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Open Access Article
1 - The Formation of Historical Cemeteries: A Study on Historical Cemeteries in Ahwāz
hamed hayaty Nastaran Moradiany Behnam EskandariBecause of urban destruction and lack of sufficient knowledge about cemeteries, the aim of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of historical cemetery and evaluate the historical cemeteries of Ahwāz and effective factors of the formation. The data collect MoreBecause of urban destruction and lack of sufficient knowledge about cemeteries, the aim of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of historical cemetery and evaluate the historical cemeteries of Ahwāz and effective factors of the formation. The data collection method is based on library information and field studies. That describes the existing conditions of the study samples and the effective factors in the formation of cemeteries is analyzed by adapting the objective observations and library documents. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the results of this study, several factors affect the formation and development of cemeteries, which can be divided into two categories of internal and external factors and in more detail in six categories of body, context, perspective, history, social, and economic structures and context. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Revitalization in contrast between gentrification and Persisting residents approach case study: Ouchdokan quarter
seyyedeh ziba aghili naser bonyadiAs the local and original residents of historical neighborhoods of a city leaves the districts and they are replaced by low-income migrants, many problems are observed in the city. The most important of these problems are including development of criminal centers, ident MoreAs the local and original residents of historical neighborhoods of a city leaves the districts and they are replaced by low-income migrants, many problems are observed in the city. The most important of these problems are including development of criminal centers, identity crisis, horizontal development of city, creation of periphery and suburb towns, and challenges in infrastructure development. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the best restructuring strategy to the two conflict approaches of Gentrification and Persisting residents. The problem can be observed in the old historic neighborhood of Ochdokan, Ardabil. The Ochdokan is one of the six old urban neighborhoods of Ardabil. There are some valuable and important historical monuments in the neighborhood. The residents of the neighborhood are unsatisfied because of its location, excessive crowd in daytime, physical outwearing environment, inefficient urban networks, unsuitable landuses, and incompetent structure to meets daily needs. The nonsatisfaction leads the residents to leave the area. The objective of this research is to address the problem in Ochdokan, Ardabil, Iran. This is an applied research in nature of the study. In terms of purpose, this study is a causal and descriptive-analytical investigation. We have used descriptive methods and field observations to gather data. The inferential statistic T test and descriptive statistics have also been applied for analysis of the data. The real estate rent gap theory of Neil Smith is one of the most important theories about the substitution of social classes as the gentrification approach. The Marxist theorists explain the gentrification process using the real estate rent gap hypothesis. The value gap hypothesis was also outlined by Hament and Randolf. When the value gap between non-accommodated houses and reformed occupied house is the maximum, the gentrification process is occurred. Lee’s humanism individualistic view is another gentrification approach in which the discussions mainly emphasize on the cultural preferences and demographic traits of the grandee and fulsome individuals.The results of the criteria and the indices of the approach for the Ochdokan have indicated that high level of literacy and social income as well as absence of eminent practitioners in the locality are representative of homogenous economic and job structure in the neighborhood. In other words, not only the social structure of the neighborhood is homogenous, but it is also homogenous for economic structure. Negligible presence of non-aboriginal residents as lessee in the area show low value of rent gap and also value gap for the neighborhood. Therefore, the stages of leaving, release, and substitution of the non-aboriginal migrant groups should occur as the initial necessity for the gentrification process via market forces. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the residents, provide them with investment opportunities and improve the physical condition.analysis of the data for the first hypothesis by SPSS has indicated that the hypothesis is significant (Alpha < 0.05). So the hull hypothesis is rejected. According to the results of this research, with a 95% of confidence, it can be concluded that applying the gentrification had unsuitable impacts upon the revitalization of the Ochdokan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Role of Social Trends in Appearance of Iranian National Architectural Movements
Jamaleddin Soheili -
Open Access Article
4 - A Survey of Tisdall's View on the Relation between the Concept of Mīzān in Quran and the Religion of Ancient Egypt
Mohammad sadegh Heidari َA Rabinattaj حبیب الله HalimiWilliam St. Clair Tisdall, a British linguist and historian, believes that the concept of mīzān, "otherworldly measure", in Quran was adopted from an apocryphal book, Testament of Abraham, written in Egypt about four hundred years before the migration of the Prophe MoreWilliam St. Clair Tisdall, a British linguist and historian, believes that the concept of mīzān, "otherworldly measure", in Quran was adopted from an apocryphal book, Testament of Abraham, written in Egypt about four hundred years before the migration of the Prophet and the Prophet probably heard it from his Coptic wife, Mary. According to Tisdall the origin of this concept can be trace back to ancient Egyptian mythology and the book of the dead. By employing the descriptive-analytical method, this article tries to challenge the viewpoint of Tisdall. Studies show that both written and oral versions of these two books were not available at the time of the Prophet. Moreover, the Surahs in which mīzān is used are all Maki, therefore the idea of oral transmission of the concept through Coptic Marie is completely improbable and it shows the lack of Tisdall's proficiency in the history of Islam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Elamite Temples Based on Shilhak-Inshushinak’s Inscriptions
میلاد Jahangirfar فرزانه GoshtasbDespite being ill-furnished with primary sources of information about the Elamite religion, some valuable information can be gleaned from the archaeological findings and also from Elamite and Mesopotamian texts. A large group of Elamite texts were composed at the time o MoreDespite being ill-furnished with primary sources of information about the Elamite religion, some valuable information can be gleaned from the archaeological findings and also from Elamite and Mesopotamian texts. A large group of Elamite texts were composed at the time of Šilhak-Inšušinak (1150-1120 BCE), a middle-Elamite king and the third sovereign of the Šutrukid dynasty. Different deities and temples are mentioned in his inscriptions. Most of the temples mentioned by him had been built by his predecessor and as they were in a state of dilapidation, he restored them. What is specifically studied here is the Elamite temples based on the inscriptions of Šilhak-Inšušinak. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Millenarianism in Ancient Iranian Religions and Ikhwān al-Safā’s Theory of Prophetic Cycles: A Comparative Study
رضا فرحقیقی انشاءالله رحمتیZoroasterianisam, Zurvanism and Mithraism have been combined withastrological beliefs in such a way that it is nearly impossible to graspthese schools and religions without having knowledge aboutastrological beliefs. Ikhwān al-Safā, a mystical and esoteric associationin MoreZoroasterianisam, Zurvanism and Mithraism have been combined withastrological beliefs in such a way that it is nearly impossible to graspthese schools and religions without having knowledge aboutastrological beliefs. Ikhwān al-Safā, a mystical and esoteric associationin tenth century in Basra and Baghdad, wrote 52 epistles full of religioastrologicalbeliefs and thoughts. For example their theory of PropheticCycles was developed to explain the cosmic cycles and the sacredhistory. Observing similarities between ancient Iranian religions andIkhwān al-Safā and after surveying the religio-astrological elements ofIranian millenarianism (especially that of Zoroasterianism andZurvanism) and Ikhwān al-Safā’s Prophetic Cycles, we decieded tocompare these two religious traditions. In the present research, by usingscientific and historical references, we have tried to recognize andanalyze the common roots of these beliefs and thoughts in the bothtraditions. The most significant achievement of this research ispresenting a new method for comparison between the ancient Iranianconcept of ontological levels and Ikhwān al-Safā’s concept of celestialsouls. Moreover, by surveying the role of the archetypes of infiniteTime and eternal Place in the immaterial and material world, we couldmake a comparison between Yazatas and Ameshaspentas of ancientIranian religions and Ikhwān al-Safā’s consepts of Universal Reason,Universal Soul and Celestial Souls. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Sources of Hindu Culture: A Glance at Pre-Aryan and Early Aryan Civilization
محمدرضا AdliDue to archaeological and linguistic evidence there are two sources for the ancient Indian civilization: Harappan-Dravidian and Indo-Aryan. Most of these archaeological findings are related to the mature phase of the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE), but as long as MoreDue to archaeological and linguistic evidence there are two sources for the ancient Indian civilization: Harappan-Dravidian and Indo-Aryan. Most of these archaeological findings are related to the mature phase of the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE), but as long as their script remains undeciphered talking of Harappan thoughts is a matter of mere speculation. The Dravidian is one of the main language families in India and the Dravidians are native speakers of any of the Dravidian languages. These languages were popular before Aryans arrived in the subcontinent. From about 1700 BCE groups of Indo-Aryan people migrated to the north of India and gradually spread their culture there, so it combined with pre-Aryan culture hence the Vedic period emerged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Consideration of Zoroastrian Customs and Ceremonies in Iran
فرزانه گشتاسبSome customs of present Iranians, like Norouz ceremony and Haft-sin,Chaharshanbe-suri, the customs of Arafe/Alafe on the last night of theyear, Yalda and some other ceremonies, has been retained from theancient Iran. Zoroastrians of Iran have preserved these ancient cus MoreSome customs of present Iranians, like Norouz ceremony and Haft-sin,Chaharshanbe-suri, the customs of Arafe/Alafe on the last night of theyear, Yalda and some other ceremonies, has been retained from theancient Iran. Zoroastrians of Iran have preserved these ancient customsmore than other groups, so the consideration and deliberation ofZoroastrian ceremonies will help us to analyze the Iranian ceremoniesas a whole. However, the contemporary Zoroastrian rituals, in somerespects, differ from the rituals and customs mentioned in middlePersian texts. Moreover, these rituals are not the same in all Zoroastrianregions of Iran (i.e., Kerman, Yazd and etc). In this paper, the commoncustoms of present Zoroastrians and the important elements of theirrituals are studied, so we can survey the development of their customsand make a comparison between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Adaptation of the understanding of the text, based on Gadamer's theory with Linda Hutchen's postmodernism theory*
Reza Borabadi Ali Sheikh MehdiAdaptation is a controversial debate. It is important to know whether the adaptation is a theory or a concept or a process. But the process of adaptation is important that is considered. The literary text first appeared in the sacred texts of ancient civilizations befor MoreAdaptation is a controversial debate. It is important to know whether the adaptation is a theory or a concept or a process. But the process of adaptation is important that is considered. The literary text first appeared in the sacred texts of ancient civilizations before Christ, and which have seen forms of adaptation to the present day, which must be seen to have undergone what fundamental changes? Secondly, the most important discussion of the adapted work is its analysis. Therefore, the researcher intends to consider the process of adaptation effect and its analysis as two variables with a comparative approach. If we consider the process of reaching an adapted work from any source that Gadamer considers to include any visual and audio text as an independent variable, then we inevitably consider the text to be a philosophical hermeneutics, also, if we consider the reading of an adapted work based on Linda Hutchen's postmodern theory as a dependent variable. In this article, these two variables will be examined for the following reason: Does content analysis lead to the production of an adapted work or hermeneutics? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - THE MYTHS IN THE POETRY OF NIMA AND NAZOK AL-MALAEKE, THE PIONEERS OF PERSIAN AND ARABIC POETRY
Gohar Alamdari Afsaneh MoradiThe comparison of the literature of two nations who have different languages and political geographies will result in the discovery of their similar concerns and literary developments and shows how much similarities could two poets have in their form and MoreThe comparison of the literature of two nations who have different languages and political geographies will result in the discovery of their similar concerns and literary developments and shows how much similarities could two poets have in their form and content in spite of having different languages. While holding this view the present article studies and compares the mythology applied in the poetry of the two modern poets namely Nima and Nazok Al-Malaeke and concludes that they were obliged to use ancient and modern myths in their poetry for expressing their concerns about social and political issues due to the political hardship of their rulers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - An Analysis on Forough Farrokhzad's Poetries Based on Archetype
Masoud Pakdel Azadeh SotoudehThe most important expression of Jung's psychoanalysis school is "Archetype". Archetype is instinctive and congenital thoughts and tendencies to the behaviors that human do based on predetermined patterns; in other words they are the images which enter the human's uncon MoreThe most important expression of Jung's psychoanalysis school is "Archetype". Archetype is instinctive and congenital thoughts and tendencies to the behaviors that human do based on predetermined patterns; in other words they are the images which enter the human's unconscious. These thoughts and tendencies represent in religions, myths and literary works. Forough is one of the Iranian famous poets whose poetries are full of archetype because of the sufferings and grieves in her life. The achived outcomes of the present research show that archetypes such as Great Mother, re-born, love and hero are frequently applied in her poetries' hero and Great Mother are more manifestef amongst all. Archetypes denouments many knots and aids the beauthy of the poetry. For instance by understanding love pattern, we realize that love would not be faded in time from Forough's viewpoint; it's immortal and eternal; does not know time and place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparative Study of Beowulf and Shahnameh from the Ancient Travel Point of View
Darioush HayatiThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world afte MoreThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world after “The Iliad & Odyssey of Homer” from religious and woman point of view. Although the abovementioned novels are from two different nations, cultures and histories, the similarities are more obvious rather than the differences. Both stories are very similar and comparable in religious views, ancient traveling symbols and epic heroes and little similarities about women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Saadi’s Cultural Discourse in his Ideology Towards Ancient Iran’s Culture
Leyla Miri Asghar DadbehSaadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts MoreSaadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts according to the date of composition of the literary work. In Saadi's literary works, three intellectual sources can be found, all of which being powerful and effective. The first is the origins of ancient Iran and Saadi's attention to pre-Islamic Iranian culture, the second is the progress of Islamic wisdom that the great theologians and sages of the Islamic world such as Imam Mohammad Ghazali influenced Saadi. His third thought can be considered as the progress of Iranian mysticism, which is aimed at softening the ascetic ether and creating a poetic ether in dealing with doctrinal topics and beliefs. Saadi was greatly influenced by Ferdowsi in his pre-Islamic Iranian ideas. In this research, we have shown how Saadi used the symbols of ancient Iran in his works and how he could create a new discourse in praise of the wisdom and glory of pre-Islamic Iran at a time which historical attention to the mirrors and personalities of ancient Iran was considered a kind of blasphemy. This research relying on the principles of cultural criticism, seeks to understand why among the poets and artists before the seventh century, Saadi paid the most attention to Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Investigation of Fire in Ancient Iran and How It Reflects in Mowlana’s Thought
soheila zoghiOne of the constructive and fundamental elements in the material world, which has always played a valuable role in human life, is "fire." Whatever exists in the universe is related to this sacred element. Fire has long had a special place in Iran. Zarathustra MoreOne of the constructive and fundamental elements in the material world, which has always played a valuable role in human life, is "fire." Whatever exists in the universe is related to this sacred element. Fire has long had a special place in Iran. Zarathustra gave it a moral and spiritual aspect and considered it a sign of purity. Given the mysterious nature of the fire and the symbolism of fire in myths of the past and present religions, we find that this element has always been linked to the life and lives of humans and its ritual ceremonies. It is certain that the fire in the cultural background of our ancestors was religious belief, but today it can be regarded as a symbol of bondage in past and present culture. Iranian mystics like Rumi expressed this fire in the school of love and beauty in expressive expressions and seeing light like Zoroastrians in the course of the spiritual journey, And has come to light with inward intuition. This is the fire that has been echoed by Rumi: "Whoever does not have this fire is nothing." And this fire appears in spiritual wine and mystical music and beauty of the beloved And completely colors the mysticism of Iran. In this speech, it is attempted to provide an interpretation and analysis of the fire in the view of Rumi through an analytical method (library). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Reflection of Ancient Iranian Culture in Naser Khosrow's Rhetorical Poems (Based on Arabic Sources)
Vahid Sabzianpour Touraj Zinivand Muslim KhazliNaser Khosrow is one of the famous orators and wise poets of the fifth century of Persian literature. In his poems, he has been influenced by both Islamic and Iranian cultures, but of course less attention has been paid to his influence on Iranian culture. This article MoreNaser Khosrow is one of the famous orators and wise poets of the fifth century of Persian literature. In his poems, he has been influenced by both Islamic and Iranian cultures, but of course less attention has been paid to his influence on Iranian culture. This article also intends to study the influence of Naser Khosrow on the culture and wisdom of ancient Iran, relying on the main and first-hand Arabic and Iranian sources. The main objectives and axes of this article are: a. A brief introduction to the value of wisdom in ancient Iran and the generalities of research. B. Analysis of Naser Khosrow's poems and expression of Naser Khosrow's influence on the wisdom of ancient Iran and the wisdom of Mutnabi. The main finding of this research is that Naser Khosrow has been influenced by the wisdom of ancient Iran through his knowledge of the culture of ancient Iran, which was passed down to him from generation to generation. Nasser Khosrow has also been influenced by Abbasid culture and Arabic literature and its poets, especially Mutnabi, who, of course, have their main roots in ancient Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Analysis and Interpretation of Zoroastrian Rituals in Verse Romance of Vis O Rāmin
Farhad Aslani kolsoum GhazanfariThe verse romance of Vis O Rāmin composed by Fakr Al-Din As, ad Gorgāni during the reign of the Saljuq Sultan togrel I (died 455 A.H.) is based on a Pahlavi written text. As Iranian-born Abū Nuwās (the Arab-speaking poet, died 198 A.H.) had mentioned the names Rāmin and MoreThe verse romance of Vis O Rāmin composed by Fakr Al-Din As, ad Gorgāni during the reign of the Saljuq Sultan togrel I (died 455 A.H.) is based on a Pahlavi written text. As Iranian-born Abū Nuwās (the Arab-speaking poet, died 198 A.H.) had mentioned the names Rāmin and Vis in one of his Fārsiāt (i.e. the Arabic poems in which he used to use Persian words), it is obvious that the story had existed before Gorgāni recomposed it into a verse romance. The now existing story includes some hints to the ancient Iranian rituals and beliefs like most of the remained stories from ancient times, but hasn't yet been under the attention of scholars as it deserves. Under the influence of highlighted Zoroastrian concepts in the romance, some scholars have studied these rituals. In addition, other Zurvanite beliefs in it have been explored by Helmer Ringgren about 50 years ago for the first time. In this research the authors have tried through a descriptive-analytical approach to trace the Zoroastrian rituals in this verse romance by referring to Zoroastrian sources, Islamic historiographies and recent researches. The results of the study revealed that the Zoroastrian rituals are recorded according to ancient sources and Zoroastrian narratives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Study the Position of Femail and Love in VIS & Ramin of Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani
Esmael Hakemi Razieh Zavarian -
Open Access Article
18 - Ethics of a married life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and investigating its roots in ancient texts
Mohammad Navid Bazargan Maryam Khadem AzghadiThe present research, focusing on the ethics of a married life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the other works preceding it, tries to reveal, through excerpts and facts taken from Avesta, medieval texts, Shahnameh, and also famous quotes of experts, to what extent the MoreThe present research, focusing on the ethics of a married life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the other works preceding it, tries to reveal, through excerpts and facts taken from Avesta, medieval texts, Shahnameh, and also famous quotes of experts, to what extent the marriage etiquette, such as compromise, frankness, love, good behavior, faithfulness, commitment, mutual respect, virtue, frankness, etc. are emphasized in them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Attitude of the Son from the Father (Rustam and Zal in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh) from the Viewpoint of the Ancient Criticism of the Pattern
Bahareh yazdanian amiri mahmoud tavoosi Amir Hoseyn MahoziIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significa MoreIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significant written work for the introduction of mythology, and as a result of inquiring into various aspects of it, is based on the opinions of the scholars in all sciences. This article focuses on the extent and the reasons for the effect of Zal on Rostam, as well as on the influence of Rostam on his father, in view of his mythological origin in the mythological history of Persian literature based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, from the viewpoint of the ancient critique of the pattern. The old patterns of wisdom, shadows, and self are more effective than other examples in father and son. There is no particular maximum in this regard, although significant research has been done on mythology, ancient patterns, and shahnameh. Research methodology is library based on content analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Study of the Role of Women in Creating Happiness in Myths
Fariba Reyissi -
Open Access Article
21 - The study of Structural manifestations of the novel "The Secret History of the Ancient Persian Heroes" by Cyrus Shamisa Based on Gerrard Genette's Theory of Transtextuality
Fereshteh NaseriBy carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creat MoreBy carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creating different relationships between different texts and creating systems, encoders, cultural styles and descriptive rules, as well as discovering relationships between different texts, in turn, leads to uncovering common connotations and similarities between them. Hence, the "novel of the secret history of ancient Persian heroes", with its historical, scientific, ideological, social and cultural relations (along with other texts), provides a suitable ground for studying the foundations of "Transtextuality", including descriptive and analytical methods as well as its various characteristics. They are Intertextuality, Hypertextuality, Architextuality, Paratextuality, and metatextuality or textual transcendence. Therefore, this research studied and explained all the real events and allusions of this work and matched them with previous texts, to find out how Dr. Shamisa was able, by providing an appropriate structural space, to make the reader go towards knowing the foundations of sociology. To what extent has it succeeded in creating a intricate network of Transtextuality by creating a similar content and structural space by changing the volume and content of previous texts, and shortening and lengthening their time domain (Hypertextuality) as well as by consciously interfering with literary genres (Architextuality)? . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - A Comparison of Woman's Position in "Vays & Ramin" and "Bijan & Manijeh" Poems from Feminist Viewpoint
Esmaeel Hakemi Raziyeh Zavarian Finding a way into the woman's world and investigating on her personality and temperament has always attracted the attention of scientists, philosophers and scholars in each era. Understanding woman's role and position in the human's complementary process r More Finding a way into the woman's world and investigating on her personality and temperament has always attracted the attention of scientists, philosophers and scholars in each era. Understanding woman's role and position in the human's complementary process requires continuous investigations and researches to clarify the ambiguities and problems that have led to prejudices about her and have introduced her as "Eternally Guilty". In the ancient Iran, we see wise and smart women that not only do not get angry with contempt, and indifference, but also they have shown such a reaction that has shocked all political, cultural, legal and social structures governing the society. Vays is one of those women. The goal of this study is to present her real personality and determination by which she could resist against the destiny that had been determined for her by others. Efforts are made in this paper to address woman's position in the ancient Iran by considering two poems, namely "Vays & Ramin" by "Fakhredin As'ad Gorgani" and "Bijan & Manijeh" by "Ferdowsi" and to investigate the main characters of the poems, i.e., "Vays" and "Manijeh" in order to compare woman's role from feminist viewpoint by considering the setting of the two stories which goes back to Ashkanid era. Research method is of library type. The subjects were collected by referring to the resources and were described through analysis and reasoning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Elegy in Sharif Razi’s Poetry
Mohamed Ibrahim Khalifa Shooshtari Mohammad Hassan AmrayySharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and he was very good at all different poems , and could be distinguished with his authentic eloquence and his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighte MoreSharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and he was very good at all different poems , and could be distinguished with his authentic eloquence and his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighted among poets, in particular in elegy and crying on family, relatives, and describing the tribulation of time, and his odes in elegy appeared in passionate feelings and ebullient emotions . It is noteworthy to say that his odes in lamentation for Hussein is a full poetic example for poets who came after him and followed him in their tragedy for Hussein, And they imitated him in their tragedy for Hussein, and they had memorized his poems and had kept it . These few short elegies made Sharif Razi famous and led him to be a pioneer among his contemporaries. This paper is an attempt to examine his elegies as a proof of his unique talent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The investigation of common prefixes and suffixes between Armenian Language and ancient Iranian Languages
farah zahedi Maryam MakkiHenric Hubschmann indicated that Armenian language is an independent branch of Indo european language. Armenian language was affected in a large scale by Persian language due to close contact of Iranian nation in ancient period. So there exists some borrowed words from MoreHenric Hubschmann indicated that Armenian language is an independent branch of Indo european language. Armenian language was affected in a large scale by Persian language due to close contact of Iranian nation in ancient period. So there exists some borrowed words from ancient Iranian language in Armenian language. In this article the writer is going to investigate some of the Armenian words which includes prefixes and suffixes and are burrowed from ancient Iranian languages. Among the significant prefixes and suffixes in Armenian language mentioned: -pet,- estan,-aran,-an,… ham-,dž-… The finding of the present study suggests that some Armenian prefixes and suffixes are borrowed from ancient Iranian language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Investigating the English Specific Needs of the M.A Students of Ancient Iran History
Sedigheh Vahdat Asra Basiri Zohreh Gooniband Shooshtari Farshid Naderi -
Open Access Article
26 - Cryptanalysis of the Story of “Rowghan Bannatunnash” in Kashfulasrar and Mokashefatulanvar by Ruzbahan Boghli Shirazi
Yalda Tavalli mohammad ali Atashsowda Samira rostamiThis study focuses on the approaches to symbolism in a story of Kashf al-asrar (Unveiling of Secrets) and Mokashefat al-Anvar (Revelation of Lights) written by Ruzbihan based on the religious symbols in ancient Iran. The symbols of the story are redefined by virtue of s MoreThis study focuses on the approaches to symbolism in a story of Kashf al-asrar (Unveiling of Secrets) and Mokashefat al-Anvar (Revelation of Lights) written by Ruzbihan based on the religious symbols in ancient Iran. The symbols of the story are redefined by virtue of sacred texts such as Avesta (The sacred writing of Zoroastrianism), Bundahisn (meaning “Primal creation”), Denkard (Acts of the religion), etc. It seems Ruzbihan had been influenced unconsciously by the symbols of mythology and religions of ancient Iran. Considering direct and frequent use of such symbols it can be said that Ruzbihan was most probably familiarized with Pahlavi (The main form of the Middle Persian language, existing from the 3rd to the 10th centuries, evidenced esp. in Zoroastrian texts and commentaries. Also, the writing system, of Aramaic origin, in which these texts were written): that is why he used such symbols. The finding from present article indicate the writer of the story had focused on the regeneration of the hero and his embrace to a religion after seven steps of perfection and course,the writer explicated these concepts by Iranian – Islamic expressions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - A Comparative Study on Status and Holiness of Water in Quran and Islamic Mysticism
Zeinab Salimi Seyed Mohamad Ali Ayazi Kazem GhazizadehThe real status of water in the Quran and Mysticism, despite its importance and essential role for human beings and other creatures’ lives, has not been studied comparatively yet. And its main objective in the world and human’s duties towards water have not MoreThe real status of water in the Quran and Mysticism, despite its importance and essential role for human beings and other creatures’ lives, has not been studied comparatively yet. And its main objective in the world and human’s duties towards water have not been considered properly. This paper aimed to take a look at water’s high status and holiness in mysticism comparing to Quran and ancient beliefs of Iran. Findings revealed that Mystical approach, considers water as a mirror in which, one can look for God. This attitude recalls for water’s presence in spiritual life and asks people to think seriously about water. Ancient beliefs of Iran, also, emphasizes on Water’s holiness in many aspects. On the other hand, water has a high place in Quran and has been introduced as the symbol of cognition, knowledge, and a passage to wisdom and insight. Many sentences and rituals have been mentioned about water and it has been considered as the origin of life, symbol of abundance, blessing, purity, motion, germination and generation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Aesthetic study of nostalgia in poems of Abolghasem Lahouti
Kobra SamaniNostalgia or wistful affection for a period in the past is one of the topics that has been included in the field of literature in recent years. Few poets or writers have managed to save themselves from the effects of this phenomenon. When people encounter problems in th MoreNostalgia or wistful affection for a period in the past is one of the topics that has been included in the field of literature in recent years. Few poets or writers have managed to save themselves from the effects of this phenomenon. When people encounter problems in their individual or social life, they may choose to sooth the pain by taking refuge in the past. This feeling is called nostalgia that can be defined as sentimental longing or wistful affection for a period in the past and can be frequently seen in constitutional poetry. In its original sense, Nostalgia refers to the state of being away from homeland, but it also includes longing for return to the lost paradise, praise for ancient Iran, as well as ethnic heroes and myths. In the present research, attempts are made to conduct an aesthetic study on nostalgia in the poems of Abolqasem Lahouti; a poet who, despite his partisan thoughts, has failed to escaped this psychological feature that is associated with his ethnic subconscious. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Secrets of Aghl-e Sorkh (Red Wisdom) in Sohrawardi's School
mojtaba goliMost of Sohrawardi works are written in the mythological-gnosticway. In order to be more attractive and seem more mysterious,Sohrawardi chooses a symbolic language. Aghl-e Sorkh (Red Wisdom) isone of his most beautiful work that is created in a symbolic-mysticaldebate. MoreMost of Sohrawardi works are written in the mythological-gnosticway. In order to be more attractive and seem more mysterious,Sohrawardi chooses a symbolic language. Aghl-e Sorkh (Red Wisdom) isone of his most beautiful work that is created in a symbolic-mysticaldebate. It has a story in story form. This treatise contains the mostexpanded secrets of Divine Light (Noor), Resurrection, Wisdom,Spiritual Leader (Peer), mystical rules of life (Seir o Solook), ancienttendency and finding the Fountain of Eternal Life. Acquaintance withthese beautiful and mysterious symbols, help the readers to understandSohrawardi's works better and easier. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Ancient Gold Mining Activities in India - An Overview
A.K. Grover M.K. PanditGold was obtained through washing or panning of the river sands during initial periods of civilisation. With the advent of knowledge of metallurgical processing of ores it was recovered through mining of in-situ quartz reefs, and then from auriferous sulphide ores. The MoreGold was obtained through washing or panning of the river sands during initial periods of civilisation. With the advent of knowledge of metallurgical processing of ores it was recovered through mining of in-situ quartz reefs, and then from auriferous sulphide ores. The metal mining activities are evidenced in the form of large number of ‘ancient metal mines’ or ‘old workings’ and ‘placer mining sites’ almost in all the States of India. Gold artefacts have been found in Early Harappan sites. Some of the ancient gold mines are found to be more than 200 metres deep, probably the deepest of that period in the world. Geological surveys, investigations and explorations initiated during nineteenth century, are being continued mainly by the field officers of Geological Survey of India in different parts of the country to locate the gold prospects i.e. past and the future. Ground geological and archaeological findings related to gold have been brought out by several workers. The voluminous data existing on the ancient gold mining activities has been synthesized here for an overview. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Figure of Parthian Women on Ancient Relics
Sara Zolfaghari Bahman Firuzmandi Yaghub MohammadifarThe research intenteded to study the woman presence, expostion and status in extenended concept on the ancient relics in Parthian era. Thes research univers was women portraits on the ancient relics from the Parthian era. The sample included the woman image of the archa MoreThe research intenteded to study the woman presence, expostion and status in extenended concept on the ancient relics in Parthian era. Thes research univers was women portraits on the ancient relics from the Parthian era. The sample included the woman image of the archaeological evidences. The method was a descriptive-analytical study based on qualitve data comparing. Data collection was done through library, musem printed and digital reffrences. The results indicated that comparing to the prvious era more consideration was taken to the woman portrait and the Parthian presentation of the female was completely different from the preceding periods. The artistic objects were highly eclectic and did not follow a certain style. The clothing customary style of women differed in different regions on Parthian era. The queens and women figures and portraits on the Parthian ancient relics embodied in forms of heads, busts, figurines, statues, murals, coins, architectural decorations, ornaments, dishes and raytheon illustrated the women political and social role and presence on the mentioned era. In addtiona, comparing the above mentioned ancient relics with other different periods archologics would led to more recognition of the social, cultural, religious and political context of the Parthian era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Women's Financial Rights In Ancient Civilizations And Monotheistic Religions
Zeinab Soodi Fariba HajialiThe aim of this study was to investigate the financial rights of women in ancient civilizations and monotheistic religions. The research population was the registered financial rights in the civilizations of ancient times and monotheistic religions. The studied sample i MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the financial rights of women in ancient civilizations and monotheistic religions. The research population was the registered financial rights in the civilizations of ancient times and monotheistic religions. The studied sample included women's financial rights in preceding civilizations, post Islam, and monotheistic religions. The research design was descriptive. Documentary and library methods were used to collect data. The data analysis performed qualitatively. The findings showed that women's financial rights in different historical periods was not stable and specified. And it differed from one civilization to other civilizations and in different religions, there were a lot of rises and falls. In pre-Islamic civilizations, women enjoyed certain rights and were deprived of some. But in monotheistic religions, including Judaism, a woman loses her property by marriage. In Christianity, both the woman and her property were owned by the man, and the woman had no control over her property. But with the emerge of Islam, women's economic independence and the right to own property became official and the economic system of the family was formulated in such a way that from the beginning of birth to the death of the woman, the source of financing for the woman and the enjoyment of her property became very clear and determined by her humanity. And over time, women had been able to secure their financial and economic rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The Role of Women’s Figurines in Ancient World Based on Archaeological Discovery
S. R. Mosavi Haji سامان Farzin مریم ZourPrior to script ion invention the humane expressed hearts and minds by figurines made of either mud or stones and etc. The scattered settled tribes of the Iranian plateau on B.C millennium were not always pure faithful imitators of the nature, but they often tended to e MorePrior to script ion invention the humane expressed hearts and minds by figurines made of either mud or stones and etc. The scattered settled tribes of the Iranian plateau on B.C millennium were not always pure faithful imitators of the nature, but they often tended to expose their fancy and memory contents via either stone sculpture or artistic pottery by using ax head or fingers based on their wishes, rites or beliefs manifestation. The animal figurines were possibly considered as either vow; made to God or a sacred person or shrine, or as offerings. The female figurines were probably symbolized the birth and creation (Mother Goddess) and represented the rituals aspects. The psychological analysis of the mentioned art works could reveal that the artist that made such an artwork not due to the pure art but also to express an idea. The earliest man-made works of art were mostly the female human being figurines. The feminine was so mysterious for the ancient people and this could be seen in the created figurines. From the archaeological and the anthropology perspectives the woman represented the myth symbol considering the archaeological ancient world weltanschauung. The Lady Goddess was the primal archetype of woman characteristics. The Goddess was not only the mother figure of the humane being but the mother of the all creatures. The animals sculptured in any figurine represented such a matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Legal Issues That Affected the Ancient Iranian Women in Shahnameh
صبا BiyokzadehAncient men and women were equal in all respects. There were no discrimination and inequality. Women rights in all societies and on all the time have been depended on the era expedients, cultural characteristics of the society and the social relations type. In ancient I MoreAncient men and women were equal in all respects. There were no discrimination and inequality. Women rights in all societies and on all the time have been depended on the era expedients, cultural characteristics of the society and the social relations type. In ancient Iran there were specific rights for the women such as marriage, divorce, property, housekeeping, child-rearing and so on. This could be better understood by looking at the Shahnameh. Woman presence in Shahnameh was crucial and decisive appearance. Women's role as family cohort and as a major factor in emergence and disappearance of power had been discussed all over in the Shahnameh. This paper attempted to review the important women law issues as well as the role of women in Shahnameh to better understand the women's rights and status in ancient epic introducing such topics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - History And Structure Of Women's Clothing From The Era Of Ancient Persia To Islam
زینب Izadkhasti مریم IzadkhastiThis article was purposed to introduce the current status and evolution of women's clothing during the period of ancient Persia to Islam. The study of religious texts, including the Torah, the Bible and the civil code of the Islamic societies such as Iran and…tha MoreThis article was purposed to introduce the current status and evolution of women's clothing during the period of ancient Persia to Islam. The study of religious texts, including the Torah, the Bible and the civil code of the Islamic societies such as Iran and…that were obeyed the holly gospels and reviewing the history and quality of clothing indicated that clothing was considered as moral virtue and an ethic by the human civilizations. All the societies’ members were obligated to proposed clothing. Deviations from the proposed clothing were regarded as a challenge and a campaign against the ongoing values that was to be punished. The article concluded that the clothing has kept the basic principles which have not been changed over time except for a slight difference that depended on the culture and customs and time requirements and circumstances in each era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Hejab (Veil) in Different Nations, Religions and Faiths
آیت Shokati فاطمه HajighassemlooIn this paper after defining Hijab literaral meaning it was investigated from The Old and New Testaments (Judaism and Christianity), Zorasthorian and Islam view points and among various nations such as the Arabs, Ancient Iranians…. The Hijab aim in Islam was ment MoreIn this paper after defining Hijab literaral meaning it was investigated from The Old and New Testaments (Judaism and Christianity), Zorasthorian and Islam view points and among various nations such as the Arabs, Ancient Iranians…. The Hijab aim in Islam was mentioned as well. Finally the essential difference of Islamic Hijab compare to veil in other religions was highlighted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Cultural Investigation Of Ancient Texts About Naming Women
Sayedeh Saeedeh Sanjari Mehdi KargarThe aim of this research was to investigate people`s cultural and credential beliefs from the religions` history of pre-Islam period in naming women. In the recent research the data were gathered from ancient books of Iran, Avesta and Pahlavi Persian. The old texts from MoreThe aim of this research was to investigate people`s cultural and credential beliefs from the religions` history of pre-Islam period in naming women. In the recent research the data were gathered from ancient books of Iran, Avesta and Pahlavi Persian. The old texts from ancient times of Iran show Iranians` beliefs, creeds, and cultural, social, and historical indices of pre-Islam period. These ancient beliefs and creeds show a part of people`s attitudes to name women using some materialistic symbols like sky, sun, and stars, and from spiritual view, it shows their belief to Gods and to the ancient Goddesses. Some of the Gods are ancient ones. It means that they were worshiped before Zoroaster, and due to being benefited from the divinity and the link with the divine religions, they had the spiritual and legendry reflection in the culture of the society. The results of data analysis on the basis of the ancient texts, showed the significant relationship between theological- religious beliefs and historical- cultural creeds and also social acceptance to name women. There was also luckiness and holiness of religious beliefs among all the cultural information that had the most powerful effect on naming girls in the past times of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Title: The story of a young man from the perspective of Yong's old man
azadeh ebrahimipour saber emamiAbstract The mysterious poetry, which is a mirror in the mysterious and mysterious of Maulana, has always been regarded as open and interpretable texts due to semantic complexities and linguistic art, and has been spoken about in various perspectives. Ancient criticism MoreAbstract The mysterious poetry, which is a mirror in the mysterious and mysterious of Maulana, has always been regarded as open and interpretable texts due to semantic complexities and linguistic art, and has been spoken about in various perspectives. Ancient criticism A literary model of the psychological critique that has flourished in recent decades, as in other interdisciplinary studies. This article, which examines the ancient themes and themes of the paternal pattern in the human body, offers the way for the next literary works and illustrates the universality of the human message and the feelings of art poets such as Rumi. In this study, with the view of the Yang psychoanalysis school, from the old perspective, a pattern has been addressed to the Rumi poetry world, and has been addressed to the eloquent and repetitive personality of the court in his court. Comparison of the faces with the ancient pattern of Pierre Farzaneh Yong represents a very similar Or even his complete adaptation to that ancient image. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Identifying the components of national solidarity in socio-political poetry of the constitutional period (Case study: Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi)
Aboutaleb Pakbaz mohammad Reza Ghari Mohsen Izadyarliterature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of Moreliterature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of recognizing the components of solidarity in the poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi. We came to the conclusion that these two poets, using common elements among the whole nation, have used these themes in their poems to encourage people to unite.These common themes and components are related to national and religious identity, which stimulates their sense of Iran-friendliness. These elements include: a common land, a common history, a common religion. Farrokhi and Eshghi have tried to remind the features of the ancient history of Iran and past heroism, the importance of the homeland as a symbol of the mother, the need to preserve the Persian language and culture, the religion of Islam and the need to protect it from foreigners. To prepare the nation for solidarity against foreigners and irreligious rulers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Some Solutions For the Challenges Facing Persian Language calligraphy
Malek-e Sho,aePassing time entails change and transformation, therefore, every Phenomenon, to be alive, should be associated with time. With regard to this, Persian language is not an exception, that is, it should be directed in a way that n MorePassing time entails change and transformation, therefore, every Phenomenon, to be alive, should be associated with time. With regard to this, Persian language is not an exception, that is, it should be directed in a way that not only releases it from stiffeners but also leads it to eternity. These changes are acceptable if they originate from within the language itself. In this article two rules have been suggested in order to reach this end: A) Writing rules, that is, to continue the ancient rule of writing in eliminating the characters of “ ث و ح و ص و ض و ط و ظ و ع و ق” With the observation of this ancient rule we can gradually change these characters in to other ones, as it has been done with “ط” which has changed into “ت”. In continuation, it is possible to leave out some signs as in “Tashdid & Tanwin, Writing the words as they are spoken and leaving spaces between the words and characters. This section includes eight suggestion solutions. B) Conceptual rules, There are some different opinions as to writing words either separated or connected. With approving some general rules, it is possible to solve some of the problems of Persian writing instruction. In this article, I have tried to present to suggest some rules to facilitate learning Persian writing for both Persian and non- Persian speaking learners. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Descriptive adaptation of ancient narrations based on contemporary narratology
shahrzad radmanesh abolghasem ghavam reza ashrafzadeResearch in ancient narrations requires both interpretation and comparison with the theories of the current century. In the perspective of ancient man; Narratives, stories and legends have been one of the most entertaining norms of human beings. Apart from the validity MoreResearch in ancient narrations requires both interpretation and comparison with the theories of the current century. In the perspective of ancient man; Narratives, stories and legends have been one of the most entertaining norms of human beings. Apart from the validity of the first narrations, the payment of narrations in the path of culture and civilization has had a significant application.Most of those narrations; Today, like metaphors, it is referential and has led to the creation of new stories and can be critiqued based on the tools of narrative, adaptation, balance and intertextuality.In this research extracted from the dissertation; In the framework of narratology and using comparative literature, the origin of ancient narration has been studied, which is somehow related to contemporary narration. Also The result of this research is the introduction of ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Sumerian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek, Persian, Indian, Japanese and Chinese works.Eventually the results show that the ancient texts are among the structuralist works due to the nature of narrative and the use of narrative elements of structuralism and storytelling techniques. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Investigation of new functions in dysfunctional and historical contexts of the city (Case study: Shah Abbasi area of Karaj)
seyedeh sepideh ghalamro kiarash pourhazhir ardestani yaser hatamiThe city is a living and dynamic creature whose body is formed in different periods under the influence of economic-political, cultural-natural and social changes. In a correct and healthy process, these changes are such that the old elements of cities are revived accor MoreThe city is a living and dynamic creature whose body is formed in different periods under the influence of economic-political, cultural-natural and social changes. In a correct and healthy process, these changes are such that the old elements of cities are revived according to new needs. Historical and Old Despite the characteristics of the centrality of economic, geographical, communication and prosperity of the old market suffer from the apparent erosion of the weakness of urban infrastructure, cultural and social problems and the resulting problems. New generations do not want to continue living in traditional and old tissues, and this causes a change in the structure and even destruction of these tissues.Karaj, like a young metropolis that has been around for less than half a century, is one of the cities that face the problem of 551 hectares of worn-out urban fabric due to the temporal incompatibility of its texture. A large part of Karaj Accordingly, the need to organize the problematic worn-out structures of the city in various social, economic, environmental and physical dimensions is inevitable. The environment that creates the worn-out texture of Karaj has been studied and while providing solutions to reduce vulnerability, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats have been identified, but first the area under study during the cognition process is identified in the table and with the help of the strategy table. qspm provides an optimal strategy, but the important point in this regard is the defensive nature of the type of strategies, which means defending the existing conditions of the historical context of the study area, and finally answers the research question and provides solutions in the field of strategy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - A Study on the Settlement Pattern of Fanouj County from Prehistory to the Islamic Era
Rouhallah Shirazi Mojtaba Rakhshani Mohammad Keika Sahar BakhtiariOne of the methods to study and identify the factors in archaeological studies is to analyze the distribution pattern of settlements. This is a method to examine the formation of ancient sites in a variety of environmental contexts. Fanouj County is located in the Baluc MoreOne of the methods to study and identify the factors in archaeological studies is to analyze the distribution pattern of settlements. This is a method to examine the formation of ancient sites in a variety of environmental contexts. Fanouj County is located in the Baluchistan region in southeastern Iran. This county leads to Iranshahr City from the north to Kerman City and Bandar Abbas City from the west, and to Nikshahr City from the east and south. The total area of Fanouj County is about 7730 km2 and 700 meters above sea level. Unlike other parts of Southeast Iran, this area is not well known from an archaeological point of view. This area is very diverse in terms of natural and geographical environments. The people who have lived in this land for millennia have adapted to the difficult environmental conditions. This area has sites belonging to the Bronze Age to the Islamic era. Here, for the first time is investigated settlement patterns of this county. This study aims to identify and why the formation of ancient sites in Fanouj County. In this regard, using ArcGIS and SPSS software, the settlement patterns of Fanouj County in connection with various factors of natural geography have been identified and analyzed. According to the mentioned studies, it was found that most of the settlements of the region were dependent on environmental and natural factors and often formed near water sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Investigating the Process of Ancient Metalworking Industry in Qazvin Plain
Khodakaram MazaheriEver since man succeeded in discovering metal and realized its value, this industry has always played an important role in the course of human life, and man has tried to solve many of his problems by using it as much as possible. Due to the importance of this industry a MoreEver since man succeeded in discovering metal and realized its value, this industry has always played an important role in the course of human life, and man has tried to solve many of his problems by using it as much as possible. Due to the importance of this industry and its progress and development, the period of metal use has been divided into three shorter stages of copper, bronze and iron. The environmental conditions for the emergence of metallurgy and metal industries in the semi-arid plains of the Iranian plateau have been very suitable, because in these areas there are various and abundant minerals that are still exploited. The proximity of these mineral resources to ancient sites has provided a good base for the extraction and production of metals in the ancient period. One of the important areas of Iran, which is very important in this field and studies have been done in this field so far, is the Qazvin Plain, which we will examine in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Kool Khazine: An Important Proto Historic Site in Abdanan, Ilam Province
Khodakaram Mazaheri Ebrahim MoradiIn this article the authors have studied, compared, analyzed and identified the species of gathered finds during archaeological surveys of Kool Khazine. This site is located on the south of Abdanan Township (one of the townships of Ilam province) and adjoining of Khozes MoreIn this article the authors have studied, compared, analyzed and identified the species of gathered finds during archaeological surveys of Kool Khazine. This site is located on the south of Abdanan Township (one of the townships of Ilam province) and adjoining of Khozestan plain. Kool Khazine comprises cultural deposits of different periods. The first cultural period that formed at this site, belong to prehistoric period, that determining of it exact chronology is difficult, because of limited finds. Until again, settlement is forming at Kool Khazine in Susa IVA period and in this manner, settlement continued for almost one millennium and finally, came to end in end of middle Elamite I period. In fact this site in addition to prehistoric period, comprise cultural deposits of this periods: Susa IVA, V, VI and VII. It seems that recent periods continued successively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Uniformity and Diversity in the Ancient Near East
Hosein BadamchiAncient legal documents have got special style of writing in which there is a common traditional style. We have got nine main documents from the cuniforms legal ones and also the Holy Book up to now with lots of similarities in terms of contest, the way of expressing th MoreAncient legal documents have got special style of writing in which there is a common traditional style. We have got nine main documents from the cuniforms legal ones and also the Holy Book up to now with lots of similarities in terms of contest, the way of expressing themselves and law concerning definition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The Emergence of Iron
Khodakaram MazaheriIt is no secret that the Iron Age has a very important place in Iranian archeology studies. In this period, we witness the emergence of significant cultural, economic, social and political changes in the plateau of Iran. In the archeology of Iran, important cultural ind MoreIt is no secret that the Iron Age has a very important place in Iranian archeology studies. In this period, we witness the emergence of significant cultural, economic, social and political changes in the plateau of Iran. In the archeology of Iran, important cultural indicators of this period, especially pottery, architecture and burial, have been comprehensively and extensively studied and researched. However, in the studies related to this period in Iran, the process of iron metallurgy has not been discussed in detail. From this point of view, no comprehensive and independent research has been conducted that includes various aspects of iron metallurgy in the ancient period. Meanwhile, by using the sciences related to the metallurgical industry, it is possible to clarify many issues and ambiguities about the cultural developments of this period. This article aims to present the results of studies on iron metallurgy in ancient times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Archaeology of Communication Routes during Bronze Age and Iron Age In Zaqeh and Bayranvand Area, Lorestan Province
Masoud Sadeghi Rad Hamidreza Valipour Ata Hassanpour Zahra JavadiniaFavorable geographical situation is the one of main factors in the formation of archaeological sites in the sections of Zaqe and Bayranvand of Lorestan province during the different periods of Bronze Age and Iron Age. These settlements have made Intra-regional and inter MoreFavorable geographical situation is the one of main factors in the formation of archaeological sites in the sections of Zaqe and Bayranvand of Lorestan province during the different periods of Bronze Age and Iron Age. These settlements have made Intra-regional and inter-regional cultural, social and economic exchanges together and with other adjacent settlements through the road from north to south (Susa - Hegmataneh) and its other branches. Based on the location of sites to the roads in each period of the Bronze Age and Iron Age and based on GIS spatial analysis and the roads maps and the distribution of sites, four groupings were obtained: Archaeological sites in the routes of intra- regional roads, Archaeological sites on the margin of inter- regional roads, Archaeological sites on the route of regional main roads, and Archaeological sites on the route of regional minor roads. In this article we have concentrated our attention on Interactions between the roads and sites of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Translation and Analytical Study of Ancient Sogdian Letters (First Letter)
Saeid NazariSogd was the ancient name of a place near Badaxšān valley. The center of this city was Samargand. In Sasanian era, Sogdian people were known for business activities especially with China and India. This place was considered as one of the main Iranian economic cen MoreSogd was the ancient name of a place near Badaxšān valley. The center of this city was Samargand. In Sasanian era, Sogdian people were known for business activities especially with China and India. This place was considered as one of the main Iranian economic centers. There remains a large number works from these people. Historically, the most important works are sogdian ancient letters. Which were discovered in 1907 by the British archaeologist Sir Aurel Stein in a Chinese watch Tower in Gansu province? These letters include five nearly complete letters and four incompleteness. The author of letters provides extremely important information about the era of the Sogdian Diaspora a long the Silk Road, and also refers to the over whelming chaos and the difficult conditions in China. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Writing and Language in Ninth and Eighth Centuries BC in Gilan
Rasoul Bashash,KanzaqThis article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptio MoreThis article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptions already read by G.Cameron and I. J. Gelb, have been revised by the author, and a new reading has been suggested for the one having more words. Of course, this revision happened after the unearth of the metal Urartian bracelet in Tool-e Talesh, Malayan excavation, in1380 ,by M. R. Khalatbari and reading its Urartian inscription that, the auther decided to write this article by the up mentioned title, with regards to the extant unearthed inscribed artifacts in Gilan, belonging to the C8 and C9 BC , and also to nearly all other inscribed artifacts, relating to the mentioned period of time, including two other Urartian inscribed pieces of metal horse laces. Beside these archaeological inscribed documents, namely: Two Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions of Marlik cylinders,one urartian cuneiform inscription of Tool-e Talesh metal bracelet, and the other two Urartian inscribed pieces, the author has bored in mind the historical literature about the Indo-Iranian immigration in the early centuries of the 1st Millennium BC into Iran, and their settlements in the north and northwest of Iran, by the name of Caspies, Kadusies, Gils, Gutians, Lulubians and etc., who later, they stablished the small local kingdoms like Andiu, Manna, Parsua, Zamua , Gilzan, which at last their unions led to the foundation of Medes great government. The author at the end of article has come to this conclusion that, since from the Medians, despite their powerful empire, not a single inscription has ever been found, therefore most probably, because of lacking of writing, they also, like their united, above mentioned small kingdoms, have used the neighboring lingo-franca Aramaic or other cuneiform writings, like Assyrian or Urartian. This is what, the mentioned inscribed artifacts, based on the extant documents, which tell us how the peoples in north and northwest of Iran ,who later founded the Medes Empire, in 8th and 9th centuries B.C. were also deprived of any indigenous, and independent, writing system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Wave Scroll Motif: Trace of Ancient Greek Art in Oriental Rural and Nomadic Carpets
Sara Moslehi Bahman Firoozmandi Arman ShishegarThe wave scroll motif is among the designs that, nowadays, are mainly seen in rural and nomadic carpets in a wide geographical area, from Central Asia to Anatolia and the Caucasus, as well as Iran. Historically, this motif originates from Hellenistic art and is still us MoreThe wave scroll motif is among the designs that, nowadays, are mainly seen in rural and nomadic carpets in a wide geographical area, from Central Asia to Anatolia and the Caucasus, as well as Iran. Historically, this motif originates from Hellenistic art and is still used in oriental carpets today. The purpose of this article is to find out how and the possible time of the arrival of this pattern from Greek art to Iranian carpets using archaeological evidence, including old museum carpets. Using valuable motifs of Sassanian Carpets, this article tracks the transfer of this motif from the Hellenic-Byzantine civilization to the art of pre-Islamic Iran and in various artistic disciplines such as pottery and textiles to clarify this motif’s long journey from pre-Islamic art to the Islamic period. This study shows that the motif was most likely known since the Seleucid period in the Persianate world, but the most evidence of it can be seen in the art of the Parthian and Sasanian periods, furthermore the findings show that this motif was used at least from late Parthian era on the border of hand-made textiles like carpets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - A Clay Bullae and Five Tablets From Tepe Sofalin, Rey Plain, Iran
Morteza Hessari Rouhollah Yosefi -
Open Access Article
53 - Architectural concepts and ideas in the designs and buildings of Andre Godard in Iran
Hossein Soltanzadeh -
Open Access Article
54 - The Role of Nationalist leaders in the Emergence of National Architectural Movements in Iran, 1924 to 1942
Jamaleddin Soheili Soheili -
Open Access Article
55 - State exception and paradox legitimacy of revolt in Achaemenian state
rohollah eslamiState exception and paradox legitimacy of revolt in Achaemenian state Abstract: Achaemenian state is the beginning rationality in political human history. For proof this supposition we can refer to charter and inscription in this period. Cyrus cylinder and inscription o MoreState exception and paradox legitimacy of revolt in Achaemenian state Abstract: Achaemenian state is the beginning rationality in political human history. For proof this supposition we can refer to charter and inscription in this period. Cyrus cylinder and inscription of Dariush show the principle of governmentality Achaemenian and apparatus ideological state. In this article use theoretical framework from Althuser, Foucault and Agamben for analysis. State always show all act and decision are rationality but in reality rule of exception governed in the environment politics. Inscription Katibe Biston is ancient ideological apparatus state and dilemma about what reality happen in history. In this article I analysis legitimacy of revolt in achaemenid state and show according to framework state exception have paradox in statement inscription. Worldview this article is critical theory that attempt related problem contemporary to the tradition. Therefore legislative government in Katibe Biston is paradox we can’t understand what is reality but we can recognize ideological apparatus Achaemenian state. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Environmental law in ancient Iran
Mehrdad Rahbar mojtaba ansarianHumans have always been influenced by and influenced by the environment since they set foot on the universe. In the past few centuries, the advancement of science and technology and the increase in population have made the increasing use of the environment necessary, so MoreHumans have always been influenced by and influenced by the environment since they set foot on the universe. In the past few centuries, the advancement of science and technology and the increase in population have made the increasing use of the environment necessary, so thinkers have been on it. They have to regulate this moderation by setting rules, because harm to the environment is harm to human beings. Today, the beginning of this effort is considered to be the Stockholm Conference in 1970, which led to the emergence of green policy. The previous civilizations each had a different approach to their ecosystem, which did not have a coherent structure at all.In the meantime, the approach of the ancient Iranians is very different. This interdisciplinary study aims to examine the method of the ancient Iranians in this regard and answer the question: When did man start to establish legal rules about the environment? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The Explanation and Analysis of Sacred Numbers in Iranian culture from Achaemenid Empire to fall of Sasanids Empire (559B.C-651A.D) (Case Study the numbers: three, seven, twelve, forty and seventy-two)
Hasan Atash Ab parvar karim yousefjamali Esmaeil sangari Shokouhossadat Arabihashemi(Case Study the numbers: three, seven, twelve, forty and seventy-two)AbstractNumbers have a special place in the culture and beliefs of the people of Iran and the world in terms of symbolism or sanctity and sinister, so that some of them are considered good and holy and More(Case Study the numbers: three, seven, twelve, forty and seventy-two)AbstractNumbers have a special place in the culture and beliefs of the people of Iran and the world in terms of symbolism or sanctity and sinister, so that some of them are considered good and holy and some are considered bad and sinister. In Iran, especially after the religion of Zoroaster, numbers play an important role in the myths and traditions of society. The continuity of sacred numbers in historical periods and the transfer to their later cultures and civilizations has made the role of many of these numbers visible in life today.Some of these numbers have a long connection with their beliefs and their etymology introduces them to the reasons for their acceptance and prevalence. These reasons are sometimes religious and sometimes mythological. Knowledge of the environment, magical powers, religions and religions seem to have played a role in the sanctification of numbers. This research has been done with a descriptive and analytical approach and the results of this study indicate that the sanctification of numbers has been largely influenced by religions, faiths, beliefs and seasonal changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Research on Avesta translation and ancient Iran culture (Ibrahim Pourdavood)
Shahrzad Roumez سید علیرضا ابطحی naser jadidiIbrahim Pourdavood was among the biggest and the most prominent researchers of ancient Iran culture (Mazdeyasnā Culture) whose life devoted to this and showed ancient Iran culture and history burried long time ago. He was eager to publish pre-Islamic culture, language a MoreIbrahim Pourdavood was among the biggest and the most prominent researchers of ancient Iran culture (Mazdeyasnā Culture) whose life devoted to this and showed ancient Iran culture and history burried long time ago. He was eager to publish pre-Islamic culture, language and literature. In that time Iranology knowledge was in hand of foreign scientists, it was a masterpiece that Pourdavood could revive ancient Iran culture after many centuries and give it a scientific face. In addition to introducing Pourdavood personality and opinions, the study aims to research in Avesta translation and ancient Iran culture. Basic question in the study is that: what was Pourdavood purpose of Avesta translation and writing ancient Iran culture book? It seems that his purpose is to declare ancient Iran to present generations of this land and stimulate interest to this land and attempt for land reclamation. The study is descriptive analytic one and compiled based on library studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Tapurian origin to the satrap Tabarestan Tahmoores Mehrabi (MA graduate of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad )
hashem aghajani tahmoures mehrabiAlways different cities throughout history, has undergone many changes have been and many events had an impact on the change of name. Exclusivity one of the majority ancient cities, The decline and rise of the cities history and sometimes changes in the context of MoreAlways different cities throughout history, has undergone many changes have been and many events had an impact on the change of name. Exclusivity one of the majority ancient cities, The decline and rise of the cities history and sometimes changes in the context of the city and range and is also the name comes to them. Less urban in history past is thousands of years old And at all times remains in one place. Sually the name of the city in the past by other nations and territories, The name of the tribe or geographic features of the area was known. This is one of the geographical areas Tabarestan The resources with different names and different geographical area come. Although many books including, Date Mazandaran ancient god of Mohammed bin Esfandiar Refuge Complex Yazdanpanah Lmvky and focused on the topic Tabarestan, but in none of these resources specifically to the origin Tapurian Tabarestan not mentioned until the satrap. Also, while In the history of ancient Iran or the Caspian there is no source Tabarestan name And the only resource the first name mentioned Tabarestan, In the Sassanid era and is based on a tenser. This study is trying to historical analytical method based on ancient texts Tabaristan historical appellation, Tapurian Tribe formed the satrap and geographic position to pay the Sassanid era Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Ancient geography and its imact on muslim geographers
amir akbari mahmud bakhtiyariGegeographical background knowledge of ancient people dated to human civilizations first appears. Among the Old Testament Greek geographers extensive information presented in geography. Geographer Ptolemy before other ancients could affect periods after. By Muslims seek MoreGegeographical background knowledge of ancient people dated to human civilizations first appears. Among the Old Testament Greek geographers extensive information presented in geography. Geographer Ptolemy before other ancients could affect periods after. By Muslims seek of geography and trends their attitudes were more geography of Ptolemy. Many geographers fallow his basic comments. Almjy Ptolemy book was translated by Muslims several times about his views and criticized Geography was. Meanwhile Yaghoubi more than others mention descriptions of some books that referred to Ptolemy. Apart from the seven climates of Ptolemy Geography division concept in the ancient Persians in the third century AH Muslim geographers and most of them has had the effect of method to follow the seven climates of Iran. climatology of Iranian Sassanid era Pahlavi texts can be significant and hence is effect on much of the Islamic geographers Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Martin Heidegger's understanding of the application of the concept of "thorn" in ancient Greek society and its relation to art and technology in modern society Research Paper
Mohsen Hosseini Kumleh Mohammad javad Safian Isfahani Hossein ArdalaniThe German thinker Martin Heidegger was one of the most influential theorists in the history of philosophy, whose views - especially his critique of the history of philosophy and metaphysics - have attracted the attention of many later thinkers. Art and technology, like MoreThe German thinker Martin Heidegger was one of the most influential theorists in the history of philosophy, whose views - especially his critique of the history of philosophy and metaphysics - have attracted the attention of many later thinkers. Art and technology, like the many categories that Heidegger has dealt with, are concepts that Heidegger has considered and also dealt with in separate writings. On the other hand, what is known today as art and the disciplines of art in ancient Greek society was considered part of a more general concept called "techne". Technology, on the other hand, is rooted in the Greek language, both in terms of its lexical roots and in terms of its conceptual position. Thus, in analyzing both concepts under discussion (art and technology), Heidegger took advantage of the position of the concept of stinging in the pre-philosophical society of ancient Greece, and his general results in these two areas were based on his reading. In this article, Heidegger's method of analysis, which is hermeneutic phenomenology, as well as his critiques of the history of philosophy and metaphysics, especially in the analysis of the concept of techne, are instructive and his positions on art and technology are clarified by relying on the concept of techne in the light of truth. The research method in this article is fundamental which has been done in the form of content analysis and information has been collected in the form of a library. In this article, the questions that are researched are as follows: 1.What is Heidegger's reading of the concept of techne in ancient Greek society? 2. What is the relationship between art and technology and technology in the pre-philosophical period of ancient Greece as well as in modern times? The purpose of this study is to explain the critical view of the history of philosophy, especially in the field of contemporary art and technology in the field of sociology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - The role of natural factors in the settlement of ancient sites Payab Simreh 2 Basin Using the AHP model
Farzaneh Gholami .Mehran Maghsoudi shirin mohammadkhanThis research investigated the relationship between the natural and geomorphological structures of the region, including: altitude, temperature, distance from the main river and distance from the drainage network, slope, geology, land use and the type of landforms, on t MoreThis research investigated the relationship between the natural and geomorphological structures of the region, including: altitude, temperature, distance from the main river and distance from the drainage network, slope, geology, land use and the type of landforms, on the distribution of ancient sites. In this research, hierarchical analysis model was used to spaial selection of the area. After analyzing the data, the relative weight of the options, sub-criteria, criteria and the final weight of the options of each layer was calculated in Excel software. The findings of the research showed that the settlement of the areas was inversely related to the height factor, the distance from the permanent river and the slope, among the geomorphological factors. Barracks and Tepe Mahor have the highest coefficient of importance. About 89% of the enclosures are located in suitable places and less than 3.5% of the enclosures are located in inappropriate locations. According to Pearson's correlation, the factors of slope, height, distance from permanent river were identified as the most important factors in the distribution of ancient sites in bottom Seymareh 2 basin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Role of Urban Design in Regeneration of Ancient District with Catalyst Approach Case Study: KOLAPA District in Hamedan
hasan sajadzadeh sajjad zolfigolQuality improvement with the aim of an increase in citizen's presence and human activities has been one of the central point's attracting plan makers and urban designers all around the world. Nowadays, ancient districts of city that have valuable and ancient fabric work MoreQuality improvement with the aim of an increase in citizen's presence and human activities has been one of the central point's attracting plan makers and urban designers all around the world. Nowadays, ancient districts of city that have valuable and ancient fabric work like heart of cities and they lose their social, cultural and economics function. Trying to inject new spirit to these areas and make situation to presence and contribution of everyone are the valuable goals of this approach.one of latest policies in urban development in general and specially regeneration of obsolescence textures is using actions and urban catalyst projects with goals of speedup and facilitation in process evolution in fabrics with use of contribution of social citizens power and local capacities. In fact urban catalysts are a new redevelopment strategy that includes landscapes and constructions to guide urban development. Urban catalysts are generators to return prosperity to the area of regeneration projects to initiate the cycle of people`s activities. The main issue of this research is the effect of urban catalysts in regeneration process of ancient texture. Methodology of this research is based on applied ways that include two courses of analysis- descriptive and statistical; the first part tries to review outstanding and important documents in urban regeneration and urban catalyst domain to achieve frame work concept to recognize k whole research ways. The second part, with dispensation of questionnaires ,depends on research goals in analysis of information with SPSS22 software (n=96). Article conclusion points out that according to urban catalyst aspects that include: sociality-cultural, economic, spatial and environmental objects, sociality –cultural aspect in KOLAPA district has allocated more priority and social concern turns out to be the main issue in urban catalyst approach. In social aspect: social interaction, contribution, belief, security are much important than other objects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - The religion of Cyrus, based on historical sources and mythology
Bahman AnsariKnowledge of the personal religion of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest to historians. However, due to the scarcity of sources and the lack of direct reference to the religion of Cyrus in historical documents and archaeological sources, various studies have no MoreKnowledge of the personal religion of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest to historians. However, due to the scarcity of sources and the lack of direct reference to the religion of Cyrus in historical documents and archaeological sources, various studies have not yet reached a definite and clear conclusion. But the point that has received less attention from researchers is the use of two sciences, mythology and linguistics, to illuminate this dark point in history. Therefore, in conducting this research, first the hypothesis has been raised that by using the information available in Greek and Roman sources, how can we gain knowledge of Cyrus's personal religion and then it has been discussed that the knowledge of mythology based on linguistics Ancient, how they will help us to reach a clear answer in this discussion. Therefore, with the knowledge of the above-mentioned issues, an attempt has been made to use the evidence, data and information contained in historical documents written by historians of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and then analyze these data and measure the information of historical sources, which are mainly It has been obtained from foreign sources that with the surviving documents of ancient Iranian mythology and a glimpse into linguistics, we can for the first time obtain a clear answer in this field and obtain information about the personal religion of Cyrus the Achaemenid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - The position of the sultan and the monarchy in the ancient writings of the period of Islamic Iran
sodabeh dasti tark soheila torabi farsani naser jadidiLetters of advice are works that have been written in the field of politics and political reflections in ancient Iran and the Islamic period with the aim of advising political behavior on those in power. Treatises that belong to the Sassanid period and in the Pahlavi la MoreLetters of advice are works that have been written in the field of politics and political reflections in ancient Iran and the Islamic period with the aim of advising political behavior on those in power. Treatises that belong to the Sassanid period and in the Pahlavi language include advice, religious and moral instructions and rulings whose content is rooted in the Avesta. Provide a framework to the Sultan and maintain and reform his power. The purpose of the letters is to provide appropriate guidance on "gaining power" and "maintaining power." Political advisories deal with how the political system works and the influence of existing factors on the production and distribution of political power. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which will analyze the data after describing the content. The aims of this study are to explain the position of the sultan and the monarchy in the ancient writings of the Islamic period. The addressee of many advice letters is the first person of the country, namely Satan. The most important aspects of the element of continuity in these debates are the focus on the power of the king, the law, the relationship between the king and the subjects (people) and the connection between religion and politics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Examining the rituals of marriage and the characteristics of family structure in epic historical texts after the Shahnameh
mehrnaz Firouzmand Jahandost SabzAlipur Ahmad Reza Nazari Cherudeh Shahriar HassanzadehResearch in their epic texts shows Iranians have paid special attention to issues of marriage and family formation and raising children since long ago,. they worked hard to preserve and maintain health of family foundation. It is obvious that ancient literary texts a MoreResearch in their epic texts shows Iranians have paid special attention to issues of marriage and family formation and raising children since long ago,. they worked hard to preserve and maintain health of family foundation. It is obvious that ancient literary texts are the important and reliable sources for obtaining Iranian views and customs regarding family issues. Certainly, the ancient epic texts written after the Shahnameh, including Banugashspnameh, Barzonameh, Jahangirnameh, Bahmannameh, Shahyarnameh, Faramraznameh, Garshasbnameh, Samnameh and Kushnameh, which are sources of present research, from These are important and influential works. studied ancient epic texts, regardless of their poetic merits and advantages and theological and rhetorical aspects, are precious treasures that have political, social, and historical awareness, as well as documents according to the study. It has been done, research and examination of the originality and compatibility of daughter and son, obtaining permission from parents, giving a sign from son to adhere to future wife and child, honoring the position of the wife making big promises, swearing loyalty , suitors participating in tests with difficult and dangerous conditions to measure strength and power, courting, yes and no, bride's adornment by Mashata, marriage planners, giving shabash to the bride and groom, bridesmaids or groom's companions on the wedding night, giving a dress to the girl From the father of the girl, giving a gift as an unveiling of the bride by the groom is one of the rituals of the marriage celebration in culture of Iran, most of them are still current. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Verb In Shahmirzadi's Dialect
soraya razeghiShahmirzad is one ofthe oldest town locating in Semnan province .this citycalled asparadise of desert dueto its fascinating gardens and excellent weather. its also famous because ofdeep bonding to our cultural values. People’s speaking style is d MoreShahmirzad is one ofthe oldest town locating in Semnan province .this citycalled asparadise of desert dueto its fascinating gardens and excellent weather. its also famous because ofdeep bonding to our cultural values. People’s speaking style is derived andoriginated from combination of ancient Persian as well as partly Mazandaran’speople speaking style . Some verbs at this kind of vocalization are persistedand remained from old verbs form in the Dari’s Persian as well as ancientPersian . In this essay it is mentioned and clarified some resemblances ( inaccordance with ancient scripts ) and also the most significant verbsconstruction which are widely common and used in this kind of dialect .With the intention of gathering this survey itis utilized some local source such as Jonge Maghsoud by Ghorbanali Maghsoudiand Asinak from another author Asmaeil Khaksar . Other information is basedupon background as well as investigation of author birthing from parents whoare shamirzadi’s speakers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - study examples of words and common expressions Dialect Sistani the history of Bayhaqi
ardeshir sanchouli jadidThe history of Beyhaqi is one of texts that a lot of ancient words and sometimes obsolete to be seen in that, So that even the meaning of certain words or combinations this worth book covered for the exponents , while many hard words of this book on native dialects in i MoreThe history of Beyhaqi is one of texts that a lot of ancient words and sometimes obsolete to be seen in that, So that even the meaning of certain words or combinations this worth book covered for the exponents , while many hard words of this book on native dialects in iran is prevalent. Sistani dialect is one of the idioms that could be a very rich and authoritative source for understanding the roots and word interpretations of ancient texts, like similar Beyhaqi’s history. In this article has endeavor some of words and compounds Bayhaqi history, that is still used in the dialect Sistani with the same ancient meaning, with some examples of the use of these words and compounds in other ancient texts show , in the hope that it will be useful for researchers. Such words and compounds: Achar, Stara, Elf, Ashnas, Aftozarrd, Bega, Pire, Reng, Jough, Trengo, lat, Leit, Eston, Spast, Rouz Soukhtan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Kurdish ancient stories and its connection with the style of magical realism (Based on the Kurdish text written by Lescot Roger)
Mousa Parnian Ata Almasi Muhammad Zahed Saidi tabarCombining the life realities with the traditions and people's beliefs and fantasies of the Caribbean area which is a mixture of black African slaves' beliefs and the customs of the American Indians before Columbus, led to emergence writing style of the magical realism. MoreCombining the life realities with the traditions and people's beliefs and fantasies of the Caribbean area which is a mixture of black African slaves' beliefs and the customs of the American Indians before Columbus, led to emergence writing style of the magical realism. Despite the attribution of this school of writing to Latin America and Gabriel Garcia Marquez It is not possible to determine this style of writing solely allocated for this region, because some aspects of the origin of this writing technique have been found in the literature of the east, including the local and native Kurdish literature of the region. The Kurdish textbook or the "Old Kurdish Stories" compiled by Lescot Roger, a French writer and scholar, is one of Kurdish works that undoubtedly, like other eastern works, is the origin of the magical realism style. Hence, the present paper seeks to examine how to link the magic realism style of writing with Kurdish stories based on Lescot Roger's Book. The initial findings of the research show that many of the components of magical realism have been used in this book, along with fantasy and imagination, far from any judgments and orientations, the important and profound realities of the Kurdish community have been depicted in an imaginary and unfamiliar environment. Therefore, the audience in the real world is sometimes overwhelmed by doubts; meanwhile, it opens up new perspectives to the audience in which they are an ideal human biographer and without any kind of ugliness, disgust, and disappointment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Understanding better meaning of some words in Old Persian texts based on the Tati dialect in the north of Khorasan
Habib SafarzadehLanguage has been changed for various historical, cultural, and social reasons throughout the history, which can positively affect the development of the lexical basis of the language, and sometimes in the negative route, one or more words abandoned in numerous ways. Bu MoreLanguage has been changed for various historical, cultural, and social reasons throughout the history, which can positively affect the development of the lexical basis of the language, and sometimes in the negative route, one or more words abandoned in numerous ways. But the significant point is, in this respect, the meaningful distance between the standard language and the dialects and accents of that language; means, although the words are excluded of ordinary speech and writing, they can be found and they are still alive in the dialects of different ethnic groups survive in a specific geographic area. Among these words, the words like «Che Belâ» and «Shahrgard» and «Kouri» can be mentioned seen in ancient Persian works, such as Asrar-Altohid, Attar Neishabouri, and Vahshi-Bafghi Divans, but there is not any precise meaning for them in the available dictionaries. They are not presented or they are mistakenly explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Seman Semantic study of some words in Balochi language and Ancient Persian transcripts
Abdolghafour JahandidehThe research on the structure of Iranian dialects and accuracy in their treasure trove vocabularies can unlock many semantic nodes of Persian words especially used words in ancient texts. This article, while dealing with the position of Balochi language among Iranian la MoreThe research on the structure of Iranian dialects and accuracy in their treasure trove vocabularies can unlock many semantic nodes of Persian words especially used words in ancient texts. This article, while dealing with the position of Balochi language among Iranian languages and dialects, and the expression of a kind of structure of this language, has made a comparative study of twelve Persian-Balochi words which have been used in Ancient Persian transcripts. This study is around the meaning of words most of which are not actively used in modern Persian. In addition, some of them have less evidence in past Persian texts, especially works related to the Khorasani style. The words discussed in this article are as follows: Bazhr, Qalandar, Haraj, Totoq, Zadeh, Lebāsāt, SoɁlook, Khasm, Qallaash, Vāy, chāk, tāmāt. These words have been used in prominent works of ancient Persian, but due to the less evidence has survived and the apparent similarity of some of them with some Arabic words, scholars are skeptical of their originality and meaning. The Balochi language, as one of the Iranian languages which have preserved its relatively to ancient structure, and it has an ancient treasure trove of Iranian words, it has been less attacked by foreign ones, can in this regard be a good guide. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - An etymological study of some words in the Baboli dialect
Mozhgan Fanaie Farrokh Hajiyani Mohsen MahmoodiMazandarani language and dialects belong to the branch of Iran's northwest languages and constitute a group of languages coming from the Caspian Sea coast. The dialects in this province are made up of two main eastern and western languages, and owing to the influence of MoreMazandarani language and dialects belong to the branch of Iran's northwest languages and constitute a group of languages coming from the Caspian Sea coast. The dialects in this province are made up of two main eastern and western languages, and owing to the influence of Gilaki dialect, the more we move from the east towards the west of the province, the greater the discrepancies in terms of vocabulary and sounds of the dialects will be observed. Baboli dialect fits to the eastern branch dialects of Mazandaran province, which draws striking resemblance to other ones of the regions from structural, and sound patterns. Collecting these words and receiving their meanings and concepts, in addition to preserving and preventing their destruction, can help recognizing ancient words, knowledge of phonetic-phonological changes, and collect the necessary data to compile the etymological dictionary of Iranian dialects. In this research, two methods, field and descriptive-analytical one are used as well as linguistic intuition of one of the author who is the speaker of the dialect. Etymologically and phonetically analyses of these words show that many of them in the Baboli dialect sometimes have remained unchanged or with a slight alteration from Middle Persian to the present one, and some of them are even very similar to the words of older languages such as Avestan and Sanskrit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The study of the evolution of words from Ancient and Middle Persian in the Taleshi dialect of Anbar and its comparison with the new Persian
Yadollah Nasrollahi Mahnaz Nezami AnbaranTaleshi dialect is a continuation of the natural and evolved language of the Middle and ancient Persian ones. Some scholars regard this dialect as the part of the Azeri language, and some people regard it as a language rooted in material language. This dialect is divide MoreTaleshi dialect is a continuation of the natural and evolved language of the Middle and ancient Persian ones. Some scholars regard this dialect as the part of the Azeri language, and some people regard it as a language rooted in material language. This dialect is divided into three categories: North, Central, and South, among which the ambarani accent is located in the North Taleshi dialect group. Up to now, this accent has retained many ancient and Middle Persian words in its own language, and has phonetic, lexical, and grammatical features that the results of their careful examination can be a valuable service to the field. The Persian language is considered to be affluent and will help researchers in this field. The present study is based on the reading of the historical and phonological evolution of some tense words of Anbarian from the ancient and Middle Persian eras and their comparison with the new one. It can be said that these terms Within this accent have not been suffered from a phonetic and immortal evolution, and because of the similarity and resemblance of these words in the dialect of Anbarani dialect with the ancient and Middle Persian is more than the new Persian and the standard one, which is a sign of longitude and authenticity dialect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - An investigation in selected etymology of words of Hamedanian dialect
mehdi zamanianThe present Hamedanian dialect is the survival of corpus Hamedanian dialect, which can be found among the BabaTaher's pure and unchanged poems. In this study, some words of present Hamedanian dialect are discussed. Technically speaking, this paper can point out some Pah MoreThe present Hamedanian dialect is the survival of corpus Hamedanian dialect, which can be found among the BabaTaher's pure and unchanged poems. In this study, some words of present Hamedanian dialect are discussed. Technically speaking, this paper can point out some Pahlavi terms and some other words with their ancient roots (Avesta, ancient Persian, and Sanskrit) which are not used in current Persian language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The Iconography of Plant Motifs in Ancient Iranian Art with an Emphasis on Seals and Coins
Mona Montazeri Hedeshi Bita Sodaei Hossein Alizadeh Hassan Derakhshi The examination of religious texts is based on traditions and myths that play a significant role in the formation of visual culture of societies؛ The culture that is displayed in the form of symbols in works of art has led to the transmission of the message throug More The examination of religious texts is based on traditions and myths that play a significant role in the formation of visual culture of societies؛ The culture that is displayed in the form of symbols in works of art has led to the transmission of the message through the image. By examining symbolic images, one can understand the ideology that governs societies. One of the symbolic images in ancient iranian art is the role of plants. The purpose of this research is to identify,interrogate and interpret plant paintings in order to identify their place in religious and mythological beliefs and their continuity and in the historical period of ancient iran. This qualitative research was done with descriptive-analytical approach and library-field method. The statistical population studied includes eighty seals of achaemenid period,two hundred and fifty parthian coins and six hundred and ninety sasanian coins, which were investigated with an emphasis on plant motifs.The statistical population studied includes eighty seals of achaemenid period,two hundred and fifty parthian coins and six hundred and ninety sasanian coins, which were investigated with an emphasis on plant motifs. The results show that there is a significant connection between plant motifs used in the seals and coins of ancient iran and the religious beliefs and myths of iranians. Palm,rosette,lily,pomegranate,oak and grape motifs are repeated motifs that are also discussed in avesta and bandhashen religious text. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The role and importance of ancient sites from the perspective of entrepreneurship and landscape tourism
Amir Hashempour MafiAncient sites are the result of human activity or interactions of nature in a specific place, which can be said to include small and large works, the remains of which are left over time for us archaeologists to interpret and explain them. The tourism industry is an impo MoreAncient sites are the result of human activity or interactions of nature in a specific place, which can be said to include small and large works, the remains of which are left over time for us archaeologists to interpret and explain them. The tourism industry is an important factor in the direction of growth, which is constantly facing the demand of the people of the society, and it is also considered as a necessary and efficient bed for entrepreneurship. The expansion of the tourism industry, especially the landscape tourism, in Iran, in addition to economic and cultural development, plays a significant role in creating more empathy between the ethnic groups and cultures of Iran and increasing the convergence between different strata of the country. The topic of landscape is included in the topic of human places. In recent years, the responsible bodies pay special attention to the development of entrepreneurship and consider its expansion as a solution for economic prosperity, in the last half century, due to reasons including jobs and many problems, many people from villages and regions with ability have Tourism migrated Areas with tourism capabilities have turned into cities that the development of the tourism industry by creating employment and helping to eliminate unemployment and developing wealth can help in controlling this phenomenon. In addition, this topic has caused the expansion of culture and familiarity with landscape tourism and ancient sites and sites and cultural historical monuments that are of great importance and has provided a suitable cultural platform for their protection and preservation. With this aim, the basic and important question of the research can be to what extent ancient sites can be effective in the field of entrepreneurship and landscape tourism? During this research, in addition to stating the known factors in the field of landscape tourism entrepreneurship, the emergence of culture, civilization and landscape manifestations, which will be discussed in addition to the transmission of findings that end up improving the tourists' vision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Explaining the position of Qaboos-Nameh in Moral Letters tradition
sayed jalal mousavi Writing moral letters and training through them is a literary tradition dates back to ancient Iran. Narrating practical experience and wisdom in the form of aphorism, proverb and anecdote were widely used at that time. Moral letter tradition was entered into the I More Writing moral letters and training through them is a literary tradition dates back to ancient Iran. Narrating practical experience and wisdom in the form of aphorism, proverb and anecdote were widely used at that time. Moral letter tradition was entered into the Islamic period, gradually merged with the Islamic elements, and underwent changes based upon the requirements of this period. One of the most important literary works in this tradition is Qaboos-Nameh, which was located in the path of transition and transformation. This article seeks to examine the style and theme of Qaboos-Nameh and compare it with both the previous and the contemporary moral letters in order to reveal how this work relates to the pre and post moral letters. Surveys showed that because of the belonging of both Al-Ziyar and the author of Qaboos-Nameh to the ancient Iran, and also the author's familiarity with Pahlavi language, Qaboos-Nameh is very similar in style and content to the previous tradition of writing moral letters. On the contrary, the Islamic influence on it, comparing to its contemporary works, is scarce and impalpable. Therefore, Qaboos-Nameh carries the legacy of the moral letter writing of its predecessors in Persian literature and represents its components and elements in the Islamic era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The effect of educational views of ancient Iranians on the Farsi language with emphasis on the Sadie's seventh chapter of Boostan
vahid SabzianpourSadie has composed the seventh chapter of Boostan under the title of in the world of education. His purpose in composing this chapter is to teach the methods of education and ethics. Most of researchers believe that Sadie's works, especially this part, is under influenc MoreSadie has composed the seventh chapter of Boostan under the title of in the world of education. His purpose in composing this chapter is to teach the methods of education and ethics. Most of researchers believe that Sadie's works, especially this part, is under influence of Arabic culture and Islamic thoughts. This article shows that the source of Sadie's thoughts in the issues of education is coordinated well both with Arabic and Iranian culture. The results of this research represent the necessity of attention to the Arabic sources for discovering of the ancient Iranians' views and its effect on Persian literature. The chronological sequence of Iranians' point of view to Arabic and Islamic thoughts shows that the people of the Persians were familiar with so many of educational and ethical affairs which today considered as Islamic or Arabic. Therefore, they have gone beyond the field of Iranian culture and Pahlavi texts and have entered to the realm of Arabic culture. Unfortunately, the references to the Iranian view in the explanation and interpretation of Persian texts have been neglected by researchers, so it is necessary to pay attention not only to the effectiveness of the Persian literature from the Arab literature but also to the effectiveness of the Iranian culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Identifying the Components of the Ideal Ruler in the Ancient Persian Mirror of Princes with a Special Look at the Javidan Kherad Mirror of Princes, the Tansar Letter, and the Ardeshir Babakan's Record
Mohammad Bagher Mansourzadeh Zahra Massoud -
Open Access Article
80 - Cruelty and Torture in Iranian Myths and Epics (With Emphasis on Shāhnāmeh)
sadegh joghataieTorture is one of the oldest phenomena in human social and political life .The history of nations has witnessed the heinous acts of humans, atrocious acts such as mutilation, deflagrate, skinning and so on, which often led to a painful death of the others. It is very wo MoreTorture is one of the oldest phenomena in human social and political life .The history of nations has witnessed the heinous acts of humans, atrocious acts such as mutilation, deflagrate, skinning and so on, which often led to a painful death of the others. It is very wonderful that, aligning with the powerful rulers, sometimes the men of religion have also approved these acts. By using descriptive and analytical method, the author of the present article tries to allude briefly to the quality and quantity of torture in ancient Iran and to investigate it in some Persian epics in general and in the Shāhnāmeh in particular. The results, as the Shāhnāmeh testifies, show that types of torture, with different motives, were used in pre-Islamic Iran, and Ferdowsi, with all his attachment to Iranian culture, has reported these obscure points of the Iranian history. After the unification of the powerful and religious men and to suppress the oppositions and to gain legitimacy and power, the hardest tortures were used to apply. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Similar Functions of Greek and Iranian Myths in the First Three Thousand Years of Creation
Nasrin AslāniMyth is a reaction to man's inability to cope with his/her infirmities and weaknesses. Mythical elements and characters are rooted in realities that change over time; as cultures are intertwined, myths blend together and new myths are created. Sometimes myths appear wit MoreMyth is a reaction to man's inability to cope with his/her infirmities and weaknesses. Mythical elements and characters are rooted in realities that change over time; as cultures are intertwined, myths blend together and new myths are created. Sometimes myths appear with different names but identical functions in different areas. The present study is an analytical-comparative one based on library data; its aim is to show the similarity of the functions of Iranian and Greek myths. Accordingly, they are compared, their common points are shown and the theory of the uniformity of the thoughts of all human beings in the early millenniums are examined. Since myth is the product of human thinking and derived from human nature, there are obviously similarities between the myths of different nations. These nations refer to same phenomena with different names, and the differences between myths can be attributed to the social conditions of each nation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Cow in Ancient Arabic Literature: A Mythological Approach
Bāgher Ghorbāni ZarrinSacredness of animals, namely cow, is a common theme in all myths. Cow, as the first mythological animal, has an important role in different nations, which is reflected in their literature. By a mythological analysis, a new interpretation can be proposed about the role MoreSacredness of animals, namely cow, is a common theme in all myths. Cow, as the first mythological animal, has an important role in different nations, which is reflected in their literature. By a mythological analysis, a new interpretation can be proposed about the role of cow in ancient Arabic literature. Applying a comparative mythological analysis, in this article, we try to study themes like the “battle of bison and hounds”, “cows and bearing rain”, and “cow and genies” in ancient Arabic literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - The Role of Goddesses in the Intellectual- Spiritual world of Ancient Iranian: a Mythological Approach
S.Āmeneh Mir Khoshkhoo Abdolrahmān ĀlemGoddesses, among other deities, are impressive and meaningful in the life of ancient people. They have drawn attention in the most ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Mesopotamia, and especially they have been connected to the thoughts of ancient Iranians. So, und MoreGoddesses, among other deities, are impressive and meaningful in the life of ancient people. They have drawn attention in the most ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Mesopotamia, and especially they have been connected to the thoughts of ancient Iranians. So, understanding the ancient spiritual world in the epics will be deficient, if we don’t pay due attention to femininity of the goddesses. The authors of the present article try to study the role of woman in the myth of creation and myths of feminine divines based on historical and mythical resources. This point is made with regard to the age of matriarchy and worshiping of the female gods, the role of women in the myth of creation and divine feminine myths. It seems that from historical and ethnological point of views the worshiping goddesses occurs in the same age as matriarchy and centrality of communities based on women-mothers.The chronological precedence of matriarchy over patriarchy and the coincidence of worshiping goddesses and age of matriarchy show that impressive gods were female, but because of social changes in the passage of time the power of women-mothers have eroded and transformed to men-fathers and as a result the importance of the goddesses were lost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Bahrām: From Myth to Reality (Similar Features of a Common Name)
Hooshang Mohammadi AfshārIn ancient myths, often common names have the same destiny and are influenced by the same eternal pattern and archetype. The examples of these names are abundant in Iranian myths and national epics. Among the most popular names that are mythical, ritualistic and epic, w MoreIn ancient myths, often common names have the same destiny and are influenced by the same eternal pattern and archetype. The examples of these names are abundant in Iranian myths and national epics. Among the most popular names that are mythical, ritualistic and epic, we find the name of " Bahrām" that in Aryan culture and ancient Iranian history has his own functions such as god of war, god of victory, the promised, the savior, king and armed, trooper and victorious. By using descriptive and analytical method, the present research attempts to identify and analyze the personality of the famous Bahrāms in Iranian mythology and national epic, and to prove that the examples of this name in Iranian mythology and history of Iran have almost same feature, function and destiny. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Analysis of intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism, translations provided from it and introduction of elders in this Field
sajad arabi hamidreza gholamiThe concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab MoreThe concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab critics and they have provided different translation of it, and have different views and same have theorized about this and they raised view that had hot been raised in this field until then.In the present study, an attempt is made to study and analyze intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism by descriptive-analytical method, and to examine the most important efforts and works of authors in this field in the Arab world. The results show that the efforts of contemporary Arab critics on intertextuality have taken two trends so far which are: The first is to refer to the field of ancient criticism and adapt this theory to the critical heritage, and the second is to suffice with the new form of intertextual theory without referring to the ancient heritage of literary criticism.Contemporary Arab critics have made great strides in both practical and theoretical terms, Their efforts and achievements in this field and other new theories show this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The myth of the mountain and the first woman climber Shahnameh
Ahmad Khatibi Delaram BaghdadiThis study, the myth of the mountain and spiritual connection to the world of the supernatural nature of this effect is magnificent.Sara and myth DPI ground, this will be reflected in his poems are beautiful. What the authors are trying to achieve it, according to the m MoreThis study, the myth of the mountain and spiritual connection to the world of the supernatural nature of this effect is magnificent.Sara and myth DPI ground, this will be reflected in his poems are beautiful. What the authors are trying to achieve it, according to the mythology of women in Shahnameh. Shahnameh epic poetry in addition to being one of the world's oldest and largest source Birding, hikers and mountain mythology identify who is in Iran, and indeed that is a library of climbing, in the course of the story of King FereydounThe researchmethod in this study, library and talk to analytical method is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - The position and characteristics ofThe position and characteristics of Shahriari in Kalileh and Demeneh
mehdi hasani bagheri sharifabadKalila and dimna is one of the oldest texts that remains from ancient times. Although this book is expressed in the formed of stories from animal language but, it is full of moral, political and social thoughts.In this article has been tried to check out the topics rela MoreKalila and dimna is one of the oldest texts that remains from ancient times. Although this book is expressed in the formed of stories from animal language but, it is full of moral, political and social thoughts.In this article has been tried to check out the topics related to governance and sovereign, according to this: a question about features of sovereign was made.The research method used in this paper is analytical descriptive. The required information is gathered in a library way. In this article at the first a topic about the place and features of sovereign has been mentioned to answer the main question , before a introduction that include general and research methodology .Different parts of kalila and dimna same as king’s places, features of the king, the need to obey the king , mutual rights of people and rulers , rule of thumb has been studied. ww tyg Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Studying the Conceptual Metaphor of " wine " in the Literature of Ancient schools of Iran
Nasrin Jabbar Khalaji Bonab Nasrin Jabbar Khalaji Bonab Arash MoshfaghiAbstract The basic topical metaphor in the study of linguistics is an instrument for contemplation and understanding the abstract implications. Of the achievement of linguistics cognition is the discovery of this fact that lan MoreAbstract The basic topical metaphor in the study of linguistics is an instrument for contemplation and understanding the abstract implications. Of the achievement of linguistics cognition is the discovery of this fact that languages often use the thematical metaphors to mark the abstract implications concrete. The conceptual metaphors explain the target sphere which is concrete. In " the literature of old schools " which includes the important part of folk literature, " wine " has extensive meaning realm and precedes the wine extracted from grapes and finds abstract meaning. The purpose of this research which has been done by library studies is to be familiar with the metaphorical and allusive meaning of wine in Iranian ancient schools. Therefore the poetic and prose works of old schools , by usage of linguistic ideas such as George Lakoff and Mark Johnson were studied and 19 metaphoric points, in the domain of wine, were extracted which are: forgiveness, unconsciousness, drunkness, helper, medicine of mind, love, great men, cleaner, dance and singing, pillager, intelligence, being strong, infamy, and sanctity. The presence of a kind of unity and relative harmony in the semantic domain of the explicit trait of these thoughts and the imagination of love wine in the basic corollary of the text has reflected the metaphoric mentality of bibulousness in lyric and romantic texts of old Persian schools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - رابطه همسرگزینی جمعگرا یا فردگرا با پایداری ازدواج در متون کهن حماسی
Mehrnaz Firoozmand Jahandoost Sabzali pour Ahmad Reza Nazari Chervadeh شهریار حسن زاده -
Open Access Article
90 - The effect of chastity on Christianity
Hossein AliJafari Sahar DadfarMehr, Mitra or Maitreh is an ancient aristocratic or Hindu prehistoric Zoroastrian who also means the covenant, love, and the sun, which after the advent of Zoroastrianism and the prevalence of Zoroastrianism became one of the gods or angels of the Divine religion. The MoreMehr, Mitra or Maitreh is an ancient aristocratic or Hindu prehistoric Zoroastrian who also means the covenant, love, and the sun, which after the advent of Zoroastrianism and the prevalence of Zoroastrianism became one of the gods or angels of the Divine religion. The religion of sympathy or Mithraism and the religion of Christianity have many similarities. Today, the scholars believe that Christianity in the West owes its main framework to this religion that it has sustained and pre-Christian religions in ancient Rome, including mitrhizm. In the early centuries BC, Mitra'sism was a very rival of Christianity, because at that time Mitra was the only savior and symbol of the way of life. Certainly, because of the parallel presence of two powerful religions at one time and in a geographical area, the birthday of Mitra was the birthday of Christ on December 25th, and right from here, the penetration of Mithray's ideas began on Christianity. Other than that, the birth of Christ from the virgin mother, the baptism, the ascension celebration, the legends of bread and wine or the last dinner, and the ritual of the sacred ceremony and the commemoration of Sunday, including the effects that the Mithra religion has placed on Christianity. This paper seeks to influence the influence of the mitra religion or sympathy on religion and Christianity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - The analysis of Ideational meta function in Mehdi Akhavan e Sales’s Poem, “ The eighth trial” according to Halliday’s functional Grammar
mohammadtaghi jahani sara hosseiniAbstract Since Halliday’s functional grammar provides the possibility of studying texts as a complete consistent whole it proves quite efficient in conducting literary studies. This branch of modern grammar relies on three main metafunctions including MoreAbstract Since Halliday’s functional grammar provides the possibility of studying texts as a complete consistent whole it proves quite efficient in conducting literary studies. This branch of modern grammar relies on three main metafunctions including ideational, interpersonal, and textual ones, and is concerned with inspection of texts as well as examining the role of language in representation of reality, interpersonal interactions, and meaning of texts. Ideational metafunction is further divided into six kinds of processes which include material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential ones. In ancient epic works due to the fact that the composer made an effort to create an objective palpable image from a national heroic tale he employed material processes more than other process types, however in new epics considering the change of coordinates in human societies, the composer depending on the form he selects for his tale may use different processes in his work. Mehdi Akhavan Sales who is the most distinguished contemporary epic composer had made use of mental and verbal processes the most, in the eighth trial poem. The narrative form of the tale, presence of a naqqal in the tale, and then the presence of the poet as naqqal or the second narrator, the descriptive dominance of the structure of the tale, and also the connection of the tale with Rostam’s seventh trial are the chief reasons for employing these kinds of processes in the eighth trial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Analyzing the structure of Rostam and Esfandyar tale and the balance of power in the political thoughts in Ancient Iran
Saman Ghasemi Firoozabadi Peyman EshaghyehIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar we are faced with two noble warriors. One believes that “No one will ever see me in chains alive” while the other brazely states “A king’s fetters are no cause for shame”. What brings the two MoreIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar we are faced with two noble warriors. One believes that “No one will ever see me in chains alive” while the other brazely states “A king’s fetters are no cause for shame”. What brings the two noble warriors in opposing sides and leads them to their inevitable end is the difference in their outlooks towards the kingdom and Pahlavani or heroic institution the former is raised from the Persian tradition before Zoroaster and the latter is derived from the reforms made by Zoroaster. Employing the structuralist approach this research studies the standpoint of Pahlavani institution and its relations with the kingdom institution in the two following traditions before Lohrasp, and Lohrasp-Goshtasp. Important features in the former are the following: the presence of Nyram’s family as a representative of Pahlavani essence, the convincing validity of heroic identity, independence and freedom of a warrior, Pahlavan’s intermediary role between the king and his subjects, his supervision over justness, and the royal empire, and minimizing the King’s power. In the latter tradition Pahlavan or warrior belongs to the royal family. He does not have a genuine identity and he is totally obedient to the commands and has no role except fighting under the king’s banner. Contrary to the former Lohraspi tradition, the royal institution has unlimited power and no institution is defined and recognized to supervise king’s deeds and to threaten his avariciousness. It seems that Lohraspi-Goshtaspi tradition is the result of reforms made by Zoroaster himself or Mobads in the name of Zoroaster. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Historiography Style in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Zagros ZandSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f histo MoreSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f historiography of Shahnameh, recognize its historiographical characteristics and to show the value and standpoint of Shahnameh in the trend of historiography in Iran. Casting a look upon the ancient Persian historiography, and the first Islamic centuries those characteristics were analyzed to show that the style used in Shahnameh was the continuation of the ancient way in historiography. The method was to search for the historiographical elements and themes in the text, having in mind Ferdowsi’s reasons, purposes and motivation for recording history, bringing evidence from the Shahnameh text and classify them into six sections. The poetic, fictive and mythological aspects of the text and also the ethical and national purposes of Ferdowsi to enliven and immortalize the Persian national identity in no way undermined the historical aspect of the events. Based on these findings it could be understood that apart from sharing the historiographic characteristics of the ancient Iran and its rebirth, Shahnameh has taken this style to its utmost power and efficiency and hence has influenced greatly the histories succeeding it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Believe in Astovidatu or demon of death and examining its reflection in Shahnameh
Ardeshir SanchooliDemons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs. Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and dest MoreDemons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs. Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and destructive elements were related to a corresponding demon. A phenomenon named Astovidatu or demon of death is one such example. Although after coming of Islam this belief had lost its original vigor, yet its reflection could be clearly seen in certain works particularly in Shahnameh all the more reason for Ferdowsi’s use of imageries in connection with the concept of death. It is the purpose of this article to compare these imageries with information that exists regarding the demon of death, a belief already existed before Islam in Zoroastrian religion and to prove and demonstrate that the creation of those imageries consciously or unconsciously were under the influence of Astovidatu. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - A research into the history of Persian Literature
Gholam hossein HeydariThe vast realm of the Persian Literature demands an eclectic research for its recognition. The means to achieve this end is the great enthusiasm to fly over this vast continent in order to catch a glimpse of different periods in the history of Persian Literature and str MoreThe vast realm of the Persian Literature demands an eclectic research for its recognition. The means to achieve this end is the great enthusiasm to fly over this vast continent in order to catch a glimpse of different periods in the history of Persian Literature and strive to remove shadows of ambiguities where possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - The First Soghdian Letter
Saeid NazariSoghd is the ancient name of a region in the vicinity of BadakhshanValley in Transoxnia (Mavara’un-Nahr) . The centre of this region is the city of Samarkand. Soghdian people in Sassanid era due to their activities in trade and business especially with MoreSoghd is the ancient name of a region in the vicinity of BadakhshanValley in Transoxnia (Mavara’un-Nahr) . The centre of this region is the city of Samarkand. Soghdian people in Sassanid era due to their activities in trade and business especially with China and India were well known, hence soghd was recognized as one of the main economic poles in Iran. From the soghdian language which is a Middle Iranian language, remained many works the most significant of which is the ancient soghdian letters. In 1907, these letters have been found by Sir Orel Stein in one of the watch towers of the Wall of China. These documents include five intact letters and four torn pieces amounting to a letter which gives the account of social and political upheavals of Chinese people in that period. The first letter is written by a young lady from DooVang to her husband. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - The charm of stone and colour in the old texts
Florence NamjouyanSince antiquity the curious mind of man was in search of stars to know his fate and destiny. The inhabitants of the Earth looked also at the stones and metals. Beads, precious and semi precious stones with their special colours and magical effects like happiness, MoreSince antiquity the curious mind of man was in search of stars to know his fate and destiny. The inhabitants of the Earth looked also at the stones and metals. Beads, precious and semi precious stones with their special colours and magical effects like happiness, unhappiness, charm, keeping the evil forces ie the evil eye at bay and increasing fortune, have preoccupied the mind of man. Hence the present article is an attempt to search in the old middle texts (Pahlavi and Soghdi) and Islamic texts in order to find a trace of beads in ancient Iran. Texts in which the characteristic magical properties of beads and the connection of some of them with stars has been described in such a way that perhaps one could introduce the universe as to the source of these Earth beads. Next, the properties of beads and a sample of the wonders of hexagonal beads with colours green, red, blue, yellow, black and violet based on Islamic sources of mineralogy are given. Finally by correlating the beads with Shahnameh, we have spoken about the strong belief in this ancient legacy in the popular culture of what is known as the symbolic imagery of natural phenomena translated into a palpable and visible language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - In search of surviving ancient words in Northern Talshi proverbs
afshin khanbabazadeh mahnaz nezami anbaranProverbs are one of the most important literary genres in oral literature that arose among ordinary people and were passed down from one generation to another, The presence of a noticeable weight and tone in most proverbs has caused the words used in them to undergo les MoreProverbs are one of the most important literary genres in oral literature that arose among ordinary people and were passed down from one generation to another, The presence of a noticeable weight and tone in most proverbs has caused the words used in them to undergo less linguistic changes with the passage of time, and to maintain their originality to a large extent. Therefore, it is very important to examine the proverbs in each of the Iranian dialects. Due to the gradual loss of dialects, a large part of the cultural and linguistic heritage of Iran has been exposed to destruction. Therefore, in order to protect this ancient heritage, it is necessary to collect the proverbs in the dialects, including the dialects of the Talashi language. Therefore, in the current research, by examining some proverbs from Northern Talashi, we have examined a number of ancient words that have remained largely immune to linguistic changes and have determined the evolution of these words. In addition to that, the Persian equivalent of each proverb is also mentioned, before examining the evolution of vocabulary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Translation and analytical survey of Sogdian ancient letters (The fourth document)
saeed nazariTranslation and analytical survey of sogdian ancient letters (The fourth document)Abstract:Sogd was the ancient name of place near Badaxšān valley. The central of this city was Samargand. In Sasanian era, sogdian people were known for activities business especial MoreTranslation and analytical survey of sogdian ancient letters (The fourth document)Abstract:Sogd was the ancient name of place near Badaxšān valley. The central of this city was Samargand. In Sasanian era, sogdian people were known for activities business especially with China and India. And also was considered as one of the Iranian main economic center. There is a large number works have remained in these people. Historically ,one of the most important works are sogdian ancient letters. these letters discovered in 1907 by the Biritish archaeologist Sir Aurel Stein in a Chinese watch Tower in Gansu province . These letters are five nearly complete letters and four incomplete.the author of letters provide extremely important information about the early of the sogdian diaspora a long the silk road , and also refers to the chaos and difficult conditions in China .Key words : sogd , sogdian ancient letters , the fourth document Manuscript profile
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