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Open Access Article
1 - Biological Contamination and Physicochemical Quality of Swimming Pools Water
Elham Damani Rezvaneh Javanmard Parisa Sharifzadeh Ali khosroshiri Nasrin RezaeiBackground and Objectives: Health perspective, swimming pools must have appropriate physical, chemical, and microbial properties and must be desirably maintained. In this research, physicochemical parameters, microbial, and fungal contamination of swimming pools have be MoreBackground and Objectives: Health perspective, swimming pools must have appropriate physical, chemical, and microbial properties and must be desirably maintained. In this research, physicochemical parameters, microbial, and fungal contamination of swimming pools have been examinedMaterials and methods: In this study, 11 active covered swimming pools were sampled as census. samples were, This cross-sectional study was carried out. Microbial, and fungal contamination and temperature, free residual chlorine, turbidity, oxidation and revival parameters were measured. analyzed with software SPSS V16 was used for statistical analysis.Results: The results showed that out of 27 water samples taken from the pools of Zahedan city in terms of the frequency of parasitic infection, no parasitic samples including worm eggs, trophozoites or intestinal protozoa of pathogenic and non-pathogenic intestinal protozoa were observed. Parasitic and fungal pathogens and the amount of physicochemical factors in the water of the pools were studied, which could be due to the knowledge and attitude of pool managers and managers to the importance of pool water quality to ensure the health of swimmers and monitoring to improve pool water quality (including proper chlorination).Conclusion: The results indicate the It is recommended to continuously disinfect the surrounding environment including the pools platforms. The overuse of chlorine will had a negative impact on the other parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The effect of a course of aerobic exercise with stem cells on some genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis of azoospermic rats
Sahar Koochaki Hajar Abbaszadeh parvin farzanegiIntroduction: Spermatogenesis is highly dependent on energy metabolism and spermatogenesis is very sensitive to compounds that interfere with mitochondrial energy metabolism and cellular respiration control. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of ex MoreIntroduction: Spermatogenesis is highly dependent on energy metabolism and spermatogenesis is very sensitive to compounds that interfere with mitochondrial energy metabolism and cellular respiration control. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of exercise activity along with stem cells on the expression of some effective genes in mitochondrial biogenesis in azoospermic rats with busulfan.Methods: In this experimental study, 30 8-week-old rats were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups after induction of the azoospermia model. Healthy, sham, azoospermia, azoospermia+exercise, azoospermia+cell group, and azoospermia+cell+exercise group were divided. One month after the creation of the model, one million stem cells were transplanted once into the vas deferens of each mouse. Swimming training was done daily for 30 minutes a day and 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Genes were measured by Real time-PCR method. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. All calculations were done using SPSS/23 statistical software and at a significant level of P≤0.05.Findings: The results showed that the induction of the azoospermia model caused a decrease in the expression of SIRT1 and AMPK genes in testicular tissue, and that exercise combined with cell therapy increased the expression of SIRT1 and AMPK genes in testicular tissue in azoospermic model rats.Conclusion: In general, the results of the current research indicate that regular aerobic exercise such as low-intensity swimming helps in controlling the effects of infertility diseases through the maintenance and development of mitochondrial biogenesis in improving the spermatogenesis process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Aquatic Exercise Combination as A Safe- Efficient Therapeutic Strategy to ameliorate Interleukin-6 and 10, and social interaction in Children with Autism
Fahimeh AdibSaber Soleyman Ansari Kolachahi Alireza Elmieh Akbar Allahyari Karnagh Babak Barkadehi -
Open Access Article
4 - The effect of swimming exercise and hesperidin on hippocampal cell damage after pentylenetetrazol induced prenatal seizures in rats
Samaneh Rafiei Shaghayegh Keshavarzi Mehdi Noura Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh -
Open Access Article
5 - The interactive effect of swimming training and vitamin D supplements on Bcl-2 gene expression in heart tissue of cadmium-poisoned rats
Amir Atefat Izadi Javid Ouji -
Open Access Article
6 - The effect of a course of forced swimming exercises with vitamin E on the histopathology of uterine tissue in endometriosis model rats
Shahrbano jaafari Hajar Abbaszadeh parvin farzanegi Leila zameniPurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of swimming exercises with vitamin E on the histopathology of uterine tissue in endometriosis model rats. Method: This study was of an experimental type, in which the number of 5 8-week-old fem MorePurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of swimming exercises with vitamin E on the histopathology of uterine tissue in endometriosis model rats. Method: This study was of an experimental type, in which the number of 5 8-week-old female Wistar rats after the induction of the model was randomly divided into 5 healthy control groups, endometriosis, endometriosis+ vitamin E, endometriosis+swimming, endometriosis+swimming+Vitamin E were divided. The amount of vitamin consumption was 200 mg/kg per body weight of each rat, and the swimming training program was for 8 weeks, five days a week, and every day for 30 minutes. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and uterine tissue samples were taken. Histological results obtained from uterine tissue samples were expressed descriptively with pictures. Findings: The results showed that in the rats of the endometriosis model, the cylindrical epithelium had completely disappeared and was only visible in some areas compared to the control group. On the other hand, in the vitamin and exercise groups, although the size of the cyst was reduced, the structure of the epithelium was not completely normal. However, blood sampling of the tissue was done well and vessels were visible around the tissue. On the other hand, it was observed that the light-colored areas indicated the induction of tissue death in the layers around the cyst, and these symptoms could be considered as a reason for the shrinking of the cyst size and its removal in the future. Conclusion: It seems that performing swimming exercises and taking vitamin E at the same time can help reduce tissue damage and improve the histopathological factors of uterine tissue in endometriosis model rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Analysis of the performance management model of swimming, diving and water polo federation
Reza Gaffari Seyad Ehsan Amirhosseini vali nowzariThe aim of the research was to analyze the performance management model of the swimming, diving and water polo federation. This research is practical in terms of purpose and the data was collected in the field and in a mixed way (qualitative and quantitative). The stati MoreThe aim of the research was to analyze the performance management model of the swimming, diving and water polo federation. This research is practical in terms of purpose and the data was collected in the field and in a mixed way (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population was 18 experts in the qualitative part and 18 experts in the quantitative part, managers and experts of swimming, diving and water polo federations and clubs of provincial and national leagues and the officials of the provincial boards of these fields, which were first randomly selected by stratification and then non-randomly available. 384 people were selected as samples. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 university sports management professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α=0.928). The findings showed that 39 indicators in the form of components of goals and strategy, statutes and regulations, capabilities and capacity of the federation, leadership and management, technical and specialized development of human resources, development of income generation and attraction of financial resources, organizational structure, development of interactions and communications, executive processes And the evaluation has an effect on the performance management of the swimming, diving and water polo federation. It can be said that technical and managerial empowerment and income stabilization will facilitate executive processes and help managers in achieving the goals and missions of the federation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation of quantity and quality of water in Saqqez Swimming pool
Ahmad Asl hashemiIntroduction: swimming pools As a recreational center and direct relevance of different human groups as a potential source of pollution, swimming pools (swimming pools)is a potential source of pollution, which in sound of lack of attention to health issues can be a sour MoreIntroduction: swimming pools As a recreational center and direct relevance of different human groups as a potential source of pollution, swimming pools (swimming pools)is a potential source of pollution, which in sound of lack of attention to health issues can be a source of transmission and outbreaks of bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases. so the present study was carried out to study the pools of pool.method: in this descriptive study of the active site of the saqqez city of 34 visitors and 34 sampling cases for کلرباقیمانده assay and pH of 15 and samples of microbial sampling were done randomly and with suitable culture medium to be tested on the samples. The amount of the remaining chlorine and the amount of water on the water were measured and recorded in a standard manner. the data were investigated using central inclination indices and person correlation coefficient.findings: all the items of کدورت were undesirable, and about 50 percent of the cases were favorable. On average, an average of 80 % of the safety points and swimmers average 60 % of their health points.Conclusion: pay attention to disinfection, water control, turbidity and pH reduce contamination microbial is effective, but disinfection is the only way of prevention of the landfill is not. Health behaviors, including showers of soap before entering the pool, are likely to be effective from the pool of Bashawy and the basic sanitation of the pool environment in Decrease pollutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Effects of Eight Weeks of Swimming Training and Chamomile Extract Administration on Serum Levels of Sex Hormones in Rats
iman fathi reza khalafzadeh poorya pasavand elaheh Karimizadeh Fard Sara Soltani NejadIntroduction: Nutrition and exercise are two effective factors in regulating the body's endocrine system. Due to the positive effects of sports activities and herbs on sex hormones, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of swimming training an MoreIntroduction: Nutrition and exercise are two effective factors in regulating the body's endocrine system. Due to the positive effects of sports activities and herbs on sex hormones, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of swimming training and chamomile extract consumption on serum levels of Luteinizing, Testosterone, and Follicle-Stimulating Hormones in male rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Sprague-dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into five groups consisting of eight rats. The groups include: (1) swimming training, (2) chamomile extract administration, (3) swimming training, and chamomile extract administration; (4) placebo; and (5) control. The swimming and the swimming plus chamomile extract administration groups had three session swimming trainings per week, each session lasted 60 seconds. Also, the swimming plus chamomile extract administration and the chamomile extract administration groups received (200 mg/kg body weight/day) chamomile extract peritoneally. Kolmogorov–Smirnov and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s Post-hoc tests were used to analyze the results (P≤0.05). Findings: Chamomile extract administration had significant effects on increasing testosterone levels (P=0.04). However, the effects of swimming training (P=0.79) and swimming plus chamomile extract administration (P=0.09) on testosterone levels were non-significant. Swimming training plus chamomile extract administration had significant effects on increasing serum levels of FSH (P=0.001), but only swimming training (P=0.89) and only chamomile extract administration (P=0.46) had no significant effects on serum levels of FSH. Also, none of the swimming training, chamomile extract administration, and swimming training plus chamomile extract administration had significant effects on LH serum levels. Conclusion: Although chamomile extract administration alone can increase testosterone serum levels, and simultaneously can improve FSH serum levels when used with swimming training, it seems that further study is required to confirm the interactive effects of chamomile consumption and swimming training. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Effect of Swimming Training and Trans-cinnamic Acid on Anxiety, Working Memory and Dark Neuron Density of Rat’s Offspring Hippocampus in Prenatal Seizure Model
Mohammad Ali Zarei Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini Mohammad Amin EdalatmaneshIntroduction: Perinatal seizure cause hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress in the fetal central nervous system. This study evaluates the effect of swimming training (ST) and trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) administration during pregnancy on anxiety, cel MoreIntroduction: Perinatal seizure cause hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress in the fetal central nervous system. This study evaluates the effect of swimming training (ST) and trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) administration during pregnancy on anxiety, cell damage and density of apoptic neurons in the neonatal hippocampus following penthylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced perinatal seizures. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, neonates from 25 Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 healthy control, PTZ+NS, PTZ+CIN, PTZ+ST and PTZ+CIN+ST groups. From embryonic day (ED) 14, the animals were treated with repeated PTZ administration (50 mg / kg, intra- peritoneally) for 5 consecutive days. During pregnancy, moderate intensity swimming (20 min, 3 sessions per week) and CIN gavage (100 mg/kg) were performed daily until term delivery. Anxiety-like behaviors and working memory were assessed with elevated plus maze and Y maze, respectively and dark neurons density was measured in the hippocampus of male neonate at postnatal day (PND) 30. Findings: Significant decrease in alteration behavior and increase in anxiety with high density of dark neuron in different areas of hippocampus were observed in the PTZ+NS group compared to the control group (p ˂ 0.05). On the other hand, in PTZ+CIN+ST group, in comparison with PTZ+NS group, a decrease in anxiety, amelioration of working memory deficit and a decrease in hippocampal dark neuron density were observed (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Interaction of swimming training with trans-cinnamic acid administration ameliorates cognitive-behavioral deficits and cell damage in the hippocampus of rats exposed to maternal seizures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The effect of eight weeks of cannabidiol oil consumption and swimming training on the expression of the anandamide (AEA) gene in heart tissue of rats suffering from myocardial infarction
Mostafa Safian Boldaji Khosro Jalali Dehkordi farzaneh TaghianIntroduction: The use of cannabidiol oil supplement can control cardiovascular risk factors. Exercise can also be effective in the rehabilitation of heart attack by strengthening the heart tissue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eig MoreIntroduction: The use of cannabidiol oil supplement can control cardiovascular risk factors. Exercise can also be effective in the rehabilitation of heart attack by strengthening the heart tissue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cannabidiol oil consumption and swimming exercise on the expression of AEA gene in heart tissue of rats suffering from myocardial infarction.Materials and methods: The present research was experimental. 25 rats with myocardial infarction were divided into five groups of 5 series: 1) healthy control, 2) MI, 3) MI + exercise, 4) MI + CBD, and 5) MI + exercise + CBD. Myocardial ischemia was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg intravenously) in myocardial infarction rats. The swimming training program was for eight weeks. The CBD supplement was given at a dose of 50 mg/kg during eight weeks. The data of the research was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p≥0.05). Findings: AEA in the MI group had a significant decrease compared to the healthy control group (p=0.01). Compared to the MI group, only the MI group + swimming + CBD supplement showed a significant increase in AEA (p=0.01). Compared to the MI group, only the MI+swimming+CBD supplement group showed a significant increase in AEA (p=0.01).Conclusion: Eight weeks of CBD oil consumption and swimming exercise can reduce heart tissue damage caused by isopretenol -induced myocardial infarction by increasing the expression of AEA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Effect of Swimming Training With Coriandrum Sativum Extract on Glycemic Indices in Diabetic Rats
Zahra Arvin Seyed Ali HosseiniShort Abstract Introduction:Exercises and nutrition regimen have a major portion in the reduction of diabetes induced complications such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyper- insulinemia.TheAim of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming MoreShort Abstract Introduction:Exercises and nutrition regimen have a major portion in the reduction of diabetes induced complications such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyper- insulinemia.TheAim of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming training with consuming Coriandrum Sativum extract on glycemic indices of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods:32 Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly selected in this experimental research, and one week after the induction of diabetes, they were divided into four groups of 8 rats. These groups include: 1) swimming training, 2) Coriandrum Sativum, 3) swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum, and 4) control group. Groups 2 and 3 received 100 mg/kg Coriandrum Sativum peritoneally. Also, groups 1 and 3 swam for 4 weeks, five sessions per-week. -Each session lasted 30 minutes. In this study, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, one way ANOVA and Tukey’s post- hoc tests were used for the statistical analysis of data (p≤0.05). Findings:Swimming training, consumption of Coriandrum Sativum, and swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum had a significant effect on the reduction of fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (p≤0.05). In addition, Coriandrum Sativum and swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum had a significant effect on the reduction of insulin resistance (p≤0.05) . Furthermore, Coriandrum Sativum had more favorable effects on the reduction of fasting glucose compared with the swimming training (p≤0.05) and swimming training, Coriandrum Sativum, and swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum had no significant effect on the reduction of insulin (p≥0.05). Conclusion:It seems that it is possible to use 4 weeks swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum in order to improve glycemic indices in diabetic rats. Extended Abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the diseases that has caused many health, medical and socio-economic problems for human societies and has spread widely in recent decades (1). Nowadays, experts believe that diet and medication on their own are not enough to treat and control patients' blood glucose, but also physical activities and exercises should be added to the daily routine activity of patients with DM (2). Coriander is scientifically known as Coriandrum Sativum L. and it has been reported that it releases insulin and has insulin-like effects as well as it reduces insulin resistance (9). Due to the lack of information about the simultaneous effect of Coriander extract consumption and swimming training on glycemic indices in patients with DM, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training with coriander extract on glycemic indices of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 45 male Sprague- Dawley rats received 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (manufactured by Sigma) dissolved in citrate buffer peritoneally after one night of fasting. Four days later, the blood glucose was measured using a glucometer from the tail of the rats by punching method. Then, 32 rats with blood glucose above 300 mg/dl were selected as the statistical sample and based on blood glucose; they were divided into four groups including: 1) swimming training, 2) Coriandrum Sativum, 3) swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum, and 4) controlgroup. Groups 2 and 3 were trained five days per week. Groups 1 and 3 received 100 mg/kg Coriandrum Sativum extract peritoneally. The duration of the study was four weeks. After this period, blood samples were gathered to measure the variables in this study. Twenty- four hours after the last training session at the end of the fourth week, rats were sacrificed to measure the studied parameters. The swimming training protocol consisted of four weeks of swimming in water at a temperature of 25- 30 ° C for 30 minutes in each session and five sessions per week. After training, the rats were dried with a hair dryer. Fasting insulin was measured by sandwich and competitive enzyme immunoassay. Serum glucose was measured using a biochemistry kit and enzymatic method (glucose oxidase method). Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was also used to evaluate the insulin resistance index. HOMA-IR index was calculated based on the below formula: HOMA-IR: [fasting blood glucose × fasting insulin]/22.5 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also used to measure glycosylated hemoglobin using the Nycorard system (Norway). The collected findings were analyzed using SPSS software and Kolmogorov- Smirnov, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post- hoc tests (P≤0.05). Findings The results showed that there was no significant difference in insulin levels among the research groups (P=0.77); However, fasting glucose in swimming training (P=0.02), Coriandrum Sativum (P=0.001) and swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum (P=0.001) groups was significantly lower than the control group; Moreover, fasting glucose in Coriandrum Sativum group was significantly lower than swimming training group (P=0.004); In addition, insulin resistance in Coriandrum Sativum (P=0.001) and swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum (P=0.03) groups was significantly lower than the control group. Also glycosylated hemoglobin in swimming training (P=0.001), Coriandrum Sativum (P=0.001) and swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum (P=0.01) groups was significantly lower than the control group. Discussion The results of the present study showed that Coriandrum Sativum administration for four weeks significantly influenced the reduction of fasting glucose, insulin resistance and glycosylated hemoglobin; however, it has no significant effect on the reduction of insulin in diabetic rats. The anti-diabetic effects of Coriandrum Sativum have been reported in various studies. It seems that Coriandrum Sativum extract is effective on carbohydrates metabolism by increasing glycogen synthase activity and increasing hepatic glycogen concentration and stimulating glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways through increasing glycolytic enzymes and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes and glycogen phosphorylase and as a result, inhibition of glyconeogenesis and glycogenolysis processes and reduces blood glucose levels (17, 18). The results of the present study also showed that swimming training for four weeks significantly reduced fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic rats; however, it has no significant effect on insulin and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. It has been reported that exercise increases insulin sensitivity, therefore, less insulin is needed after the exercise to regulate blood glucose than before the exercise. This improvement in insulin sensitivity is probably related to the capacity of the insulin to bind the receptors on each of the muscle cells (22). The results also showed that four weeks of swimming training with consumption of Coriandrum Sativum had a significant effect on glycemic indices of diabetic rats. Therefore, it seems that the combination of swimming training and Coriandrum Sativum can be used as an effective drug in improving glycemic indices in diabetic patients; however, they cannot have interactive effects on improving glycemic indices. Conclusion It seems that it is possible to use 4 weeks swimming training with Coriandrum Sativum in order to improve glycemic indices of diabetic rats. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fars Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University. Funding Fars Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Zahra Arvin, Seyed Ali Hosseini; Methodology and data analysis: Zahra Arvin; Supervision and final writing: Seyed Ali Hosseini Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Effect of Swimming Training at Different Temperatures with Cinnamon Consumption on Avoidance Memory and Aerobic Power in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Rats
Omidreza Salehi Dariush Sheikholeslami -Vatani Zahra Negarandeh Jalal YarahmadiAbstract Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that causes cognitive disorders in addition to physical injuries. The role of physical activity and medical plants in improving memory and physical function has been reported, but the interactive effect of training MoreAbstract Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that causes cognitive disorders in addition to physical injuries. The role of physical activity and medical plants in improving memory and physical function has been reported, but the interactive effect of training at different temperatures with Cinnamon consumption has not been known yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of swimming (S) training in water at 5 ° C (S5C) and 35 ° C (S35C) with cinnamon (Cin) consumption on avoidance memory, spatial memory and aerobic power of diabetic rats. Material and methods: In this experimental study, 48 diabetic rats (55 mg/kg streptozotocin) were divided into 1) diabetic control (CD), 2) S5C, 3) S5C+Cin, 4) S35C, 5) S35C+Cin and 6) Cin groups. Eight rats were placed in the healthy control (HC) group to investigate the effects of diabetes induction on the research variables. Swimming trainings were performed at 2±5 ° C and 36±2 ° C for eight weeks, 3 days per week and 2-4 minutes in each session. The aqueous extract of cinnamon was 200 mg/kg/day dissolved in drinking water. 48 hours after the last training session, the research variables were measured. Findings: S5C and S35C significantly caused the increase in step through latency (STL), percentage of alteration (PA) and aerobic power as well as decreased time spent in dark compartment (TDC) and repeat dark entrances (RDE) (P≤0.05). Cin caused a significant increase in PA and aerobic power as well as significant decrease in TDC (P≥0.05). Also, S5C+Cin and S35C+Cin significantly increased STL and PA and decreased TDC in diabetic rats (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It seems that swimming training at different temperatures and consuming cinnamon have beneficial effects on the memory and learning of diabetic rats, but since Cin moderated the effects of training, further studies at the molecular- cellular level are recommended. Keywords: Training, Cinnamon, Memory, Aerobic Power, Diabetes Extended abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormal metabolism, decreased insulin secretion, increased insulin resistance, or both (1). This disease is associated with decreased levels of neurotrophins, increased inflammatory factors in the central nervous system following increased oxidative stress (3, 4). Decreased neuroplasticity and neurotrophins are associated with cognitive impairment, decreased balance, decreased aerobic power, and decreased quality of life (5). But exercises improve neurotrophins and memory, increase neuroplasticity and reduce anxiety as well as depression (8). Cinnamon (Cin) also improves memory and learning in Alzheimer's patients with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, amyloid-beta-reducing effects and improved cerebral circulation (13). In addition, cold pressure has beneficial effects on reducing white adipose tissue and increasing brown adipose tissue (11); however, studies on the effect of training at different temperatures along with Cin on cognitive function are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of swimming training at different temperatures along with Cin on the avoidance memory, spatial memory and aerobic power of streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods In this experimental study, 48 diabetic rats (55 mg/kg streptozotocin peritoneal injected manufactured by Sigma USA) based on fasting blood glucose divided into1) diabetic control (CD), 2) swimming training in temperatures of 5 ° C (S5C), 3) S5C+Cin, 4) swimming training in temperature 36 ° C (S35C), 5) S35C+Cin, and 6) Cin groups. Also, eight rats were placed in the healthy control (HC) group to investigate the effects of diabetes induction on the research variables. Swimming trainings were performed at 2±5 ° C and 36±2 ° C. Swimming training protocol was five sessions in each week. Each session lasted 2 minutes for the first week. So 30 seconds were added to the training until the training reaches 4 minutes. By the end of the eighth week, the rats trained for 4 minutes at 5 ° C (16, 17). Also, 200 mg/kg of cinnamon (aqueous extract) was added daily to the drinking water of rats (18). The aqueous extract of cinnamon was 200 mg/kg/day dissolved in drinking water. Avoidance memory This test was performed 48 hours after the last training session for two days in two consecutive stages. Habituation session, memory acquisition education and memory recovery test were done in three stages based on the study of Zavvari et al. In the memory recovery phase, the rat was placed in a light chamber, and after 20 seconds, the door was opened. The latency which the animal entered the dark chamber (STL), the time spent in the dark chamber (TDC) and the number of repeat dark entrances (RDE) was recorded for each rat during the test period. The test duration was five minutes (19). Spatial memory This test was performed for 8 minutes using a Y maze in which repeated behaviors were considered as successful and serial entries into all arms in 3 overlapping sets. Thus, the percentage of alteration (PA) was calculated as the maximum alteration (total number of entered arms) multiplied by 100 (19). Aerobic power To measure the aerobic power, rats warmed up on treadmill for 5 minutes at a speed of 6 m/min with zero-degree incline; then the speed increased 3 m/min every 3 minutes until the rats became exhausted and were no longer able to continue. The criterion for reaching VO2max was the inability of rats to continue the training protocol and three consecutive collisions (three times in a period of 1 minute) with the end of the treadmill (20). Statistical analysis The normal distribution of findings was investigated using Shapiro- Wilk test and statistical analysis was performed using independent sample t- test, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post- hoc test in SPSS software version 22 (P≤0.05). Findings The results of independent sample t- test showed that STL (P=0.001), PA (P=0.001) and VO2max (P=0.001) in HC group were significantly higher than CD group; there was no significant difference in TDC between HC and CD groups (P≥0.05) but RDE in CD group was significantly higher than HC group (P≤0.05). The results of two- way ANOVA test showed that Cin had no significant effect on STL (P=0.85), but S (P=0.001), and interaction of S and Cin significantly increased STL (P=0.04). The results of Bonferroni’s post- hoc test showed that S6C (P=0.001) and S35C (P=0.001) significantly increased STL and there was no significant difference between S6C and S35C (P=0.99). Cin (P=0.01) and S (P=0.001) significantly decreased TDC; moreover, interaction of S and Cin decreased TDC (P=0.03); also, S6C (P=0.02) and S35C (P=0.001) significantly increased TDC and no significant difference was seen between S6C and S35C (P=0.26). Furthermore, Cin (P=0.11) and interaction of S and Cin (P=0.07) had no significant effect on RDE, though, S alone significantly decreased RDE (P=0.002), S6C (P=0.03) and (P=0.002) significantly increased RDE. Also significant difference was not shown between S6C and S35C (P=0.63). In addition, Cin (P=0.001) and S (P=0.001) significantly increased PA, and interaction of S and Cin decreased PA (P=0.001); S6C (P=0.001) and S35C (P=0.001) significantly increased PA and PA levels in S35C group were significantly higher than those of S6C group (P=0.001). Finally, Cin (P=0.02) and S (P=0.001) significantly increased VO2max, but interaction of S and Cin on increase of VO2max was not significant (P=0.67); S6C (P=0.001) and S35C (P=0.001) significantly increased VO2max and no significant difference was seen between S6C and S35C (P=0.99). Discussion The results showed that S5C and S35C improved avoidance memory, spatial memory and aerobic power in diabetic rats. Diabetes increases amyloid levels in neurons of the nervous system by increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and mitochondrial defects, and also decreases memory and learning by decreasing neuroplasticity (21). However, physical activity and post-exercise cold pressure by cAMP/PKA/NRF1,2 mechanism and increased PGC-1α increases the expression of uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) and improves neurotrophins (23). Increased lipid metabolism, increased mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis following exercise in hot and cold weather increase aerobic power (22). Cin also increased PA and VO2max and decreased TDC in diabetic rats. Cin can improve lipid metabolism by antioxidant effects, increase cerebral blood flow, phosphorylation of transcription proteins from metabolic genes, and decrease amyloid levels and has an important role in improving neurotrophins, memory and learning (25). Also, Cin through cAMP/PKA/NRF1,2 pathway and through an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis can improve lipid, glucose and insulin metabolism which ultimately leads to improved aerobic power (26). The results showed that the interaction of S5C+Cin and S35C+Cin increased STL and PA and decreased TDC in diabetic rats. There are limited studies on the simultaneous effect of training and consumption of cinnamon on memory and learning, but training in hot and cold weather from cAMP/PKA/NRF1,2, PGC-1α and UCP4 can improve memory (23) and by improving lipids metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis can increase aerobic power (22). Cin also promotes memory and learning through its antioxidant mechanism, increases cerebral blood flow, decreases amyloid beta levels, and improves neurotrophins (25) and the interaction between training and Cin increases aerobic power (26). Not being able to measure the neurotrophins in the nervous system and mitochondrial biogenesis factors are the limitations of this study, so conducting such studies in the future is recommended to researchers. Conclusion The interaction of S5C + Cin and S35C + Cin seems to have beneficial effects on the memory and learning of diabetic rats, however, since cinnamon modulated the effects of training, further studies at the molecular- cellular level are recommended. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines The present study was conducted based on the animal ethical guidelines. Funding No funding. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Omidreza Salehi, Daryosh Sheikholeslami Vatani; Methodology and data analysis: Omidreza Salehi, Zahra Negarandeh, Jalal Yarahmadi; Supervision and final writing: Daryosh Sheikholeslami Vatani. Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The effect of swimming training on lung TGF-β levels in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning
Tahereh Bayani shadmehr mirdar harijani akram Esfahaniniaمقدمه و هدف: فاکتور عامل تغییر دهنده رشد بتا (TGF-β) در کنترل تکثیر، تمایز سلولی و سایر عملکردهای سلولی ریه نقش دارد و دارای اثرضد التهابی در بافت های مختلف از جمله بافت ریوی می باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثر یک دوره برنامه تمرینی شنا بر سطوح TGF-β ریه موش ها Moreمقدمه و هدف: فاکتور عامل تغییر دهنده رشد بتا (TGF-β) در کنترل تکثیر، تمایز سلولی و سایر عملکردهای سلولی ریه نقش دارد و دارای اثرضد التهابی در بافت های مختلف از جمله بافت ریوی می باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثر یک دوره برنامه تمرینی شنا بر سطوح TGF-β ریه موش های باردار در معرض مسمومیت با کادمیوم بود. مواد و روش ها :در این پژوهش تجربی 32 سر موش ماده نژاد ویستار با وزن تقریبی 180-200 گرم پس از دو هفته آشنایی با محیط جدید و استرس ناشی از آب و بارداری به چهار گروه شنا، کادمیوم، کادمیوم - شنا و کنترل تقسیم شدند. برنامه تمرینی شنا از روز اول بارداری شروع و در طی سه هفته به مدت 60 دقیقه در روز ادامه یافت. نمونهگیری از بافت ریه دو روز پس از زایمان انجام شد. غلظت TGF-βبافت ریه با استفاده از روش الایزا (ELISA) تعیین گردید یافته ها: یافته ها نشان دادند که وزن موش های مادر در گروه های کادمیوم، شنا و شنا-کادمیوم کاهش معنی داری داشته است (001/0p ≤). سطح TGF-βریه مادران گروه کادمیوم نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش معنی دار یافت(05 /0 p ≤). اما TGF-β گروه شنا نسبت به گروه کنترل افزایش معنی دار داشت(05 /0 p ≤). نتیجه گیری: پیشنهاد می شود پاسخ مثبت عامل تغییر دهنده رشد بتا به تمرین استقامتی شنای زیر بیشینه در دوران بارداری در بهبود عملکرد مولکولی و سلولی ریه در برابر آلاینده محیطی نظیر کادمیوم مورد توجه قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Investigating the effect of swimming exercise and vitamin D consumption on B-catenin/TCF signaling pathway in endometriosis model rats
Shahrbano jaafari hajar abbaszadeh parvin farzanegi Leila zameniThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming exercise and vitamin D consumption on β-catenin /TCF signaling pathway in endometriosis model rats. In this way, the number of 30 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 202.85&plu MoreThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming exercise and vitamin D consumption on β-catenin /TCF signaling pathway in endometriosis model rats. In this way, the number of 30 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 202.85±15.62 grams after induction of the model by transplanting the tissue around the endometrial region randomly into 6 groups; healthy control(n=5), Sham (normal saline solution to control the effect of eating the gavage)(n=5), endometriosis(n=5), endometriosis+vitamin D(n=5), endometriosis+swimming(n=5), endometriosis+swimming+ vitamin D(n=5). The amount of vitamin D consumption was 200 mg/kg per body weight of each rat, and the swimming training program was for 8 weeks, five days a week, and every day for 30 minutes. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the expression level of β-catenin and TCF genes was significantly higher in the endometriosis group than in the healthy control group (p=0/007, 0/035).Swimming, vitamin D and a combination of swimming+D were associated with a decrease in β-catenin and TCF gene expression.In general, the results of this research indicate that the regulation of β-catenin and TCF gene expression in a normal state in the process of endometriosis can improve the level of this disease, and possibly swimming exercises and taking at the same timevitamin D will be effective in the normal state of the β-catenin/TCF pathway. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Histological study gill blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus)
seyede saeedeh HeidarinejadCrab are one of the most important commercial group between the Crustaceans. Portunidae family crabs called floating blue crabs. One of the known species of this family are Portunus pelagicus(blue swimming crab), which have enormous economic importance. In this animals, MoreCrab are one of the most important commercial group between the Crustaceans. Portunidae family crabs called floating blue crabs. One of the known species of this family are Portunus pelagicus(blue swimming crab), which have enormous economic importance. In this animals, gill play an important role in breathing and osmotic reggulation. The aim of this study, evaluating of histological changes gill tissues in blue swimming crab. In this study, 10 blue crabs sampled from the Persian Gulf. then taking a piece of gill tissue and gills samples was fixaed and 5 – 6 µ thick sections from tissue were made and stained by hematoxylin and eosin H&E and then by using a light microscope slides prepared gill tissue was studied. Histological alternations in gill tissues in blue swimming crab were observed , epithelium anterior gills was thin and pillar cells was connected beside of epithelium and formed holes that hemeolymph fluid amonge these. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Perception of the thermal environment in sports facilities through a subjective approach: a case study of a gym and swimming pool
رضا نیک بخشAbstractThe current research was designed and implemented with the aim of understanding the thermal environment in sports venues through a mental approach: gymnasium and swimming pool. The current type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey i MoreAbstractThe current research was designed and implemented with the aim of understanding the thermal environment in sports venues through a mental approach: gymnasium and swimming pool. The current type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of strategy and was carried out by field and library methods. The statistical population included all customers of sports pools and gyms in Tehran. Because there is no specific number of members of the statistical community; As a result, a maximum sample size of 384 people was considered using Morgan's table. The research tool is the questionnaire of perception of the thermal environment in sports venues through the subjective approach of Ashri (2010). The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by ten sports management professors. Meanwhile, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.75. The statistical analysis method in this research included Kolmogorov Smirnov test, one sample t test, independent t test and ANOVA. All data analysis process of this research was done in SPSS software version 22. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the perception of the thermal environment in sports facilities (sports pool and gym) through a mental approach with the existing standards in swimming pools and gyms in Tehran (P≥0.05). Therefore, both sports places (swimming pools and gyms) are in good condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Effect of Four Weeks of Lemon Essential Oil Consumption and Swimming Training on Memory and Pain in Adult Male Mice
Sara Ahmadizadeh Abdolhassan Doulah Maryam RafieiradWith age, some functions of the nervous system, including avoidance memory, are impaired. The beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis, increasing neuronal synapses, the treatment of mental disorders, helping improve brain injuries, and prevention of neurodegenera MoreWith age, some functions of the nervous system, including avoidance memory, are impaired. The beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis, increasing neuronal synapses, the treatment of mental disorders, helping improve brain injuries, and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases have been proven. Citrus limon is one of the plants mentioned in traditional medicine for its analgesic effects. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of four weeks of lemon essential oil consumption and swimming training on memory and pain in male mice was investigated. To this end, 40 male mice with a weight of 40± 5 g were studied. The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups including control, swimming group, group receiving lemon essential oil, and group of swimming training + consuming lemon essential oil. Swimming practice consisted of four weeks of swimming in water for 30 minutes per session and five sessions per week, and 50 mg/kg lemon essential oil was administered by gavage. The pain threshold was measured to evaluate the avoidance memory of the shuttle box using the tail flick test. The results showed that the essential oil of lemon and swimming training has significantly reduced pain (p < 0.001). Moreover, the combined consumption of lemon essential oil and swimming training increased memory in male mice (p < 0.001). Aerobic exercise, especially swimming, has had a positive effect on memory consolidation and reduction of pain threshold. Probably, consuming lemon essential oil due to the presence of strong antioxidants can reduce the feeling of pain and improve avoidance memory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Anti-Anxiety Effects of Four Weeks of Lemon Essential Oil Consumption with Swimming Practice in Adult Male Mice
Elham Esfandiyari Gharibvand Abdolhassan DoulahPhysical activity and herbs have been long used to treat psychological illnesses such as anxiety and stress. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of four weeks of using lemon essential oil and swimming practice on the anxiety level in male mice. To th MorePhysical activity and herbs have been long used to treat psychological illnesses such as anxiety and stress. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of four weeks of using lemon essential oil and swimming practice on the anxiety level in male mice. To this end, 40 male mice with a weight of 40 ± 5 g were studied. The mice were randomly assigned to four groups, including the control group, swimming practice, the lemon essential oil receiving group, and the swimming practice + lemon essential oil group. Swimming training consisted of four weeks of swimming in water for five 30-minutes sessions per week at a temperature of 25-27 ºC. Lemon oil (50 mg/kg) was administered by gavage. Anxiety behaviors were assessed by behavioral tests of elevated plus-maze and open field. The results of this study showed that prescribing a combination of lemon essential oil and exercise had a significant increase in the duration and the number of times in the margins and centrality (p < 0.05) and a significant decrease in the number of excretions compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The results showed that applying swimming practice alone and in combination with lemon essential oil reduces anxiety behaviors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Interaction of Gallic Acid and Swimming Training on Ovarian Histology in Rats with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Maryam Ebrahimi Narges Abarshahr Mohammad Amin EdalatmaneshPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility due to lack of ovulation and the result of oxidative stress of ovarian tissue, which is associated with disability in ovarian functions. This study aims at evaluating the effect of 4 weeks of Gallic Ac MorePolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility due to lack of ovulation and the result of oxidative stress of ovarian tissue, which is associated with disability in ovarian functions. This study aims at evaluating the effect of 4 weeks of Gallic Acid (GA) prescription and swimming (EX) training on ovarian tissue parameters in PCOS model. Forty adult Wistar female rats weighing 180 ± 10 g were randomly divided into 5 groups: PCOS, PCOS + GA, PCOS + EX and PCOS + GA + EX. To induce the PCOS model, letrozole (1 mg / kg) was NG tubed for 28 days. Then, GA was prescribed orally for 4 weeks and swimming was performed for 4 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Finally, after dissection of the ovary and staining with hematoxylin-eosin, histological evaluations were performed. The results showed a significant decrease in corpus luteum diameter, number of monolayer, multilayer, secondary and Graafian follicles and corpus luteum in PCOS group and also a significant increase in the number of atretic and cystic follicles compared with control group. While the interaction of GA prescription and swimming improved ovarian parameters. However, no significant change in the diameter of oocytes and primary and multilayered follicles was observed in the groups. GA and swimming appear to be effective on restoring the folliculogenesis of PCOS rat model and the ovulation process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with two Different Currents of Immersion in water
Ali molaiee sedighe hosseinpoor mehran ghahramani reza jabari mohammad jalilvandThis study aimed to investigate the effects of cold-water immersion and transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) with the current intensities of 1 and 2 mA on recovery during the recovery period quality of subsequent performance of male swimmers.The research metho MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effects of cold-water immersion and transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) with the current intensities of 1 and 2 mA on recovery during the recovery period quality of subsequent performance of male swimmers.The research method was quasi-experimental, and the population was male swimmers over 18 years in Tehran city (n=20). They were randomly selected as a sample after successfully passing the lifeguard entrance test of 200m breaststroke less than 4 minutes in a time interval of 48hr in three days attended to participate in the games of 200m of frontal crawl with maximum intensity every day. Then, they performed one of the three protocols of Cold-Water Immersion (with 12°c), anodal stimulation (with the current intensity of 2mA), and anodal stimulation (with the current intensity of 1mA) for 15 minutes. The ratings of perceived exertion and feelings of swimmers were recorded using each recovery method by TQR and RPE questionnaires. To measure the effectiveness of the studied methods, the participants repeated 200m breaststroke with maximum intensity. To analyze the data, a dependent t-test, analysis of covariance was used.The results indicated that swimming performance significantly improved the TDCS group (with the current intensity of 2mA) (P = 0.001). The suitable current intensity of TDCS to affect reducing central fatigue and also recovery quality was better in the cold-water immersion group, and it could refer to the increase of venous return and excretion. In addition, the recovery quality was better in the cold-water immersion, and it could refer to the increase of venous return and excretion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effect of Crisis Management on the Resilience of Swimming Coaches
mohammadreza zolhayat Parivash Nourbakhsh ali zarei abbas khodayariThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crisis management on the resilience of swimming Coaches. The research method is correlational which is of the structural equations type, is current-looking based on time, is applied in terms of purpose, and is field MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crisis management on the resilience of swimming Coaches. The research method is correlational which is of the structural equations type, is current-looking based on time, is applied in terms of purpose, and is field –study in terms of data-collection. The statistical population includes active Coaches in Tehran, whose number was 2000 people. In order to select a statistical sample, the city of Tehran was firstly divided into 5 geographical regions of north, center, east, west and south and 322 samples were selected of relative class type, according to the gender of trainers based on random sampling. The measurement tools of this study were two questionnaires of Zol-Hayat (2020) crisis management with 41 questions, and McManus et al. (2007) resilience with 67 questions. The results of structural equations showed that the effect of crisis management on resilience (t = 6.174 and = = 0.372) is positive and significant. Therefore, crisis managem to be able to increase response to crisis by resilience increasing.ent affects the resilience of swimming Coaches. Crisis management with a value of 0.372 in terms of importance, and with a value of 60.486 in terms of performance has shown its role on resilience as well. Therefore, the swimming federation should try to achieve maximum accuracy in predicting the crisis by using the resilience of Coaches, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The effect of eight weeks of swimming training, cell and laser therapy on the expression of IL-2, IL-10 and STAT-3 genes in testicular tissue in azoospermia model rat.
seyed sasan Hoseyni Habib Asgharpour پروین فرزانگیpurpose: Azoospermia means lack of sperm in semen. One percent of all men and ten percent of infertile men suffer from azoospermia, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of eight weeks of swimming training, cell and laser therapy on the expression of I Morepurpose: Azoospermia means lack of sperm in semen. One percent of all men and ten percent of infertile men suffer from azoospermia, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of eight weeks of swimming training, cell and laser therapy on the expression of IL-2, IL-10 and STAT-3 genes in testicular tissue. It is azoospermia in rats. Methods: Forty 6- to 8-week-old rats were randomly selected, and then the azoospermia model was induced with Busulfan at a dose of 40 mg in mice. One month after induction of the model, stem cells were transplanted once in the vas deferens at the rate of one million cells per mouse. Then, one week after cell transplantation, a laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm and a power of 10 mW and energy 3 joules were applied in three repetitions throughout the study period with an interval of once a week, and after improving the effects of surgery, swimming training were performed for 30 minutes and 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that induction of azoospermia model caused a significant increase in IL-2, IL-10 and STAT-3 genes compared to healthy group rats (P≤0.05). Also, performing the interventional methods of laser therapy, cell therapy and exercise significantly reduced the expression of these genes in the testicular tissue of rats compared to the patient group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Swimming exercise in combination with cell and laser therapy may help the fertility of azoospermia model rats by reducing testicular tissue inflammation signaling. Manuscript profile
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