosion. Initially, in this research, data was obtained through library and field resources, existing maps, and weather stations statistics. After importing maps in the ARCGIS software environment using the standard tables provided in the EPM model, the concessions are proportional to the catchment area and, by combining the layers with respect to the relationships presented in the EPM model, the zoning map of the severity of erosion in the watershed of Qomrood - Oligodarz was calculated. The results showed that with EPM method, the specific erosion rate of 24.529 m 3 / km / year and total erosion of the basin were estimated at 9257 m3 / m3 / m3 and, according to the erosion intensity of the studied basin, according to to the EPM method in the erosion class Extreme (V). Manuscript profile

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61 - Investigation of mechanisms of erosion and sediment studies in Afjeh and Lavarak sub-basins using experimental models and compare them with geostatic methods
Zahra Najm Khalil Rezaei Seyed Hamid Vaziri Ali Naeimi Nezam Abad

Afjeh and Lavarak sub-basins each with area of 4651,95 and 10557,2 hectare are located at south border ofcentral Alborz at north-eastern of Tehran. Various formations basically contains Shaly, Sandstone, Conglomerateand tuff lithology, covered this region more than igne More

Afjeh and Lavarak sub-basins each with area of 4651,95 and 10557,2 hectare are located at south border ofcentral Alborz at north-eastern of Tehran. Various formations basically contains Shaly, Sandstone, Conglomerateand tuff lithology, covered this region more than igneous rocks. In Afjeh sub-basin, Barout formation with theage of Cambrian and in Lavarak sub-basin, Mila formation with the age of middle and late Cambrian, are theoldest available stones and the newer stone units belong to Quaternary period in each of them. The purpose ofthis research is to compare MPSIAC and EPM models in calculation of sediments supply and soil erosion, usingGIS techniques. To achieve the goals, effects of lithology, soil texture and geological conditions on sedimentproduction were considered by sedimentological and petrographic studies. Finally with use geostatisticaloperations, two models were compared. The results show that the most values of erosion are in Shaly, Marly,weathered tuff and alluvial deposits Parts of sub watersheds correlated with sensitive formations such as Karajand Quaternary sediments. Based on map of MPSIAC model more than 75% of the total sub watersheds areawas classified at class IV of erosion category with high sedimentation. Sub-basin’s erosion were calculated as769.3 and 583.21 m2/km3 per year in Afjeh and Lavarak sub-basins by MPSIAC and 701.3 and 543.2 m2/km3 peryear by EPM models, respectively. The results of statistical compare of erosion of MPSIAC and EPM modelsshow that, there is no significant different between erosion estimate by MPSIAC model and real erosionmeasure, but the erosion estimate by EPM model have a significant different. So MPSIAC model may havebetter performance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - Evolutionary studies of the Vazneh and Baneh basins by using dimensionless hypsometric curves
Mamand salari Saeed kamyabi Omid moradi

The physical attributes of Basins have great effects on the process of erosion. Among the most importantparameters of basins that directly or indirectly have great effects on the erosion. For example the elevation ofbasin indicates its climatic condition and it is effec More

The physical attributes of Basins have great effects on the process of erosion. Among the most importantparameters of basins that directly or indirectly have great effects on the erosion. For example the elevation ofbasin indicates its climatic condition and it is effective in raining and considering the face that each rainfall hasits own hydrology it has special role in erosion. Therefore in order to analyze the condition of erosion andsedimentation with a comparative view in the basins of Vazne and Bane, undimensional hepsometric tables andcurves have been designed.It becomes clear that in the Vazne basin the development of plain and elevation is tosome extent balanced. The low space between two curves is indicative of the approach of the basin toequilibrium .in contrast in Bane basin considering the condition of the curves it becomes clear that tis Basin ismore away from that equilibrium and is younger and less development. Manuscript profile

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63 - Impacts of Macro-Scale Parameters on Siminehrood River Basin
Farshid BostanManesh Sadegh Partani Rohollah Nori

Macro scale parameters (e.g. Land use, population density, geology and erosion etc.) have been considered as macro scale indicators (MSIs) to estimate the water quality in river. The effects of MSIs on water quality variables (that here in after call as micro scale vari More

Macro scale parameters (e.g. Land use, population density, geology and erosion etc.) have been considered as macro scale indicators (MSIs) to estimate the water quality in river. The effects of MSIs on water quality variables (that here in after call as micro scale variables / MSVs) were investigated through multivariate statistical analysis (MVA). Several MVA employed to find out, validation and verification of interaction effects in screening steep wise stages. The analysis was applied to in situ and laboratory measured data. The sampling process had been carried out on 15 stations, in three stages, in Siminehrood River. The Siminehrood River is located in north-west of Iran as one of important rivers which is terminated to Uremia Lake. MSVs includes all NSF variables. Results demonstrated the high resolution interaction between MSPs and MSVs. the results declared a dramatic relation between dry‌ farming/irrigated farming and PO4,TDS and Turbidity. Urban land use and first level erosion we considered as effective MSPs on BOD5, EC and TDS. High ranked pollution category of geological layer is detected as one of effective MSPs on PO4 and physical water quality variables. The results led the research to the MSPs estimating river water quality in comparative water quality studies in different river basins. Manuscript profile

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64 - Sedimentology and determination of erodibility indices of marls of the upper red formation in Eyvanakey area
Sedighe Mirzazadeh Majid Karimpor Reihan Mohammad Reza Espahbod

The studied region with 3750 km² is located in 65 kilometers in south-east of Tehran and 140 kilometers in westof Semnan. In this study, physical and chemical characteristics and engineering marl which are sensitive toerosion with various forms of Surface, Rill, Gu More

The studied region with 3750 km² is located in 65 kilometers in south-east of Tehran and 140 kilometers in westof Semnan. In this study, physical and chemical characteristics and engineering marl which are sensitive toerosion with various forms of Surface, Rill, Gully, and Channel Erosion have been investigated. It was taken 14samples of marl surface with mostly Gully Erosion. The results of chemical analysis showed that the soil of thisregion is salin,alkali soils, from the viewpoint of engineering, soil samples within the SM, SW, SP, and SCM areconsidered. The granulometrie of soils showed that they are loamy to fine loamy. So they are susceptible toerosion. According to analysis to detect physical properties, chemical and mechanical engineering marl markedbetween amounts of salt, gypsum and lime are significant differences and these three factors can be an importantfactor in distinguishing erosion problems considered. Manuscript profile

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65 - Investigating the Factors Affecting the Varak Basin Erosion and Its Risk Zonation Using EPM method
siamak Baharvand Salman Souri

Soil erosion is one of the major environmental concerns of the present century. This issue has become a major problem to the environment and natural resources, so that statistics indicate that soil erosion in Iran is several times more than global average. This research More

Soil erosion is one of the major environmental concerns of the present century. This issue has become a major problem to the environment and natural resources, so that statistics indicate that soil erosion in Iran is several times more than global average. This research was carried out with to investigate the factors affecting the Varak area erosion and its risk zonation using the EPM method. For this purpose, field visits and satellite images studying were used to investigate the erosion. Then, the information layers of the area including average slope, soil and rock susceptibility to erosion, land use and observational erosion were prepared, and information layers were weighted and the erosion risk susceptibility map was prepared. In addition, the results from the risk zonation of the region show that 6.3, 55.2, 26, 3.1 and 9.4 percent of the region are at the erosion risk classes of very low, low, moderate, severe, and very severe, respectively. Based on the zoning, the focus of the erosion-sensitive areas are in the southwest, northwest, and a part of the north of the region, which is consistent with the fossilized and fractured parts of the Asmari lime, which has a higher slope. Considering the field observations, investigating the precision measurement of the method used to prepare the potential erosion risk map of Varak watershed indicates that the EPM method has a fairly high precision. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - The sediment yield potential Sorhe drainage basin (Kordan river) using MPSIAC
Shahin Baluti Parviz Ghazanfari Amin Amini

Sorhe basin with area of 36.43 km is located at northeastern of Karaj. Kahar With the age of Pre cambrianformation is also the oldest available stone in this basin and the newer stone units belong to Quaternary period.Stone units in Karaj formation cover more than 50% a More

Sorhe basin with area of 36.43 km is located at northeastern of Karaj. Kahar With the age of Pre cambrianformation is also the oldest available stone in this basin and the newer stone units belong to Quaternary period.Stone units in Karaj formation cover more than 50% area of total range. This region is generally consisting ofsediment stones. 6 main factors including geology, climate, tectonic, slope, plant cover and weathering influencethe level of erosion of rock units. In this research the must important effective factor on erosion will be studied.using Arc GIS software , the level of sediment yield map and investigation of formation's erosion at Touchalbasin was specified. Most important factors on erosion in this region are geology, tectonic and slope. based onMPSIAC related tables, maps get be prepared and finally the level of sediment at Sorhe basin will be achieved.Results of tests and studies by GIS certified that stone units of Sorhe basin are classified within 5 erosion groupsin which Quaternary maps had very high erosion and Soltanieh formation had very low sediment. Surfacegeology was the must effective factor on Sorhe basin level of sediment including it was 889/27 at this basin Manuscript profile

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67 - Sediment and erosion studies using experimental models and compare them using statistical methods in Kan and Darakeh subbasins
Nastaran Keyhani Khalil Rezaei Seyed Hamid Vaziri Ali Naeimi Nezam Abad

One of the major problems in the integrated management of watersheds is soil erosion and Sediment. The controlof this problem requires precise studies; quantitative data to determine critical and prone to erosion areas. Thus,an analysis of rate of erosion and sediment p More

One of the major problems in the integrated management of watersheds is soil erosion and Sediment. The controlof this problem requires precise studies; quantitative data to determine critical and prone to erosion areas. Thus,an analysis of rate of erosion and sediment production using GIS techniques and experimental methods, such asEPM and MPSIAC seems necessary. In this study, we tried to use these two models to determine the amount ofsediment and erosion-prone areas in the two sub watersheds overlooking the city of Tehran; Kan and Darakeh torecognize where necessary for conservation operations. Finally with use geostatics operations, two models werecompared. The results show the most values of erosion are in Tuffy, Shaly Parts of sub watersheds correlatedwith sensitive formation such as Karaj. Based on map of MPSIAC model more than 50% of the total subwatersheds area was classified at class high of erosion category with 373.78 m3∕km2 per year for Kan and 483m3∕km2 per year for Darakeh sedimentation. Sub-basins’ erosion were calculated as 683.2 m3∕km2 per year forKan and 792.5 m3∕km2 per year for Darakeh by EPM models. The results of statistical compare of erosion ofMPSIAC and EPM models show that, there is no significant different between erosion estimate by MPSIACmodel and real erosion measure, but the erosion estimate by EPM model have a significant different. SomMPSIAC model may have better performance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - Rock Units Erosion Susceptibility Detection and Classification Using Nonlinear Correlation Analysis and Landsat ETM+ Data
Ahmad Mokhtari Kourosh Shirani Farzad Heidari

the lithological maps is inevitable in the preparation of rock unit’s erosion susceptibility maps. In this study, rock unit outcrops in the Soh Basin (50 km Northern Isfahan) were extracted using nonlinear correlation analysis of satellite data. Moreover, rock uni More

the lithological maps is inevitable in the preparation of rock unit’s erosion susceptibility maps. In this study, rock unit outcrops in the Soh Basin (50 km Northern Isfahan) were extracted using nonlinear correlation analysis of satellite data. Moreover, rock unit’s erosion susceptibility such as marl, shale, and quaternary deposits and resistant rock units such as sandstone and limestone were extracted based on soil erosion intensity factors. The lithology of the basin was studied usingthe virtual variables method. Initially, rock units, as a virtual independent variable, and the PC1 (the first principal component) of ETM+ multispectral bands were by amultiple linear regression model. Afterward, rock units were in logistic regression analysis as virtual dependent variables. The results revealed that logistic regression analysis is a suitable model for rock unit’s extraction.           Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Prediction of Water Erosion and its Evaluation Using CORINE Model and Comparison with ICONA Method in Talesh City
Mohammad Mahboub Kheirkhah

Soil erosion is one of the environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to predict water erosion and evaluate it with CORINE and ICONA models in the study area of Talesh city. In CORINE model, parameters such as topography, erodibility, erosion and land use and ve More

Soil erosion is one of the environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to predict water erosion and evaluate it with CORINE and ICONA models in the study area of Talesh city. In CORINE model, parameters such as topography, erodibility, erosion and land use and vegetation are required, and in ICONA model, slope, geology, land use, vegetation are required. The results showed that the highest area in the erosion risk map of 2000 is the CORINE model of the middle erosion class with an area of 63.22%. In 2020, the highest area is related to high erosion class with an area of 45.67%. These areas are seen in the western, eastern and central parts of the range. The results of the ICONA model for the period 2000 to 2020 showed that the high and very high risk classes in 2000 were 8.01 and 2.31 percent, respectively, while in 2020 these figures reached 8.80 and 3.44 percent. The results of the evaluation of the final zoning of the erosion risk map of the area, the study area with terrestrial realities, showed that in the best case, the overall image zoning accuracy of 2000 and Landsat 8 of 2020 CORINE model are equal to 0.87 and 0.91 and kappa coefficient of 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. It was estimated to be acceptable. In the ICONA model, the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 2000 were 0.85 and 0.86, and for 2020, 0.87 and 0.88, which were acceptable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - The efficiency of the geographic information system in preparing the erosion map And provide erosion control methods
Ebrahim Yousefi Mobarhan

Today soil erosion is considered a danger to human and life. In areas where erosion is not controlled, soils gradually erode and lose their fertility, so it is necessary to study the issue of erosion. According to a study conducted in the Masouleh watershed, there are t More

Today soil erosion is considered a danger to human and life. In areas where erosion is not controlled, soils gradually erode and lose their fertility, so it is necessary to study the issue of erosion. According to a study conducted in the Masouleh watershed, there are two types of erosion intensity called type 3 or moderate erosion with an area of 28.15 km2, type 4 or high erosion with an area of 13.79 km2. The predominant forms of erosion in the region include mechanical, surface erosion, furrows, waterways and deposits. According to this study, the average amount of erosion based on Mpsiac method in this field is 4.81 tons per hectare per year, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) is 74.3 and the average amount of sediment in this field is 3.85 tons per hectare per year. It indicates moderate erosion and sedimentation in the whole area and high in some sub-fields. To control erosion and reduce production sediment in this area, various programs include holding training courses for people in dealing with nature, implementing management programs (including applying grazing systems, balancing livestock and pastures, development and medicinal plants), and conducting biological operations ( It has been suggested for rangelanding in the form of sowing, sowing, mulching and planting in a non-productive way) and mechanical operations (including the construction of mortar stone dams, gabions, dry land, etc.) have been proposed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - The use of geographic information system and remote sensing in evaluating the effects of watershed management projects implemented in the Rimleh Watershed of Khorramabad City.
Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini SeyedAbdolhossein Arami Ebrahim Yousefi Mobarhan

Evaluating the implemented watershed projects and providing a perspective of their performance results provide managers and decision-makers with appropriate information for long-term planning. Nowadays, by using powerful remote sensing software and geographic informatio More

Evaluating the implemented watershed projects and providing a perspective of their performance results provide managers and decision-makers with appropriate information for long-term planning. Nowadays, by using powerful remote sensing software and geographic information system, the necessary calculations can be done with more accuracy and speed. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of watershed management projects implemented in the Rimeleh Watershed using geographic information system and remote sensing in terms of erosion, sedimentation, and runoff. EPM model was used to predict erosion before and after the implementation of watershed projects. American Soil Conservation Society (SCS) curve number method was used to calculate the runoff before and after implementation of watershed management plans. The CN coefficient was calculated for two applications prepared in 1370 and the current one. The paired t-test was used to investigate the statistical difference between the difference in production runoff and the amount of erosion and sedimentation before and after the implementation of watershed projects. The amount of total annual erosion and sedimentation in current conditions have decreased by an average of 6793 cubic meters and 5712 tons, respectively, compared to before the implementation of watershed protection plans. The amount of difference in the volume of annual runoff between before the implementation of the plans and the current conditions is on average about 15256 cubic meters. The results of the paired t-test showed that the watershed protection measures implemented in the Rimeleh Watershed have been able to create a significant difference in reducing erosion, sedimentation and production runoff, and the general conclusion is that these measures have had a significant positive effect in reducing erosion, sedimentation, and production runoff. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Evaluation of soil loss rate in land uses of Nirchai watershed using RUSLE model and Landsat satellite images (OLI)
mousa Abedini AmirHesam Pasban Behrouz Nezafat takle

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Nirchai watershed using the RUSLE model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area related to the year 1400 and the More

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Nirchai watershed using the RUSLE model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area related to the year 1400 and the month of June was received from the American Geological Research Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using the support vector machine method. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer includes rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from 0.5 to 14.25 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of the regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest value of the coefficient of determination R^2=0.93 is the most important in estimating the annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - Investigating the Effect of Land Use Change on Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in Razeychay Watershed During Past 20 Years
Mousa Abedini Farydeh Bahramnia Gojabeiglo Raoof Mostafazadeh AmirHesam Pasban

Soil erosion is a global problem that threatens water and soil resources and land use change is one of the important factors in soil erosion intensification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of land use change on soil erosion in Razeychay watershed of Me More

Soil erosion is a global problem that threatens water and soil resources and land use change is one of the important factors in soil erosion intensification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of land use change on soil erosion in Razeychay watershed of Meshginshahr located in Ardabil province. First, Landsat images of the study area in May 1999, and 2019 and were obtained from USGS website. In the image processing stage, atmospheric and radiometric corrections have been conducted, and then the land use maps of the study area has been prepared for study years using support vector machine (SVM) as a supervised classification method. Then, the RUSLE model was used to estimate the amount of erosion in the two time span. SPSS, Excel, Arc GIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to spatial analysis and data processing.The results showed that, rangeland, irrigated farming and bare lands have decreased during the last twenty years. While, the extent of dry farming and residential area have increased. Meanwhile, the highest change is related to dry farming (an increase of 27.69 hectares). According to the results of erosion modeling, the rate of erosion from 1999 to 2019 has decreased from 6.49 to 6.46 tons per hectare per year.             Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - Investigation and Zoning of Soil Erosion Rate in Chehlgazi Sub-Watershed of Kurdistan Province
Seyed Pedram Nainiva Maedeh Parichereh Maryam Mohammadrezaei

Soil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to s More

Soil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to soil capacity, as well as caused by factors such as overgrazing, unprincipled and traditional cultivation, destruction vegetation etc.; For this reason, it is referred to as an international problem in many societies.This research has been conducted in order to evaluating hazard, zoning of areas prone to water erosion and determining the amount of soil loss in the Chehlgezi sub-basin of Gheshlagh(Vahdat) Dam, Sanandaj with the SLEMSA model and Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing.The results of hazard assessment, zoning of areas susceptible to water erosion and determination of the amount of soil loss showed that 93.15% of the sub-basin has erosion volume of 0 to 10, 2.46% of the sub-basin has an erosion volume of 10 to 20, 3.17% has an erosion volume of 20 to 50, and 1.20% has an erosion volume of 50 to 537 tons/ha/year. According to the classification of erosion rate between 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 tons/ha/year, which is classified as low and medium class, about 95.61% of the sub-basin is in the low to medium class. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, the use of other models and the comparison with their results with this model and observational data can be effective in making management decisions in the region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - Effectiveness of Watershed Operations in Controlling Erosion and Sedimentation Using MPSIAC Experimental Model (Case Study: Saqezchi-Chay Watershed, Ardabil Province)
Rouhallah Dabiri Hirad Abghari Ardavan Ghorbani

During the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. To More

During the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. Today, with the advancement of technology, examining the impact of projects by measuring the effective parameters and studying how to achieve the goals are part of the basic principles of project evaluation. In this study, according to the implemented mechanical and biological operations, the role of watershed operations in controlling erosion and sedimentation in the Saqezchi-chay watershed of Ardabil province was investigated and compared using the MPSIAC method before and after the operation. In this model, 9 effective factors in erosion have been considered, each of which has a score depending on its intensity and weakness, and finally, taking these scores into account, the sedimentation rate of the area is considered. The results of the research show a relative decrease in erosion and sedimentation in the area of watershed operations and, on the other hand, an increase in erosion and sedimentation in other areas without watershed operations, which indicates the positive effect of watershed operations in increasing vegetation and soil protection. Also, the implemented watershed management measures, in addition to increasing the concentration time in the watershed and groundwater feeding, have played an important role in preventing the reduction of the storage volume of the Saqezachi dam. The results indicate the effectiveness of watershed projects in reducing sedimentation in the study area; In such a way that the amount of erosion in the watershed has changed significantly. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - Effects of Fe and Si Additions on Erosion-Oxidation Behavior of Nickel Alloys in Chlorine-Containing Oxidative Atmospheres
Mohammad Emami Shigenari Hayashi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - Modeling of the movement of quicksands using Landsat satellite imagery and artificial neural network (Study area: Lut plain)
Alireza Rezaei marzieh mogholi

To provide digital elevation model, the method of digitalising the alignment lines in topographic maps and then their interpolation is used. First, topographic maps of 1: 50000 area were converted to TIN by GIS software, then TIN map was prepared and then DEM of the reg More

To provide digital elevation model, the method of digitalising the alignment lines in topographic maps and then their interpolation is used. First, topographic maps of 1: 50000 area were converted to TIN by GIS software, then TIN map was prepared and then DEM of the region was prepared. Corrections and processing were done on the images. For artificial neural network models, the Artificial Neural Network Toolkit has been used with spss16 software. The displacement of sand dunes was modeled using artificial neural networks and regression models. In a modeling process, either statistical or artificial neural networks, data are usually divided into two parts. One part for training or calibration or calibration of the model and another part for testing or verifying the model. The results showed that remote sensing, artificial neural networks and regression models have good ability to model the displacement of sand dunes. In this research, remote sensing technology was used in the study and monitoring of the morphology of active sand gravel and its source in the region. In order to provide Quaternary geomorphological maps, improve geological map, separation of sand types in the Lut plain and, finally, Harvesting and sedimentation have been used. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - Examine The Types and Severity of Erosion In The Sub-Basins Watershed Navrood
Tahereh Fatolazadeh

Basins in terms of geology, climate and other factors on the roughness and erosion are very different, the aim of this study was to evaluate Navrood watershed erosion, erosion rate, sediment yield and factors in the relationship between the physiographic features, topog More

Basins in terms of geology, climate and other factors on the roughness and erosion are very different, the aim of this study was to evaluate Navrood watershed erosion, erosion rate, sediment yield and factors in the relationship between the physiographic features, topography, climate, geology, geomorphology, vegetation, soil erosion is generally determined. The basin has an area of about 265/46 square kilometers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion and sediment production in the watershed and to find the sensitive areas of erosion. To achieve the above objective, the erosion potential (EPM) was used for data collection. The data collection tools, aerial photos, map types, methods and library sources are observed. In this study, using EPM (Erosion Potential Method) erosion rate in each sub-basin (sub-basin 11) has been investigated. In relation to the regional geomorphologic outcrop s is composed of 15 types. By integrating them into the structure of the slope, lithology and resistance to wear and combine them work units respectively. The erosion rate and sediment production in each experimental work units using EPM (quantitative) took place. Based on the results obtained, the following basins 4 and 5 of erosion is most severe erosion (erosion rate of 0/24 and 0/22). The highest sediment than the other sub-basins have been allocated. Because of the large number of specific erosion and deposition in the sub-basin, sub-basin compared to other high slopes and rock sensitivity to erosion, Switch, grassland and forest degradation, road-building. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - Identification areas susceptible to soil erosion using Fuzzy-AHP Case Study: Mahabad dam watershed
Davood Talebpoor asl Ezzatollah Ghanavati

Soil erosion is always occurred as a natural event but human false interference led to accelerated soil erosion and irreversible effects. Mahabad dam watershed, due to topographic mountainous and steep slopes is very susceptibility against soil erosion. The aim of this More

Soil erosion is always occurred as a natural event but human false interference led to accelerated soil erosion and irreversible effects. Mahabad dam watershed, due to topographic mountainous and steep slopes is very susceptibility against soil erosion. The aim of this study is to prioritize the factors affecting sediment production using fuzzy logic and AHP models and finally, generating the susceptibility mapping apron to soil erosion in Mahahbad dam watershed.  At first, based on expert experiences seven factors were recognized on soil erosion including the following; slope degree, land use, time of concentration, elevation of sea, precipitation, lithology and distance to river. The susceptibility soil erosion map based on fuzzy logic and AHP models were classified in five classes. The accuracy of the erosion susceptibility map provided by the model is further checked by calculating Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI). Results show that about 102.12 km2, equivalent to 13.15% of the area has the potential to "very high" risk of erosion and sediment production, which in the sub-basins Dehbokr, Bangvyn, Qzljeh, Maraneh and Syahghol has more potential. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

80 - Determination of Landuse Factor in EPM Model by Using Remote Sensing Indices, Tarik Dam Basin, Rudbar, Guilan Province
Ali MohammadiTorkashvand Reza Bayat Nasrollah MolaeeHashtjin Somayyeh Jafari

One of the main problems in the management of watersheds in the country is the lack of information and data. Due to the lack of Sediment Measurement stations in most country's watersheds and insufficient data, empirical models can be important tools for the preparation More

One of the main problems in the management of watersheds in the country is the lack of information and data. Due to the lack of Sediment Measurement stations in most country's watersheds and insufficient data, empirical models can be important tools for the preparation of these layers. EPM model is used in experimental models, the use of these models to estimate erosion and sediment in basins without data has the costs and difficulties in providing map. In EPM model, the user factor is one of the factors that can be provided through remote sensing with good accuracy and at lower costs. Tarik dam Basin in the west of Rudbar, Guilan province, was considered as study basin. The area of basin was 6102.1 ha with average elevation of 11296 m. Digital elevation model (DEM) from satellite SRTM radar were provided and the required maps were provided from DEM and satellite images. Land use map was prepared based on visual interpretation of Google Earth images and field views. The user factorof EPM model based on the conventional method (field views and corresponding table) and mean opinions of three experienced expert was appointed for each landuse unit. A number of indicators associated with a landuse such as NDVI, PVI, SAVI and MSAV were extracted on ETM+ satellite image in 2011. The average indices for every land use were calculated by Software of remote sensing, and by using a linear regression model, the relationship between the user factor and remote sensing indicators were analyzed. At the next stage, other factors of model based on traditional methods was carried out in determining and estimating of erosion. The erosion of basin was again estimated by using all previous factors and by more appropriate index. The best relationship between vegetation index (VI) and user factor of model was obtained that correlation coefficient was 0.793. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

81 - Survey Nontectonic and Erosion in Kor – Chamriz Watershed by use Quantitative Models
Saeed Negahban Azame Hidari

soil erosion is one of the most important factors that a large part of the territory of the country annual threat and reduce the quality of agricultural land and destroys the same addressing the problem of soil erosion and management strategies for prevention and weakne More

soil erosion is one of the most important factors that a large part of the territory of the country annual threat and reduce the quality of agricultural land and destroys the same addressing the problem of soil erosion and management strategies for prevention and weakness of the negative effects it is important, Also in area where  neo tectonic movements caused by tectonic activity in the area and shape responses to these impacts will occur and continue drainage area in a regional tectonic model net work waters effect drainage patterns and drainage net work and is heavily influenced this study attempts to investigate these dement delivery and activities in neo tectonics in Koor - chamriz basin its  north western Fars province. The investigation method in this study was based on applicable goal and related to descriptive- analytic method and approach. The results show that the development of geological formations susceptible Vf (1/33 and 1/42) and Bs (2/02) in the drainage system and causes erosion and sedimentation in the basin. The results of morphometric data of the drainage system, geometry, with some indicators to evaluate the susceptibility to erosion groove area and empirical formulas for estimating the extent and severity of damage and sediment deposition in the region. Erosive average annual rainfall in the basin, 502/6383 ha estimated and indicated that soil erosion. 16.6average acidity of soil in the basin is for ideal for growing plant Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - A review on soil erosion and sediment fingerprinting studies
kazem nosrati Mostafa Amini

Suspended sediments originated from nonpoint sources in the fluvial and the catchment which they are different on spatial and temporal scales. Fingerprinting of sediment process focus on methods that researchers able to discriminate sediment sources using composite and More

Suspended sediments originated from nonpoint sources in the fluvial and the catchment which they are different on spatial and temporal scales. Fingerprinting of sediment process focus on methods that researchers able to discriminate sediment sources using composite and extracted samples from river and basin. Interesting to this method has been increased as a erosion and sediment technique, as well as tools for completing of old method of water erosion with regarding to identifying of sediment sources, sediment delivery in the river at various spatial and temporal scale and estimation of soil erosion using existing tracers in the soil and sediment. This research emphasis on the used techniques and methods, mixing model and utilities of various tracers in the erosion and sediment studies focusing on sediment fingerprinting in the world and Iran in order to reviewing of performed studies researchers able to be familiar with existing models, tracers and new technologies and find track of soil and sediment studies focusing on fingerprinting. Result of review showed that cohesive studies of soil and sediment with regarding to new methodology started since 60th decade and studies have been performed in large, medium and small scale basin, hillslope, plot and experimental scale with techniques such as radionuclide decay, earth rare element, magnetic properties of soils, other tracers and fingerprinting. This research reviews and introduces erosion and sediment models, fingerprinting models, existing tracers and sampling methods and new soil and sediment technologies of Iran (patents). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

83 - Determining Mathematical relationship between Sediment delivery ratio and Watershed Factors
Masoud Nasri ali najafi

Abstract In watershed studies, erosion and sedimentation is very important. Sediment yield is different I different watersheds. Sediment yield is influenced by different climatic, topographic and anthropogenic factors. This study aims to represent a mathematical relatio More

Abstract In watershed studies, erosion and sedimentation is very important. Sediment yield is different I different watersheds. Sediment yield is influenced by different climatic, topographic and anthropogenic factors. This study aims to represent a mathematical relationship between sediment delivery ratio and watershed characteristics of Ghohrood and zavarian Z4 watersheds with different climatic and rainfall regimes, land use patterns and socio- economic features, where erosion and sediment yield have been estimated using EPM and PSIAC methods. Next, sediment delivery ratio was calculated for each basin and its mathematical relationship to basin characteristics was developed.This relationship was stablished between 32 physiographic, land use and hydr-climateic features as independent and SDR as dependent variable. Results indicated that among 9 independent features, area equivalent diameter, and sum of channel length have the highest role in SDR. In order to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the model to predict SDR,it was applied for Hossein Abad Neyzar basin. The correlation between SDR and empirical EPM and MPSIAC results and regression-based SDR estimation showed the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method to use for the region and western-central hillslopes of Zagros and Alburz Mountains. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

84 - Assessment of soil erosion and watershed prioritization using empirical models EPM and MPSIAC (Case Study: Aro watershed)
reza bayat maryam rostami

Abstract Identification,  evaluation  and  prioritization  of  different  areas  can  produce  valuable information for the watershed comprehensive plans, soil conservation and mitigation of the erosion types based on amoun More

Abstract Identification,  evaluation  and  prioritization  of  different  areas  can  produce  valuable information for the watershed comprehensive plans, soil conservation and mitigation of the erosion types based on amount of erosion and sedimentation. This study used the MPSIAC and EPM models as a comparison and prioritization to estimate erosion and sediment   in   the   Aro   Watershed   Basin.   Required   data   regarding   the   natural characteristics  of  studying  the  watershed  basin  was  provided  from  comprehensive studies  of Hableh-Rood  basin  and  field  studies.  By using the required  factors,  the amount of erosion was calculated in both the models. In the MPSIAC model, erosion was calculated to be 451 m3/km2/y, whereas sediment was calculated as 233 m3/km2/y. However, the rate of erosion in the EPM model was estimated to be 378 m3/km2/y and for sediment, it was 200 m3/km2/y. The results showed that in some subbasins there was good correlation between the MPSIAC and EPM models, however in areas with high erosion the EPM model has less certainty than the MPSIAC model. The highest area was moderate class in the both of models and both of erosion and sediment in terms of spatial distribution. The results showed that EPM and MPSIAC model have not good agreement in the all classes. Prioritization of the hydrologic units showed that A4 unit in the EPM model and A-1-4-3 unit in the MPSIAC model allocated maximum of amount of erosion and deposition, in this area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

85 - The applicability of the exposed roots of Carpinus Orientalis. for the estimation of soil erosion in Hassan Abad Valley, Mazandaran Province3
viliam bayram zadeh babak shah karam

The knowledge of erosion estimating is requisite for controlling soil erosion. The purpose of this research was estimating annual soil erosion using anatomical changes in exposed roots of Carpinus Orientalis in Hassan abad valley, Chaloos, Iran. For this purpose, we sel More

The knowledge of erosion estimating is requisite for controlling soil erosion. The purpose of this research was estimating annual soil erosion using anatomical changes in exposed roots of Carpinus Orientalis in Hassan abad valley, Chaloos, Iran. For this purpose, we select eight Carpinus Orientalis trees as quite random and cut their exposed roots. Moreover the geographic coordinates of trees, the slope intensity and direction, altitude and percentage of vegetation has been written. Cross-sections of 20 µm were prepared using microtome and the first year of exposure by erosion was identified. We finally estimated the mean annual erosion.  The statistical relationship of the mean annual erosion with the percentage of the plant coverage, geographical aspects and slopes were investigated. The mean erosion of the study area has been estimated around 0.4 mm per year. There was positive relationship between annual erosion and slope density and negative relationship between the annual erosion and percentage of the plant coverage. The samples obtained in southern aspect showed higher annual erosions. We concluded that anatomical changes of exposed roots (Dendrogeomorphology) of Carpinus Orientalisare valuable tools to date erosion events, however, the responses of diverse species under different types of erosion remains to be studied in future. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

86 - Estimation of water erosion and sedimentation content in Ala region of Semnan using PSIAC method
nahid alipour فاطمه Farzanehpey علی torabi سمیرا Bakhshinia طیبه Mesbah Zadeh سوسن Salagegheh

Today, soil erosion and sediment production in watershed are covered to a complicated environment, so preventing emergency of them is one of the most important conservation factors of natural resources. This research done in order to water erosion content estimation usi More

Today, soil erosion and sediment production in watershed are covered to a complicated environment, so preventing emergency of them is one of the most important conservation factors of natural resources. This research done in order to water erosion content estimation using PSIAC method in Ala region of Semnan. PSIAC method investigates the effect of 9 important factors on water erosion process which these factors measured in each working units of under studied region. Results show that waterway working unit had the most effect on water erosion process with erodibility view it located in high class. Other working units including clay lands with Kalootak with score of 48, bare lands without cover with score of 45, clay plain with salts with score of 45, Marne lands without plant cover with score of 24, residential area with score of 93, lands covered with Haloxylon with score of 22, sand dunes covered with Haloxylon with score of 16 and agriculture lands with score of 15 placed in low to partial erodibility classes respectively that respect to their scores, they placed in further priority.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

87 - Comparison of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Various Work Units of Lavij Watershed
M.R Javadi tabalvandani S.A Gholami جعفر Dastorani

In this study Run off and sediment generated from rain fall simulator was investigated in lavij watershed. In this order٬slope-Lithology- geomorphology and Land use maps were intersected and then, work units map was prepared. Then, in each Work unit's tree run off and s More

In this study Run off and sediment generated from rain fall simulator was investigated in lavij watershed. In this order٬slope-Lithology- geomorphology and Land use maps were intersected and then, work units map was prepared. Then, in each Work unit's tree run off and sediment sampling was created by Rainfall simulator. Results show that٬ the Maximum potential of runoff generation was approved ٬in work unit of number fifteen with range land and 15-30% slop, also the Maximum potential of Sediment suspended production was approved ٬in work unit of number teen with range land and 15-30% and shemshak formation. The minimum run off and suspende sediment production were approved in work unit number one with range land and 12-15% and Elika formation.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

88 - Optimizing soil conservation treatments with combining effective factors in water erosion process (Case study: Farhzad Watershed)
mohammad hemmati mahboobeh ghasemi

In the recent decades, soil erosion rates in Iran have increased, so during the 1951 until now, a growth rate of 420 percent was associated with the process. Now the main problem is due to soil conservation and land management to become one of the major concerns. Most o More

In the recent decades, soil erosion rates in Iran have increased, so during the 1951 until now, a growth rate of 420 percent was associated with the process. Now the main problem is due to soil conservation and land management to become one of the major concerns. Most of the country's vast watershed areas and limited financial resources and administrative, are causing managers of basins for recognizing the lands with priority, looking for better planning. The models and methods that are discussed in this context is sometimes difficult because of the variety of factors and their calculation, the performance is not good, Therefore, a simpler method of acceptance is high. This study was conducted to identify the critical points of the soil erosion in the watershed Farahzad of cumulative erosion index (CEI) was used. in this method, slope land, geology and land use as the most important factors were considered in the development of water erosion. And combining them based on the GIS, the cumulative index of erosion estimation and classification, the various fields of priority areas for executive soil conservation operation in Farahzad watershed were identified and classified. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

89 - The Recreation of historical centers of cities in Iran based on tourism and integrating strategic planning and network analysis (ANP- SWOT); A case study of historical texture of Tabriz metropolis
gh ju parvin dadazade

With respect to the formation of Islamic Iranian cities, historical centers have a crucial role and are quite important. These centers have enormous potential due to their geographical locations, availability, concentration of economic problems and cultural-historical p More

With respect to the formation of Islamic Iranian cities, historical centers have a crucial role and are quite important. These centers have enormous potential due to their geographical locations, availability, concentration of economic problems and cultural-historical properties; but despite the positive features of the central part of the cities, their texture suffers from physical, bio-environmental, context complexity and lack of infrastructures problems. Among the ancient Iranian cities, a sample that is important in Iranian traditional urban renewal is Tabriz. The historical center of this city has precious treasures of human culture and historical monuments, which their erosion may lead to cultural and physical structure problems as well as losing the historical identity of the city. So, the foundation of recreation projects seems to be essential to keep the historical centers. Since the recreation of these centers is in the need of considerable investment, it seems that it is better to use tourism potential to encourage the private sector and support of public sector in order to do investment for the implementing such projects. Thus, the present study used an analytical descriptive approach; library and field studies, SWOT model and network analysis (ANP) to introduce approaches to the improvement of the present condition through identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism in the historical center of Tabriz. Based on the obtained results of the study, WT2, ST3 and WO1 strategies have three priorities for recreating the historical context of Tabriz metropolis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

90 - Deep learning approach to help Chenopodiaceae biodiversity protection to prevent soil erosion (case study: Yazd province, Iran)
Ahmad Heidary-Sharifabad Najma Soltani

10.30495/jonass.2022.1953114.1035

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

91 - Determining the type of relationship between the erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold with soil physical properties
hamzah saeediyan Hamid reza Morady

Then, sampling of erosion and runoff threshold in 6 points with 3 replicates and in different rainfall intensities of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm/min in three land uses of the range, residential area and agricultural lands with the help of the rain simulator was done. In additi More

Then, sampling of erosion and runoff threshold in 6 points with 3 replicates and in different rainfall intensities of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm/min in three land uses of the range, residential area and agricultural lands with the help of the rain simulator was done. In addition, the same number of runoff and erosion threshold samples, sampling of the soil physical properties such as clay, silt, sand, very fine sand and moisture content was done. I The results showed that in Gachsaran Formation and in all three rangeland, agricultural and residential land uses and in all three intensities of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm/min, very fine soil sand in eight cases had the opposite relationship and in one case had a direct relationship with the erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold and soil clay had the opposite relationship in two cases and had a direct relationship in seven cases and soil silt had the opposite relationship in four cases and had a direct relationship in five cases. Soil sand in six cases showed the opposite relationship and in two cases showed a direct relationship and in one case did not show a relationship, and soil moisture in seven cases showed an inverse relationship and in two cases showed a direct relationship with erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

92 - Optimal Estimation of Suspended-Sediment Concentration in Streams (Case Study: Khozestan Province)
hossein eslami Jafar Dastorani

Suspended load and stream flow sampling carry out in order to  knowledge of upland watersheds erosion-sediment rate. Suspended load  direct measurement  should have carry out  for most flows but this work operated with unequal intervals and  in More

Suspended load and stream flow sampling carry out in order to  knowledge of upland watersheds erosion-sediment rate. Suspended load  direct measurement  should have carry out  for most flows but this work operated with unequal intervals and  in other hand is needed to estimates accuracy of concentrations mean. since data have asymmetry and skewness , optimal estimator evaluation for biass reduction is effective. Therefore in this research use from Kalman filter for on-line estimation and an associated smoother for off-line estimation then these estimators compare with generalized least squares and flow-weighting regression estimators. The optimal online and off-line estimator (Kalman smoother) had the lowest error characteristics of those evaluated. Comparison of online and off-line estimator indicate that off-line estimator  have less estimate error and  is used for estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

93 - Safaroud Basin Aquifer Landslides Geomorphology-Ramsar Zone
mohamadreza servati seyed yousef hashemi

Safarud River is placed as farasits source that is javaherdeh high altitude still its maximum limit which is Khazar Sea and its direction is north east to south west. The long distance between its source and cancause different changes and a lot of transformation along s More

Safarud River is placed as farasits source that is javaherdeh high altitude still its maximum limit which is Khazar Sea and its direction is north east to south west. The long distance between its source and cancause different changes and a lot of transformation along side. One of the obvious agents and important Geomorphological phenomena in the area of the Safaroud river is land sliding that its occurrence causes the obstruction of roads. Destruction of agriculture gardens, plant coverage, erosion of lands, damage of residential areas and killing the human beings, too.Studying the Geomorphology of landslides and the factors contributing to their occurrence as well as determining of danger points and to give methods of controlling them are deemed to be important since the considered are a is one of the most important regions for the water supply and also the biggest of tourist center and that it can be used for planning purposes.Arc Gis software has been used for parting the land of dangers of landslide as well as for preparing the maps.It is known about 33 landslide in this basin which some factors like Geology, plant covering, soil, climate, Hydrology, Geomorphology and human activities in the landslide affection it. Manuscript profile

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94 - The investigation of accuracy and precision of rocks erodibility map in providing erosion types map by GIS
ali mohamadi Torkashvand alireza eslami vahid shadparvar

The possibility using rocks erodibility as a model in providing erosion types map was investigated in downstream of Latian dam. Rocks erodibility layer was crossed by digitized ground truth maps of surface, rill, gully erosions and erosion features and the accuracy, err More

The possibility using rocks erodibility as a model in providing erosion types map was investigated in downstream of Latian dam. Rocks erodibility layer was crossed by digitized ground truth maps of surface, rill, gully erosions and erosion features and the accuracy, error and precision of this layer as a model in estimating each of erosion types was computed. Results showed that the rocks erodibility accuracy in providing surface, rill, gully erosions maps, and erosion features map was 59.1, 59.9, 71.9 and 42.9%, respectively. Rocks erodibility map can be used in providing gully erosion map with an error 28.1% and has a low accuracy in providing surface and rill erosion maps especially erosion features map, therefore, it couldn’t used in preparing erosion types maps as a working units map. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

95 - The Investigation of Some Data Layers Integration for Water-Soil Erosion Features Intensity Map in Mountainous Regions (Case Study: Kan and Sologhan Basin)
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand

With regards to the importance of soil erosion features map in watershedmanagement, and also country extent, diversity of climate, physiographic,geology, pedology, land use and plant cover, it is expectable the highdifference with due attention to soil erosion types tha More

With regards to the importance of soil erosion features map in watershedmanagement, and also country extent, diversity of climate, physiographic,geology, pedology, land use and plant cover, it is expectable the highdifference with due attention to soil erosion types that is caused indifferent conditions differentiate to investigate erosion features. Forinvestigating some method in providing erosion types map at the scales1:250000 in mountainous regions, a study was conducted in Kan-Sologhanbasin, north-west Tehran, Iran. At the first stage, from integration of datalayers, four working units maps were prepared including: 1. geology, plantcover and slope, 2. geology, land use, slope, 3. rocks erodibility, land useand slope and 4. rocks erodibility, land use and land units. At the secondphase, intensities of soil erosion types in 53 ground control points werecontrolled and accurate positions were registered by GPS. Each ofworking units map was overlayed by ground control points map. Resultsindicated that maps 1, 2 and approximately map 3, are no suitable methodsfor differentiating homogenous units, because the high numbers ofworking units beside together have same erosion features. It should beregarded that the high numbers of units from an economic regards werecaused the high costs and time consuming. Map 4 including 6 units thattwo units, 66.6% and one unit, 85% of ground control points had sameerosion. In other units including agriculture lands and rocks outcrops,approximately, erosion features were uniform in all points. In general,integration of land use, rocks erodibility and land units layers is the bettermethod than other methods for providing soil erosion features map. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

96 - The possibility of using map of land units as map of working units in providing maps of surface, rill and Gully erosions by Geographic Information System (GIS)
Ali Torkashvand Mohammadi

The possibility of using map of land units as map of working units in providing maps of different water erosion types was investigated in the downstream of Latin dam. The real maps of land units in each surface, rill, gully erosions and erosion features were provided an More

The possibility of using map of land units as map of working units in providing maps of different water erosion types was investigated in the downstream of Latin dam. The real maps of land units in each surface, rill, gully erosions and erosion features were provided and the digitized layers of each along with crossed land units were given, the rate of accuracy, error, and precision of this layer as a model in estimating each of erosion types were computed. Results showed that the accuracy of land units in providing surface, rill, gully maps of erosions, and erosion features is 66.1, 66.6, 82.0 and 53.0 percent respectively. This map has a low accuracy in providing map of erosion features; therefore, it cannot be used in preparing map of erosion types as the map of working units. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

97 - Erosion zoning using EPM model in Golestan province
behrooz dehzad alireza shakiba amin hosseini asl khadije meshgin

The main aim of the paper is to determine the erosion hazard using Experimental Model (EPM) in Golestan province. To achieve the aim, the model uses four different effective parameters such as watershed erosion coefficient (Ψ), land use coefficient (Xa), coefficient More

The main aim of the paper is to determine the erosion hazard using Experimental Model (EPM) in Golestan province. To achieve the aim, the model uses four different effective parameters such as watershed erosion coefficient (Ψ), land use coefficient (Xa), coefficient of rock and soil susceptibility to erosion (Y) and average basin slope (I). According to their importance to erosion, first the variables were classified to different layers and then standardizing operations on the layers were applied in GIS environment. Finally, combined layers were input in EPM and erosion hazard zoning map was produced. The results of the research showed that 57% area of the province is in extreme severe, 14% in severe, 5% moderate, and 24% in very low and low classes. The southern and northeastern parts of the province due to stones with low resistance and high slope are more sensitive to erosion. The results of the research also showed that in the north-west section of the area, despite a high sensitivity of geological formation to erosion, the rate of erosion is considered to be low because of lands with low slop. This case specifies the important of slop in making erosion rather than geological formation in the region Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

98 - The valuation of erosion at basin watershed in mousabad –tiran by using SLEMSA modle
Amir Gandomkar Nafiseh Shaikhei Samira Ahmadi

              One of the most important purposes in local studing and land use evaluation the hazards of erosion in various areas and determing its quantity. For evaluating erosion , there are many metods More

              One of the most important purposes in local studing and land use evaluation the hazards of erosion in various areas and determing its quantity. For evaluating erosion , there are many metods . In this methods, there are different factors such as rain erosion , value of erosion soil and plant coverage . According to important variables that have influence on above factor and total value of erosion distiribution and geographical dispersion and the way of interfering them in change rate of soil erosion also determined. Although there are different methods e for evaluating erosion hazards, SLEMSA model. Because of using curvature correlation, serving effective factors in erosion, determining  value interfering factors based on their significance with a ratio of weight and finally considering all of effects in this model have optimal potential power. In this study, for evaluating soil erosion at basin watershed of Mousa Abad in Tiran by using SLEMSA modle, the first we begin to collect, prepare and enter information  layers such as topography, climatological, plant coverage and outer level of the land, then with composing this layers, basin is separated to410 units of sedimentation      that 220  are upward and 210 are in downward. At the end, the value of erosion hazard is measured and giving value is as unit of erosive hazard in basin (EHU).                                Manuscript profile

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99 - Erosion management- river basin sediment step in developing ecotourism (case study river basins Shafaroudi)
rafat shahmari

The aim of this article is to identify and introduce the places, attractions and natural potenentiality due to attract echo tourists in the west of Guilan province in order to promote occupations and and development of this area by using of descriptive and analytical me More

The aim of this article is to identify and introduce the places, attractions and natural potenentiality due to attract echo tourists in the west of Guilan province in order to promote occupations and and development of this area by using of descriptive and analytical method, library studies, and filed observation based upon the maps of topography 1:50000 geology and 1:100000 and air maps and satellite pictures has been done. One of the tourism forms which is developed in recent century is the echo tourism. Because of being the beautiful natural landscapes (Alborz and Talesh mountains, thick mantle of vegetation, Caspian sea, Anzali Talab and etc …), about sixty five percent of tourists in the national scale and regional area travel to Guilan province. This basin has stretched about 3600 hektares. It is a mountainous area with an average sea level about 1500 m having cold and mild climate with high humidity and an annually rainfall about 1400 mm. The study results showed that because of the mechanism of elements and process of inside and outside of  landscape beauties such as the too steep cliffs (around Genzakhavarr, khilga …), plenty of springs (Arde, Zendanesh and etc…), deep valleys covered with thick vegetation (around Barzakhou and Sadarasar …) mountainous waterfalls along the rivers (Miyanrood, Pargam, Khijadara…), concave and convex mountain slopes coverd with plant vegetation and pasture land (Shafarood, Beren, Dashtdaman…), high mountains and rather high mountain (1000 – 2700 m) and the country side areas (Arde, vaske, Dashtdaman, Zendaneh, Beren), the thick forest with rare species of plants (Rashestanhay – e - Lamir) and interesting and pleasure views of countryside (Roshandeh, Almas, ardah, Zendaneh and Dashtdaman), the mild summer and snowy winter, altogether have provided fascinating scenes for tourists particularly for echo tourists. Apart from natural potentiality, locating the areas of this basin along the Sento (Fuman – Miyaneh) the being connection route of Anzali – Astara from the end of basin as the man made made features can increase the potentiality of this territory being studies to attract the enough tourists. Manuscript profile

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100 - Estimating the Real Capacity of Rain Erosion Using GIS (The Fournier Case Study for Isfahan)
A, Gandomkar

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101 - Adoption of Soil Conservation Technologies among Farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana
Fariya Abubakari Farida Abubakari Victor Owusu

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102 - Erosion Hazard Index Methodology (EHIM) for Streams Erodibility Assessment (Ardabil-Province)
Reza Talaei Farzaneh Azimi Seyed Ahmad Hosseini

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103 - Challenges to Soil Erosion Control Measures among Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Policy
Eze S.O Mbah E.N

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Open Access Article

104 - Affective Factors in the Wheat Farmers’ Adoption of Farming Methods of Soil Management in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Soleiman Rasouliazar Saeid Fealy

Soil Management (SM) is critical to human well-being that it is more important now because of meeting the high demands for food production and satisfying the needs of an increasing world population. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptivecorrelation study was to inve More

Soil Management (SM) is critical to human well-being that it is more important now because of meeting the high demands for food production and satisfying the needs of an increasing world population. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptivecorrelation study was to investigate the effective factors on wheat farmers’ adoption of Farming Methods of Soil Management (FMSM). The research instrument was a structural questionnaire with close-ended questions, which its validity and reliability was confirmed. The target population included all wheat farmers in West Azerbaijan Province (N=24949) that among of them, 371 wheat farmers was chosen by using Krejcie & Morgan’s table through multi-stage sampling (n=371). The descriptive results showed the majority of farmers (237 or 63.90%) had moderate adoption of FMSM. These results also indicated farmers used three FMSM namely 1) using crop rotation, 2) using animal fertilizers, and 3) using soil testing more than others did. On the other hands, there were significant relationships between some of personal, farming, social, economic, and extension-education characteristics of farmers and the amount of their adoption of FMSM. Finally, stepwise regression analysis revealed that 35.30% (R2=0.353) of the variances in the amount of farmers' adoption of FMSM could be explained by the five variables namely farm size, knowledge about FMSM, the amount of extension contacts about FMSM, distance between farm and agricultural service centers, and the amount of attitude toward FMSM. Manuscript profile

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105 - تاثیر جاده سازی در ذخیره کربن آلی حوزه آبخیز کوهستانی در شمال ایران
کاظم نصرتی سعید جلالی

هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تاثیر جاده سازی در میزان ذخیره کربن در حوزه آبخیز زیارت میباشد. بر این اساس از 5 کاربری جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی، جاده و آبراهه نمونه برداری و میزان کربن آلی هر کدام محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان میدهد جاده سازی عامل کاهش ذخیره کربن آلی بوده و میزا More

هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تاثیر جاده سازی در میزان ذخیره کربن در حوزه آبخیز زیارت میباشد. بر این اساس از 5 کاربری جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی، جاده و آبراهه نمونه برداری و میزان کربن آلی هر کدام محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان میدهد جاده سازی عامل کاهش ذخیره کربن آلی بوده و میزان آن تفاوت زیادی در کاربری جنکل و سایر کاربریها دارد. میزان ذخیره کربن آلی در   کابریهای جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی، آبراهه و جاده به ترتیب 143، 136، 128، 36 و 29 مگاگرم در هکتار میباشد. نتایج این مطالعه میتواند در ترسیب کربن و کاهش گازهای گلخانه‌ای مفید باشد. Manuscript profile

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