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Open Access Article
1 - A Comparative Study of the Policies and Strategies of the Assistance of Treatment of the Social Security Organization of Iran and Selected Countries
Mansureh Dini سید جمالالدین طبیبی leila riahi کامران حاجی نبیIntroduction: The purpose of this study is to compare the policies and strategies of the Social Security Organization as the second provider of social insurance and treatment in Iran with 5 other countries. Methodos: This research is a comparative study with a qualitat MoreIntroduction: The purpose of this study is to compare the policies and strategies of the Social Security Organization as the second provider of social insurance and treatment in Iran with 5 other countries. Methodos: This research is a comparative study with a qualitative approach that was conducted in 1401, the sampling was purposeful and the five countries of Japan, Costa Rica, Egypt, Greece and Mexico in the components of policies and strategies, including treatment management and administration, social components, provision Financial and insurance, legal, policy making and strategic plan were compared with Iran. In this study, an authentic database was used and the data were analyzed using the comparative education model in the four stages of description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison, and compared in the form of a comparative table. Results: The results indicate the impact of the components of health and treatment management, financing and insurance, social, legal, policy making and strategic plan on the policies and strategies of the treatment deputy of the Social Security Organization; The social component with an average of 92.8% had the highest frequency observed among the accepted documents and the strategic plan component had the lowest frequency observed among the accepted documents with an average of 65.5%. Conclusion: Paying attention to the growing elderly population, paying attention to the financial stability of the social security organization, the correct implementation of the insurance and medical policies and the correct and scientific formulation of the strategic plan can lead to an improvement in the provision of medical services and an improvement in the management of expenses and resources of the organization. ; Therefore, it is necessary to review and modify the policies and strategies of the deputy of social security treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Considerations on Knowing the Nature of Contracts with a Comparative Approach towards Sale
Mehdi Mohaghegh farThe proper application of the regulations of contracts depends on theactual knowledge of each of them. Although certain contemporaryjurisprudents have dealt with some aspects of the nature of contracts whilediscussing sale contract, no distinct and sufficient text has b MoreThe proper application of the regulations of contracts depends on theactual knowledge of each of them. Although certain contemporaryjurisprudents have dealt with some aspects of the nature of contracts whilediscussing sale contract, no distinct and sufficient text has been written onImÁmiyya jurisprudence of contracts. The present article seeks to raisesome important considerations presenting outlines of the general methodof knowing the nature of contracts. It deals briefly with distinguishing theontological approach from the conceptual one, distinguishing thedelimiting elements from the causal ones, that of contracts property fromvows property, explanation of causal and effectual attitude to contracts,distinguishing the nature of contracts from their effects, their compoundor simple nature, all of which contribute to finding the essence and natureof contracts. To come to more tangible conclusions, I have delimited thecontracts under discussion to reciprocal ones. I have also studied certaincases of applying these considerations in sale contract with a comparativeapproach Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Principles and sources of shareholders' preemprive rights due to the capital increasing (with comparative study in Iranian, American law and Imamie Jurisprudence)
Hossein Sadeghi Hamideh Zaree Mahdi NaserThe right of shareholders to raise equity capital is a right recognized in all legal systems. The main question of the present study is what are the foundations and sources of this right in the perspective of Iranian, American and Imamieh legal systems? The legal basis MoreThe right of shareholders to raise equity capital is a right recognized in all legal systems. The main question of the present study is what are the foundations and sources of this right in the perspective of Iranian, American and Imamieh legal systems? The legal basis of this right to purchase and subscribe for new shares arising from the increase in capital in the US legal system is the prevention of the reduction of various shareholder rights, an issue that is also valid in Iranian law. In addition, jurisprudential rules such as the rule of loss and the rule of law can also be considered as the basis for the right of priority. In Iranian law, the law is the source of this right, but in American law the right is the product of a judicial procedure, law, and company statute that have two general approaches. Except as stipulated in the Statute of Priority, shareholders do not, except the Statute, deny this right unless the Statute has denied this right, while the legal provisions relating to the right of priority in Iranian law are applicable and the possibility of infringement Contrary to that, there is no company statute. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The comparative study of cultural landscapes in mountainous and plain villages (A case study : ROODSAR TOWNSHIP)
نصرالله Molaei سیده مرضیه RoodbariIn consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other MoreIn consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other.In this study, with a view to this main question that "what are the differences andsimilarities between cultural landscape in mountainous villages and plain villages? "the main purposes like considering the component elements of the cultural lands cap inmountainous villages and plain villages and also analyzing the mutual effects of theseelements on each other and on the rural environments have taken in to attention as theeffective chains.In direction of the analysis of these purposes , the analytic and descriptivemethods of studies are in two ways including documents - library studies and fieldstudies and also through analytic considering the cultural landscapes of the villagesunder in restigalion in Roudsar township, we have been engaged in hypothesis test,concluding and presenting propositions.The achived results are consist of:The kind of living is an important factor in explaning the differnces between thecultural landscape of mountainous and plain villages.Presentation of the infra structural and public services in mountainous and plainvillages are effective in the changes of the cultural landscape of villages . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - A Study of the Word “dharaʼ” in the Qur’ān and the Sacred Jewish -Christian Texts
mahmood makvand Elham shirmohammadiThe present article, based on a comparative view, has studied the word "dharaʼ" in the Qur’ān and Sacred Jewish-Christian Texts and, with a historical approach has focused on the etymology of this word in Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac and Aramaic. An etymological investi MoreThe present article, based on a comparative view, has studied the word "dharaʼ" in the Qur’ān and Sacred Jewish-Christian Texts and, with a historical approach has focused on the etymology of this word in Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac and Aramaic. An etymological investigation is useful in explaining some of the patterns governing the consonantal substitution and phonological phenomena between the aforementioned languages. Based on such an investigation, the connection between the forms "dharʼ" and "dharw" as well as the consonantal substitution of the Hebrew «ה» (he) with the consonants Hamza and Waw in Arabic has been explained. According to this study, the conceptual metaphor of "people are harvest" is used in the Qur’ān and the Sacred Jewish-Christian texts. In this conceptual metaphor, the target domain is harvest and the source domain is people. Also, the highlighted aspect is consisting of two pure and impure or valuable and worthless parts. This research shows that the aforementioned sacred texts following the worldview of their first audiences have used metaphorical language to efficiently express those educational and cultural teachings that are related to the abstract matters. Not paying attention to this language and its features can confuse the commentators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Geopolitical and environmental study of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf (From the perspective of international law)
sona ghasemi Seyed-Abbas Poorhashemi ali zare parvin farshchi hermidas bavandAccording to the 1982 convention of the seas, constructing artificial islands is permitted, and countries can build artificial islands in their own territory. However, creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Ira MoreAccording to the 1982 convention of the seas, constructing artificial islands is permitted, and countries can build artificial islands in their own territory. However, creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Iran, pursue the issue more sensitively. Moreover, according to principles of International Environmental Law, the countries that construct artificial islands should provide other countries with the required information regarding the construction and properties of their own artificial islands.Today, artificial island construction is being increased, and this has caused many environmental crises, including the increase of water darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. This article analyzed the destructive impacts of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment, the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and building artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas are being reviewed. Moreover, because the notion of governance in modern International Law has been modified regarding the use of the environment and sustainable development, the countries constructing these islands and coastal countries will have limited rights to build artificial islands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Comparative Study of Architecture of Contemporary Tabriz Mosques, Based on Design Criteria Derived from Religious Concepts
behnaz montazer Jamal al-din soheyliBackground and Objective: Throughout history, mosques have always provided different aspects of body, function and meaning. These three parameters are put together as layers that the lack of each can undermine the performance of contemporary mosques compared to the perf MoreBackground and Objective: Throughout history, mosques have always provided different aspects of body, function and meaning. These three parameters are put together as layers that the lack of each can undermine the performance of contemporary mosques compared to the performance of ancient templates. In this regard, this study will examine and compare contemporary examples of architectural design patterns in line with the "conceptual model of research" based on "criteria influencing architectural design patterns through religious concepts" in mosques. Method: In order to extract the architectural components derived from religious concepts in all three dimensions, library and documentary studies were used to collect data through descriptive-analytical research method. And in the second step, after developing the conceptual model of the research, it payed to the field evaluation (in 1397) and scoring of the architectural components in the sample community (contemporary selected mosques in Tabriz) which were selected by purposeful sampling by experts in the field. Findings: Architectural design components of mosque in line with religious concepts can be divided into 3 functional components (special entrance, neighborhood, location and design of different spaces), semantic components (readability, sense of place and hierarchy) and physical components (orientation, attention to light, and proper design of the mihrab, dome, minaret, and courtyard). Discussion and Conclusion: By assessing the effectiveness of contemporary Tabriz mosques in each of the three dimensions, it can be concluded that the sub-component of "different spaces" in functional dimension, "sense of place" in semantic dimension, and "light" in physical aspect have been most emphasized. Also, the results show that the architecture of the contemporary mosques in Tabriz was more in line with the semantic dimension of the patterns than the other two dimensions. Also, Imam Reza Mosque (AS) has the most conformity with ancient patterns from the point of view of architectural design patterns based on religious concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Comparative Study of Venture Capital Instruments in Iranian Commercial Banks
Mohammad Ebrahim Pourzarandi Majid ShahriariVenture capital is an interesting area in banks financial decisions and because of its uncertainty, brings lots of challenges. Despite the increasing tendency for banks in this kind of investments, there is not any certain method to analyze the risk and return of ventur MoreVenture capital is an interesting area in banks financial decisions and because of its uncertainty, brings lots of challenges. Despite the increasing tendency for banks in this kind of investments, there is not any certain method to analyze the risk and return of ventures; thus it is neccessary to develop an effective research in this area. Recently, development of the studies about ventures, has facilated conditions for investors and increase the proportion of venture capital in commercial banks portfolio. This paper as a novel study, at first, consider the literature review of financing VC projects and their instruments, and then try to find the usablity of these methods in Iranian commercial banks in a comparative approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - New methods of financing football clubs in developed countries and the developing countries have a comparative study
Taghi Torabi Mahsa Ghorbani Meysam Bagheri Samaneh TarighiThe main objective of this comparative study is to see how professional football clubs in Iran and England’s premier league are financed. This applied research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. The results of the study showed that there is a MoreThe main objective of this comparative study is to see how professional football clubs in Iran and England’s premier league are financed. This applied research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the ways through which English and Iranian professional football league clubs are financed. Most Iranian clubs are funded by government and industry-based sources (65%) while most English clubs are private and are funded by television broadcasting rights (31%), match-day income and cash flow from business (22%). Some major barriers to financing Iranian professional football league clubs are as follows; the state-run clubs, lack of financial transparency , the fact that IRIB refuses to pay the media broadcasting right to the clubs, failure in complying with copyright law in Iran , inappropriate competition schedules, unsuccessful club marketing management, club managers lack of awareness about new methods of financing , limited use of creative sport directors with financial and business expertise at different levels of football industry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The comparative study of Kafka's novel "Metamorphosis" and Sultan Al-Amimi's "Samsa"
matyam bakhshiKafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". MoreKafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". Sultan Al-Amimi takes a different look at the identity crisis and resumes the fate of the protagonist in a different way. Therefore, the main issue of this research is the quality of influence and explanation of the general view on the subject of loneliness, isolation, identity crisis and metamorphosis, and finally understanding the similarities and differences between the two works. The present study, which has been carried out descriptively-analytically and based on the French school of comparative literature, has concluded that the theme of Kafka's novel is the human destiny, which is isolated and transformed by the problems of society. Al-Amimi, although he took the depth of his story from Kafka's novel, changed its theme and changed the character's destiny, and figured out another future for him. The character or protagonist is the same in both narratives. In the first, the transformation took place in the form of an animal and in the second, in the form of a human; Kafka has taken a pessimistic and isolated view of the character, distancing himself from those around him, and Sultan al-Amimi has taken an optimistic view of the character, processing him in the form of a social and happy personality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - A Comparative Study of the Position of Social Themes in the "Maqamat" of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadani and the "Hadith Isa Ibn Hisham" by Muhammad Muwaylihi
Mohammadreza Lotfi zahra Khosravi vamakani Ali SaberiRecognition and analysis of literary works and the lives of the creators of those works is not possible without studying and analyzing the society and culture in which they have developed. In other words, researching the way of life, social relations, beliefs, failures MoreRecognition and analysis of literary works and the lives of the creators of those works is not possible without studying and analyzing the society and culture in which they have developed. In other words, researching the way of life, social relations, beliefs, failures and victories, pains and joys and ups and downs of the society in which the artist lives, a more detailed and comprehensive study of life and works Makes it possible."Maqamat" is the most important work of "Badi at al-Zaman Al-Hamadani" which was written in Arabic and was first published in Beirut in 1889 with 51 descriptions. He created a new style in Arabic prose writing; The hero of his officials, Abolfath Eskandari, appears every time in clothes and travels to different cities and talks about various issues such as a powerful storyteller. It is a literary place. He sees the story as a place to show his literary power in using metaphorical expressions along with metaphor, irony, metaphor and proverb.Writers in the contemporary period also followed his style and expressed their thoughts in the form of "maqamah", among which we can include well-known figures such as Muhammad Muwaylihi, Nasif Yazji, Ahmad Shoghi, Muḥammad Tawfīq Al-Bakrī and Hafez Ibrahim.This research, which has been written in a comparative-analytical way, has comparatively studied social themes in the "authorities" of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadani and the "hadith of Isa Ibn Hisham" by Muhammad Muwaylihi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparative Study of Vajhi’s “Sab Ras” and SibakNeishabouri’s “Lovers’ Face, Heart and Instructions”
AbulGhassem RadfarAsadollah a member of Vajhi family became the poet laureate of the court. He was a prominent poet and writer of Persian and Urdu who became famous as “GhalebDakn”. Vajhi is the first Urdu prose writer and his book “Sab Ras” is known as the first MoreAsadollah a member of Vajhi family became the poet laureate of the court. He was a prominent poet and writer of Persian and Urdu who became famous as “GhalebDakn”. Vajhi is the first Urdu prose writer and his book “Sab Ras” is known as the first Urdu prose work. His other book “GhotbeMoshtari” made him become known as the first critic of Urdu Language. In this latter book he has paid attention to the criteria and principles of criticizing poems and poetry. The book is still valuable today. Content analysis of the book “Sab Ras” which is the first Sophist allegorical work in Urdu shows that the writer has been under the influence of the famous sections by Fattahi or SibakNeishabouri. The present article studies this influence and brings in instances to prove it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - A Comparative Study of Didacticism in Hafez’s and Imam Ali’s Poetry
Moslem RajabiHafez is the greatest lyricist of the eighth century. He enjoys an excellent position in mysticism and poetry. Hafiz’s excellent ideas and poetic gifts distinguished him markedly from other poets. The human heart knows the language of his poems. Ethical issues and MoreHafez is the greatest lyricist of the eighth century. He enjoys an excellent position in mysticism and poetry. Hafiz’s excellent ideas and poetic gifts distinguished him markedly from other poets. The human heart knows the language of his poems. Ethical issues and educational considerations in his poetry absorb everyone's attention and stimulate the audience’s emotions. We know that Hafez had a good command of earlier poetry and these concepts have been integrated in his poetry. It is possible that Hafiz has been aware of the poetry of Imam Ali, because the didactic aspect of his poetry is similar to that of Imam Ali’s poetry which focuses on Morality and education. It is possible that Hafiz has been influenced by poetry of Imam Ali. This paper aims to reconcile the poetry of Hafez with the poetry of Imam Ali from the perspective of didactic literature in order to discover the similarity of ethics and education between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A comparative study of rhetoric language in Persian and Arabic Languages
Houshmand EsfandyarpourThe present article is a comparative study of the science of rhetoric in Persian and Arabic languages since their emergence up to the present time. This study reviews the way scholars looked at the science of rhetoric at different times separately in Persian & Arabi MoreThe present article is a comparative study of the science of rhetoric in Persian and Arabic languages since their emergence up to the present time. This study reviews the way scholars looked at the science of rhetoric at different times separately in Persian & Arabic. The views of the important masters of rhetoric are also mentioned. The study concludes that the Persian rhetoric masters were under the influence of their Arab counterparts concerning the use of Arabic figures of speech. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Comparative Reading of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān and Robinson Crusoe
Sabereh Siyavashi Leila JadidiThe present article compares two stories: Hayy ibn Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe in order to determine the effect or lapse of Daniel Defoe form Ibn Tofail story. Thus the content aspect would be studied first and then the subject and theme. The structural aspect would be s MoreThe present article compares two stories: Hayy ibn Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe in order to determine the effect or lapse of Daniel Defoe form Ibn Tofail story. Thus the content aspect would be studied first and then the subject and theme. The structural aspect would be surveyed by emphasizing the theme, character, view point, situation (time & place) and the ending. And finally the differences and similarities are studied. The findings and results show that both stories are similar in structure and content but these similarities are more in structure rather than content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - A comparative study of Nature Description in Ibn-e Rumi and Manoochehri’s Works
Ibrahim Namdari Mohammad Ali Fouladi Narges LorestaniThe environment is the main factor of nature description. Nature description and its manifestation such as gardens, flowers and etc. were waster and wider in Abbasid era rather than Omavid’s. In Abbasid era the civilization and development manifested suddenl MoreThe environment is the main factor of nature description. Nature description and its manifestation such as gardens, flowers and etc. were waster and wider in Abbasid era rather than Omavid’s. In Abbasid era the civilization and development manifested suddenly. Thus the explanation and description had been done with applying metaphors and similes; and this states the Abbasid era’s dreaming. The Persian poetry might be called nature poetry in Manoochehri’s period in which he was of beginners of that kind of poetry. He imitated the Arab poets because he was affected by Arabic literature. Ibn-e Rumi’s poetry is a brilliant and vivid image of gardens and greens. Personification of things in most parts of his poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Analysis and Comparison of Factors of Joseph and Zuleika by Nur Mohammad Andalib and Jami
Khojeh Seyyed Seyyed Mohammadi Mohammad Fazeli Reza AshrafzadehThe purpose of comparative literature is to explain the tracks and timelines of different nations' literary relations and links which should be competent for understanding and friendship of other nations by familiarizing the heritage of common thoughts. The present pape MoreThe purpose of comparative literature is to explain the tracks and timelines of different nations' literary relations and links which should be competent for understanding and friendship of other nations by familiarizing the heritage of common thoughts. The present paper studies, surveys and analyzes the components of the novel such as theme, character, landscape and etc. as well as the method of processing of two speakers with different languages and cultures by the aid of analytical – comparative approach and in librarian method. Joseph and Zuleika by Andalib – poet, author and translator of twelfth century – has been compared to the one by Jami – ninth century – to find the similar and opposite aspects of Turkman and Persian stories. The general results of the study are as below: Jami spreads his story by alive and obvious explanations while Andalib brings more proofs of events and incidents. Both narrators are omniscient. The frequency of metaphysical factors are more in Andalib's theme but Jami enjoys more logical and believable patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Idiosyncratic dialect between Perse and sepehri
Maryam Iranmanesh Zeynab Arab NezhadTodays comparative literature has been accepted as one of the most important style in new criticism. We are going to study Sepehri and Perse by applying this way of criticism. We selected this tow poet because they are been reputed as difficult to be inte MoreTodays comparative literature has been accepted as one of the most important style in new criticism. We are going to study Sepehri and Perse by applying this way of criticism. We selected this tow poet because they are been reputed as difficult to be interpreted. So we base American school and use linguistic knowledge to illustrate why it is difficult to interpret their poems. Hence Anabase of Perse andMosafer of sepehri has been choosen. Dialect is a linguistic expression meaning individual style of speaking and writing. But deviant form of dialect lead to idiosyncratic dialect. In this essay we want to study comparatively the reason of difficulty of poem according to their idiosyncratic dialect Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Comparative Study between Nima Yushij's Letters and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’ Emile
Maryam HaghiNima Yushij (1276-1338) is one of the most famous and influential contemporary poets. In addition to the poem and literary works, Nima Yushij has also a collection of letters containing Nima's comments on various topics. One of the important issues found in the Nima&rsq MoreNima Yushij (1276-1338) is one of the most famous and influential contemporary poets. In addition to the poem and literary works, Nima Yushij has also a collection of letters containing Nima's comments on various topics. One of the important issues found in the Nima’s letter series is the educational issues. Nima, who has taught for several years, is closely acquainted with the issues and problems of this field and has criticized many of the country's educational systems, including poor school conditions, weaknesses in textbook writing, teachers' lack of motivation, etc. Nima appeared to have been influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1778-1778), a French author and philosopher, and especially his "Emile", in expressing some of his educational ideas. Nima, like Rousseau, prefers the nature and the countryside to the city life and believes that children should be raised as much as possible in nature and away from the city, and the most important childhood education is physical education and stimulation of curiosity. The aim of this study is to analyze Nima’s ideas in his letters concerning education and how he was affected by Jean Jacques Rousseau, especially his Emile. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - A Comparative Study of the Ethical Themes of Jarir and Akhtal Contradictions
Hamid Motavalizadeh NaeiniOne of the best ways to recognize the superiority of a poet over his peers is a comparative study of subjects and a study of the cognitive style of their poetry. Jarir and Akhtal, who, like two militant rivals, ridiculed each other throughout their poetic periods and al MoreOne of the best ways to recognize the superiority of a poet over his peers is a comparative study of subjects and a study of the cognitive style of their poetry. Jarir and Akhtal, who, like two militant rivals, ridiculed each other throughout their poetic periods and always tried to discredit their enemy, tried to subdue the opponent to the power of amazing imagination and reasoning by using innovative structures. Make your own literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of common moral themes in Jarir and Akhtal violations and to study more than 840 bits in the form of 20 poems by analytical-descriptive method. Based on what is said in examining the differences and similarities of content and style between the two poets, it can be seen that Jarir has been more successful in depicting the theme of humility and avarice than Akhtal, but Akhtal in his descriptions and interest and use of various literary techniques in depicting fear and insecurity has snatched the Jarir. Manuscript profile -
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21 - The Role of Synonymy in Causing Inconsistencies in the Choice of Equivalents in Farsi Translations of the Holy Qur'an: A Case of the Twelve Contemporary Translations of the Ash-Shams and Al-Balad Suras
mostafa kamaljoo Mehdi ShahrokhThe Holy Quran is a book for human guidance in Arabic, whose understanding is only available through translation to those who do not know Arabic. None of the translations of the Qur'an can ever compare with its Arabic origin and they serve only as a means for a better u MoreThe Holy Quran is a book for human guidance in Arabic, whose understanding is only available through translation to those who do not know Arabic. None of the translations of the Qur'an can ever compare with its Arabic origin and they serve only as a means for a better understanding of the Qur'an. However, since Arabic is one of the most complete languages and it involves many fine details, this makes the translation of the Qur'an a very challenging job. Therefore, unless the translator has a competent knowledge and command of the fine details of the Arabic language, his translation would be a flawed one. This research aims to study the role and the effect of synonymy on inconsistencies and their frequencies in translation based on the analytical descriptive method. For this purpose, the translations of two short Suras of Ash-Shams and Al-Balad by the following contemporary translators have been selected for comparison: Ansariyan, Ayati, Bahrampour, Khorramdel, Khorramshahi, Sadeghi Tehrani, Fooladvand, Qaraati, Mojtabavi, Mo'ezi, Makarem Shirazi, and Elahi Qomsheie. The results of this study show a significant ratio of differences in finding the Farsi equivalents among these translators, Such that the percentage of differences is much higher than that of the similarities. the highest ratio was seen between Khorramdel and Mo'ezi and the least ratio was seen between Fooladvand and Sadeghi Tehrani. This probably represents the least and highest amount of influence among these translators, and of course their only instrument in producing these inconsistencies is the synonymy phenomenon in Manuscript profile -
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22 - A Study on Parties’ Interpreters ViewPoint under Verse No. 43 of Muddathir Surah
Alireza Zaki Zadeh Renani Akram BahramianThe present research studies the viewpoints of parties’ interpreters under Verse No. 43 of Muddathir Surah with descriptive – analytical method; the aim is to find out the disagreement origin in order to offer the more appropriate meaning. The common viewpoi MoreThe present research studies the viewpoints of parties’ interpreters under Verse No. 43 of Muddathir Surah with descriptive – analytical method; the aim is to find out the disagreement origin in order to offer the more appropriate meaning. The common viewpoint by Shiite and Sunnite on Verse «قَالُواْ لَمْ نَکُ مِنَ الْمُصَلِّین» can be expressed as: nine Shiite and seven Sunnite interpreters interpret it as “leaving obligatory pray”, four Shiite and three Sunnite interpret it as “absolute leaving of pray”. But their views differences divide into leaving specific prays, leaving pray and thanks, pray interruption, Muslims pray leaving, believers’ pray leaving, unfaithfulness and lack of paying attention to rights in specific times. According to the term’s meaning, the origin of the discrepancy could be explained as: some interpreters interpret the verse and some express the paraphrase and some explained the ethical analysis and its part of speech. Manuscript profile -
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23 - Comparative Study of Noor Verse from Contemporary Interpreters’ Viewpoint
Seyyedeh Ameneh Mir KhatamiOne of Quran Verses which has always been paid attention by Muslim scholars and interpreters is Verse no. 35 of Noor Surah which the name of the Surah is taken from the mentioned Verse. According to complexity of allegories in the mentioned Verse and necessity of more c MoreOne of Quran Verses which has always been paid attention by Muslim scholars and interpreters is Verse no. 35 of Noor Surah which the name of the Surah is taken from the mentioned Verse. According to complexity of allegories in the mentioned Verse and necessity of more contemplation and consideration, much attention paid to this Verse and its interpretations. In this research which is fundamental and librarian documents are applied for it, it is tried to study the interpretation of Verse No. 35 from contemporary interpreters’ viewpoints. “Al Mizan”, “Nemooneh”, “Noor” and “Hedayat” interpretations are some of the selected books by contemporary interpreters which are applied as references for the present article. Manuscript profile -
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24 - A Comparative Study of the Homeland Theme in the Poems of Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Hafez Ebrahim
Ibrahim Fallah Mohammadreza HajiyanMalek al-Sho'arai Bahar and Hafez Ibrahim are two literates that homeland and patriotism are so obvious in their poems. Therefore, in this research, it is tried to make a comparative study of the patriotic and national poems of these two poets about the homeland, relyin MoreMalek al-Sho'arai Bahar and Hafez Ibrahim are two literates that homeland and patriotism are so obvious in their poems. Therefore, in this research, it is tried to make a comparative study of the patriotic and national poems of these two poets about the homeland, relying on the American school of comparative literature which does not consider the condition of adaptation as just the existence of fields of influence and regret. A comparative study of the poems of these two poets shows that patriotism and love to homeland are prominent manifestations of their ideas. The patriotic approach in his poems is so wide that it has become a stylistic and decisive element in the content and linguistic level of their poetry. The most important common themes that the two poets express about homeland and patriotism are: love and affection for the homeland, nostalgia for the homeland from which they are far away, struggle against colonialism, pride in the history and background of the homeland and effort to restore authority and past honor, condemnation of the rulers who do not pay attention to the affairs of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - A Cognitive study of happiness concept in Persian and Arabic languages (comparative study
Somayah Mohammadi Salah-Aldin Abdi Mohammad Amin Sorahi Morteza GhaemiHappiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective t MoreHappiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective tool for analyzing language which is one of mind aspects. Cognitive metaphor is attributed to understanding and expression of an abstractive concept based on a more physical concept. In this research, we study data according to Kovecses cognitive theory and intend to find the way of speakers thinking about happiness, understanding and their similarities and differences in the mentioned languages. Importance of cognitive study of this data is that it systematizes their different and scattered range according to names mapping and also accurate cognitive pattern. Data of this research show that derivative feature of Arabic language provides a wide vocabulary variety for happiness conceptualization in this language as if some metaphors of Persian language compared with Arabic samples have more distance with general metaphors and bears further and complicated special cultural features. Also in connection with the metaphor of "happiness is up", "distance from the earth" in Arabic can be more prominent than in Persian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - "Nima yushyj" and "Badr Shakir Alsyab"in the"The Task of the Night-Guard" of Nimayushyj and Badr Shakib's "Almo'mes Al mia'"
Reza Nazemian Fatemeh KheyratiLiterature of a nation, reflects the political and social situation of the nation. Given the political situation - Iran and Iraq in contemporary society have been affected by the same events, so these two ideas and literary themes of literature are largely similar MoreLiterature of a nation, reflects the political and social situation of the nation. Given the political situation - Iran and Iraq in contemporary society have been affected by the same events, so these two ideas and literary themes of literature are largely similar. Two contemporary literary characters "Nima yushij" and "Badr Shakir Alsyab" are poets who are not indifferent to the problems of their society, as the issues mentioned are clearly visible in their poems. In this paper, after discussing the poets lives, common themes and ideas in the poems "The Task of the Night-Guard" by Nima yushyj and "Almoms Almia’" by the BadrShakirAlsyab will be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Comparative Study of Bachelor Curriculum for Elementary Education in Iran and Selected Asia-Pacific Countries
forough tasdighi Mohammad Javad Liaqhatdar Lotfali AbediThe purpose of the current study was to investigate Bachelor Curriculumfor elementary education in selected Asia-Pacific and to compare it with Iran. So, Brady pattern and descriptive-analytic method were used. The study population comprised presenter universities of th MoreThe purpose of the current study was to investigate Bachelor Curriculumfor elementary education in selected Asia-Pacific and to compare it with Iran. So, Brady pattern and descriptive-analytic method were used. The study population comprised presenter universities of this major in Asia and Pacific and documents related to its curriculum. Due to variety forms of curriculums offered for this degree in different countries, after preliminary review, purposeful sampling method was used and 6 presenter universities of this major were selected from 4 countries. Then, their curriculum was extracted by some tables and content analysis checklists. Thus, raw data were described, coded, compared and analyzed. The obtained results indicated similarity and differences in study program of the investigated countries. Among the most significant was - such as in-person and full-time curriculums, emphasis on promoting professional competencies, and elementary schools content knowledge, and offering required and practicum courses. But, they were different in other aspects, such as: Necessity of IT, manner of presentation and number of credits of practicum courses, offered research credits, and attention to content knowledge and offered additional opportunities. Accordingly, some recommendations were given the course program in Iran, such as: giving more importance to some courses, promoting flexibility of the curriculum, evolution in the manner of presentation of dissertation, seminar and practicum courses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Comparative study of internationalization of higher education curricula in a number of countries
fatemeh behjati ardakani mohamad hossein yarmohamadian ahmadali foroughi abari kourosh fathi vajargahToday internationalization of higher education has been accompanied with issues such as rapid changes, rebuilding of programs, elimination of geographical borders, and access to the new information and technology. The aim of this article is to study and compare the effo MoreToday internationalization of higher education has been accompanied with issues such as rapid changes, rebuilding of programs, elimination of geographical borders, and access to the new information and technology. The aim of this article is to study and compare the efforts made by curriculum planners in different universities around the world for the internationalization of the higher education. This comparative – analytical study investigates different approaches for the internationalization of curriculum of the higher education (including strategies, programs, activities and methods of teaching and learning) in countries like the United States of America, Canada, Australia, and Japan. Findings include strategies, programs, activities for internationalization of higher education curriculum learning and teaching methods in each country. Comparison of four strategies of the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan showed that internationalizing the curriculum and learning strategies by embedding international content into their existing curricula is their most important strategy and teacher and student exchange programs receive less attention. Today, the internationalization of local and national curricula is of great importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A comparative study the process of reviewing the universities curricula in Iran and other countries
mohammad Rahmanpour Ahmad-Reza NasrPurpose of this research was comparative study the process of reviewing the curricula in various countries and Iran. for the purpose, was selected 6 Universities of the 5 America, Australia, Canada, China and Turkey countries for comparison with the University of Isfaha MorePurpose of this research was comparative study the process of reviewing the curricula in various countries and Iran. for the purpose, was selected 6 Universities of the 5 America, Australia, Canada, China and Turkey countries for comparison with the University of Isfahan in Iran by targeted sampling method. The study, by George Brady was performed four-stage comparison process into four stages: describe, interpret, neighborhood and comparison. Campus tool of collecting of data, was check list of data sources in relation to primary curriculum review process was different universities at databases was available on each campus. After collecting and Classification information in different tables, interpreted and analyzed. The results showed that the process of reviewing the various universities have similarities and differences in terms of review levels,work process, and members component. also results indicate that the some of universities had novel aspects in reviewing the academic curricula. These aspects were: attention to personal and professional education of students, and presence of students, experts and specialists outside of the university, and the representative of the library in the review board. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Comparative Study of E-learning System in Selected Countries of Asia “Japan, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Iran”
Marjan Masoomifardthe aim of this study is to recognize and compare the similarities and differences between educational system of E-learning of Asian countries and Payame noor university (in fields such as the number of students, faculty members, employees, teachers/students ratio, teac Morethe aim of this study is to recognize and compare the similarities and differences between educational system of E-learning of Asian countries and Payame noor university (in fields such as the number of students, faculty members, employees, teachers/students ratio, teaching-learning ways, resources, learning materials and library facilities, support mechanisms, exams and quality insurance mechanisms).The present study is a documentary research which is done based on comparative-analytical method. Statistical population is all distance universities of “Japan, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Iran”. From among the universities of these countries, the Open University of Japan, the Open University of China, Indira Gandhi University in India, Iqbal Allamah University in Pakistan, and Payame noor University were chosen through judgmental sampling. The required information were gathered by studying the records and documents, and official web-sites of universities. Also, the data were analyzed based on Brody’s method. Results showed that using the successful experience of Asian countries can help us to proceed in solving our educational problems based on other countries’ solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - A Comparative Study of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s View on Early Childhood Education
Shahla Hosseini mohamad hossin heidari zohreh saadatmandThe purpose of this study is to compare the Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s View in the field of early childhood education. This qualitative research utilized a transcendental analytic method. The study field, all the national and international written and non-wr MoreThe purpose of this study is to compare the Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s View in the field of early childhood education. This qualitative research utilized a transcendental analytic method. The study field, all the national and international written and non-written references in the field of the research’s subject. For selecting the sample among the existing references and documents, theoretical sampling method was used. Also, electronic note taking was used for gathering the data. Data analysis was conducted by qualitative content analysis with deductive categorical system type and in three stages of open, central and selective coding. Results of the research suggested the presence of high similarities between the views of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi. Emphasis on comprehensive growth of children, integrative organization of curriculum, utilizing various learning activities, considering individual differences between children, using active teaching methods, and employing alternative or original assessment methods are among the most important similarities between these two views. However, there are some differences between the views of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi on curriculum, including goal, teaching methods, teacher’s role and assessment methods. Finally, the most important implications of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s views on pre-school education were discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - A comparative study of the types and functions of symbols in the mystical stories of Avicenna and Suhrawardi
masoumeh rohanifard Hamid alikordkalaiiThe mystical expression of mystical concepts has been the trick of mystics and mystics to convey and instill their purpose to others. The use of symbol in Persian literary fiction, and especially in the field of Sufi literature, has been a tool for concealing the deep m MoreThe mystical expression of mystical concepts has been the trick of mystics and mystics to convey and instill their purpose to others. The use of symbol in Persian literary fiction, and especially in the field of Sufi literature, has been a tool for concealing the deep mystical implications that in most cases should be avoided in understanding the ignorant in this field. The use of symbolism in works that are narrated in the form of stories creates an allegorical narrative that the stories of Avicenna and Suhrawardi can be considered as a clear example. The present study attempts to describe the types and functions of the symbol in the stories of these two philosophers who had mystical tendencies in an analytical descriptive way; Examine in a comparative way. What is clear from the present study is that the symbolism in Suhrawardi's stories is much more complex and personal than in Avicenna 's. On the other hand, Suhrawardi has used more symbolic or covenant symbols than Ibn Sina. He uses traditional (general) symbols, most of which originate from ancient Iranian mythology, and uses them as situational symbols in his mystical works. As a result, the network of symbols that make up the allegorical narrative is very nested and complex. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Analysis of Mystical Discourse of Disciple's Behavior in Masnavi Based on Fairclough’s Model
Farajullah Nakhaei Sarv Hadi Heydarnia Azizullah Tavakkoli KafiabadiCritical discourse analysis is a branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between text and the production of ideology. In his proposed model for text analysis, Norman Fairclough considers three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. The pres MoreCritical discourse analysis is a branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between text and the production of ideology. In his proposed model for text analysis, Norman Fairclough considers three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. The present article tries to examine Rumi's view on the stages of mystical journey through descriptive-analytical method. At the level of description, this study examined the use of nuclear words and semantic lexical relations and processes in Masnavi. At the level of interpretation of discourses of abandonment, the superiority of discovery and intuition, the denial of partial reason and the gradual nature of behavior and the need to obey the guide were identified as dominant discourses. At the level of explanation, it was concluded that Rumi reproduced the dominant discourses of his time in this regard and his view in this regard is in line with the prevailing ideology of his time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Comparative Comparison of Strategic Thinking in the Management and Planning of Universities Inside and Outside the Country
Mahya Papari Yadollah Mehralizadeh Seyed Masoud Seyyedi Mohammad Hossein pour -
Open Access Article
35 - A Comparative Study of Housing Planning in the Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans of Iran and Measuring their Efficiency Using the TOPSIS Model
Mohammad Mehrad Doughaei Mohammad Mahdinia Maryam Daneshvar -
Open Access Article
36 - A Comparative Study of the Role of Integrated Urban Management in Local Economic Development: A Case Study of Iran and South Africa
foad Sahabi toktam Hanaei -
Open Access Article
37 - A Comparative Study of Story Elements in Saadee's Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold
Mostafa Khodayari Zakiyeh DehnamakiSaadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have t MoreSaadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have tried to create works like Golestan, but non of them have been to compete seriously with Golestan. Majd Khafie's a famous poet and theosophist of eight centuries is one of the many who when created Roze Khold, joined the group of Golestan imitators and even over pass them. His book is one of the very similar copies of Golestan which is copied from Golestan. In this article, the concepts of story, tale and anecdote are defined and their differences are explained. Later, the authors have compared and contrasted language, style, characters, messages and other elements of stories of Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold. Through doing a comprehensive comparison and contrast of these two works next to using a documentary and library research, a significant, scientific and research based article is produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Comparative study of normative ethics theories of contemporary thinkers from the intellectual perspective (Allameh Misbah Yazdi and Dr. Hadi Sadeghi)
shabnam bahrami ali balvardiNormative ethics is a type of ethical studies and investigations, the use of which is to present a reasonable theory about the voluntary actions of humans, and in this field, there are various theories that have fundamental problems, and the existence of these problems MoreNormative ethics is a type of ethical studies and investigations, the use of which is to present a reasonable theory about the voluntary actions of humans, and in this field, there are various theories that have fundamental problems, and the existence of these problems makes it necessary to achieve a distinct and comprehensive theory. Now the ideas of contemporary thinkers are also used in the field of normative ethics. In this research, after a brief reference to the main components and characteristics of contemporary moral theories (Allameh Mohammad Taghi Misbah Yazdi and Dr. Hadi Sadeghi), two viewpoints have been compared. Misbah Yazdi's moral theory is based on "proximity". This theory is based on the real relationship between human action and free will and the real effects resulting from it, which tells about the cause and effect relationships between the action and the result, and according to their combined view, reason determines the general principles of ethics, but for defining and explaining and Determining the examples considers the need for revelation necessary. But in the theory of "Ethical Integrity" attention is paid to the differences and capacities of people and groups in moral affairs, and they make moral recommendations based on their scope and appropriateness. Among the features of this theory, it can be mentioned that it is trans-religious, non-combination, proportionalism, etc. This research is written based on descriptive and analytical method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - comparative study of bilingual education in educational systems((Case study: Iran, USA and Australia
javad jahandidehLanguage is one of the important cultural issues that there are different views on it in different cultures. Examining intercultural similarities and differences can help to better understand cultures. Educational institutions in societies, as influential elements in cu MoreLanguage is one of the important cultural issues that there are different views on it in different cultures. Examining intercultural similarities and differences can help to better understand cultures. Educational institutions in societies, as influential elements in culture, are directly or indirectly affected by this issue. The purpose of this article was to identify and compare the similarities and differences between bilingual education in Iran and the United States and Australia. This research is a documentary study with an analytical-comparative approach based on comparative analysis based on "Berdy" method. Research data has been collected through official databases, library documents, research reports and searches on the websites of the Ministry of Education of the countries under study. The research population has been bilingual education activities in selected countries. In this study, countries were purposefully selected. The findings show that bilingual education is more or less present in all three countries, but the United States has officially started bilingual education earlier than Australia and Iran. The findings also showed that all the countries studied have programs for bilingual education, but the difference between them is that some countries such as the United States and Australia have several programs (transitional, immersion and two-way) for bilingual education, but Iran uses only structured immersion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - A comparative study of development material culture between Europe & Iran in the Safavied period
alireza karimiThe development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have also pay atten MoreThe development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have also pay attention to it with this approach and analytical method and we have tried to answer to some of questions about the causes of undevelopment In the field of trade in Iran. Progress and development in every country there have had total cultural immersion with the culture of development. The safavids in Iran came to power coincided with the start of development in Europe and they were attempts to revive the ancient Iranian authority. The safavids welcomed political and military reasons from arrival of Europeans in Iran. But the Safavids never used from this opportunity for to know the material culture of develop in Europe. Iranians did not follow Europeans in the field of trade and its industries such as waterways and land roads, money, navigation, freedom of trade and commercial corporations. Safavids Despite extensive relations established with Europe and Europeans, they did not adopt No element of material culture of development in Europe .In this article we have tried to review the material culture development in Europe and to compare that with the situation of Iran in the Safavids period. Manuscript profile -
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41 - A Comparative Study of the Relationship between Teacher's Social Capital and Their Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment among the Employed and Hired Teachers of Maragheh during the Academic Year 1388-89.
Siroos Fakhraie Mehdi AsadiThe aim of this research is to make a comparative investigation on the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction and operational commitment of employed and hired teachers. Social capital, and job satisfaction and organizational commitment are of great im MoreThe aim of this research is to make a comparative investigation on the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction and operational commitment of employed and hired teachers. Social capital, and job satisfaction and organizational commitment are of great importance in development and social welfare. The study is of survey type and the research instrument is a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 250 employed and hired teachers of Maragheh during the academic during the academic year 1388-89 by simple and stratified random sampling. The independent variable of the research is social capital and its dimensions, and the dependent variables are job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The obtained results shows a significant difference between the mentioned variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - A Comparative Study on the Theoretical Foundations, Objectives and Practices of Compensation in Civil Liability; in Iranian, French and British Laws
Ahmad Mirzaei Garmi Alireza Lotfi Dodaran Mozaffar BashokouhThe most important purpose of civil liability is compensation, but examining the theoretical underpinnings of compensation is the introduction to the discussion of compensation for loss. However, the principle of bindingness for compensation, as one of the fundamental p MoreThe most important purpose of civil liability is compensation, but examining the theoretical underpinnings of compensation is the introduction to the discussion of compensation for loss. However, the principle of bindingness for compensation, as one of the fundamental principles of civil liability law, has been accepted in Iranian law by some jurists and legal systems, including France and the United Kingdom. However, each of the aforementioned legal systems has adopted different approaches to achieving such a goal. On the contrary, the Iranian legislator did not have a clever and systematic view of civil liability and its objectives, and has not established a coherent system, so that neither the conventional theories nor the judicial procedures in Iranian civil liability law are in line with nature of compensation. Therefore, in this article, in a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, theoretical foundations, goals and methods of compensation are reviewed, to help establishing a proper civil liability system and remedy legal gaps in the proper implementation of the provisions on compensation in Iranian legal system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Comparative Study of Nullity Theory of Moghareseh Contract
Moein Farzaneh Ali TavalaeiContracts related to the agricultural sector in Islamic Jurisprudence allocate considerable part of the juridical issues. Identifying different kinds of contracts related to the ground to obtain the product, checking the legitimacy of the principles of the contracts and MoreContracts related to the agricultural sector in Islamic Jurisprudence allocate considerable part of the juridical issues. Identifying different kinds of contracts related to the ground to obtain the product, checking the legitimacy of the principles of the contracts and specifying its bases and influences are essential prerequisites to ordain favorable rules in the Islamic societies and especially in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also different contracts about agriculture and injecting them to the banking system will motivate people to increase their activity in this section. One of the contracts is Mogharasah which in the viewpoint of most Shiite and Sunni scholars from the past till now is invalid. Shiite scholars know that invalid because it is Toghifi and Qarar. Sunni scholars know it as one of the certain contracts such as Bey and Ejare and invalid Mosaqat. In this comparative study on the contract and determining its nature and its different forms, we will examine the reasons that show it invalid. The result of the study is that Mogharaseh is an independent contract that would be legitimate by observing general rules of contracts. Also legitimization of this contract by Bey and Ejare and Solh is valid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - A Comparative Study of Literature Course Syllabus at High Schools in Iran and Six European Counteries
Mohammad Rahmanpour Mohammadreza NiliThe present research was a comparative study of literature course syllabus at high schools in Iran and six European counteries. It was a qualitative research in which the content analysis of documents and survey was conducted. The data were collected through examining t MoreThe present research was a comparative study of literature course syllabus at high schools in Iran and six European counteries. It was a qualitative research in which the content analysis of documents and survey was conducted. The data were collected through examining the documents related to the course syllabuse of different covnteries and semi-structured interviews. Regarding the content analysis of the documents, Beredy's proposed was used and for the survey, 15 Iranian experts in Literature were interviewed. The collected data were first summarized in tables and then analyzed. The results showed that the Literature course syllabus in our country is richer in content and approaches as compared to other countries. Moreover, it was found that the literature course syllabus in our country fosters optimal capabilities in students, among which are the ability to understand and interpret, and literary Knowledge. However, communicative skills and information processing skills, as one of the most important skills needed in today`s world, were overlooked, which need to be more emphasized. The other results of the study indicate that the literature course syllabus is challenging in terms of content and teaching method, which needs to be minimized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Performance Comparison of CCR -AP Modeling Techniques in a Single Space data with Conventional Multi-Criteria Approach (Case Study: Medical Health services in Western Azarbaijan)
farhad barandak Hamed Abdolahi Fardin Ghasemzadeh hadi KarimiPlanning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations MorePlanning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations and challenges. There are also procedures to select the appropriate method. Of course, sometimes these procedures are instrumental to remove techniques (to choose the technique). In the present study methodology, comparative located techniques of usual multi-criteria optimization (-that has diverse and many applications in research-) with approach DEA-AP. To use the technique DEA / AP introduction of inputs and outputs is necessary. In the present study, DEA has been modeled in continuous space. Thus, is intended all indicators decision matrix, as output data envelopment analysis models and each of the options of the matrix as a decision-making unit (DMU). The results of this test shows the CCR-AP modeling techniques in a single space has a positive correlation with attribute data with conventional techniques (TOPSIS, VIKOR, PRPMRTHEE and SAW). The correlation in most of its value, is evaluated compared with TOPSIS technique. Manuscript profile -
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46 - Comparing Comenius´ educational thoughts with the document of the fundamental educational transformation of Iran
Alireza Dehghani seyyed hashem golestani seyyed hossein vaezi zohreh saadatmand -
Open Access Article
47 - A Comparative Study on the Historical Development of “ra” in Persian and Mazandarani
Hassan BashirnezhadThe syntactic marker "ra" in Persian and some Iranian languages was discussed in various sources from different viewpoints. Some linguists have studied the historical development of this marker from ancient Persian to the present day. Mazandarani is an Iranian varnacula MoreThe syntactic marker "ra" in Persian and some Iranian languages was discussed in various sources from different viewpoints. Some linguists have studied the historical development of this marker from ancient Persian to the present day. Mazandarani is an Iranian varnacular which has retained many lexical and syntactic features of medieval and even ancient Iranian languages. In this article, the syntactic behavior of “ra” as a function marker of noun has been investigated and then, various functions of “ra” in contemporary Mazandarani have been compared with its historical development in Persian. Research data have been extracted from some old and new written sources of Mazandarani as well as through the field method from some Mazandarani native speakers or the author's linguistic knowledge as a native speaker of that area. A survey on data from Mazandarani dialect, shows that today, “ra” is used as a direct object marker, indirect object marker, and dative marker in this language. Syntactic behavior of "ra" in Mazandarani, as an Iranian language, confirms the existing theory about the historical development of "ra" in Persian. However, in many cases today, in Mazanderani, (ĵā-) and its various forms have been replaced for “ra” as indirect object marker and “ra” is less frequently used as dative marker. So it can be predicted that in recent future, “ra” will be stabilized as direct object marker. Manuscript profile -
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48 - Comparative study of concrete structures designing based on the Standard 2800 fourth edition and regulation ASCE/SEI 7-16
Sasan Ghoflgar Ghasemi saeid javaherzadehExamining the results of calculation and designing of buildings bases on earthquake regulation is very important due to locating of Iran on earthquake belt. Standard 2800 fourth edition is currently the latest regulation of building designing against earthquake issued b MoreExamining the results of calculation and designing of buildings bases on earthquake regulation is very important due to locating of Iran on earthquake belt. Standard 2800 fourth edition is currently the latest regulation of building designing against earthquake issued by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Planning for designing of buildings. This regulation depicts the national determination and the government plans for reduction of the damages resultant from earthquake.In order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of our country's law and to improve the defects in subsequent versions of the law, we compared the results of designing buildings according to Iran's rules and ASCE / SEI 7-16. In this paper concrete buildings 7 and 8 The height between the floors of 20.3 m and in two types of terrain II and III by Etabs 2016 software have been examined based on the two regulations. Based on studies carried out in accordance with the ASCE / SEI Regulations 7-16 in Iran, the use of a medium-ductile bending frame is not permissible, and the effects of the vertical load of the earthquake should be reconsidered, and it is suggested that the relative deformation for Categorize different individual hazards Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - A comparative study of the process of legislation the constitution in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and the Great French Revolution
Ghasem GharibThe autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a p MoreThe autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - مطالعه مقایسهای عملکرد بلدرچینهای ژاپنی (Coturnix coturnix japonica) پرورش یافته روی سیستم بستر و قفس در منطقه سیلهت بنگلادش
آ. رازی آ.اس.م. محبوب م.ی. میاه م.ر. حسنس م.کا. حسن م.ن. اودین اس.آ. بلالتعداد 66 بلدرچین ژاپنی یکروزه در دو تیمار (هرکدام با 33 بلدرچین) و سه تکرار در هر تیمار با 11 پرنده در هر تکرار (5 نر و 6 ماده) در سیستم­های بستر و قفس به مدت 5 هفته و با هدف بررسی اثر سیستم پرورش روی عملکرد رشد و خصوصیات لاشه پرورش داده شدند. در 35 روزگی متوسط وزن Moreتعداد 66 بلدرچین ژاپنی یکروزه در دو تیمار (هرکدام با 33 بلدرچین) و سه تکرار در هر تیمار با 11 پرنده در هر تکرار (5 نر و 6 ماده) در سیستم­های بستر و قفس به مدت 5 هفته و با هدف بررسی اثر سیستم پرورش روی عملکرد رشد و خصوصیات لاشه پرورش داده شدند. در 35 روزگی متوسط وزن بدن و مصرف خوراک در قفس به ترتیب برابر با 15/102 و 7/320 گرم به ازای هر بلدرچین بوده و در سیستم بستر به ترتیب برابر با 41/78 و 02/146 گرم به ازای هر بلدرچین بوده است. ضریب تبدیل خوراک (FCR) در پایان دوره برای سیستم­های قفس و بستر به ترتیب برابر با 89/3 و 10/4 بوده است (01/0>P). وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک و FCR در سیستم­های بستر و قفس تفاوت معنی­داری داشتند (01/0>P). قابلیت بقا در سن 21 و 35 روزگی برای قفس به ترتیب برابر با 72/72 و 72/72 درصد بوده و برای بستر به ترتیب برابر با 63/63 و 60/60 درصد بوده است. بنابراین قابلیت بقاء در سیستم قفس بالاتر بوده است. خصوصیات تولید گوشت، متوسط وزن سینه، ران، بال و پا به ترتیب 92/20، 37/7، 42/5 و 72/5 گرم در سیستم قفس و 84/20، 35/7، 39/5 و 63/5 گرم در سیستم بستر بوده است. هیچ تفاوت معنی­داری بین متوسط وزن سینه، ران و پا بین دو سیستم پرورش مشاهده نشد. از دیدگاه توسط جنس، وزن بال بین دو جنس تفاوت داشته است. نتیجه­گیری می­شود که بلدرچین­های پرورش یافته در سیستم قفس، عملکرد بهتری در مقایسه با سیستم پرورش روی بستر داشتند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - A Comparative Study of Individual Ethics and Country Administration Teachings of Qabus nameh and Siyāsatnāmeh
Hosein ArianDidactic literature has a long history in Iranian literature. The purpose of didactic works is to educate and train the ethical issues and matters to promote the morality of the audience. Qaboos nameh written by Onsor al-Maali and Siyāsatnāmeh by Khawaja Nizam al-Molk T MoreDidactic literature has a long history in Iranian literature. The purpose of didactic works is to educate and train the ethical issues and matters to promote the morality of the audience. Qaboos nameh written by Onsor al-Maali and Siyāsatnāmeh by Khawaja Nizam al-Molk Tusi respectively, both belong to the fifth century AH, are part of the didactic literature. With its comparative approach, this article tries to analyse the educational teachings of both texts in two fields, i.e. the field of teachings politics and governing, and the field of the individual ethics. The study intends to answer the question of whether there is a difference between these teachings in both of these literary. The result shows that while not neglecting the teachings of politics and civilization, Qaboos nameh focuses more on the teachings of individual ethics. In contrast, Siyāsatnāmeh places more emphasis on the author's purpose in dealing with the politics and governing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Comparative study on medium-time 5 year municipal plans, Case study: Qom and Johannesburg metropolises
mohsen askari mahmood rahimiTheoretical analysis and measuring capability of urban planning systems in various countries with comparative research methods, have good outcomes for cities. The goal of this study is to analyze the structure of forming and the content of five years of municipality&rsq MoreTheoretical analysis and measuring capability of urban planning systems in various countries with comparative research methods, have good outcomes for cities. The goal of this study is to analyze the structure of forming and the content of five years of municipality’s plans in Iran and other countries with same usage of these plans. The methodology of research is based on process-oriented evaluation and also studying application basis of these plans with each other. This study has used mentioned approaches and with review of main and supplementary approved plans, focuses on five year municipal plans of the Qom metropolis in Iran and integrated development plan of Johannesburg (IDP) in South Africa as a case study. The finding of this study indicated the qualitative distance between these two kinds of the planning system in Iran with an African country which has unique characters like urban poor’s. Integration of urban plans and urban management system, having a simultaneous view to quantity indexes and quality of plans with Performance management system are the most important advantages of Johannesburg to Qom metropolis in this area of medium-time planning. Furthermore, weakness of content in comparison with structure form of plans is Sensible in Iranian case. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - A Comparative Study of Spending Leisure Time among the Youth in Somaesara City (A case study: boy and girl students at high school level)
akbar motamedimehr maryam vaghef koodehiOne of the most important aspects of human life that has gained special value and attention in human societies is leisure time. So, there should be a systematic and principled planning for the youth that are the fundamental and primary capitals in each society. Regardin MoreOne of the most important aspects of human life that has gained special value and attention in human societies is leisure time. So, there should be a systematic and principled planning for the youth that are the fundamental and primary capitals in each society. Regarding the significance of leisure and its potentially cultural and social advantages to the youth, especially young students, the present research has been conducted to study leisure time comparatively among boy and girl students at high school level in Somaesara. Since the research is conducted to study the present situation, the method used is descriptive-analytic through field study. The subjects of study are boy and girl students at high school level in 88-89 educational year. Data collection is done through researcher-made questionnaire. Based on random sampling, 360students are selected according to Morgan table. To analyze the data and explore the results, hypothesis testing is employed through inferential-descriptive statistics by the help of SPSS and EXCEL softwares. Based on the results reached, there is a significant difference among boy and girl students in their leisure time. This difference gets highlighted in summer. Similarly, the dire shortage of leisure facilities in Somaesara proven by the students’ needs and desires indicates that there is a no relation between the needs and leisure time creation. One hypothesis is proven with significance level of 0.05. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - چگونه دیدگاه دانشجویان نسبت به عوامل آموزشی بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری تاثیر می گذارد؟ رویکرد تطبیقی
مهتاب پورآتشی چانگ زومطالعه تطبیقی حاضر با هدف بررسی انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری دانشجویان کشاورزی انجام شد و به مطالعه تاثیر دیدگاه دانشجویان نسبت به عوامل آموزشی بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری پرداخت. جامعه آماری مطالعه را دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران (ایران) و دانشگاه گنت Moreمطالعه تطبیقی حاضر با هدف بررسی انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری دانشجویان کشاورزی انجام شد و به مطالعه تاثیر دیدگاه دانشجویان نسبت به عوامل آموزشی بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری پرداخت. جامعه آماری مطالعه را دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران (ایران) و دانشگاه گنت (بلژیک) تشکیل دادند. نمونه­ای شامل 89 دانشجوی دانشگاه تهران و 85 دانشجوی گنت با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند و در این مطالعه شرکت کردند. ابزار مطالعه پرسشنامه­ای مشتمل بر بخش­های ویژگی­های فردی، دیدگاه نسبت به عوامل آموزشی، انگیزه پیشرفت، و رویکردهای یادگیری بود. روایی و پایایی ابزار از طریق نظرات تعدادی از استادان و محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ تایید شد. براساس یافته­ها، تفاوت معنی­داری بین دو گروه (دانشجویان ایرانی و فلاندرز) در خصوص انگیزه پیشرفت درونی مشاهده نشد، در حالی که دو گروه در انگیزه پیشرفت بیرونی تفاوت معنی­داری نشان دادند. همچنین، تفاوت معنی­داری بین دو گروه مورد مطالعه در زمینه رویکردهای عمیق یادگیری مشاهده شد. این مطالعه نشان داد که تفاوت­ها و شباهت­هایی بین عوامل موثر بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری دانشجویان کشاورزی در بافت­های متفاوت وجود دارد. بر اساس یافته­ها، نتیجه­گیری صورت گرفت و پیشنهادهایی ارایه شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - A comparative evaluation of objectives, missions and plans of national information and documentation centers in Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
Noroozi Chakoli AbdolrezaThe comparison of missions and plans of organizations that are led by the same ministry and have similar objectives can result in optimizing their objectives and missions and preventing composition of similar programs and performance of overlapping activities. At the cu MoreThe comparison of missions and plans of organizations that are led by the same ministry and have similar objectives can result in optimizing their objectives and missions and preventing composition of similar programs and performance of overlapping activities. At the current study, thus, objectives, missions and plans of 'Regional Information Center of Science and Technology' (RICST), 'Iranian Information and Documentation Center' (IRANDOC) and 'Iranian Research Organization of Science and Technology; Office for Information Technology and Scientific Network' (IROST) have been studied and compared. To accomplish this research, "Multiple Case Study Method" has been used. Furthermore, "Survey", "Historical" and "Library" methods have employed to conduct "Multiple Case Study Method". Considering the fact that it is possible to use both quantitative and qualitative data in "Multiple Case Study Method", both types of mentioned data have been used at the present research. Besides, "comparative method" has been used to analyze data. The results of both quantitative and qualitative findings reveal that in spite of having corresponding objectives and missions with objectives and missions of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, these three centers consider revising and updating their overlapping objectives and missions as a necessity. However, this revision should not result in the integration, omission or suspension of any of their activities and must only lead to optimization of their objectives and missions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Topicalization in English Translation of the Holy Quran: A Comparative Study
Soheila Mohammadpour Jahanbakhsh Nikoopour -
Open Access Article
57 - Mithraism and Yazidism: A Comparative Study
مصطفی دماوندی سامان رحمان زادهYazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, t MoreYazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, the similarities of two religions are discussed, and yet it seems necessary to investigate more about their history and geographical distributions. Close scrutiny shows more similarities in their rites (prayer, fasting and pilgrimage), beliefs (mysticism, seven hierarchies of mystic journey, trinity of gods and the role of the Satan), myths (the birth of Mithra and Yazid-ibn-Mosafer, totems like rooster, cow, snake, dog and scorpion) and ceremonies (Mehrgan festival, the birth of Mithra, Feast of the Assembly). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - A comparative comparison of think tanks in Obama and Trump's decision-making towards Iran
Reza Haghshenas Gorgabi Hossein Ahmadi Mohammadali basiriThe think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward MoreThe think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward Iran during the Obama and Trump presidencies. The change in decision-making was due to the change of think tanks during the two presidents. What was the role of think tanks in the decision-making of Obama's and Trump's foreign policy apparatus towards the I.R.Iran? The think tanks with the intellectual and executive elites and the formulation of foreign policy and the design of various scenarios have focused on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus towards Iran during the Obama and Trump eras. Through negotiations, Obama signed JCPOA, which sought to reduce related sanctions. Trump left JCPOA. Obama agreed with JCPOA the negotiation scenario that originated from the think tanks and Trump with JCPOA with the scenario of pressure and sanctions of the think tanks. This change in scenario was due to the shift of think tanks from moderate to neoconservative and extremist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of think tanks on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus and use it to adopt a counter-strategy against US policies towards Iran. using the Obama approved think tank comparison method, chose the negotiation approach and Trump chose sanctions and pressure. This research, analytical method and library tools have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - A Comparative Study and Examination of the Views of Faculty Members and Students Regarding the Doctoral Comprehensive Exam
Mohammad Ghafari MejlejPassing the comprehensive exam is one of the usual and at the same time relatively unexamined conditions in doctoral education in Iran. This article examines the comprehensive examination from the point of view of faculty members and students in the Faculty of Education MorePassing the comprehensive exam is one of the usual and at the same time relatively unexamined conditions in doctoral education in Iran. This article examines the comprehensive examination from the point of view of faculty members and students in the Faculty of Educational Sciences of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. The current research is an applied research in a descriptive and comparative manner, which was carried out in 2013, by examining 20 articles between 2013 and 2014. It was found that in addition to the traditional function of the test as a gateway to obtaining a doctorate degree, other goals have also been formed. Conflicting opinions have been raised about whether this test is designed to assess the mastery of material required for teaching or to assess the degree of preparation for conducting doctoral research. Using the comprehensive exam as an opportunity for learning and as a tool for identity formation, including familiarizing students with the pressures of university life, was also contrary to the traditional practice of its evaluation. Although the students were aware of the discussions related to the design and formation of the test, the objectives of the comprehensive test remained unclear to them. Additionally, faculty members did not always agree on the goals of the comprehensive exam. The difference in perspective and how it affects the implementation of the comprehensive test affects the student experience, including test preparation. In this article, the consequences related to the implementation, preparation and evaluation of the test are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - A Comparative Study of the Novel " The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange " and " The Memories of the Body " Based on Jacques Lacan's Theory
Faezeh Arab Yussef Abadi Tayyebeh Koochek Zehi Sorayya Issa ZaeeAbstract The novels: The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange by Reza Kazemi and The Memories of Body by Ahlam Mostagnami, although incongruous in form, are fundamentally interrelated, as evinced in shares views of bot MoreAbstract The novels: The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange by Reza Kazemi and The Memories of Body by Ahlam Mostagnami, although incongruous in form, are fundamentally interrelated, as evinced in shares views of both authors in mixing love and saga. The aim of this research is to draw a comparison between these two works in an attempt to portray the unity of contemporary human demands and the consistency of life issues in the present era. To this purpose, a descriptive analytical method along with library method have been adopted. The objective of the present research is to explore the main characters of these two novels from a psychoanalytical perspective based on American school of comparative literature and Jacqueline Lacan's three psychoanalytic orders. The results suggest that the process of emotional development of the main character in both works follows three stages. The imaginary stage starts in the pre-war era, which is manifested in the form of love for mother and maternal archetype of the motherland that are interwoven. Following the war and martyrdom of the loved ones, they are brought into symbolic stage. In adulthood, these issues arouse a feeling of loss and endless desire, which is partially healed by displaying love to a woman. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Political and Cultural Aspects of International Scientific Collaboration in National Science and Technology Plans of Selected Countries
seyed abdolhamid mirhosaini hosain mohamadi dostdarPolitical and cultural aspects of international science and technology collaboration may be understood through exploring the concept of ‘science diplomacy’. Regardless of the mainstream conceptions of this term, it can be viewed from the perspective of domin MorePolitical and cultural aspects of international science and technology collaboration may be understood through exploring the concept of ‘science diplomacy’. Regardless of the mainstream conceptions of this term, it can be viewed from the perspective of dominance and resistance. From such a perspective, science diplomacy refers to attempts at exploiting scientific involvements to influence countries which deny other types of influence, on the one hand, and awareness of such attempts and resistance against them, on the other. The present study investigates aspects of such a conception of science diplomacy in national science and technology policy documents of different countries. The bulk of data in this research comprises the full text of macro science and technology plans of 34 countries in five continents. The qualitative content analysis of these documents reveals seven major themes: vague and wordy goal setting; over-focusing on science and technology import; purposeful priority setting in selecting collaborators; consideration of legal and organizational structures; cultural and political aims beyond mere science; inviting fellow national experts residing abroad; leadership in international science and technology trends; and independent priority setting in determining focal scientific areas. Awareness and consideration of these issues can bear significant messages for science and technology decision makers and administrators and may provide insights on the strengths and weaknesses of current national policies in this regard, especially in the context of growing international interactions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Comparing Different Methodologies Used To Ensure the Security of RFID Credit Card: A Comparative Analysis
Rohit Sharma Anuj Kumar Agarwal P.K Singh -
Open Access Article
63 - A Comparative Study of Islam and Divid Vikart’s View on Early Childhood Education
محمدحسین Heydari Sh Hosseini زهره SaadatmandAbstractIncreasing number of applicants for early childhood education, the need for working parents and the need of society, and solving existing problems in childhood education demonstrate the necessity of providing quality and rich programs in this course. For this re MoreAbstractIncreasing number of applicants for early childhood education, the need for working parents and the need of society, and solving existing problems in childhood education demonstrate the necessity of providing quality and rich programs in this course. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to compare the teachings of Islam and Divid Vikart in the field of early childhood education. This qualitative research utilized a transcendental analytic method. In the findings section, first, through coding, the content of ViKart’s works were analyzed, through which concepts such as education and learning based on growth, active learning, applying the problem solving method, all-round growth, observational measurement, and having a relationship between home and school were identified. About the education of preschool children, in Islamic teachings too, some concepts, such as Islamic-based education, the development of thinking skills, interaction of the home, society and preschool centers, alternative measurements (real), child-centered, the development of national children's identities, attention to differences, the decentralized curriculum and all-round education were identified and introduced. Through reviewing the Codified concepts, the similarities and differences between the views of Islam and Vikart were appeared in the field of early childhood education. As a result, according to the findings, it is expected that, in line with the effectiveness of early childhood education programs and the growth and development of children, from the findings of this research can be used in order to insight into the goals, content, principles, methods and the manner of evaluation of early childhood education. Manuscript profile
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