List of Articles Deficit stress

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  1 - Water use efficiency and water productivity in potato genotypes under water stress conditions
  Marjan Samaee Ali Mohammad Modares Sanavi Ahmad Mousapour Gorji Eskandar Zand
  In order to identify sensitivity of different potato genotypes to water stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2014 and 2015. Potato genotypes at eleven levels (Agria, Caesar More

  In order to identify sensitivity of different potato genotypes to water stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2014 and 2015. Potato genotypes at eleven levels (Agria, Caesar, Savalan, Sante, Marfona, Milva, Picasso, Hermes, Jelli, 397081-1, 397069-2) and irrigation treatments in two levels (stress and control) are conducted. Tape irrigation was done normally and in the early stages of tuber production, watering for stress plots was disconnected and control plots were irrigated in a normal way, after reaching to ninety percent of the soil moisture deficit, irrigation was done again until the soil moisture reached field capacity and irrigation was done normally up to the end of growing season. Combined analysis of data for two years showed a reduction of biological yield, healthy tuber fresh weight, marketable healthy tuber fresh weight, LAIM, dry weight of LAIM, evapotranspiration and water usage in genotypes under the stress compared to the control. WP based on fresh weight of healthy tubers and fresh weight of marketable healthy tubers reduced or showed a tendency to reduction in most of genotypes under the stress. WUE based on the healthy tuber yield and marketable healthy tuber yield decreased under the water stress compared to the control in all genotypes except for 397069-2. The most amount of WP based on fresh weight of the marketable healthy yield was observed in 397069-2, respectively (5.41) and (5) kg/m3 in two years under the stress. Based on results of this experiment, doing of additional researches in order to achieve suitable potato genotypes for planting in actual deficit water conditions of our country according to diversity of planting season, place, climate, quality of seed potato, experts and etc. are recommended. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Response of Bread Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines to Water Deficit
  N. Zafar-naderi S. Aharizad M. Yarnia A. Mohammadi
  Response of 8 bread wheat recombinant inbred lines along with their parental cultivars (Roshan and Super Head) to water deficit was evaluatedin a split plot experimentarranged in randomized complete block design (CRBD) with three replications under three irrigation leve More

  Response of 8 bread wheat recombinant inbred lines along with their parental cultivars (Roshan and Super Head) to water deficit was evaluatedin a split plot experimentarranged in randomized complete block design (CRBD) with three replications under three irrigation levels (80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from the pan) at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2009. Univariate analysis of variance revealed significant difference among lines with respect to all the traits studied. Significant differences were observed among irrigation levels for grain yield and thousand-grain weight. Line × stress interaction was significant for harvest index and number of fertile and non-fertile tillers. Roshan cultivar produced highest grain yield. In the factor analysis, the first three factors explained 86.95% of total variation. The two first factors were named as growth and grain yield factors, respectively. Cluster analysis, using WARD algorithm, based on all the traits grouped the lines into two cultivars. Grouping was confirmed by discriminate analysis. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Relationship Between Yield and Yield Components of Maize Hybrids under Different Irrigation
  جمیله Seyedzavar M. Norouzi S. Aharizad A. Bandehhagh
  To evaluation the response of some maize hybrids to water deficit stress, a field experiment in 2010 was conducted using a split-plot plan on the basis of complete randomized block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz More

  To evaluation the response of some maize hybrids to water deficit stress, a field experiment in 2010 was conducted using a split-plot plan on the basis of complete randomized block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz (Khalatpoushan). Main plots consisted of three different irrigation regimes (non-stress, mid-stress and sever-stress) and sub plots of 14 maize hybrids. Results showed significant differences among hybrids and irrigation regimes for all traits studied. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among hybrids and also irrigation levels for all traits except ear diameter. The best model for stepwise regression based on all traits at the average of conditions, indicated that four responsible traits like number of rows per ear, 300-grain weight, number of grains per row and number of leaves per plant remained in model, which justified 83 percent of the total variations in yield performance. The path analysis showed that the number of rows per ear had the highest direct effect on yield. Based on principal component analysis the first component had a major factor on the weight of 300 seeds, plant height, ear length, flag leaf area, ear diameter and corn cob diameter and the second component had a big factor on plant dry weight, number of kernels per row, number of leaves per plant, number of rows per ear and grain yield. Principal component analysis (PCA), based on all of traits studied determined two principal components that could justify the 78 percent of vaiations. In this research the first component named as the growth-morphological factor and second component named as the yield factor. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Effect of Deficit Irrigation Conditions on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars in Ardabil Climatic
  Atousa Shafaroodi Mahnaz Sharifi Abdolghayoum Gholipouri Broomand Salahi Mohammadbagher Aalizadeh
  10.30495/jcep.2021.681010
  Selection of tolerant cultivars to water stress in areas with reduced rainfall is important. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Ardabil Agricultural Research Center during 2015-2016. The exper More

  Selection of tolerant cultivars to water stress in areas with reduced rainfall is important. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Ardabil Agricultural Research Center during 2015-2016. The experiment factors consisted of three irrigation regimes: full irrigation (with 100% water requirement) considered as control and 15 and 30 days irrigation intervals assigned to main plots and five potato cultivars consisted of: 397081-1 and 397082-10 Clones and Agria, Caesar and Savalan cultivars assigned to sub plots. In this experiment, clones 397082-10 and 397081-1 and Savalan cultivar had relative superiority in terms of tuber yield, tuber dry matter, water use efficiency and high marketable tuber yield compared to Caesar and Agria. Also, in both years of experiment, the trend of variation of these cultivars for the studied traits were similar under deficit irrigation interval of 15-days. The results were not significantly different against control treatment. As a result, 15-days interval irrigation can be used to save water in the Ardabil area. Manuscript profile
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  5 - Effects of Foliar Rates of Methanol Applications on some of Traits Related to Seed Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Water Deficit Stress
  E. Khalilvand Behrouzyar M. Yarnia E. Farajzadeh M. Herischi
  To investigate the effects of rates of methanol foliar applications under water deficit stress on someof traits related to seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L), a split plot experiment was conducted during growing seasons of 2011-2012. Treatments were four leve More

  To investigate the effects of rates of methanol foliar applications under water deficit stress on someof traits related to seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L), a split plot experiment was conducted during growing seasons of 2011-2012. Treatments were four levels of water deficit stresses a1: severe stress (irrigation at 25% FC), a2: mild stress (irrigation at 50% FC), a3: fair stress (irrigation at 75% FC) and a4: normal irrigation (irrigation at 100% FC) and six levels of foliar methanol applications [b1:0, b2:7, b3:14, b4:21, b5:28 and b6:35 (v/v)]. The analysis of variance showed significant effect of interaction between water deficit stress and methanol rates of foliar applications on seed yield per plant, dry weight per plant, number of seeds per head (p<0.01) and percentage of seed per fruit (p<0.05). The highest (96.69 g/plant) and the lowest (67.78 g/plant) seed yields were related to the 21% [v/v] foliar application of methanol under normal irrigation and control (without methanol application) in severe stress respectively (seed yield increase of about 42%). 21% (v/v) foliar application of methanol under normal irrigation also resulted in highest ( 53.34 g) and 0% (v/v) foliar application of methanol under severe stress in the lowest (31.42 g) oil yield per plant (69% increase). Also, 21% (v/v) foliar application of methanol under normal irrigation resulted in highest (465.4 g) and in severe stress had the lowest (191.5 g) dry weight per plant (a 2.4 fold increase in dry seed weight). Besides,the highest seed number per head was related to 21% (v/v) methanol foliar application under normal irrigation. Using 21% (v/v) methanol foliar application under normal irrigation increased seed number per head by 2/3 times in comparison with that of control under severe drought stress. The results also proved that 14% (v/v) foliar application of methanol under normal irrigation did increase seed (achene) yield by 32% and reduced percentage of ovary wall to seed by 2/1 fold.  Manuscript profile
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  6 - Determination of Some Effective Traits on Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield by Using Biofertilizer under Water Deficit Stress Conditions
  M. Hosseini A. Roozbahani امین Azadi
  To identify the most effective traits on corn yield by using biofertilizer under water deficit stress, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Hashtgerd region in 2012. In this experiment, water More

  To identify the most effective traits on corn yield by using biofertilizer under water deficit stress, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Hashtgerd region in 2012. In this experiment, water deficit stress, as the main factor, consisted of four levels (control, stress at flowering, stress at grain filling and stress at both flowering and grain filling stages). Biological fertilizers as sub-plot consisted of four levels of biological fertilizer applications (control, application of Nytrazhyn, application of Barvar 2 fertile and application of both fertilizer Nytrazhyn and Barvar 2). Traits evaluated were seed yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight, number of ears per square meter, number of rows per ear, number of seed per row, weight, diameter and length of seeds. To determine the most effective traits simple correlation, stepwise regression analysis, path analysis and principal component analysis were performed. Multivariate analysis showed that harvest index, 100 grain weight and number of ears per square meter were highly effective on grain yield. They explained 77% and 66% of the total variance under both normal and drought stress conditions respectivly. The highest direct positive effect was related to harvest index under both conditions. To improving seed yielding potential of corn under water deficite cinditions emphasis should be placed mainly on the selection of genotypes with higher harvest indices. Manuscript profile
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  7 - The Effect of Different Levels of Pumice Mulch and Deficit Irrigation on the Some Physiological Traits and Seed Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.)
  Mehdi Nasiri Davoud Zarehaghi Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri
  10.30495/jcep.2019.666249
  Mineral mulches, such as pumice, increase water retention of soil, reduce evaporation and optimum water consumption. Use of pumice, thus, can be effective in improving the performance and growth of plant under water stress condition. This research was performed in compl More

  Mineral mulches, such as pumice, increase water retention of soil, reduce evaporation and optimum water consumption. Use of pumice, thus, can be effective in improving the performance and growth of plant under water stress condition. This research was performed in completely randomized block design with three replications, four levels pumice, without its use (as control), and use of 30, 60 and 90 tons of pumice per hectare and three levels of irrigation (at 50% severe stress, at 70% moderate stress and at 100% without stress, evaporation from class A evaporation pan to evaluate the effect of treatment on some physiological traits of corn (modified hybrid of Maxima). Physiological traits of corn, was affected significantly by pumice and irrigation. The highest and lowest chlorophyll index, leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance and dry and fresh weight biomass, were obtained from pumice treatment of 90 tons per hectare and the control. The highest and lowest leaf temperature was also obtained from treatments of control and 90 tons per hectare. Chlorophyll index of 90 tons treatment per hectare in comparison with control and 30 tons per hectare of pumice amounted to 52 and 26% respectively. Stomatal conductance of irrigation at 50% evaporation from evaporation pan in comparison with treatments 70 and 100% decreased by 42 and 23% respectively. Thus it can conducted that the use of the 60 tons per hectare of pumice and irrigation at 70% evaporation from evaporation pan would be effective and will significantly affect plant vegetative characteristics and yield of corn. Manuscript profile
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  8 - Effects of Foliar Application of Methanol on Yield and Yield Components of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under Water Deficit Stress Conditions
  نظام Armand حمزه Amiri A. Ismaeili
  To evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on yield and yield components of bean under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at Khatam-Al-Anbia University of Behbahan. The firs More

  To evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on yield and yield components of bean under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at Khatam-Al-Anbia University of Behbahan. The first factor was different levels of methanol consisting of 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30 volumetric percentage (v/v), which were applied foliarly at three times with 10 days intervals during growing season of bean. The second factor was moisture regimes with three levels of irrigation at 25, 75 and 100 percent of field capacity. Results of this study showed significant differences among levels of methanol concentrations as to dry weight of pod, pod width and length, seed length and number of pod per plant. All of the yield components were mainly decreased by severe drought stress. As a whole, application of methanol did not increase yield of bean under drought condition. Manuscript profile
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  9 - Identify Traits Affecting Grain Yield in Bread Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines under Drought Stress
  Hosein Nazari Saeid Aharizad Mohammad MoghaddamVahed Mahmood Toorchi
  To identify the effectis traits on grain yield under normal irrigation and water deficit conditions, 65 wheat recombinant inbred lines derived from the crossing of Yecora Rojo American cultivar (a high yielder, dwarf and early) and No.49 Iranian line (medium yielder, ta More

  To identify the effectis traits on grain yield under normal irrigation and water deficit conditions, 65 wheat recombinant inbred lines derived from the crossing of Yecora Rojo American cultivar (a high yielder, dwarf and early) and No.49 Iranian line (medium yielder, tall and late) split-plot experiments based on randomized complete bloks design with two replications was performed at Agriculture Research Station, University of Tabriz, in 2013. Irrigation levels were considered as main factor and lines as sub factor. The analysis of variance showed that the differences among irrigation levels for grain yield, plant height, peduncle length, root volume and root weight were significant. The differences among wheat lines and intraction between line irrigation levels for all of the traits were also significant. Under normal irrigation condition, grain yield had significant an positieve correlation with plant height, highest spike, number of seeds per spike, peduncle length, 1000 seed weight, spike length, straw yield and root length. Under drought stress condition, grain yield had significant and positive correlation with the number of grains per spike, number of fertile spikes, peduncle length, root length and straw yield. Path analysis, based on the stepwise regression method, revealed that the plant height, peduncle length, number of grains per spike, straw yield, number of fertile spike and root length undernormal irrigation condition and number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, number of fertile spikes, root length and root weight under water condition were effective traits on seed yield. Manuscript profile
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  10 - Evaluation of Drought Tolerance of Bread Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines
  ندا Zafar Naderi S. Aharizad
  To evaluateresponse of bread wheat recombinant inbred lines to water deficit, a split plot experiment arranged in randomized complete block design (CRBD) was conducted using eight recombinant inbred lines and their parental cultivars (Roshan and Super Head) with three r More

  To evaluateresponse of bread wheat recombinant inbred lines to water deficit, a split plot experiment arranged in randomized complete block design (CRBD) was conducted using eight recombinant inbred lines and their parental cultivars (Roshan and Super Head) with three replications under three irrigation levels (80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan) at the Agriculture Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch during 2009. The results of analysis of variance data collected revealed significant difference among lines and irrigation levels for grain yield. While line × irrigation level interaction was non significant for grain yield. Based on SSI and TOL, drought tolerance indices lines number 1, 7, 41 and Roshan cultivar under 120 mm evaporation, and lines number 7 and 19 under 160 mm evaporation were the tolerant lines. Under both stress conditions according to STI, MP and GMP indices, lines number 37, 38 and Roshan cultivar were recognized as the tolerant lines to water deficiet. Cluster analyses based on grain yield and drought tolerance indices recognized the lines number 1, 30, 32, 37, 38, 41 and Roshan cultivar under 120 mm and lines number 30, 37 and 38 and Roshan under 160 mm evaporation as the most drought tolerants and higher producers.  Manuscript profile
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  11 - Effect of Light Radiation Absorption and Its Use Efficiency in Intercropping of Soybean and Millet Under Water Deficit Stress
  Somayeh Hajinia Goudarz Ahmadvand
  To study the effect of water deficit stress on leaf area, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production of soybean and millet in intercropping, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out, in 2015 at the More

  To study the effect of water deficit stress on leaf area, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production of soybean and millet in intercropping, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out, in 2015 at the Research Station of Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The main factor consisted of three levels of water deficit stresses (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from pan) and sub factor of five replacement intercropping treatments sol cropping of soybean (100S), sol cropping of millet (100M), 67 % S+ 33 % M (67S:33M), 50 % S+ 50 % M (50S:50M) and 33 % S+ 67 % M (33S:67M). The results showed that the highest leaf area index of soybean and millet in sol cropping were 5.68 and 3.23 respectively. Severe water deficit stress significantly decreased leaf area index of soybean and millet by about 30.03 and 30.33 percent, respectively, as compared to well-watered condition. The highest dry matter (613 and 540 g.m-2) belonged to sol cropping of soybean and millet, respectively. Severe water deficit stress reduced dry matter of soybean and millet by 39.87 and 31.556 percent respectively as compared to the control. Radiation use efficiency of millet in (33S:67M), (50S:50M) and (67S:33M) intercropping ratios were 24.85, 29.86 and 26.76 percent more than sol cropping of millet, respectively. Radiation use efficiency of soybean reduced in the intercropping. Mean radiation use efficiency of soybean in growing season ranged from 0.97 g.mj-1 in the (33S:67M) ratio to 1.77 g.mj-1 in the sol cropping of soybean. The results showed a negative effect of water deficit stress on radiation use efficiency of both millet and soybean. Manuscript profile
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  12 - Effect of Seed Priming with Ethanol, Methanol, Boron and Manganese on some of Morphophysiological Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under Water Deficit Stress
  Ebrahim Khalilvand Behrouzyar
  To effects of seed priming with ethanol, methanol, boron and manganese on some morphophysiological characteristics of rapeseed under water deficit stress was investigated in greenhouse using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three r More

  To effects of seed priming with ethanol, methanol, boron and manganese on some morphophysiological characteristics of rapeseed under water deficit stress was investigated in greenhouse using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran, during growing seasons of 2012-2013. Treatments were 5 priming treatments: without seed priming, control, seeds priming with 2% ethanol, 2% methanol and with 0.5% of H3BO3 and of MnSO4.H2O solutions) and 4 levels of different regimes of irrigation: (irrigation at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of field capacity. The analysis of variance showed significant effects of seed priming on mean germination time (MGT) and germination speed (GS). The analysis of variance also indicated significant effect of seed priming and water deficit stress on relative water content (RWC) and number of pod per plant. Furthermore, the results showed a significant difference of interaction between seed priming and water deficit stress for seed yield per plant, stomata resistance and dry biomass weight per plant. The detailed results of this study showed that ethanol seed priming increased mean germination time (MGT) and germination speed (GS) by 65% and 72% respectively. Seed priming by ethanol increased relative water content (RWC) by 8% and number of pod per plant by 9% as compared with those of untreated seeds. Furthermore, seed priming by ethanol at 100% FC increased seed yield by 85% as compared with seed treatment by MnSO4.H2O at 25% FC. Manuscript profile
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  13 - The effect of interval irrigation and growth regulators on some morphophysiological traits of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) cultivars
  eshaq arekhi Hossein Ajam Noruzi Kamal Ghasemi Bezdi elham faghani
  10.30495/iper.2021.679538
  To study the effect of interval irrigation and growth regulators on morphophysiological traits of cotton cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in randomized complete block design in 2017 and 2018 in Hashemabad Cotton Research Station in Gorgan, Ira More

  To study the effect of interval irrigation and growth regulators on morphophysiological traits of cotton cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in randomized complete block design in 2017 and 2018 in Hashemabad Cotton Research Station in Gorgan, Iran. Treatments consisted of intervals of irrigation at two levels (two weeks and four weeks) as the main factor and six-level growth regulator treatments (control, benzyl adenine, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and cycocel) and three cotton cultivars (Golestan, Kashmar, and Shayan) were also considered as sub-factors. The results of this study showed that proline content and relative water content of leaf decreased with water deficit stress. Maximum proline content (3.55 µg/g fresh weight) was obtained from Shayan cultivar with salicylic acid. Benzyl adenine and brassinosteroids increased relative leaf water content. The highest cell membrane stability (2.998%) was observed in Kashmar cotton cultivar and two-week interval irrigation, and Cycocel increased the membrane stability by 15%. Plant height, number of flowers, and number of bolls were affected by growth regulators, irrigation intervals, and cultivars. With increasing irrigation period, plant height, flower number, and boll number decreased in all cultivars, but under drought stress, Golestan cultivar had more flowers and boll number than other cultivars. Cycocel, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids significantly increased flowering of cultivars at both years and both irrigation intervals. Benzyl adenine and brassinosteroids increased plant height more than 7% and abscisic acid, cycocel, and salicylic acid decreased plant height compared with control. Application of abscisic acid reduced the number of bolls by 22% compared with the control. Overall, growth regulators, especially cycocel and salicylic acid, increased the morphophysiological traits of cotton cultivars indicating their positive effect on drought tolerance and it could play a role in moderating stress effects under stress conditions. Manuscript profile
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  14 - The assessment of quantitative and qualitative yield of different native and foreign sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars under optimal and limited irrigation conditions
  heydar azizi Esmail Nabizadeh Azad Ebrahimi Rahim Mohammadian
  This study was conducted to evaluate 18 different native and foreign sugar beet cultivars in terms of some important quantitative and qualitative traits under optimal and limited irrigation conditions in 2017 crop season in as a strip split plot design (normal and stres More

  This study was conducted to evaluate 18 different native and foreign sugar beet cultivars in terms of some important quantitative and qualitative traits under optimal and limited irrigation conditions in 2017 crop season in as a strip split plot design (normal and stress conditions) as main plots and cultivar factor as sub plots based on RCB design with six replications. The results of combined ANOVA of the obtained data showed that the interaction effect of the environment × cultivar was significant on sugar yield, white sugar yield, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar (p≤0.05), and root potassium content (p≤0.01) traits while it had no effect on other traits. Based on the obtained results from ANOVA, the effect of cultivar was not significant on α-amino nitrogen trait while it was significant on other assessed traits under normal condition. Also, under stress condition, the cultivar effect was significant at p≤0.01 on all of the assessed traits. In terms of root yield trait, Merak and Dorthea foreign cultivars had the highest value with 86.5 and 70.4 t ha-1 and Sharif native cultivar had the lowest value with 14.3 and 17.2 t ha-1 under normal and stress conditions, respectively. Under normal and stress conditions, the mean sugar contents were calculated 19.88 and 20.15%, respectively. Although the difference was not significant, the increase in sugar content (about 1.34%) under stress condition was as expected. Given that the decreasing and increasing effects of water deficit stress on most measured traits were not significant, it can be found that sugar beet crop has a good tolerance threshold for water deficit and, surely the finding should always be considered by beet farmers in West Azarbaijan province, especially in the current situation in which there are attempts to revive the drying Urmia lake. Manuscript profile
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  15 - Effect of nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea L. under water deficit stress
  Asiyeh Omid-Haghi Ebrahim Khalilvand Behrouzyar Farhad Farahvash Mehrdad Yarnia Abdollah Hasanzadeh
  In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea under water, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Resea More

  In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea under water, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during growing seasons of 2017-2018. The main factors were water deficit stress at three levels of 50, 75, and 100% filed capacity, thefactorial combination of nano-TiO2 (n-TiO2) foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%) and salicylic acid foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%), and also distilled water foliar application as control treatment. Findingsshowed a significant effect of water deficit stress on relative water content (RWC) and proline (p≤0.01). Also, interaction of the effects of water deficit stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on Chl. b, total Chl., and hydrogen peroxide contents was significant (p≤0.01). Application of water deficit stress treatment up to 50% FC increased proline content by 40% and reduced RWC by 10% compared to complete irrigation (100% FC). Furthermore, 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.04% SA foliar application increased hydrogen peroxide content by 50% compared to complete irrigation group and the control. The maximum total Chl. Contents of leaves was obtained under 100% FC irrigation and and 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.02% SA foliar application showing 79.52% increase compared to 100% FC irrigation and no foliar application. Manuscript profile
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  16 - Effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on antioxidant enzyme activities of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) cultivars under water-deficit Stress
  Mohammad Jahanbakhshi Mehdi Sadeghi Mahmood Tohidi Farbod Fotouhi Seyed Ali Fazelzadeh
  10.30495/iper.2021.679565
  In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) under water-deficit stress, a field trial was performed in a split-plot design arranged in completely randomized block design More

  In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) under water-deficit stress, a field trial was performed in a split-plot design arranged in completely randomized block design with three replications in the Education and Research Center of Natural Resources Safiabad, Dezful during the two cultivation years (2017 and 2018). Four levels of water-deficit stress treatments were considered in the main plots (25, 50, 75, and 100% of plant water requirement) and combined treatment of foliar application of ascorbic acid in three levels (control, 10, and 20 mM) and genotype including Omidbakhsh VC6173 and Partow cultivars as subplots. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest levels of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were observed in water-deficit stress of 25% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. The highest activity of catalase enzyme was observed under water-deficit stress of 50% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. Also, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme was observed in Omidbakhsh VC6173 cultivar under water-deficit stress of 25% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. The highest glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in VC6173 cultivar under water-deficit stress of 75% water requirement and 10 mM foliar application of ascorbic acid. Results showed that dehydration stress significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes while foliar application of ascorbic acid due to its antioxidant properties reduced the effects of stress and thus reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes Manuscript profile
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  17 - Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and proline on the growth traits and the essential oil content of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. under water deficit conditions
  Azam Shaykh Samani Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti Mehrab Yadegari Faezeh Rajabzadeh
  10.30495/iper.2022.1952014.1771
  In the drought conditions of the last few decades, the use of novel scientific methods to increase the growth and production of effective substances of the medicinal and aromatic plants has been essential. This study was done to investigate the effect of foliar applicat More

  In the drought conditions of the last few decades, the use of novel scientific methods to increase the growth and production of effective substances of the medicinal and aromatic plants has been essential. This study was done to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and proline on the growth traits and essential oil content of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. (Lamiaceae family) under water deficit conditions at the Research Farm of the Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran during the two crop years of 2017-2019. The experiment was performed as a factorial in a CRBD with three replications. Experimental factors included irrigation treatment at two levels of normal irrigation (non-stress, irrigation after draining 30% of F.C.) and deficit irrigation regime (irrigation after draining 50% of F.C.), and three levels of foliar application (control, salicylic acid 1 mM, and proline 1 mM). The essential oil from the aerial parts of the herb at early flowering stage was extracted by water distillation. According to the results, the highest content of chlorophyll a, b, and total (0.96, 0.45, and 1.39 mg/g, respectively) were observed in water deficit irrigation treatment. Also, application of water deficit stress increased the proline content by 70% compared to the control while it did not show a significant effect on the morphological traits of plant height, stem diameter, and plant dry weight. Salicylic acid as a defense factor reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation conditions on the essential oil, proline, and chlorophylls a, b, and total contents. The highest and lowest contents of essential oils were obtained in foliar-application of proline (1.12 mL/100 g dry matter) and control (0.84 mL/100 g dry matter), respectively. In conclusion, the foliar-spraying of salicylic acid in conditions of deficit irrigation is recommended to reduce the negative effects of stress and increase the content of D. kotschyi essential oil. Manuscript profile
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  18 - Effect of irrigation intervals and humic acid on physiological and biochemical characteristic on medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris
  Farshad Sorkhi
  10.30495/ijpp.2020.1890199.1191
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  19 - Improving the water use efficiency, greenness index, and wheat grain yield under various irrigation regions using biofertilizer
  Abolghasem Moradgholi Hamidreza Mobasser Hamidreza Ganjali Hamidreza Fanaie Ahmad Mehraban
  10.2./jpps.2023.698813
  Drought is one of the most important nonliving stresses affecting the growth of plants, thereby limiting the agricultural yield of the plant. Measures including presenting information for improving the drought risk management, improving planning for more effective react More

  Drought is one of the most important nonliving stresses affecting the growth of plants, thereby limiting the agricultural yield of the plant. Measures including presenting information for improving the drought risk management, improving planning for more effective reaction to drought, investment on disaster risk reduction (DRR), and presenting an environment for minimizing the general risks lead to enhanced endurance, as well as prevention or reduction of future drought risks along with maintaining livelihoods. This research was performed in two agricultural years as split court experiments in the form of fully randomized block with four replications. Various conditions of soil humidity were considered as the main treatment at three along with the treatment of biofertilizers at seven levels, considered as secondary treatments. The study results indicated that various humidity conditions of the leaf relative water content (RWC), the greenness index of leaves (SPAD), chlorophyll a and b, as well as the grain yield became significant. With increase in the severity of stress, their values decreased suggesting their sensitivity to changes in the status of soil water and the leaf water potential. Usage of azotobacter and Phosphobacteria biofertilizers resulted in significant elevation of SPAD, RWC, chlorophyll a and b, as well as grain yield compared to the nonuse of biofertilizers. The effects of combined use of microorganisms led to compensation of the water stress damages. Generally, considering water deficit conditions and temperature elevation resulting from climate change, use of microorganisms as seed priming can considerably reduce these risks. Manuscript profile
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  20 - The effects of irrigation, methanol and humic acid foliar application on the chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots traits
  Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi Manour Fazeli Rostampour Hamed Javadi mohammadreza Maleki
  In order to study the effects of irrigation, methanol and humic acid foliar application on the traits, some of the soluble content and chicory root elements, the present research was carrid out in Birjand Azad University research farm using split plots-factorial based o More

  In order to study the effects of irrigation, methanol and humic acid foliar application on the traits, some of the soluble content and chicory root elements, the present research was carrid out in Birjand Azad University research farm using split plots-factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2016. In the present research a three level irrigation was used as the main plot (irrigation after 70T 140 and 210 mm of accumulative evaporation from pan) and methanol foliar in two levels (zero and 21 % of the volume) well as humic acid with two levels (zero and 10 li per hectar) in the form of factorial as the sub plot. The results showed that irrigation delay from 70 to 210 mm of accumulative evaporation from pan, the root length, number of root branch, percent of molasses sugar, N and P and dry root yield decreased b by 46, 37, 23, 39, 56 and 44% respectively. Also applying of 10 L.ha-1 of humic acid resulted in significant increase in the root length, number of root branch, N, P and K, dry root yield and water use efficiency of root by 12, 19, 15, 18.5, 35, 9 and 7% respectively compared to the control treatment. Also, although methanol application had a significant effect on root traits, it did not have significant interaction with irrigation. In general, the results of the study showed that the use of humic acid could reduce the negative effects of deficit water stress on Chicory. Manuscript profile
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  21 - The effect of salicylic acid and calcium carbonate on water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficiency condition in Marvdasht, Fars Province
  mojtaba ebrahimi Mojtaba Alavifazel Yahya Emam Alireza Shekohfar Alireza Bagheri
  This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and calcium carbonate application on water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of maize as Split factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during 201 More

  This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and calcium carbonate application on water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of maize as Split factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during 2010 and 2011 growing season. The main factor was irrigation levels including three levels (75 mm, 100 mm and 125 mm pan evaporation), from four-leaf stage to the end of growing season and the secondary factors were spraying of four concentration of salicylic acid (control, 1 mM 1.3 mM and 1.7 mM) from the four-leaf stage to the end of growing season and application of four concentration of calcium (control, 1 kg per hectare, 2 kg per hectare and 3 kg per hectare). The studied traits were leaf area index, chlorophyll a and b, proline, grain protein and grain yield. The treatments of Hormone concentration of 1.7 mM and 3 kg per hectare of calcium carbonate at all levels of irrigation caused significant increase in studied traits.Key words: maize, water deficit stress, salicylic acid, calcium carbonate and yield. Manuscript profile
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  22 - The effect of stopping irrigation and using superabsorbent on the morphological, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sunflower grains
  rezvan karami borzabad BABAK peykarestan Abolfazl Baghbani- Arani
  The present study was carried out in 2017 in the farm Milajard city, in order to investigate the effect of stopping irrigation and using Stacozorb superabsorbent on the morphological, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Progress sunflower in the form of a sp More

  The present study was carried out in 2017 in the farm Milajard city, in order to investigate the effect of stopping irrigation and using Stacozorb superabsorbent on the morphological, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Progress sunflower in the form of a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation treatment as the main factor in three levels of full irrigation, stop irrigation from the budding stage (45 days after planting) and stop irrigation from the flowering stage (55 days after planting) and use of super absorbent as a sub factor included four levels of no use of super absorbent, consumption of 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha. The highest yield of oil and grains and components of grain yield were obtained in the treatment of full irrigation and consumption of 90 kg.ha of superabsorbent, and the lowest amount of these traits in the treatment of interruption of irrigation was obtained from the stage of budding and no use of superabsorbent. Considering the importance of the economic characteristic of oil yield in sunflower, the stress of interrupting irrigation in budding and flowering stage caused a decrease, respectively, and these negative effects of water deficit stress were adjusted by using superabsorbent, so that the high amount of superabsorbent (90 kg.ha) had the greatest effect in improving the investigated traits under low irrigation conditions (according to the stress in budding and flowering stage) to the extent of (7.36 and 6.73 percent). Manuscript profile
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  23 - Effects of irrigation regimes, nitrogen rate and plant density on dry matter accumulation in sunflower (var. Iroflor)
  E. Gholinezhad N. Sajedi
           Inorder to study the effects of water deficiency stress, nitrogen application rates, and plant density on grain yield, dry matter accumulation, and related traits of oily sunflower (Hybrid Iroflor) in 2007-2009 in experim More

           Inorder to study the effects of water deficiency stress, nitrogen application rates, and plant density on grain yield, dry matter accumulation, and related traits of oily sunflower (Hybrid Iroflor) in 2007-2009 in experimental field Agriculture and Research center of West-Azerbaijan. The study was consisted split-split-plot experiments using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The factor main was consisted irrigation treatment including optimum irrigation, moderate stress and sever stress where irrigation was done after depletion of 50%, 70% and 90% of available water, respectively. Three nitrogen levels consisting of 100, 160 and 220 kg N ha-1 were considered as sub plots and sub – sub plots consisted of three plant populations of 5.55, 6.66 and 8.33 plants m-2. The results of combined analyzes showed that severe drought stress reduced the grain yield by 60% compared to the optimum irrigation condition. Increasing nitrogen application caused grain yield increase. The response of grain yield to increase in plant population was positive. In level of optimum irrigation with increasing rate of nitrogen traits all rate increased but in level of irrigation with increasing plant population head diameter decresed. Severe drought stress caused to reducing leaf area index, crop growth rate, disorder in absorbing and transferring of foodstuffs and reduced production of elaborate sap and at least reduced grain yield. In drought stress condition due to decling vegetative organs dry weight grain yield decreased. Manuscript profile
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  24 - Effects of application nitrogen and fertilizer manure on physiological characteristics of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) under water deficit stress
  J. Daneshian N. Rahmani M. Alimohammadi
  The effects of water deficit stress andfertilizer manure and nitrogen were studied on yield and physiological characteristics of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). An experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Takestan branch in 2010. Fi More

  The effects of water deficit stress andfertilizer manure and nitrogen were studied on yield and physiological characteristics of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). An experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Takestan branch in 2010. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design based on completely randomized block design  with 4 replications. treatments were three levels of stress as irrigation after 40, 80 and 120 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan, and consumption of 90 kg/ha nitrogen, 75% N and 10 ton/ha fertilizer manure, 50% N and 20  ton/ha fertilizer manure, 25% N and 30 ton/ha fertilizer manure, 40 ton/ha fertilizer manure.  The results indicated that water deficit stress had significant effect on diameter flower, plant height, biologic yield, flower yield and productivity effort. The highest biologic yield to 7416 kg/ha and productivity effort to 26.44 percent  when irrigation after 40 mm evaporation from pan class A. Application fertilizer manure and nitrogen had significant effect on biologic yield, flower yield and productivity effort. The highest biologic yield, flower yield and productivity effort application 40 ton/ha fertilizer manure. Irrigation and application fertilizer manure and nitrogen interactions effect were significant in flower yield. The highest flower yield when irrigation after 40 mm evaporation from pan class A and application 40 ton/ha fertilizer manure. It seems, applging of Nitrogen fertilization had not significant effect on physiological characteristics on Calendula in water deficit stress. Manuscript profile
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  25 - Effects of water deficit stress on agrophysiological traits hybrids of maize
  M. sheikhi N. A. Sajedi M. Jiriaei
  In order to study effects of water deficit stress on agrophysiological traitsof Maize cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the farm research station of Arak Islamic Azad University, Iran in 2009. The experimental design was split plot based on RCBD with three repli More

  In order to study effects of water deficit stress on agrophysiological traitsof Maize cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the farm research station of Arak Islamic Azad University, Iran in 2009. The experimental design was split plot based on RCBD with three replications. The treats were considered as irrigation in three levels: 100% (control) , 75% and %50 (water deficit stress) crop water requirement plant and maize hybrids consisted of KSC500, KSC524, KSC700, KSC704 and DSC370. Results showed that water deficit stress reduced relatively water content,cell membrane stability and grain yield.  About hybrids, the highest grain yield obtained from early and medium maturity hybrids. Also the highest  cell membrane stability and relatively water content belonged to medium maturity hybrids. Interactions effects of treatments showed that, in condition of moisture optimum(100% crop water requirement) and  water deficit stress (75% and 50% crop water requirement plant),  grain yield in KSC524 and 500  was high compared to other hybrids. The highest grain yield equal 8624.22  Kg/ha by treatment  KSC524 with 100% crop water requirement plant and lowest grain yield equal 4072.32 obtained from treatment KSC700 with 50% crop water requirement. Manuscript profile
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  26 - The effect of water deficit stress and manure on quantitative and qualitative yield and some characteristics of physiological (Plantago Ovata Forssk.)
  B. Afsharmanesh Gh. Afsharmanesh M. A. Vakili Shahrbabaki
  In order to study effect of water deficit stress and manure onon quantitative and qualitative yield and some characteristics of physiologicalof plantago ovate a pot experiment was performed at the greenhouse of Jiroft Islamic Azad University, Iran, in 2009. For this pur More

  In order to study effect of water deficit stress and manure onon quantitative and qualitative yield and some characteristics of physiologicalof plantago ovate a pot experiment was performed at the greenhouse of Jiroft Islamic Azad University, Iran, in 2009. For this purpose split plot design based on complete randomized block with 3 replication was used. Irrigation treatments consist of 3 level: 75%FC (mild stress), 50%FC (Medium stress) and 25%FC (Sever Stress) were main factors and manure levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ton/ha) were selected as sub factors. The results showed effect of water deficit stress and manure and also interaction effect between two factor on seed yield were significant (P<5% and p<1%). Highest seed yield (232.3 kg/ha) obtained from mild stress with using 20 ton/ha manure. This two factor had no significant on mucilage. With increasing water deficit stress RWC was decreased. The maximum RWC obtained by using 40 ton/ha. Cell membrane stability was decreased under sever stress. Thus in Jiroft it's necessary for reach high yield in plantago ovata 20 t/ha manure. Manuscript profile
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  27 - Effect of PGPR and water deficit on agronomical traits of wheat (cv. Shahriar)
  M. Jiriaie N. A. Sajedi H. Madani M. Sheikhi
  In order to study effect of PGPR and water deficit on agronomical traits of wheat (cv. Shahriar), an experiment was conducted in the research station of Islamic Azad University- Arak Branch, Iran in 2009-2010. The experimental design was split factorial based on RCBD wi More

  In order to study effect of PGPR and water deficit on agronomical traits of wheat (cv. Shahriar), an experiment was conducted in the research station of Islamic Azad University- Arak Branch, Iran in 2009-2010. The experimental design was split factorial based on RCBD with three replications. The treatments including of water deficit stress in three level: 50%, 75% and 100% crop water requirement in were assigned to main spilt and plant grow promote regulators including of salicylic acid(without and with using) and CCC(Chlormequat chloride) (without and with using) as factorial were randomized to sub plot. Results showed water deficit stress reduced traits. Bat with sprayed CCC and SA in water deficit and irrigation equal 100% crop water requirement increased length ear weight ear per in ear weight and yield treats. In condition of irrigation equal 75% and 50% crop water requirement, application of along salicylic acid and CCC  as compared without use these, increased yield and yield component. Using of together salicylic acid and CCC increased yield grain by 13.5% as compared with control.  In general results this experiment showed that under water limitation condition, with irrigation equal 75% crop water requirements and use together salicylic acid and CCC can obtain to yield of acceptable. Manuscript profile
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  28 - Effects of water deficit stress and application of nitrogen on yield physiological indices of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.)
  N. Rahmani T. Taherkhani J. Daneshian
  The effects of water deficit stress and nitrogen on yield physiological indices of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), The experiment were carried out in a split plot design based on completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Treatments were three levels More

  The effects of water deficit stress and nitrogen on yield physiological indices of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), The experiment were carried out in a split plot design based on completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Treatments were three levels of stress and irrigation after 40, 80 and 120 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan, and consumption of 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha nitrogen. The results indicated that water deficit stress had significant effect on harvest index 50% flowering, flower weight to plant ratio 50% flowering, productivity effort 50% flowering, harvest index 100% flowering, productivity effort 100% flowering, harvest index 100%  second flowering, flower weight to plant ratio 100%  second flowering, productivity effort 100% second flowering, harvest index, flower weight to plant ratio, productivity effort. The highest harvest index (18.85), flower weight to plant ratio (13.15) and productivity effort (21.26) with irrigation after 40 mm evaporation. Nitrogen had signification effect on harvest index 50% flowering, flower weight to plant ratio 50% flowering , productivity effort 50% flowering, harvest index 100% flowering, productivity effort 100% flowering, harvest index 100%  second flowering, flower weight to plant ratio 100%  second flowering , productivity effort 100% second flowering, harvest index, flower weight to plant ratio, productivity effort. In water deficit stress nitrogen had significant effect on flower weight to plant ratio 100%  flowering. The results indicated that the best time for harvest in Calendula is when 100 percent flowering irrigation after 40 mm evaporation and 90 kg/ha nitrogen. Also the best time for seed harvest in the last stage is irrigation after 40 mm evaporation and 90 kg/ha nitrogen. Manuscript profile
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  29 - Interaction of water deficit stress and salicylic acid on yield and component yield of two cultivars wheat
  Hamed Oghbaie Noor ali Sajedi Hamid Madani
  This experiment was conducted in the research station of Islamic AzadUniversity- Arak Branch, Iranin 2009-2010. The experimental design was split plot factorial based onrandomized complete blocks design with four replications. The treatmentsincluding of water deficit st More

  This experiment was conducted in the research station of Islamic AzadUniversity- Arak Branch, Iranin 2009-2010. The experimental design was split plot factorial based onrandomized complete blocks design with four replications. The treatmentsincluding of water deficit stress in three levels: complete irrigation,cut-irrigation at milk stage and Cut-irrigation at dough stage in were assignedto main spilt and salicylic acid (without and with using equal to 1 Mm as seedpriming) and cultivars including of Alvand and Shahriar as factorial wererandomized to sub plot. Results showed that cut-irrigation at milk and dough stage reducedgrain yield by %24 and %15 respectively. Application ofsalicylic acid in complete irrigation, cut-irrigation at milk and dough stageincreased grain yield by 7.2, 7 and 8.7%. Effects threefold of treatmentsshowed that, highest grain yield equal 3698kg ha-1 obtained frominteraction of complete irrigation, with salicylic acid and Alvand cultivar,but  in condition of  cut-irrigation highest grain yield equal 3378kg ha-1 obtained from interaction of cut- irrigation at dough stage,with salicylic acid and shahriar cultivar. The results of experiment showedthat salicylic acid application may be decreased effects of water deficit. Manuscript profile
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  30 - Effect of various nutritional systems on growth characteristics, sepals yield and yield components of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under drought stress
  seyedeh esmat hashemi fadaki Brat Ali Fakheri nafiseh mahdinezhad Roghaeh Mohammadpour
  Water deficit stress is a major environmental limiting factor of plant growth and crop productivity. Therefore, many studies have been done to minimize the stress effects caused by Water deficit in agriculture and plant physiology. In present investigation, to study the More

  Water deficit stress is a major environmental limiting factor of plant growth and crop productivity. Therefore, many studies have been done to minimize the stress effects caused by Water deficit in agriculture and plant physiology. In present investigation, to study the effects of nano and nano bio-fertilizers on reducing the damage caused by drought on growth parameters on roselle an experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, University of Zabol, in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications, during 2015. Four drought stress levels 30, 50, 70 and 90 percent of available water were considered as main plots and four levels of fertilizers nano-iron, nano-ZFM, nano-biomik and control (lack of fertilizer) were considered as sub plots. The studied traits included plant height, fresh and dry weight of vegetative and roots, number of lateral branches, number of calyx, fresh and dry weight of sepals. Main effects of fertilizer, drought stress and their interaction were significant for all studied traits in 1 percent probability level. Maximum of fresh and dry weight of sepals, number of calyx, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of vegetative and plant height were obtained under treatment of 70 percent of available water and foliar application of nano-iron. The highest amount of fresh and dry weight of roots belonged to 70 percent of available water and foliar application of nano-ZFM. Spraying with nano-iron mitigated the effects of drought stress and increased the quantity of roselle sepals. Manuscript profile
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  31 - The effect of methanol foliar application on some physiological traits of cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) under drought stress conditions
  ali akbar saneinejad Mahmood Tohidi Behnam Habibi Khaniani Mehdi Sadeghi Mohamad Khoramian
  The aim of this study id analysis the effect of methanol foliar application on the physiological traits of beans genotype under water deficit stress as a split plot design was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Safiabad Dezful Agricultural Research and N More

  The aim of this study id analysis the effect of methanol foliar application on the physiological traits of beans genotype under water deficit stress as a split plot design was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Safiabad Dezful Agricultural Research and Natural Resources and Center in 2018 and 2019 years. Water deficit stress was the main plots include four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% of plant water requirement) and combined foliar aplication of methanol including 3 levels (control, 10 and 20%) and genotype treatment including two cultivars omidbakhsh 1057 And Mashhad was in sub-plots. The results showed that the interaction of water deficit stress and foliar application of methanol on ion leakage, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, leaf soluble carbohydrates and proline grains was significant at the 1% probability level. The lowest amount of ionic leakage observed under the interaction of 100% water deficit stress and 10% foliar aplication of methanol (25/23 μmos/cm) and The highest amount of ion leakage under the interaction of 25% water deficit stress and the without foliar aplication of methanol (control) (42.25 μmos/cm). The highest amount of chlorophyll a was observed in line 1057 under the 100% water deficit stress and 20% foliar aplication of methanol (0.19 µmol.g-1 FW). The highest concentration of carotenoids in line 1057 under the treatment of 100% water deficit stress (0.19 µmol.g-1 FW) and the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates under the treatment of 100% water deficit stress and 20% foliar aplication of methanol (50.83 µmol.g-1 FW) was observed. Manuscript profile
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  32 - The effect of zinc application on some agronomic and physiologic traits of rapeseed promising lines in different irrigation regimes
  ashkan ashkiani Saeed Sayfzadeh Amirhosein Shiranirad Seyed Alireza Valadabadi Esmaeil Hadidi-Masouleh
  In order to evaluate the application of zinc on some agronomic and physiologic traits of rapeseed promising lines under drought stress conditions, a factorial split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2014-2015 an More

  In order to evaluate the application of zinc on some agronomic and physiologic traits of rapeseed promising lines under drought stress conditions, a factorial split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2015) in the institute farm Research on breeding and preparation of seedlings and seeds of Karaj was carried out. Irrigation factor and zinc were applied factorially in main plots and promising lines factor in sub-plots. In this study, irrigation at three levels including normal or control irrigation, cessation of irrigation from flowering stage onwards and cessation of irrigation from pod stage onwards, zinc in two levels including normal water (no zinc application) and foliar application with zinc 30 g / l zinc and rapeseed promising lines including Danob, HW113, KR2, L155, HL2012 were placed in subplots. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation, zinc and line on most of the studied traits was significant. Comparison of the mean effects of irrigation, zinc and line on most traits showed that the highest amount of normal irrigation treatment, application of zinc and L155 line was obtained. The results of comparing the means of the triple effect on most of the traits showed that the highest value was related to the L155 line in the treatment of zinc application and normal irrigation. According to the obtained results, the most suitable genotype for the region is L155. Manuscript profile
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  33 - Effect of super absorbent polymer on the morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water deficit stress
  Mohammad Reza Kazemi Farshad Ghooshchi Pourang Kasraei
  This experiment studies the effects of super-physiological characteristics of wheat in drought conditions for split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot including different levels of water deficit stress (60, 90 and 120 mm evapor More

  This experiment studies the effects of super-physiological characteristics of wheat in drought conditions for split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot including different levels of water deficit stress (60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation) and sub plot different amounts of polymer (zero, 15, 30 and 45 kg per ha).30 percent and biomass yield in the order of 6.42 and 10.94 percent increase compared to control polymer. In conditions of severe stress high level of polymer leads to a significant decrease in enzyme activity guaiacol (1.5 times), ascorbate peroxidase (63%), catalase (30%) and glutathione reductase (71%) compared to conditions without polymer. Even moderate levels of water stress leads to a significant reduction in chlorophyll a and b (15 and 24 percent respectively compared to control) was. But more drastic reduction in the amount of chlorophyll a and b in severe water deficit stress levels were observed (38.7, 51% reduction compared to control treatment). Using high polymer surfaces, 30 and 45 kg ha chlorophyll in plants to form a 13.42 and 20.13 percent respectively. Mild stress higher levels of polymers in organic solute had almost the same effect. While severe stress positive impact polymer was 45 kg per hector higher than 30 kg per hectare, and the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline able to hold even under mild stress. The high polymer membrane lipid peroxidation rate decreased, resulting in the production of malondialdehyde as compared to controls 53 percent. Superabsorbent polymer on grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase was significant, and in Kalataz the interaction is not significant.   Manuscript profile
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  34 - The effect of putrescine foliar application on physiologic characteristics of wheat Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9 under cut irrigation stress
  zahra Karimi Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam Pourang Kasraee
  This experiment was conducted to effect of putrescine foliar application on physiologic characteristics of wheat (Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9) under water deficit stress as split pilot arrangement and randomized complete block design with three replication ( 12 plots More

  This experiment was conducted to effect of putrescine foliar application on physiologic characteristics of wheat (Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9) under water deficit stress as split pilot arrangement and randomized complete block design with three replication ( 12 plots) at Islamic Azad University farm. The main split including four irrigation levels: normal irrigation, withholding irrigation in stem elongation , withholding irrigation in flowering and withholding irrigation in grain filling and the secondary plot including foliar application  with purred water, Putrescine foliar applications with 75 and 150 ppm.The maximum protein yield and percent was in grain filling and foliar application of putrescine (150 ppm) with 509.8 kg.ha-1  and 8.61% whereas minimum protein yield was in withholding irrigation in flowering with 387.03 and 6.5 % .Withholding irrigation in different stages of plant lifespan decreased chlorophyll a,b , a+b contents and relative water contents whereas increased protein content, proline and electrical conductivity. Putrescine foliar applications with 150 ppm improved all the mentioned characteristics to normal irrigation Manuscript profile
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  35 - The effect of putrescine foliar application on morphologic characteristics of wheat Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9 under water deficit stress
  zahra Karimi Hamidreza Tohidi Moghadam Pourangh Kasraie
  This experiment was conducted to effect of putrescine foliar application on morphologic characteristics of wheat (Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9) under water deficit stress as split pilot arrangement and randomized complete block design with three replication (12 plots) More

  This experiment was conducted to effect of putrescine foliar application on morphologic characteristics of wheat (Tiriticum aestivum var sw-82-9) under water deficit stress as split pilot arrangement and randomized complete block design with three replication (12 plots) at Islamic Azad University farm. The main split including four irrigation levels: normal irrigation, withholding irrigation in stem elongation, withholding irrigation in flowering and withholding irrigation in grain filling and the secondary plot including foliar application with purred water, Putrescine foliar applications with 75 and 150 ppm. Minimum plant and ear length were in withholding irrigation in stem elongation with 70.29 and 8.86 cm, respectively while the mentioned characteristics in Putrescine foliar applications with 150 ppm were 84.04 and 11.06, respectively. Maximum plant and ear length in normal irrigation with putrescine foliar applications 150 ppm were 84.4 and 10.63 cm, respectively. Minimum grain yield and harvest index were at withholding irrigation in flowering with 5045.7 and 38.16 % and Maximum grain yield and harvest index were at normal irrigation with putrescine foliar applications stage with 150 ppm, 6428.3 and 42.8 %, respectively. Putrescine foliar application in all groups ameliorated grain yield, wheat length, thousand of grain weight, biological yield and number of ear per mm2 and seen positive correlation. Putrescine foliar application increased plant length (81.27 cm) ear length (11.06 cm) grain yield (6528.3 Kg.ha) and harvest index (43.24 %) with respect to control group. It seems putrescine foliar application modified morphologic traits. Manuscript profile
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  36 - Effect of inoculation of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars KSC704 with Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria on yield and biochemical traits in condition of cut irrigation
  mohammad nasri meysam oveysi
  Bio-fertilizers of bacteria and fungi that are useful are produced each specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium and iron insoluble compounds of them. An experiment to study the effects of Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomusmosseae) and Ps More

  Bio-fertilizers of bacteria and fungi that are useful are produced each specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium and iron insoluble compounds of them. An experiment to study the effects of Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomusmosseae) and Pseudomonas bacteria (Pseudomonasputida) on yield under drought stress, antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers destruction of the corn plant KSC704 varieties in crop year 2013-2014 was conducted in Varamin. The experiment was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications were studied. The main factor of three irrigation levels (1- Normal irrigation. 2. Cut irrigation in the flowering stage. 3- Cut irrigation at grain filling) and Bio-fertilizer mixing sub Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria to the seeds when planting at four levels (1. non-use of Mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas. 2. The application of Mycorrhizal 60 g.ha-1. 3. Application of 100 g.ha-1 Pseudomonas. 4. Application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas) was considered. The results showed that the interactions between stress and the use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas on all traits was significant at the level of one and five percent. The highest grain yield (7965.3 kg.ha-1), biological yield (20468.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (39.1 %) were obtained with simultaneous application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas and normal irrigation and The least of these traits of stress during flowering and non-use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas allocated to that with drought stress during grain filling was no significant difference. It should be noted in irrigation and Application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas usually the least amount of catalase, D-OH guanosine and malondialdehyde were obtained. The highest amount of leaf prolinein the amount of 0.336 µg.g-1 in irrigation cut off at flowering stage and the application of Mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas was obtained. Simultaneous use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas conditions of drought stress on the growth, the plant could greatly increase your tolerance through increasing adaptability metabolites Manuscript profile
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  37 - Effect of foliar application of putrescine on antioxidative defense of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var sw _82_9) under water deficit stress
  Zahra Karimi Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam Pourang Kasraei
  This study was carried out to assess effect of foliar application of putrescine on biochemical enzymes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L .var sw _82_9) under water deficit stress as split factorial experiment with complete randomized  block design ,four treatment and t More

  This study was carried out to assess effect of foliar application of putrescine on biochemical enzymes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L .var sw _82_9) under water deficit stress as split factorial experiment with complete randomized  block design ,four treatment and three replication of putrescine on a farm at Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch at 2014. main plots were including four irrigation treatments (Normal irrigation, irrigation withholding at stem elongation stage, irrigation with holding at flowering stage and irrigation withholding at seed filling period stage) and in sub plot units putrescine was used at three concentrations (0, 150 and 300ppm).Results showed that the highest SOD and the lowest SOD and CAT activities belonged to irrigation withholding at seed filling period stage and normal irrigation ,respectively(P < 0.05). The highest and lowest MDA activity belonged to foliar application of putrescine at 0 and 150 ppm, respectively. Putrescine foliar application decreased proline malondialdehyde and dityrosine in leaves by reduction of water deficit stress. In addition, plants were preferred putrescine utilize as a scavenger than the enhancement enzyme activity in against stress and perhaps putrescine foliar application with 150ppm concentration could indirectly decrease oxidative stress.                 Manuscript profile
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  38 - Effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and irrigation withholding in different growth stages on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and some biochemical's changes in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
  Malahat Davoodi Mackinejad Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam Nabi-Alah Nemati
  In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid, an experiment was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch in Iran during 2012 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomiz More

  In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid, an experiment was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch in Iran during 2012 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split plots arrangement in three replications. Main plots included four different levels of irrigation (complete irrigation, irrigation withholding at 8-leaf stage, irrigation withholding at grain filling stage and irrigation withholding at both 8-leaf and grain filling stages) and three different concentration of Ascorbic Acid foliar application (0, 100 and 200 ppm) was allocated to subplots. The results showed that irrigation withholding conditions in different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage, oil and protein yield and total chlorophyll content but by contrast increased proline content and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves. Foliar application of ascorbic acid as antioxidant enzyme could increased quantitative and qualitative yield and chlorophyll content and decreased proline and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves by reduction of water deficit stress. Foliar application of Ascorbic Acid with 200 ppm under irrigation withholding at both 8-leaf and grain filling stages increased 38/46% yield seed compared with treatment that foliar application without Ascorbic Acid. In addition, Ascorbic Acid foliar application reduced the harmful effects of water deficit stress as antioxidant and improved growth conditions for water deficit stress.   Manuscript profile
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  39 - Effects of seed priming with ascorbic acid on yield and some physiological traits of soybean under normal and interrupted irrigation conditions
  Omid Gavili Asad Rokhzadi
  In order to study the effects of seed priming with ascorbic acid (AsA) on agronomic traits of two soybean cultivars under normal irrigation and interrupted irrigation at flowering stage, this experiment was carried out in a split-plot factorial arrangement with randomiz More

  In order to study the effects of seed priming with ascorbic acid (AsA) on agronomic traits of two soybean cultivars under normal irrigation and interrupted irrigation at flowering stage, this experiment was carried out in a split-plot factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design in three replications at the research farm of agriculture faculty, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch in 2013. The main factor was irrigation with two levels of full irrigation and interrupted irrigation at flowering stage. The factorial combination of cultivar and seed priming with AsA was assigned in sub-plots. Two soybean cultivars included Hobbit and L17 and seed priming treatments included: 0 (Control or non-priming), 50, 100 and 150 mg/L AsA. Results showed that two soybean cultivars differently responded to seed priming with AsA under full irrigation and interrupted irrigation (drought stress). Hobbit cultivar positively responded to priming under stress conditions. AsA application in seed priming resulted in increasing of seed yield and seed oil yield in comparison with control (non-priming), whereas L17 cultivar had no response to seed priming in stress conditions. On the other hand in normal irrigation conditions two cultivars showed a reverse reaction to seed priming so that L17 cultivar positively responded to priming under full irrigation conditions especially the concentration of 150 mg/L AsA expressively increased seed yield of this cultivar Manuscript profile
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  40 - The effect of methanol on quality characteristics of Canola (Hayola 402) under water deficit stress in Varamin region
  Alireza Mirchi
  To study the application of methanol on qualitative and quantitative characteristics under water deficit stress on canola an experiment was conducted as split plot based on RCBD with three replication at research field of Islamic Azad University Varamin branch in 2012. More

  To study the application of methanol on qualitative and quantitative characteristics under water deficit stress on canola an experiment was conducted as split plot based on RCBD with three replication at research field of Islamic Azad University Varamin branch in 2012. Experimental factors were water deficit stress in main plots (normal irrigation, drought stress at stemming phase, drought stress at pod phase) and methanol (no usage of methanol, spray 14% methanol, spray 28% methanol) as sub plots.Analysis of variance showed significant difference for MDA, DT for simple effect of irrigation, application of methanol and interaction irrigation and application of methanol. Interaction of normal irrigation and 28% methanol increased grain yield and it decreased CAT, MDA and DT. In fact Interaction of normal irrigation and 28% methanolwas the best treatment.In general, application of methanol under water deficit stress decrease oxidative stress destructive effects and it increase qualitative and quantitative characteristics of canola.   Manuscript profile
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  41 - Effect of potassium and zinc on yield, yield components and some physiological traits of chickpea under rainfed condition
  Amin Abbasi Moghaddam Ali Ebadi Hossein Shahbazi
  To evaluate the effects of potassium on yield, yield components and some physiological traits of chickpea in rain-fed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of Islamic Aza More

  To evaluate the effects of potassium on yield, yield components and some physiological traits of chickpea in rain-fed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of Islamic Azad University Ardabil Branch in 2011. Factors included four potassium levels as 0, 30, 60 and 90 kgha-1 and Zinc on three levels of 0, 0.3 and 0.6%. The traits such as yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, a, b and total chlorophyll, leaf relative water content, stability of cell membrane and osmotic potential were measured. The highest biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per plant, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and leaf relative water content, cell membrane stability and lowest osmotic potential belonged to the treatment of 90 kg ha-1 potassium and 0.6% of zinc treatment. Based on the results, it seems that application of the potassium and zinc improves stress tolerance indices and reduce stress injuries and grain yield, consequently. Manuscript profile
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  42 - Effect of safflower seeds priming with abscisic and gibberellic acid on germination indices in salinity stress condition
  Nasrin Sadat Esanejad Heshmat Omidi Arezoo Paraver
  10.22034/aej.2016.521052
  This study was carried out to determine the effect of hormonal priming to improve seed germination and initial growth of safflower seeds under salt stress. The experiment was done using factorial experiment based on completely randomized design in three repetitions in S More

  This study was carried out to determine the effect of hormonal priming to improve seed germination and initial growth of safflower seeds under salt stress. The experiment was done using factorial experiment based on completely randomized design in three repetitions in Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University. Safflower seeds primed with 3% abscisic acid and 150 and 500 ppm of gibberellic acid then were placed under salinity stress condition of the natural salt of Qom lake (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS.m -1). The germination indicies were measured. Priming seeds with gibberellic and abscisic acid relatively reduced the effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth and improved the germination and initial growth in low water potential condition. Gibberllic acid was more effective than abscisic acid. Priming with combination of 500 ppm gibberellic acid and 3% abscisic acid % combination had the greatest effect on germination percent, seedling length and seedling dry matter. Howerer, priming decreased the mean germination time. Priming with 500 ppm gibberellic acid and 3% abscisic acid combination under salinity conditions reduced the negative effects of salinity by increasing the water uptake in the plant, resulted in improvement of germination percentage, seedling length and seedling dry matter and length and weight vigor indecies. On the whole, priming of safflower seeds with combined priming increased the seeds resistance to the drought stress, therefore the seedlings with strong vigor and high germination percentage were produced. Manuscript profile
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  43 - Cycocel foliar application effect on alleviation of drought stress consequences on growth traits of barley cv. Kavir in Khorafarin, Iran
  Ahmad Afkari Hamid Ghaffari
  10.22034/aej.2018.538663
  Application of plant growth regulators is one of the most important methods to reduce the effects of drought stress to obtain suitable growth under water deficit conditions. The currecnt research objective is investigat the effect of cycocel foliar application on allevi More

  Application of plant growth regulators is one of the most important methods to reduce the effects of drought stress to obtain suitable growth under water deficit conditions. The currecnt research objective is investigat the effect of cycocel foliar application on alleviation of drought stress concequences on growth traits of barley cv. Kavir .The experiment was conducted as factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications. The experiment treatments included cycocel with concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500 mg/L, drought stress at three levels of normal irrigation, irrigation cut-off in stemming and flowering stage. Drought stress negatively affected all evaluated traits. Cycocel application under drought stress significantly increased yield and yield components and reduced plant height. Foliar application with 1500 mg/L concentration of cycocel caused the plant to be subjected to drought stress. Applying 1500 mg/L cycocel can be recommended to reach optimum grain yield of barley cv. Kavir subjected in drought stress. Manuscript profile
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  44 - Response of hyssop morphological traits to deficit irrigation in greenhouse condition
  Majid Rostami
  10.22034/aej.2016.525078
  Drought stress is the main limiting factor of crop growth and yield in arid and semi-arid regions. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants with various medical applications. To study the effect of deficit irrigation on hyssop morph More

  Drought stress is the main limiting factor of crop growth and yield in arid and semi-arid regions. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants with various medical applications. To study the effect of deficit irrigation on hyssop morphological traits including plant height, leaf, shoot and stem weight, root volume and density and root to shootratio, an experiment was carried out based on randomized completely design in four replications at Research Greenhouse of Agricultural College of Shirvan. The irrigation deficit levels were 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity as control, mild, medium and severe stress, respectively. Increasing of deficit irrigation from medium to severe stress declined plant height, leaf, stem and shoot weight, root volume and weight. However, root dry to shoot weight ratio increased with increasing deficit irrigation level. On the whole, the experiment results showed relative tolerance of hyssop to mild stress. Therefore, hyssop planting in arid and semi-arid with mild stress is recommending. Manuscript profile
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  45 - Effect of mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) and zinc on morphological and agronomic traits of corn (Zea mays L.) under different levels of soil moistures
  Nourali Sajedi amir hosein shiranirad abdollah sajedi hadi khanmohammadi
  Effects of mycorrhiza fungi and different levels of zinc on some morphologic and agronomic traits of corn (variety KSC 704) was studied under water deficit stress. The experiment was carried out at research farm of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, in 2006. The expe More

  Effects of mycorrhiza fungi and different levels of zinc on some morphologic and agronomic traits of corn (variety KSC 704) was studied under water deficit stress. The experiment was carried out at research farm of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, in 2006. The experimental design was a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigations (100%, 75% and 50% of plant water requirement), inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi at two levels (inoculated and un-inoculated with Glomus intraradices) and zinc sulphate at three levels (0, 25 and 45 kg.ha-1). Results showed that drought stress affected agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The maximum grain yield was produced with an irrigation of %100 crop water requirement. Application of mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate shifted agronomic characteristics and grain yield. Effects of mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate interactions increased grain yield. Effects of irrigation, mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate interactions affected grain yield too. However, the highest growth of agronomic traits and grain yield were obtained for the treatment of irrigation level (100%) and zinc sulphate (25 kg.ha-1) with mycorrhiza inoculation. Manuscript profile
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  46 - Influence of KCl and urea spraying on quality and quantity of wheat cv. Sardari under rainfed conditions
  Mehrdad Abdi
  In 2012 a factorial experiment was conducted in Khodabandeh Dryland Research Station to study the effects of foliar spraying of urea, potassium chloride and urea + potassium chloride on grain yield, grain protein and leaf relative water content of Sardari wheat under ra More

  In 2012 a factorial experiment was conducted in Khodabandeh Dryland Research Station to study the effects of foliar spraying of urea, potassium chloride and urea + potassium chloride on grain yield, grain protein and leaf relative water content of Sardari wheat under rainfed condition. Also, to determine the most effective application time of nutrients used at various growth stages including double ridge, milky and double stage + milky stage, factorial experiment had 15 treatments and arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The amounts of urea and potassium chloride used as foliar spraying were equivalent to 20 kg/ha. The urea and potassium chloride were sprayed with concentrations of 5 and 1%, respectively. Growth preserved leaf moisture and resulted in highest leaf relative water content. Spraying potassium chloride + urea in double ridge and milky stages resulted in highest grain yield, biological yield, thousand kernel weight, number of kernel per head and grain protein content. These parameters showed 40, 9.3, 49 and 7.9% increasing comparing to the check, respectively. The overall results showed that spraying potassium chloride before anthesis stage increased grain yield and number of grain per head, while spraying after anthasis stage increased significantly protein content and thousand kernel weight.   Manuscript profile