The applicability of the exposed roots of Carpinus Orientalis. for the estimation of soil erosion in Hassan Abad Valley, Mazandaran Province3
Subject Areas : forestviliam bayram zadeh 1 , babak shah karam 2
1 - Department of wood Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran,
2 - Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Keywords: soil erosion, Exposed roots, Carpinus Orientalis, Root anatomy, Dendrogeomorphology,
Abstract :
The knowledge of erosion estimating is requisite for controlling soil erosion. The purpose of this research was estimating annual soil erosion using anatomical changes in exposed roots of Carpinus Orientalis in Hassan abad valley, Chaloos, Iran. For this purpose, we select eight Carpinus Orientalis trees as quite random and cut their exposed roots. Moreover the geographic coordinates of trees, the slope intensity and direction, altitude and percentage of vegetation has been written. Cross-sections of 20 µm were prepared using microtome and the first year of exposure by erosion was identified. We finally estimated the mean annual erosion. The statistical relationship of the mean annual erosion with the percentage of the plant coverage, geographical aspects and slopes were investigated. The mean erosion of the study area has been estimated around 0.4 mm per year. There was positive relationship between annual erosion and slope density and negative relationship between the annual erosion and percentage of the plant coverage. The samples obtained in southern aspect showed higher annual erosions. We concluded that anatomical changes of exposed roots (Dendrogeomorphology) of Carpinus Orientalisare valuable tools to date erosion events, however, the responses of diverse species under different types of erosion remains to be studied in future.
1-Ahmadi, M., M. Nezami, A. Hashemi, R. sefidgari, 2012. The effect of land use on erosion rate. The First National Conference of Desert, Iran
2-Alestalo, J., 1971. Dendrochronological interpretation of geomorphic processes; Fennia. 105 :1-140
3-Bahrami, S.h., F. Mahboobi, J. Sadidi, M. Jafari Aghdam, 2011. Estimating the rate of sheet erosion by dendrogeomorphological analysis of tree roots in Gharechai (Ramian) Catchment .Physical geography research; 75: 1-17
4-Bégin, Y., 2001. Tree-ring dating of extreme lake levels at the Subarctic–Boreal interface. Quaternary Research; 55: 133–139.
5-Bodoque, J.M., J.F. Díez-Herrero, Martín-Duque, J.M. Rubiales, A.Godfrey, J. Pedraza, R.M. Carrasco, M.A. Sanz, 2005. Sheet erosion rates determined by using dendro geomorphological analysis of exposed tree roots. two examples from Central Spain; Carena. 64: 81–102.
6-Gärtner, H., F.H. Schweingruber, R. Dikau, 2001. Determination of erosion rates by analyzing structural changes in the growth pattern of exposed roots; Dendrochronologia.
19: 81–91
7-Gärtner, H., 2003. The applicability of roots in Dendrogeomorphology. In: Schleser, G., M. Winiger, Bräuning, A., Gärtner, H., Helle, G., E. Jansma, B.Neuwirth, K. Treydte, (Eds.), TRACE-Tree Rings in Archaeology. Climatology and Ecology. vol.1, pp. 120–124.
8-Gärtner, H., Stoffel, M., Lièvre, I., Monbaron, M. 2003. Tree ring analyses and detailed geomorphological mapping on a forested debris flow cone in Switzerland. In: Rickenmann, D., Chen, Ch.(Eds). Debris Flow. Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Millpress, Rotterdam. 207–217 pp
9-Gärtner, H., 2007, Tree Roots - Methodological Review and New Development in Datingand Quantifying Erosive Processes; Geomorphology 86, 243–251.
10-Gers, E., N. Florin, H. Gärtner, T. Glade, Dikau, R., F.H. Schweingruber, 2001. Application of shrubs for dendrogeomorphological analysis to reconstruct spatial and temporal landslide movement patterns_ a preliminary study; Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie upplementband. 125:163–175.
11-Gyssels, G., J. Poesen, E. Bochet, Y. Li, 2005. Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: A review; Progress in Physical Geography. 29: 189–217.
12-Goudie, A.S., 2005. Encyclopedia of Geomorphology.Volume 1. Routledge Ltd. 578 P.
13-Hebertson, E.G., M.J. Jenkins, 2003. Historic climate factors associated with major avalanche years on the Wasatch Plateau, Utah.; Cold Regions Science and Technology. 37: 315–332.
14-Malik, I., 2005. Rates of lateral channel migration along the Mala Panew River (Southern Poland) based on dating riparian trees and coarse woody debris; Dendrochronologia. 23: 29–38.
15-Meyer, G.A., 2001. Recent large-magnitude floods and their impact on valley-floor environments of northeastern Yellowstone, Geomorphology. 40: 271-290.
16-Mohamadzadeh, A., 2006.the effect of aspect and slope on soil erosion in Givi, Ardabil province. 3th Conference on Erosion and Sediment, Iran
17-Perret, S., M. Stoffel, H. Kienholz, 2006. Spatial and temporal rockfall activity in a foreststand in the Swiss Prealps a dendrogeomorphological case study; Geomorphology. 74: 219–231.
18-Shadfar, S., M. Abasi, M. Namaki, 2011. Invistigation of the effect of land use and aspect on gully erosion using GIS: case study in Ghom province. 6th National Conference on Watershed Management and Soil and Water Resources Management, Iran.
19-Sahling, I., K.H. Schmidt, H.Gärtner, 2003. Dendrogeomorphological analysis of the enlargement of cracks at the Wellenkalk-scarp in the southern ThuringiaBasin. In: Schleser, G., M. Winiger, A. Bräuning, H. Gärtner, Helle, G. Jansma, E. Neuwirth, B. K. Treydte, (Eds.), TRACE Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 125–130 pp.
20-Stefanini, M.C., 2004. Spatio-temporal analysis of a complex landslide in the Northern Apennines (Italy) by means of dendrochronology; Geomorphology. 63 :191–202.
21-Vaezi, A., 2006. The effect of organic matter on erosion in agricultural soils. 9th Conference of Soil Sciences , Iran
