The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with two Different Currents of Immersion in water

Subject Areas : Sport Sciences Quarterly

Ali  molaiee ¹ (دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه تربیت بدنی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران)
sedighe  hosseinpoor ² (استادیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران)
mehran  ghahramani ³ (گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه ، ایران.)
reza  jabari ⁴ (استادیار دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی جراح و متخصص مغز و اعصاب دیسک و ستون فقرات)
mohammad  jalilvand ⁵ (استادیار رفتار حرکتی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران)

Received: 2022-02-18 Accepted : 2022-02-18 Published : 2022-01-21

Keywords: recovery, Swimming performance, current stimulation, Cold Water Immersion,

Abstract :

This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold-water immersion and transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) with the current intensities of 1 and 2 mA on recovery during the recovery period quality of subsequent performance of male swimmers.The research method was quasi-experimental, and the population was male swimmers over 18 years in Tehran city (n=20). They were randomly selected as a sample after successfully passing the lifeguard entrance test of 200m breaststroke less than 4 minutes in a time interval of 48hr in three days attended to participate in the games of 200m of frontal crawl with maximum intensity every day. Then, they performed one of the three protocols of Cold-Water Immersion (with 12°c), anodal stimulation (with the current intensity of 2mA), and anodal stimulation (with the current intensity of 1mA) for 15 minutes. The ratings of perceived exertion and feelings of swimmers were recorded using each recovery method by TQR and RPE questionnaires. To measure the effectiveness of the studied methods, the participants repeated 200m breaststroke with maximum intensity. To analyze the data, a dependent t-test, analysis of covariance was used.The results indicated that swimming performance significantly improved the TDCS group (with the current intensity of 2mA) (P = 0.001). The suitable current intensity of TDCS to affect reducing central fatigue and also recovery quality was better in the cold-water immersion group, and it could refer to the increase of venous return and excretion. In addition, the recovery quality was better in the cold-water immersion, and it could refer to the increase of venous return and excretion.   

References:

منابع:

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• Skein , M. Duffield, Cannon,  J.  Marino,  FE. (2012). ' Self-paced intermittent-sprint performance and pacing strategies following respective pre-cooling and heating.', European Journal of Applied Physiology. 112(1):253–66.


• Teo, F. Hoy,   Daskalakis,  ZJ.  Fitzgerald,  PB. (2011).  'Investigating the role of current strength in tDCS modulation of working memory performance in healthy controls. ' Front Physio Journal.


• Vaile,   Halson,  S. Gill,  N.  Dawson,  B. (2008). 'Effect of cold water immersion on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat.', Journal of Sports Medicine.29(07):539–44..


• Vargas, Z. Baptista, A. F. Pereira, G.O.C. Pochini ,  AC. Ejnisman , B. Santos, MB . et al (2018). ‘ Modulation of isometric quadriceps strength in soccer players with transcranial direct current stimulation. muscle to strength training. 'Journal;32(5):1336–1341


• Versey, Halson, SL. Dawson, BT. (2013). 'Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations.', sports science journal. 43(11):1101–30.


• Wilcock, I. ( 2005). ' The effect of water immersion, active recovery and passive recovery on repeated bouts of explosive exercise and blood plasma fraction.', Auckland University of Technology.


• Yamane,   Teruya,  H. Nakano,  M.  Ogai, R. Ohnishi,  N. Kosaka,  M.(2006). ' Post-exercise leg and forearm flexor muscle cooling in humans attenuates endurance and resistance training effects on muscle performance and on circulatory adaptation.', E European Journal of Applied Physiology.96(5):572–80.

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• Abernethy, B. Kippers, V. Pandy, MG. Hanrahan, SJ.(2013). 'Biophysical foundations of human movement.' Human Kinetics; 2013.


• Angius, Hopker, J. Mauger, AR. (2017). 'The ergogenic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on exercise performance.', front physiol journal. 8:90.


• Angius, L. Mauger, AR. Hopker, Pascual-Leone A. Santarnecchi, E. Marcora, SM. (2018). 'Bilateral extracephalic transcranial direct current stimulation improves endurance performance in healthy individuals.', Brain Stimul Journal of Sport and Health Science. 11(1):108–17.


• Bailey, Erith, SJ. Griffin,  PJ. Dowson,  A.  Brewer,  DS.  Gant,  N. (2007).' Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running.', sports science journal. 25(11):1163–70.


• Bangsbo, J. (1994).'The physiology of soccer--with special reference to intense intermittent exercise.', Acta Physiol Scand Suppl.;619:1–155.


• Brunoni,   Nitsche;  MA.  Bolognini'  N.  Bikson,  M. Wagner, T. Merabet, L. et al. (2012). ' Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions.', Brain Stimul.5(3):175–95.


• Buchheit,   Al Haddad, H.  Chivot, A. Leprêtre PM. Ahmaidi,  S. Laursen PB. (2010). 'Effect of in-versus out-of-water recovery on repeated swimming sprint performance.', Eur J Appl Physiol.108(2):321.


• Burke, Holt,  LE.  Rasmussen, R. MacKinnon NC, Vossen JF, Pelham TW. ( 2001). 'Effects of hot or cold water immersion and modified proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation flexibility exercise on hamstring length.', Journal Athl Train;36(1):16.


• Calder, (2003). 'Recovery training.Sports Medicine Australia.', USOC Olympic Coach E-Magazine.15(3):8–11.


• Cogiamanian, F. Marceglia,  Ardolino,  G. Barbieri ,S. Priori,  A. (2007).  'Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas.', European Journal of Neuroscience. 26(1):242–9.


• Crowe, O. Connor, D. Rudd. D.  (2007). 'Cold water recovery reduces anaerobic performance.', Journal of Sports Medicine.28(12):994–8.


• Dawson ,B. Gow ,S.  Modra ,S.  Bishop D.  Stewart, G . (2005). 'Effects of immediate post-game recovery procedures on muscle soreness, power and flexiblity levels over the next 48 hours.', Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 8(2):210–21.


• Duffield, R. Cannon, J. King, M. (2010). 'The effects of compression garments on recovery of muscle performance following high-intensity sprint and plyometric exercise.' Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport


• Elizabeth H. EC. Theraputic massage. 199 p.


• Fitts , RH. 'Muscle fatigue. (1996). the cellular aspects.' A merican Journal of Sports Medicine .24(6_suppl):S9--S13.


• Fulco, CS. Rock, PB. Muza, SR. Lammi, E.Cymerman, A. Butterfield ,G. et al. (1999). 'Slower fatigue and faster recovery of the adductor pollicis muscle in women matched for strength with men.', acta physiol scand journal.167(3):233–40.


• Fertonani, A. Miniussi, C. (2017). 'Transcranial electrical stimulation: what we know and do not know about mechanisms.', Neurosci journal.23(2):109–23.


• Goodall,   Howatson,  G. (2008).' The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage.', J Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport


• Ingram, Dawson, B. Goodman, C. Wallman,  K, Beilby,  J. (2009). Effect of water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team sport exercise ,team sport exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.12(3):417–21.


• Lampropoulou, SI. Nowicky, A V. (2013). 'The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on perception of effort in an isolated isometric elbow flexion task. Motor Control.' ,Neurosci journal.24(2):107–29.


• Montenegro, R. Okano,   Cunha,  FA. Fontes , EB. Farinatti,  P . (2015). 'Does prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation influence the oxygen uptake at rest and post-exercise.' Mot Rev Educ F{’i}sica.21(2):185–93.


• Montenegro, R. Okano, Gurgel,  J. Porto, F. Cunha, F. Massaferri, R. et al. (2015). Motor cortex tDCS does not improve strength performance in healthy subjects. Mot Rev Educ F{’i}sica.21(2):185–93.


• Muthalib,   Kan,  B.  Nosaka,  K. Perrey, S. (2013). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex on prefrontal cortex activation during a neuromuscular fatigue task an fNIRS study. In: n: Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXV. Springer;  p. 73–9.


• Okano , AH. Fontes,   Montenegro,  RA.  Farinatti,  P. de TV, Cyrino, ES. Li. LM, et al. (2015). Brain stimulation modulates the autonomic nervous system, rating of perceived exertion and performance during maximal exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine.49(18):1213–8.


• Peiffer, Abbiss,  CR. Nosaka,  K. Peake,  JM.  Laursen PB.(2009). Effect of cold water immersion after exercise in the heat on muscle function, body temperatures, and vessel diameter. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.


• Ricardo, B. Jonas,    Raphaela,  A.  Flavia,  P.  Rafael,  M. GE. (2011). Effect of cathodal tDCS on lower limbs muscular fatigu during isokinetic protocol. Journal of Sport and Health Science.


• Roberts, Raastad,  T. Markworth, JF.  Figueiredo,  VC.  Egner,  IM. Shield,  A.  et al. (2015). Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. Journal Physiol. 593(18):4285–301.


• Skein , M. Duffield, Cannon,  J.  Marino,  FE. (2012). Self-paced intermittent-sprint performance and pacing strategies following respective pre-cooling and heating. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 112(1):253–66.


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• Teo, F. Hoy,   Daskalakis,  ZJ.  Fitzgerald,  PB. (2011).  Investigating the role of current strength in tDCS modulation of working memory performance in healthy controls. Front Physio Journal.


• Vaile,   Halson,  S. Gill,  N.  Dawson,  B. (2008). Effect of cold water immersion on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat. Journal of Sports Medicine.29(07):539–44..


• Vargas, Z. Baptista, A. F. Pereira, G.O.C. Pochini, AC. Ejnisman , B. Santos, MB . et al (2018). ‘ Modulation of isometric quadriceps strength in soccer players with transcranial direct current stimulation. muscle to strength training. 'Journal;32(5):1336–1341


• Versey, Halson, SL. Dawson, BT. (2013). Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. Sports Science Journal. 43(11):1101–30.


• Wilcock, I. ( 2005). The effect of water immersion, active recovery and passive recovery on repeated bouts of explosive exercise and blood plasma fraction. Auckland University of Technology.


• Yamane,   Teruya,  H. Nakano,  M.  Ogai, R. Ohnishi,  N. Kosaka,  M.(2006). Post-exercise leg and forearm flexor muscle cooling in humans attenuates endurance and resistance training effects on muscle performance and on circulatory adaptation. E European Journal of Applied Physiology.96(5):572–80.


• Zamani, G. A., Friends, M.R. (2017). The effect of direct intracranial stimulation on short-term memory and reaction time in female athletes. Journal of Neuropsychology, 3: 51-62.