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دسترسی آزاد مقاله
1 - بررسی تأثیرآموزش دانش پیش زمینه‌ای بین فرهنگی بر مهارت خواندن زبان آموزان ایرانی
فرهاد قربان دردی نژاد زهرا بیاتپژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر دانش پیش زمینه‌ای بین فرهنگی برمهارت خواندن زبان آموزان ایرانی می‌پردازد. جامعه آماری شامل تمامی زبان آموزان دختر (5000 نفر) آموزشگاه‌های زبان انگلیسی در سطح سبزوار بودند. نمونه‌گیری از نوع احتمالی ساده بود و نمونه تحقیق 60 زبان آموز دختر بودند چکیده کاملپژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر دانش پیش زمینه‌ای بین فرهنگی برمهارت خواندن زبان آموزان ایرانی می‌پردازد. جامعه آماری شامل تمامی زبان آموزان دختر (5000 نفر) آموزشگاه‌های زبان انگلیسی در سطح سبزوار بودند. نمونه‌گیری از نوع احتمالی ساده بود و نمونه تحقیق 60 زبان آموز دختر بودند که با بهره‌گیری از جدول اعداد تصادفی مورگان انجام شد. ابزار تحقیق شامل پیش آزمون تعیین سطح نلسون(Fowler and Coe, 1976) ، پنج متن خواندن درباره ی عناوین فرهنگی برای اجرا در طول دوره آزمایش و یک پس آزمون خواندن محقق ساخته به عنوان پس آزمون اصلی بود. پایایی پس ـ آزمون مورد نظر با محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ 82/0 تعیین و روایی آن توسط اساتید آموزش زبان انگلیسی تأیید شد. برای پاسخ‌گویی به سؤالات تحقیق از روشهای آماری آزمون تی مستقل و تحلیل واریانس مانووا (MANOVA) با بهره‌گیری از از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 19 استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق، نشان دهنده تأثیر معنادار دانش پیش زمینه‌ای بین فرهنگی (t(58)=-8.511 p<0.05 ) در مهارت خواندن زبان آموزان بود. آگاهی از برخی خرده فرهنگ‌های کشورهای انگلیسی زبان مانند روابط و آداب معاشر و نگهداری از حیوانات خانگی تأثیر معناداری در مهارت خواندن متون مرتبط با این خرده فرهنگ‌ها دارند و در نهایت دانش پیش زمینه‌ای فرهنگی از تعطیلات رسمس انگلیسی زبانان در سطح بعدی اهمیت لحاظ شد. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
2 - The Relationship between Home-Culture Attachment and EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension
Leila Anjomshoa Fatemeh TalebizadehThe current study aimed to investigate the relationship between home-culture attachment and EFL learners’ reading comprehension. It was a correlational survey using a questionnaire and a test to explore the relationship between home-culture attachment and EFL lear چکیده کاملThe current study aimed to investigate the relationship between home-culture attachment and EFL learners’ reading comprehension. It was a correlational survey using a questionnaire and a test to explore the relationship between home-culture attachment and EFL learners' reading comprehension. To fulfil the objectives of the study, 90 EFL learners at Kerman Azad University participated in this study. They were selected based on their language proficiency level and completed a home-culture attachment questionnaire developed by Pishghadam et al. (2013). The native language of the participants of the study was Persian and they were students of English literature, translation, and teaching. The findings showed that there was a negative relationship between home-culture attachment and learners’ reading comprehension. Analysis of the data showed significant negative correlations between EFL learners' religious and artistic attachments and reading comprehension. An increase in home-culture attachment and its sub-scales (religious attachment & artistic attachment) led to a decrease in reading comprehension, and religious attachment and artistic attachment predicted learners’ reading comprehension. Therefore, to minimize attachment to home culture and optimize reading effectiveness in educational contexts, teachers, students, and curriculum designers should increase student readiness and receptivity to target cultures must be considered. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
3 - The Role of Critical Thinking Disposition in Enhancing Argumentative Writing Skill: Iranian EFL Teachers’ and Learners’ Perspective
Shaho Hoorijani Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Mohsen MasoomiThis study investigated the attitude of the Iranian EFL teachers and learners toward the role of critical thinking disposition in enhancing argumentative writing in the Iranian EFL context at Islamic Azad University, Kurdistan branch. Attitude plays an important role th چکیده کاملThis study investigated the attitude of the Iranian EFL teachers and learners toward the role of critical thinking disposition in enhancing argumentative writing in the Iranian EFL context at Islamic Azad University, Kurdistan branch. Attitude plays an important role that affecting language learning, especially writing skills in an EFL context like Iran. In this descriptive study, 14 EFL teachers and 80 EFL learners both males and females were selected based on a random sampling method. The data were gathered based on a survey approach, by using the online CCTDI questionnaire. To answer the research questions of this study and uncover the attitude of EFL teachers and learners towards the treatment, the responses the to CCTDI online questionnaire were coded and analyzed. The results indicated that teachers and learners had positive attitudes towards all components of CCTDI. They represented a highly positive disposition towards truth-seeking and inquisitiveness. Results of the study revealed that of the EFL teachers and learners have a positive attitude regarding English language teaching and learning. Another finding of the study was that, having favorable perspective toward English did not enhance their proficiency in learning English. It is hoped that the findings of this study help teacher and learners learn about critical thinking principles they will apply prudent judgment, challenge the improbable, pursue difficulties, establish alternatives, use tactics, consider alternative perspectives, and attempt to be objective. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
4 - Effect of Reading-based Activities on Vocabulary Learning: Pre-intermediate EFL Learners in Focus
Akram Shekarian Behzadi Azar Bagheri MasoudzadeThe present research examined the effect of reading-based activities on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. To do this, 57 students of a language institute in Kerman were selected based on available sampling. After homogenizing them, 50 pre-intermediate stu چکیده کاملThe present research examined the effect of reading-based activities on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. To do this, 57 students of a language institute in Kerman were selected based on available sampling. After homogenizing them, 50 pre-intermediate students were put into two groups (25 students in each group). The study is a quasi-experimental one and the students took the pretest and posttest of vocabulary knowledge. These tests contained two parts: The first part pertained to the comprehension of vocabulary multiple-choice items; the second part was associated with production of vocabulary consisting of fill-in-the-blank items. Both tests were extracted from their textbook. The students of the experimental group were provided with related reading activities. The reading activities required the students pre-read passages at home that relate to the reading comprehension activities during classroom on the following day, and the reading engages the students to pre-read passages before the reading activity. However, the students of the control group received the traditional instruction on vocabulary and they were not given any related reading activities. At the end of term, the post test was administered and the collected data was descriptively and inferentially analyzed. The results revealed that reading-based activities had a significant effect on pre-intermediate EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. The finding indicates the value of reading-based activities leads the researchers to focus on increasing learners’ vocabulary in EFL classrooms through designing a variety of tasks. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
5 - Effects of WhatsApp, Adobe Connect, and Face-to-face Classes on Learning Collocations by Iranian EFL Learners
Faezeh Roudgar Seyyed Abdolmajid Tabatabaee Lotfi Narjes Ashari Tabar Seyyed Amir Hosein SarkeshikianTechnology has crept into every aspect of human life, and second language education is not an exception, giving rise to computer-enhanced language learning and mobile-assisted language learning. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of WhatsApp, Adobe Connec چکیده کاملTechnology has crept into every aspect of human life, and second language education is not an exception, giving rise to computer-enhanced language learning and mobile-assisted language learning. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of WhatsApp, Adobe Connect, and face-to-face classes on learning collocations by Iranian EFL learners in Qom, and to make comparisons among these three platforms. Thus, a quasi-experimental design was set up in which a number of available intermediate-level students were assigned to a WhatsApp group, an Adobe Connect group, and a Control group. The three groups were given a collocation pretest at the outset of the study and they were exposed to collocations, though through different media. In the treatment, which lasted for 10 sessions, for the learners in the WAG and ACG, the collocations were presented via a picture, an example sentence, and a follow-up quiz, which the CG learners received the same collocations in a similar fashion except that they were not provided with videos/pictures. At the end of the experiment, the learners were given a posttest of collocations, and the following results were obtained after running paired-samples t tests and a one-way ANCOVA: (a) the three groups of WAG, ACG, and CG were fruitful and the learners in all these environments improved significantly from pretest to posttest of collocations, and (b) ACG learners significantly outperformed WAG learners, who in turn could perform significantly better than the CG learners. The obtained results bear implications for education in general and second language instruction in particular. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
6 - Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Attitude and Preferences for Oral error correction
Kamran Rabani EbrahimiPourEFL teachers are suggested to investigate learners’ beliefs and preferences for oral error correction, an integral part of language teaching, to either adopt them or raise learners’ awareness in case their perceptions and preferences oppose the findings rega چکیده کاملEFL teachers are suggested to investigate learners’ beliefs and preferences for oral error correction, an integral part of language teaching, to either adopt them or raise learners’ awareness in case their perceptions and preferences oppose the findings regarding effective learning. Although Iranian EFL learners’ attitude and preferences for different aspects of oral error treatment have been relatively addressed, some mixed results were obtained. Using a quantitative descriptive design, the current study sought to extend this line of research by investigating the attitudes and preferences of 756 Iranian EFL learners regarding the existence of oral errors, oral error correction timing, provider, categories, and techniques. The findings revealed that EFL learners had positive attitude towards oral error correction. In details, a large number of learners had a preference for oral error correction most of the time. Moreover immediate teacher correction was favored by most subjects. Moreover, nearly half of the participants favored self-correction while most expressed dislike for peer error treatment. The findings concerning error treatment types and techniques, showed that EFL learners favored different types and techniques of oral error treatment among which a subtype of metalinguistic clues where teacher provides information or hints to correction and a subtype of clarification request in which teacher asks why the learner used the word or the structure were the most and least favorite ones respectively. The findings might help stakeholders gain a better understanding of learners ' attitudes and preferences for oral error treatment . پرونده مقاله -
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7 - Effect of Music in Grammar Teaching on EFL Students' Motivation and Achievement
Shahla IranpourThe purpose of this study is to find out, what is the role of music involved in the process of teaching grammar, on high school girl students' grammatical knowledge in Parvin high school in Orzuieh. To fulfill this aim, a process has been followed through utilizing musi چکیده کاملThe purpose of this study is to find out, what is the role of music involved in the process of teaching grammar, on high school girl students' grammatical knowledge in Parvin high school in Orzuieh. To fulfill this aim, a process has been followed through utilizing music as a treatment device for intended English class in Parvin high school in Orzuieh. The traditional method of teaching grammar pursued at the beginning of semester later on teaching grammar inaugurated with involving music in the course of teaching to find out if the researcher came up with the same outcomes in these two teaching methods or not. The results of the study indicated a significant difference about students' grammatical knowledge, moving from pretest phase to posttest after involvement of music in teaching grammar. This study will suggest that music and song can contribute to effective language learning by enriching the classroom environment, and presenting teaching materials through music can be fruitful and rewarding. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
8 - Effect of Technology and Online Learning on EFL Learners' Writing Achievement and Their Self- Concept
Niloofar Salajeghe Samira HasaniThe present study attempted to probe the effectiveness of online learning on Iranian EFL learners' self-concept. It also analyzed the effect of online learning on the EFL learners' writing achievement. To do this, a total number of 50 students of pre-intermediate level چکیده کاملThe present study attempted to probe the effectiveness of online learning on Iranian EFL learners' self-concept. It also analyzed the effect of online learning on the EFL learners' writing achievement. To do this, a total number of 50 students of pre-intermediate level was selected based on available sampling. A pre-test of writing was administered to the participants at the beginning of the term to ensure that they had the same language background. Then, they were randomly assigned as experimental and control group (25 Ss in each group). Experimental group benefited from online learning through BBB, and other group with the same number of students regarded as control group and received conventional method of teaching. At the beginning of the term, pre questionnaire of self-concept published among students of EG. The research was done in eight sessions and in the last session, post-test of writing was assigned to both groups to determine whether online learning method had positively affected the EFL learners' achievement and their self-concept. Moreover, post questionnaire of self-concept was published among experimental group to analyze their self-concept in online learning context. Data analysis of tests and questionnaire revealed that online learning method had positive effect on the EFL students' writing achievement and their self-concept. It is hoped that the results of the research indicate the importance of online learning through the mentioned application in the educational system. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
9 - Effect of Consciousness-raising via Vocabulary Input Flooding on Iranian Intermediate Learners’ Writing Fluency
Saeideh Fatahzadeh sajad Shafiee Fariba Rahimi Esfahaniاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر افزایش آگاهی از طریق سیل ورودی واژگان بر روانی نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی متوسط انجام شد. برای این منظور 80 زبان آموز زبان انگلیسی از طریق آزمون مهارت زبان (OPT) به عنوان شرکت کنندگان متوسط انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنت چکیده کاملاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر افزایش آگاهی از طریق سیل ورودی واژگان بر روانی نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی متوسط انجام شد. برای این منظور 80 زبان آموز زبان انگلیسی از طریق آزمون مهارت زبان (OPT) به عنوان شرکت کنندگان متوسط انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل هر کدام شامل 40 زبان آموز دختر و پسر متوسط تقسیم شدند. درمان برای گروه آزمایش 13 جلسه دو ساعته به طول انجامید که در آن شرکت کنندگان در معرض وظایف افزایش آگاهی از طریق سیل ورودی واژگان قرار گرفتند. گروه کنترل هیچ درمانی دریافت نکرد و فقط از روشهای آموزشی مرسوم پیروی کرد. در پایان درمان، آزمون نوشتن برای هر دو گروه انجام شد. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با استفاده از آزمون تی زوجی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که گروه آزمایش در روان‌نویسی به‌طور معنی‌داری از گروه کنترل بهتر عمل کرد. این یافته ممکن است پیامدهای نظری و آموزشی برای معلمان/ فراگیران زبان، طراحان برنامه درسی، ELT و سیاست گذاران و سهامداران داشته باشد. پرونده مقاله -
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10 - Virtual Reality (VR) Assistive Technology Among EFL Learners With Expressive Language Disorder (ELD): Effectiveness, Feasibility, and Risks
Mojgan Khaki Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Sajad ShafieeRooted in Assistive Technology Theory (AST), this qualitative study examined Virtual Reality (VR) as an assistive technology among EFL learners with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD) concerning its effectiveness, feasibility, and risks. Following a purposive sampling, چکیده کاملRooted in Assistive Technology Theory (AST), this qualitative study examined Virtual Reality (VR) as an assistive technology among EFL learners with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD) concerning its effectiveness, feasibility, and risks. Following a purposive sampling, 18 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners with mild to moderate levels of ELD were selected and experienced a fully-immersive VR learning environment through Virtual-Reality Head-Mounted Displays (VR-HMDs) in which a series of learning nuggets focusing on speaking skills were VR-authored for 20 seventy-minute sessions. The data were thematically analyzed by Max Weber Qualitative Data Analysis (MAXQDA). The findings showed the factors constituting VR assistive technology concerning (A) effectiveness (ICT literacy, prejudgments, technophobia or technostress, motivation, and quality of VR equipment); (B) feasibility (academic infrastructure, equipment price, customization features, types of content or context, and training), and (C) risks (various VR-induced physical and mental symptoms). The outcomes may benefit TEFL, assistive and educational technology, and therapeutic education. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
11 - A Retrospective Evaluation of Iranian Third-Grade Junior High School English Textbook
Elham TAghipour Shaban Najafi KarimiThis study evaluated the third-grade junior high school English course book in Iran which was implemented in 2017 by the ministry of education. The study was done in order to find out whether its contents match the authors' claim. To do this, the researcher used a quant چکیده کاملThis study evaluated the third-grade junior high school English course book in Iran which was implemented in 2017 by the ministry of education. The study was done in order to find out whether its contents match the authors' claim. To do this, the researcher used a quantitative research design to evaluate the Course Book (CB). A sample of 200 teachers participated in this study for answering the questionnaire and were chosen randomly from a different state and private schools in Mazandaran province. They participated in the online and paper and pencil survey. The survey was developed by Cunnings Worth (1995). The items of the questionnaire were based on the characteristic of a good textbook and included 14 categories as content, grammar, vocabulary, phonology, language skills, methodology, study skills, objectives, content selection, gradation and recycling, visuals, practices and testing, supplementary materials and teacher manual. In short, the results indicated that Prospect 3 was perceived as moderately adequate since the mean composite scores for each category exceeded 2, except for gradation and recycling which scored 2.10. Gradation and recycling and study skills categories were two categories that scored a mean of 2.13 and 2.10. They gained the least support by the respondents. پرونده مقاله -
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12 - Analysis of language Learning Needs of Tenth-grade Iranian Students
Fatemeh Mohammadi SadeghThe present study examined and analyzed the language learning needs of Tenth-grade Iranian Students. Despite the significant role of needs analysis in language learning, no attempt has been made to explore the current language learning needs of Tenth- grade students and چکیده کاملThe present study examined and analyzed the language learning needs of Tenth-grade Iranian Students. Despite the significant role of needs analysis in language learning, no attempt has been made to explore the current language learning needs of Tenth- grade students and these needs are apparently unknown at present. To do this, this research evaluate and discussed the current language learning needs of Tenth-grade students. Also, this project highlighted the most and the least important language learning needs of them. To this purpose, the data was collected through questionnaire. 250 EFL learners of different high schools in Zahedan were selected to answer the questionnaire. The questionnaire developed by Kittidhaworn (2001) and surveyed seven dimensions of language learning needs, and the extent of the importance, was remarked by Tenth-grade learners of high schools. According to obtained data, the most important language learning need was "listening Skill", and the least one attributed to the "Language Function" from their points of view. It is expected that the findings of this study may help teachers, students, and researchers who are interested in effective assessment of language learning needs and also administrators who are responsible for organizing and implementing them. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
13 - Effective Language Classroom: A Qualitative Study Using a Critical Incident Technique
پویا درود مسعود ذوقی هانیه دواتگری اصلAn effective language classroom is a multifaceted and intricate setting that involves various dimensions and has gained increasing recognition in the academic literature. Insufficient information is available regarding the experiences and perceptions of EFL learners reg چکیده کاملAn effective language classroom is a multifaceted and intricate setting that involves various dimensions and has gained increasing recognition in the academic literature. Insufficient information is available regarding the experiences and perceptions of EFL learners regarding productive English language classrooms. This research focused on understanding how Iranian students who are learning English as a foreign language feel about and have experienced effective learning in the classroom. The present study was based on a phenomenological study in which participants’ perceptions about effective learning in class were examined. The research utilized the critical incident interview method to gather information from 30 MA EFL students with extensive English learning experience, who were deemed capable of contributing valuable insights on the topic. Therefore, participants were selected through purposive sampling. The process of analyzing data has yielded identification of significant themes of 1) attention to learners’ opinions 2) material transfer 3) teaching enthusiasm 4) instructors’ competence 5) learning environment and 6) learning process. The present study’s findings have led to the provision of recommendations for researchers in the realm of language learning. پرونده مقاله -
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14 - The Effect of BBC News Lessons on High School EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Learning
حسن علیزاده محمود علیلو توران آهورForeign language vocabulary learning is challenging and requires using an appropriate method. To this end, this study aimed to investigate the effect of listening and viewing BBC News lessons as a teaching and learning tool on high school EFL learners’ vocabulary چکیده کاملForeign language vocabulary learning is challenging and requires using an appropriate method. To this end, this study aimed to investigate the effect of listening and viewing BBC News lessons as a teaching and learning tool on high school EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. This quasi-experimental research was carried out in the twelfth grade of Shohada high school in Kalybar city in East-Azarbijan, Iran. Forty two high school EFL learners were chosen as participants from two intact classes. The homogeneity of the classes was checked through a KET test. Then, they were randomly assigned into the experimental (n=19) and control (n=23) groups. Target words were selected from the eight BBC News lessons for both groups. The unfamiliarity of these words to the learners was found through the Vocabulary Knowledge Scale. The experimental group experienced vocabulary learning through watching and listening to the BBC News lessons; while, the control group received the same target words through the traditional method. A vocabulary-based post-test was administrated after the treatment. The result of Independent-Samples t-test on the post-test scores of both groups revealed the significant outperformance of the experimental group compared to the control group. Practical implications are presented to teachers, researchers, and learners. پرونده مقاله -
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15 - Iranian EFL Learners’ Attitudes towards Target and Source Cultures
غلامرضا عباسیان مژگان کوه پایه زاده غلامرضا اصغرپورMaintaining that language and culture are interwoven to the extent that learning the former is largely dependent on the latter, this study aimed to investigate the attitude of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) Learners of Tehran South Branch of Islamic Azad Univ چکیده کاملMaintaining that language and culture are interwoven to the extent that learning the former is largely dependent on the latter, this study aimed to investigate the attitude of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) Learners of Tehran South Branch of Islamic Azad University (both undergraduates and postgraduates) towards the learning of the cultural aspects of language, both the target and source cultures, in their EFL classrooms. To this end, a quantitative approach was employed and a Likert scale questionnaire was designed. Fifty EFL learners were randomly invited to answer the questionnaire in relation to their attitude being exposed to the culture of target language. The findings of the chi-square test indicated that the Iranian undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners consider culture as an important element in learning the target language. Both the culture of the source language and the culture of the target language were deemed important while learning a second language. The findings of this study also showed that postgraduate EFL learners have more intension to learn more about the culture of both source and target language than undergraduate EFL learners in Iran. پرونده مقاله -
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16 - The Interplay between Language Anxiety, Locus of Control and Language Proficiency in Online Classes: The Case of EFL Learners
حسین میرزایی رحمان صحراگردThe present study investigated the interplay between language anxiety, locus of control, and language proficiency of EFL students in online classes. The participants of the study were 67 upper-intermediate students between 18 to 30 years old and were selected randomly f چکیده کاملThe present study investigated the interplay between language anxiety, locus of control, and language proficiency of EFL students in online classes. The participants of the study were 67 upper-intermediate students between 18 to 30 years old and were selected randomly from a few language institutes in Shiraz. Two questionnaires and a proficiency test were used: Chametzky’s Online World Language Anxiety Scale, Rotter’s Locus of control questionnaire, and The Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English. Pearson-product-moment correlation, multiple regression analysis, and independent-samples t-test were run to answer the research questions. The results of the study revealed a strong negative correlation between locus of control and language proficiency, meaning that those who had higher scores on the proficiency test were internal. In addition, a strong negative correlation was found between language anxiety and language proficiency, indicating that anxiety has adverse effects on language proficiency. Thirdly, both locus of control and language anxiety could predict language proficiency, but the former was a better predictor. This means that the effect of locus of control is much higher than anxiety on the language proficiency of Iranian EFL learners in online classes. This research can help students and teachers to recognize individual differences better. پرونده مقاله -
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17 - A Corpus-based Analysis of Epistemic Stance Adverbs in Essays Written by Native English Speakers and Iranian EFL Learners
امیر سبزوار حمیدرضا حق وردی رضا بی ریاAcademic essays entail taking a stance on the truth value of propositions. Epistemic adverbs deal with the speaker's assessment of the truth value of propositions. Employing a corpus-based approach with descriptive statistics and qualitative description, this study expl چکیده کاملAcademic essays entail taking a stance on the truth value of propositions. Epistemic adverbs deal with the speaker's assessment of the truth value of propositions. Employing a corpus-based approach with descriptive statistics and qualitative description, this study explored the use of epistemic stance adverbs in academic essays written by native English speakers and Iranian EFL learners. Following Biber et al.'s (1999) framework of stance adverbials, the researchers employed a corpus of 62077 words taken from class assignments written by Iranian EFL learners and a corpus of 65268 words taken from British Academic Written English (BAWE) to investigate the use of epistemic stance adverbs. Antconc software 3.4.3 version was used to search the most frequent stance adverbs. Frequency counts for each of the adverbs were extracted and normalized per 1000 words; then, Chi-square was run to pinpoint any differences between the two groups. The findings revealed both similarities and differences in the use of stance adverbs between the two groups. For example, EFL writers used more confident adverbs to show their authorial presence while native speakers used more maybe adverbs which are less authority-oriented. The findings may have implications for second/foreign language learners and writing instruction. پرونده مقاله -
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18 - The Comparative Effect of Antonym in-Text Glosses and Description in-Text Glosses on EFL Learners' Reading Comprehensio
هانیه قاسمی مونا خبیریThe present study was carried out to investigate the comparative effect of antonym in-text glosses and description in-text glosses on a group of Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. To fulfill the purpose of this study, 60 female intermediate students between 18 چکیده کاملThe present study was carried out to investigate the comparative effect of antonym in-text glosses and description in-text glosses on a group of Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. To fulfill the purpose of this study, 60 female intermediate students between 18 and 19 years old were selected among a total number of 90 through their performance on a piloted PET. These 60 participants were non-randomly divided into two equally populated experimental groups. During the process of this study, in one of the experimental groups the participants were given reading texts with antonym in-text glosses and in the other group, the participants were given reading texts with description in-text glosses. A piloted reading comprehension posttest (derived from another sample of PET) was administered at the end of the treatment to both groups and their mean scores on the test were compared through an independent samples t-test. The result led to the rejection of the null hypothesis, thereby, demonstrating that the learners in the description in-text glosses group benefited significantly more than those in the antonym in-text glosses group in terms of improving their reading comprehension. پرونده مقاله -
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19 - The Effect of Employing Critical Needs Analysis on Iranian Intermediate Learners' Speaking Skills Improvement
سارا ظفری حسین حیدری تبریزی عزیزه چالاکEnglish is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs a چکیده کاملEnglish is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners’ perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities sub-dimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that the students' needs were mostly the items which were necessary for the learners' use of language. In contrast, the control group received treatment based on the pre-determined syllabus of the course. The results of an independent sample t-test indicated that in the post-test, the speaking scores of the participants in the experimental group were significantly higher than the scores in the control group. پرونده مقاله -
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20 - The effect of Virtual and Real Classroom Instruction on Inter-language Pragmatic Development: Microblogging versus Traditional Instruction of Speech Acts to Iranian EFL Learners
فاطمه داورزنی حسین طالب زادهDespite the fact that virtual learning seems to have considerable potential for enhancing language learners’ communicative abilities, it has received less attention for improving pragmatic competence of learners in EFL educational settings. The present study was a چکیده کاملDespite the fact that virtual learning seems to have considerable potential for enhancing language learners’ communicative abilities, it has received less attention for improving pragmatic competence of learners in EFL educational settings. The present study was an attempt to investigate the impact of virtual and real classroom instruction of speech acts on the pragmatic awareness and development of Iranian EFL learners. To do so, a quasi-experimental study was designed and, through a homogeneity test, 57 EFL female language learners at the intermediate level were chosen. The participants were randomly divided into the experimental groups of virtual and real classroom learning and went through the procedure of pretest, intervention, and posttest; the pertinent data were collected by means of a PET test, a speech-act pre-test and comparable post-tests of speech acts. Both measures of independent and paired-samples t-test were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that instruction of speech acts through both virtual and real classroom techniques can be conducive to the promotion of pragmatic awareness among the EFL learners in the Iranian context; meanwhile, real classroom instruction of speech acts proved to be more fruitful and more significantly elevated the pragmatic awareness of Iranian EFL learners. We conclude the study drawing on the implications of our findings for ELT and EFL policy makers, language educators and teachers, material developers, and learners. پرونده مقاله -
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21 - Improving Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Oral Narrative Task Performance in Terms of Accuracy, Fluency and Complexity by Awareness Raising Through Semantic Fields
بهزاد محمودی سعیده اهنگری مهناز سعیدیThe effects different awareness-raising techniques might have on language learners’ performance have been studied by many researchers. The present study specifically focused on improving EFL learners’ oral narrative task performance in terms of accuracy, flu چکیده کاملThe effects different awareness-raising techniques might have on language learners’ performance have been studied by many researchers. The present study specifically focused on improving EFL learners’ oral narrative task performance in terms of accuracy, fluency and complexity by awareness raising through semantic fields. The participants in the study included 40 intermediate learners whose initial homogeneity in terms of language proficiency was assessed via a Preliminary English Test (PET). They were further randomly assigned as one experimental group and one control group, each comprising 20 participants. The amount of instructional time was 17 sessions, during which the participants in the experimental group received an awareness raising technique through 'semantic fields'. Before and after the treatment, an oral narrative test was administrated. The results of the data analysis revealed that the experimental group which received the awareness raising technique outperformed the control group in three measures of accuracy, fluency and complexity on their performance. The participants showed significant improvements in language proficiency as they retold the narratives. The findings of the present study can create the floor for researchers to go deep through the EFL contexts and find more about the probable effects awareness raising techniques might have on language learning and teaching. پرونده مقاله -
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22 - Using Cooperative Group Feedback and Cooperative Group Writing in Writing Classes
حمید مرعشی سحر حسینیThe present study compared the effect of cooperative group feedback and cooperative group writing techniques in writing classes. Accordingly, 90 male and female intermediate English language learners sat for a sample piloted Preliminary English Test and 60 who scored on چکیده کاملThe present study compared the effect of cooperative group feedback and cooperative group writing techniques in writing classes. Accordingly, 90 male and female intermediate English language learners sat for a sample piloted Preliminary English Test and 60 who scored one standard deviation above and below the mean were selected as the main participants. Both groups were taught the same course book. Moreover, they received the same hours of instruction and teaching aids in the same physical environment; therefore, the most significant point of departure in the two experimental groups in the present study was the form of writing practices presented in the classroom. One group underwent the cooperative group writing while the other the cooperative feedback procedure throughout the treatment period. The findings of this study based upon the results gained from an independent sample t-test run on the two groups’ posttest mean scores revealed that the participants’ L2 writing improved more significantly in the cooperative group writing class compared to the cooperative group feedback. The findings of this study may be contributory to EFL teachers and syllabus designers in the process of developing more efficient second language writing courses. پرونده مقاله -
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23 - The Impact of Task-based Activities on the Reading Skill of Iranian EFL Young Learners at the Beginner Level
ارشیا کیوانفر مونا مدرسیTask-based learning and teaching in the realm of teaching young learners is still considered an adventure since very few experimental studies to date have tackled its applicability in that age group. The present research was an attempt to find out whether using task-bas چکیده کاملTask-based learning and teaching in the realm of teaching young learners is still considered an adventure since very few experimental studies to date have tackled its applicability in that age group. The present research was an attempt to find out whether using task-based reading activities has any impact on the development of text comprehension in Iranian young learners studying English as a foreign language at the beginner level. Two groups of 25 students, aged 11 to 13, were the participants of the study. Through a reading pretest, it was ensured that the two groups were at the same level and belonged to the same population in terms of the reading skill. Having instructed the experimental group with four task types and the control group with classical reading activities, the researcher compared the reading performance of the two groups through a t-test which, not surprisingly, manifested the better performance of the experimental group. A follow-up reading test also showed that the experimental group still enjoyed a higher level of reading skill after one month. Furthermore, the scores gained from the four task types were compared and it was concluded that the students performed better in tasks which involved creativity and gave them the experience of playing. پرونده مقاله -
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24 - Meta-Cognitive Strategy Use in Reading Comprehension among Iranian EFL Learners of Varying Levels of Proficiency
سیما مدیرخامنه مریم بهمنیThis study explored the use of meta-cognitive strategies (MCS) in reading comprehension among Iranian EFL learners with varying levels of proficiency (i.e. high proficient vs. low proficient). Furthermore, there was an attempt to investigate the impact of motivation on چکیده کاملThis study explored the use of meta-cognitive strategies (MCS) in reading comprehension among Iranian EFL learners with varying levels of proficiency (i.e. high proficient vs. low proficient). Furthermore, there was an attempt to investigate the impact of motivation on language learners’ MCS use. The proposed hypotheses predicted: 1) there is no significant difference between the high proficient EFL learners’ use of MCS compared to their low proficient peers, and 2) there is no relationship between the two groups’ MCS use and their motivation. One hundred participants, aged 16-24, were selected from the intermediate and advanced EFL learners in Jihad Daneshgahi Institute of Kermanshah. The data was collected through: a) a modified version of the FCE reading paper, b) a modified version of the PET reading paper, c) Taraban's (2006) MCS Questionnaire, and d) an adapted form of Gardner's (1985) motivation questionnaire, and was submitted to a series of independent samples t-test and co-relational analysis. The results indicated: 1) a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the use of meta-cognitive strategies, favoring the highly proficient readers, and 2) a significant relationship between the use of meta-cognitive strategies and motivation of the participants. پرونده مقاله -
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25 - The Effect of Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Condition on L2 Learners' Monologue Speaking Ability, Speaking Apprehension, L2 Self-Confidence, and Willingness to Communicate
متین رامک حسین سیاه پوش مهران داوری بیناThis study was conducted to examine the effect of asynchronous computer-mediated condition on L2 learners' speaking ability, speaking apprehension, L2 self-confidence, and willingness to communicate. The participants of this study included 40 intermediate undergraduate چکیده کاملThis study was conducted to examine the effect of asynchronous computer-mediated condition on L2 learners' speaking ability, speaking apprehension, L2 self-confidence, and willingness to communicate. The participants of this study included 40 intermediate undergraduate students of English language teaching at an Iranian university. The participants were assigned to two experimental (asynchronous computer-mediated) and control (face-to-face) conditions randomly. In the experimental group, the participants practiced speaking in an asynchronous online environment, and in the control group, the students spent a part of their class time accomplishing monologue tasks. Using questionnaires, the participants' speaking ability, speaking apprehension, L2 self-confidence, and willingness to communicate were measured at the beginning and at the end of the term. The findings showed that the monologue speaking ability mean score of those in the computer-mediated group improved significantly more than that of the face-to-face group. Another finding of this study was the superiority of the computer-mediated condition with regard to the participants' speaking self-confidence, speaking apprehension, and willingness to communicate. Overall, the results suggest that asynchronous computer-mediated condition can provide learners with a less-threatening condition that can improve the chances of their L2 monologue speaking ability. پرونده مقاله -
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26 - Effect of Précis Writing Instruction on the Creation of Cohesive Text by Iranian High School EFL Learners
لطف الله کریمی معصومه طورجی راغبBeing expert in establishing cohesion and coherence in writing is not an easy task. The EFL learners are to pass through very long, uneven paths such as précis exercise to achieve this skill. The present study was launched to explore the effect of précis w چکیده کاملBeing expert in establishing cohesion and coherence in writing is not an easy task. The EFL learners are to pass through very long, uneven paths such as précis exercise to achieve this skill. The present study was launched to explore the effect of précis writing on the creation of a compact text. To this end, a true-experimental method of research with the pretest-posttest control design was employed. Via double-stage sampling, 40 female students were selected at Fatemeh-al-Zahra High School in Kabutarahang, Hamedan, Iran. The control group was taught some grammatical structures such as active and passive voices, reduced adjective clauses, and different tenses in English during twelve sessions; while the experimental group received a lesson plan consisting of twelve sessions of précis writing. To analyze the data collected via pretest and posttest, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was run. The findings of the study indicated that the participants in the experimental group performed better in producing cohesive and qualified texts than those in the control group. The conclusion drawn was that teaching précis, as a basic skill, can improve the writing ability and provide the students with more opportunities to utilize the cohesive devices and consequently produce more cohesive pieces of text. پرونده مقاله -
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27 - The Effect of Visual Advance Organizer and Types of Passages on EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension
غلامرضا کیانی سارا جلالیTesting the comprehension of spoken language is of primary importance. A lot of factors may affect the performance of EFL learners on listening comprehension tests, among which are the use of visual advance organizers, and types of listening passages (dialogues or monol چکیده کاملTesting the comprehension of spoken language is of primary importance. A lot of factors may affect the performance of EFL learners on listening comprehension tests, among which are the use of visual advance organizers, and types of listening passages (dialogues or monologues). As B-Ikeguchi (1997) states a few studies have been carried out on the effects of these factors on EFL learners’ listening comprehension with controversial results. And even fewer studies have concentrated on the effects of these factors on EFL learners’ performance on listening comprehension tests, which is the purpose of this study. In the present study, 180 advanced EFL learners were randomly selected by administering the Oxford Placement Test (OPT). The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups each consisting of 60 students. As far as the performance of subjects on listening comprehension test was concerned, the following results were obtained: 1) There was a significant difference between the presence vs. lack of visual advance organizer; 2) There was a significant difference between the uses of short-interval vs. long-interval advance organizer; 3) There was a significant difference between different types of listening passages (dialogues vs. monologues); and 4) There was no significant interaction between the use of visual advance organizer and different types of listening passages. پرونده مقاله -
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28 - Learning and Teaching Styles in the Focus: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners and Teachers
زهره سیفوری زهرا حسن زادهUnderlying any learning and teaching process is a set of preferred Learning Styles (LSs) and Teaching Styles (TSs) which epitomize the overall educational policy and identification of which is sine qua non for any reform of the educational system. This ex-post-facto stu چکیده کاملUnderlying any learning and teaching process is a set of preferred Learning Styles (LSs) and Teaching Styles (TSs) which epitomize the overall educational policy and identification of which is sine qua non for any reform of the educational system. This ex-post-facto study scrutinized preference of Iranian EFL teachers' for Expert, Formal Authority, Personal Model, Facilitator, and Delegator TSs and their students' tendencies towards Visual, Auditory, and Kinaesthetic student LSs. We collected the research data based on Grasha's (1996) Teaching Style Questionnaire administered to 30 Iranian EFL teachers and the Barsch Learning Style Questionnaire (1991) administered to 300 Iranian EFL learners. Descriptive statistics of the research data revealed that majority of Iranian EFL learners opt for the visual learning style and teachers highly favour facilitating foreign language learning. However, Visual and Delegate Learning and Teaching Styles reflected the lowest frequencies. The findings underscore the need to raise teachers’ awareness of LSs so that they can modify their teaching according to their students’ preferences. پرونده مقاله -
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29 - The Relationship between Iranian Male and Female EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking Ability and Autonomy
Nasser Ghafoori ناصر غفوریOne of the main aims of the education agenda in the last decade has been to develop critical thinking and autonomy among children, in order to educate them to be activeand involved persons in society. The present study sought to examine the relationship between Iranian چکیده کاملOne of the main aims of the education agenda in the last decade has been to develop critical thinking and autonomy among children, in order to educate them to be activeand involved persons in society. The present study sought to examine the relationship between Iranian male and female EFL learners’ autonomy and their critical thinking ability. To this aim, the researcher used a language proficiency test, a questionnaire of autonomy, and a questionnaire of critical thinking. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 242 third-grade high school students of Urmia city were provided with a Key English Test (KET). Afterwards, 162 of them were selected as the homogenizedgroup and were given a questionnaire of autonomy and questionnaire of critical thinking. Finally, the results of 144(because some of participants did not complete their critical thinking questionnaire) participants were analyzed. The Pearson coefficient of correlation revealed that Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy and critical thinking were significantly related. The findings offered important pedagogical implications for teachers, learners, and syllabus designers. پرونده مقاله -
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30 - The Relationship between Iranian EFL Students’ Personality Characteristics and their Assertiveness: A Case of Postgraduate Students
نسرین یعقوبی نژاد توران آهورVarious studies suggest that it is important to determine students' personality charecteristics and assertiveness and make them aware of these differences in order to improve learning process and outcomes. This study aimed to find out how much of the variance in postgra چکیده کاملVarious studies suggest that it is important to determine students' personality charecteristics and assertiveness and make them aware of these differences in order to improve learning process and outcomes. This study aimed to find out how much of the variance in postgraduate students’ assertiveness is explained by five personality characteristics (i.e., Openness, Neuroticism, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) and which one of these characteristics significantly predicts the students’ assertiveness. To this end, 66 postgraduate students within the age range of 22 to 35 participated in this descriptive correlational study. They were majoring in English language teaching at Islamic Azad University,Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran. The College Self-expression Scale (CSES) and Big-Five Personality Inventory were used to assess the students’ level of assertiveness and their personality characteristics, respectively. In order to answer the research questions, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. The results revealed that about 14 percent of the postgraduate students’ assertiveness is explained by five personality characteristics and out of them, only Extroversion has a significant contribution to their assertiveness. The pedagogical implications are presented for teachers, students, syllabus designers, and materials writers. پرونده مقاله -
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31 - The Efficacy of an SFL-Oriented Register Instruction in Improving Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Performance and Perception: Language Proficiency in Focus
محمد یوسفی اسگویی نادر اسدی آیدینلو مسعود ذوقیThe current study sought to explore the impact of SFL-oriented register instruction on Iranian EFL learner’ writing performance with a central focus on their English proficiency level. As its secondary aim, the study delved deeply into the learners’ percepti چکیده کاملThe current study sought to explore the impact of SFL-oriented register instruction on Iranian EFL learner’ writing performance with a central focus on their English proficiency level. As its secondary aim, the study delved deeply into the learners’ perception of the register-based instruction. To these ends, 50 intermediate and 50 advanced Iranian EFL learners were selected randomly and assigned to four groups: two experimental and two control groups. Employing an experimental pretest/posttest design, the learners of the two experimental groups received instruction on the three components of register; that is, field, tenor, and mode along with the implementation of a three-phase teaching/learning cycle, whereas the learners in the control groups were exposed to a conventional writing instruction. Quantitative analysis of the learners’ writing performance on the pre- and posttest measures revealed the contributory role of register instruction in improving Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance, regardless of their English proficiency level. Furthermore, having been surveyed through a researcher-made questionnaire, the advanced and intermediate learners expressed their positive attitude towards the instruction. The findings highlighted the necessity of superseding the traditional linguistic-based writing instruction by a contextual and situational teaching methodology similar to what has been implemented in the current study. پرونده مقاله -
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32 - Promoting Dialogic Talk in a Speaking Classroom: Rethinking Bakhtinian Pedagogy
فاطمه نیک نژاد ناییج آباد محمدرضا خدارضا داوود مشهدی حیدرThis study sought to promote EFL learners' speaking ability drawing on Bakhtin’s notion of dialogic discourse pattern (DDP) and to explore their perceptions towards implementing dialogic teaching (DT) in a speaking classroom. To this end, from the population of st چکیده کاملThis study sought to promote EFL learners' speaking ability drawing on Bakhtin’s notion of dialogic discourse pattern (DDP) and to explore their perceptions towards implementing dialogic teaching (DT) in a speaking classroom. To this end, from the population of students in different language institutes, 47 students were selected based on a purposive sampling method. The data were collected at two step-wise processes adopting a mixed-method approach. First, the researcher directed two EFL teachers to apply the DDP principles in a dialogic (DG) and non-dialogic group (NDG). The intervention lasted for 12 weeks. Then, a posttest of speaking was conducted to track the possible improvement. The findings attested that the dialogic talk could promote EFL learners’ speaking ability. Next, DG group was required to complete a written discourse completion task to determine the extent to which incorporating DT could promote learners’ speaking ability. To analyze the data, Thomas's (2006) inductive approach was adopted comprising the dominant themes. The results revealed different themes and sub-themes such as developing self-directed learning skills, disseminating critical literacy practice, fostering language learning, promoting motivation and affective factors, to name but a few. The findings propose some implications for classroom management, materials preparation, and language policy program. پرونده مقاله -
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33 - The Impact of Code-Switching on Bilingual EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension
پریسا یگانه پور Zohreh SeifooriThis study sought to investigate the probable effects of code-switching (CS) on Iranian bilingual English learners' reading comprehension. In this study, two intact classes of freshmen, taking the four-credit Reading and Comprehension Course 1, comprising a total of 70 چکیده کاملThis study sought to investigate the probable effects of code-switching (CS) on Iranian bilingual English learners' reading comprehension. In this study, two intact classes of freshmen, taking the four-credit Reading and Comprehension Course 1, comprising a total of 70 participants, with 35 in each class, were randomly assigned as the experimental and the control groups after their initial homogeneity in reading comprehension was assessed via the reading section of the Preliminary English Test (PET). In the experimental group, the participants were allowed to switch codes during the twenty-hour-treatment that extended over five weeks. The participants in the control group, however, were required to rely exclusively on English as the language of communication and instruction with no CS. The independent samples t-test of the post test scores, administered at the end of the treatment, revealed significant differences in the reading comprehension of the two groups. The experimental CS group outperformed the control group. Since variables such as proficiency, teaching materials, and teach methodology, were kept constant in both classes, CS might be regarded as one of the probable causes of different levels of achievement in reading comprehension in both groups. Cautious use of CS to promote different aspects of the learning process will be discussed in the paper. پرونده مقاله -
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34 - The Power of Aural and Picture Vocabulary Size Test in Predicting Iranian EFL Learners’ Viewing Comprehension
سید محمدرضا امیریان سعید غنی آبادی مهلا قلیچیThe aim of this investigation has been to predict Viewing Comprehension through Aural and Picture Vocabulary Size among Iranian EFL Learners. To this end, 110 intermediate students were selected from two institutes of a city in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Pictorial چکیده کاملThe aim of this investigation has been to predict Viewing Comprehension through Aural and Picture Vocabulary Size among Iranian EFL Learners. To this end, 110 intermediate students were selected from two institutes of a city in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Pictorial vocabulary knowledge of learners was tested by Picture Vocabulary Size Test, Aural vocabulary knowledge was measured by Aural vocabulary size test and viewing comprehension was tested by a multiple-choice question test. All analyses were carried out using SPSS for Microsoft windows 22. Pearson product moment correlation analysis was run to analyze the relationship among viewing comprehension, picture vocabulary size and aural vocabulary. After the correlation analysis, we did step-wise multiple regression analysis to predict an outcome variable from two predictors. Interestingly, it was found that both picture and aural vocabulary size have a significant positive correlation with viewing comprehension. It was also proved that only aural vocabulary size can be considered as a significant predictor of EFL learners' viewing comprehension ability. پرونده مقاله -
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35 - Impact of Process and Genre-Based Approaches to Writing on Iranian EFL Learners' Writing Performance across Creativity Levels
سولماز ایران نژاد ناصر غفوری اصغر محمودیThis study aimed at investigating the effect of process-based and genre- based approaches to writing instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance across high and low creativity levels. The study followed a quasi-experimental design and it was conducted چکیده کاملThis study aimed at investigating the effect of process-based and genre- based approaches to writing instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance across high and low creativity levels. The study followed a quasi-experimental design and it was conducted with a homogenous sample of 72 learners who were selected from an initial group of 90 participants from a private language institute in Urmia, Iran. Based on the results of an English proficiency test known as Oxford Placement Test and a test of creativity known as Abedi-Schumacher Creativity Test, the participants were assigned into four groups of 18. The treatment period lasted for 10 sessions including pretest and posttest sessions. The results of ANCOVA statistics showed that the type of instruction had statistically significant effect on the learners’ writing performance, with the higher performance of genre-based over the process-based writing instruction, while the level of creativity had no significant effect on the participants’ writing scores. Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed between instruction type and the learners’ creativity level. The findings of this study have pedagogical implications for teachers, syllabus designers, and practitioners to use appropriate instructional methods in ELT with special attention on learners’ creativity levels. پرونده مقاله -
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36 - The Relationship between the Use and Choice of Communication Strategies and Language Proficiency of Iranian EFL Learners
فرزاد سلحشور هانیه دوات گری اصلCommunication strategies (CSs) are systematic attempts by language learners to encode or decode meaning in a target language in situations where the appropriate target language rules have not been formed. Based on this view, communication strategies can be seen as compe چکیده کاملCommunication strategies (CSs) are systematic attempts by language learners to encode or decode meaning in a target language in situations where the appropriate target language rules have not been formed. Based on this view, communication strategies can be seen as compensatory means for making up for linguistic deficiencies of second or foreign language learners. Within the conceptual framework outlined, this paper is a report on a research conducted at Azarbaijan Teachers Education University on the students majoring in English Language and Literature. The main aim was to seek a relationship between the subjects’ use of communication strategies in solving communication problems and their proficiency levels in English as a foreign language. The data was collected by means of one-to-one interviews with the participants, and were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicated that the frequency of communication strategies applied by the participants varied according to their proficiency levels, i.e. low proficient learners tended to employ more communication strategies in comparison with high and moderate ones. The type of communication strategies employed also varied according to their oral proficiency level. It was revealed that high level participants employed more L2-based communication strategies where the low proficient learners used more L1-based ones. پرونده مقاله -
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37 - More Proficient vs. Less Proficient EFL Learners’ Perceptions of Teachers ‘Motivation Raising Strategies
نسرین یوسفی مرجان وثوقی مینو عالمیMotivation raising strategies are frequently used in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes; nevertheless, learners’ perceptions of such strategies used by language teachers have not sufficiently been explored. Also, there are not enough studies on difference چکیده کاملMotivation raising strategies are frequently used in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes; nevertheless, learners’ perceptions of such strategies used by language teachers have not sufficiently been explored. Also, there are not enough studies on differences and similarities between more and less proficient EFL learners regarding this issue. To scrutinize this topic, a groups of more (No=50) and less proficient EFL learners (No=50) participated in this study by completing to a validated, researcher-made questionnaire with a five-point Likert type format. Non-parametric Mann-Whiteny U test was run in the SPSS ver. 23 to check the differences between the two groups. The results of the study verified that, regardless of each individual scale in the utilized questionnaire, overall, the more proficient ones manifested significantly less perceptions on teachers’ motivation raising strategies based on the total estimated mean ranks compared with the less proficient learners. However, within the surveyed scales, only in the classroom atmosphere scale, the results showed that the less proficient learners were more mindful of teacher strategies for motivation raising. The findings from this study have implications for motivation raising strategy instructions for a language classroom. پرونده مقاله -
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38 - The Impact of Task-supported Interactive Feedback on the Accuracy, Fluency, and Organization of Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing
زهره سیفوری میترا زراعت پیشه سعیده آهنگریControversy has not been yet resolved among researchers in second language research over the pedagogical efficacy of feedback in enhancing various features of learners’ writing skill. Research findings highlighting the significance of interactive tasks and learner چکیده کاملControversy has not been yet resolved among researchers in second language research over the pedagogical efficacy of feedback in enhancing various features of learners’ writing skill. Research findings highlighting the significance of interactive tasks and learners’ engagement in improving the learning process stimulated the present study, the purpose of which was to explore the effect of task-supported interactive feedback on the accuracy, fluency, and organization of seventy two Iranian English major sophomores at Islamic Azad University-Mashhad Branch. It was hypothesized that engaging learners in both tasks and providing feedback would enhance their writing performance. The participants in three intact classes were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group, with no task (NTG), and two experimental groups: the task-supported group (TG), and the task-supported group with interactive feedback (TFG). Four one way analyses of variance tests were run on the research data indicated that the apparent gain in the task-supported interactive group over the other groups did not reach significance level. However, the TG group outperformed the control group in all three aspects of writing. The findings have pedagogical implications and can be interpreted in terms of socio-cultural characteristics of Iranian students. پرونده مقاله -
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39 - اثرات عملکردی نفوذ استاد و عدم نفوذ استاد بر تمایل زبان آموزان به برقراری ارتباط
محمدعلی یاغچی ناصر غفوری نساء نبیفرتحقیق حاضر سعی دارد تا تاثیرات به کارگیری چارچوب نظری نفوذ استاد را در کلاسهای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در دانشگاه فرهنگیان تبریز مورد بررسی قرار دهد، چهارچوبی که جان هرون تحت عنوان "بررسی شش اصل نفوذ استاد بر تمایل زبان آموز به برقراری ارتباط" مطرح کرده است. این مدل که ریشه چکیده کاملتحقیق حاضر سعی دارد تا تاثیرات به کارگیری چارچوب نظری نفوذ استاد را در کلاسهای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در دانشگاه فرهنگیان تبریز مورد بررسی قرار دهد، چهارچوبی که جان هرون تحت عنوان "بررسی شش اصل نفوذ استاد بر تمایل زبان آموز به برقراری ارتباط" مطرح کرده است. این مدل که ریشه در نظارت بالینی دارد، می تواند رفتار کلامی و جمله های حقیقی که استاد در بافت یادگیری زبان بکار می برد را جهت دهد. 60 دانشجو در آزمون مهارتهای عمومی زبان PET شرکت کردند که بر اساس نتایج حاصله ، 36 نفراز آنها به دو گروه 18 نفری برای این پژوهش انتخاب شدند. گروه اول، گروه تحت نفوذ استاد بود که در آن استاد تعیین می کرد چه اقداماتی باید صورت پذیرد، این استاد بود که اطلاعات را ارائه می داد و یا با دانشجوها تعامل داشت. گروه دوم، گروه عاری از نفوذ استاد بود که در آن استاد صرفا ایده دهنده، حلال مشکلات و اعتماد به نفس دهنده بود. این دو گروه پرسشنامه های مربوط به تمایل به برقراری ارتباط، هم قبل، هم بعد و هم در دوره پیگری مجدد آموزشی را کامل کردند. نتایج حاصل از بکارگیری شش اصل نفوذ استاد حاکی از تغییرات چشمگیر در عملکرد دانشجویانی داشت کهو تحت نفوذ استاد نبودند و به عملکرد بهتر این گروه ازگروه تحت نفوذ استاد منجر گردید. امید است که این تحقیق افق های روشن جدیدی را به روی متخصصان، اساتید و نیز دانشجویان در حیطه آموزش زبان انگلیسی ایجاد نماید پرونده مقاله -
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40 - Effect of Group Dynamic Assessment on the Development of Learners’ Listening Comprehension: A Case of Female Iranian EFL Learners
Mahshid Ghenaat Fariba Rahimi Esfahani Sajad Shafiee Mehrdad SepehriThis study aimed to examine the impact of Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) on the listening comprehension of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To this purpose, through the Preliminary English Test (PET) 140 Iranian EFL female learners in four English Language Institutes چکیده کاملThis study aimed to examine the impact of Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) on the listening comprehension of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To this purpose, through the Preliminary English Test (PET) 140 Iranian EFL female learners in four English Language Institutes of Ahvaz, Iran, were tested, and 80 of them were selected as the sample of the study using convenience sampling. They were taught through group dynamic assessment. After the pretest and treatment sessions, the participants were given the listening comprehension post-test and the resultant scores were statistically analyzed to detect their development from pretest to post-test. The obtained results revealed that Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) had a positive impact on the participants’ listening comprehension. This finding implies that EFL teachers may need to consider the positive impact of dynamic assessment on EFL learners’ listening comprehension improvement and provide them with more opportunities to interact. They may also need to create a change in the traditional models of listening comprehension assessment which emphasize psychometric quantification of students' performances. پرونده مقاله -
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41 - Role of Iranian EFL Teachers' Biological Factors in Managing Learners' Misbehaviours
Zahra Hashempour Azizeh Chalak Hossein Heidari TabriziClassroom management is a key component of teachers' professional competent for promoting learning. This study investigated teachers' classroom management strategies in responding to Iranian EFL learners' misbehaviours in terms of teachers' biological factors including چکیده کاملClassroom management is a key component of teachers' professional competent for promoting learning. This study investigated teachers' classroom management strategies in responding to Iranian EFL learners' misbehaviours in terms of teachers' biological factors including age and gender. The participants of the study were 75 (41 females and 34 males) teachers at universities and in language institutes of Fars Province, Iran. The study enjoyed a descriptive design using two sets of instruments encompassing a Five Likert-scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview for collecting the data. The questionnaire determined teachers' classroom management strategies and the interview collected their opinions regarding classroom management. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and an independent sample t-test were run. The findings indicated that teachers' age and gender had significant effects on the types of strategies that they used when they faced misbehaviour. The findings also revealed that male teachers significantly used the strategies such as verbal warning, and female teachers removing the student from the class. The age groups were different in terms of using two strategies namely reward student with free time or activities and lower students' grade. The findings could have implication for curriculum designers, EFL teachers, and policymakers because it could enhance their skills in better management of learners' misbehaviours. پرونده مقاله -
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42 - Impact of Multimedia Technology Use in English Classes on the Enhancement of EFL Learners’ Self-Concept
Vahdat Karimi Mohammad Alipour Sajad ShafieeThe present research aimed to determine the possible effect of multimedia use in English classes on the development of EFL learners’ self-concept. For this purpose, 80 EFL students were selected through covariance sampling from among all the male high school Engli چکیده کاملThe present research aimed to determine the possible effect of multimedia use in English classes on the development of EFL learners’ self-concept. For this purpose, 80 EFL students were selected through covariance sampling from among all the male high school English students in Ahvaz and were equally divided into an experimental group (n=40) and a control group (n= 40). To collect the needed data for the aims of the study, Chen & Thompson (2004) self-concept questionnaire was employed. Then, based on the quasi-experimental, pre-test, and post-test methods of the study, the elicited data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis. The obtained results showed that using multimedia in instruction has a significant impact on EFL learners’ self-concept. These findings have some implications for teaching English as a foreign language. First, the use of up-to-date multimedia technology needs to be encouraged more than before in schools, language institutes, and universities. Second, teachers’ interest, readiness, and expertise to use multimedia facilities need to be evaluated before appointing them as English language instructors. Finally, suitable grounds for the implementation of multimedia technology should be provided in educational setting. پرونده مقاله -
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43 - تأثیر داستان گویی دیجیتال بر اضطراب شنیداری زبان‌آموزان
مهرک رحیمی الهام سلیمانیهدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر داستان گویی دیجیتال بر اضطراب شنیداری زبان‌آموزان ایرانی است. شصت زبان‌آموز سطح متوسط به صورت نمونه در دسترس انتخاب شده و به عنوان گروه آزمایش (30 نفر) و کنترل (30 نفر) در تحقیق حاضر که از نوع شبه آزمایشی با پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون است؛ شرکت نمو چکیده کاملهدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر داستان گویی دیجیتال بر اضطراب شنیداری زبان‌آموزان ایرانی است. شصت زبان‌آموز سطح متوسط به صورت نمونه در دسترس انتخاب شده و به عنوان گروه آزمایش (30 نفر) و کنترل (30 نفر) در تحقیق حاضر که از نوع شبه آزمایشی با پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون است؛ شرکت نمودند. در ابتدا، برای سنجش سطح اضطراب شنیداری هر دو گروه از پرسشنامه اضطراب شنیداری زبان خارجه، با سه عامل اضطراب عاطفی، نگرانی ادراکی و ترس پیش‌بین به عنوان پیش‌آزمون استفاده شد. تدریس مهارت شنیدن بر اساس روش ارتباطی شامل سه مرحله پیش- شنیداری، شنیداری و پس- شنیداری به مدت 14 هفته انجام شد. در بخش شنیداری در گروه آزمایش داستان های دیجیتال به صورت چندرسانه ای اجرا شدند و شاگردان فایل داستان را با استفاده از دستگاه دی وی دی مشاهده کردند و به آن گوش دادند. بخش شنیداری گروه کنترل شامل گوش دادن به روایت شفاهی داستان بدون استفاده از پخش چندرسانه ای بود. فعالیت های پیش ـ شنیداری و پس ـ شنیداری هر دو گروه یکسان بود. در پایان، آزمایش اضطراب شنیداری هر دو گروه با استفاده از پرسشنامه اضطراب شنیداری زبان خارجه اندازه گیری شد. تحلیل داده ها، با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری نشان داد که استفاده از داستان‌گویی دیجیتال سبب کاهش معنادار اضطراب شنیداری زبان‌آموزان گروه آزمایش و سه عامل آن در قیاس با گروه کنترل شده است. بررسی میزان تأثیر آزمایش بر سه عامل پرسشنامه حاکی از تأثیر قابل ملاحظه به‌کارگیری داستان های دیجیتال بر کاهش اضطراب عاطفی (شاخص مجذور اتای تفکیکی= 0/773) در قیاس با نگرانی ادراکی (شاخص مجذور اتای تفکیکی = 0/552) و ترس پیش‌بین (شاخص مجذور اتای تفکیکی= 0/247) می‌باشد. پرونده مقاله -
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44 - Identity Construction and E-Learning: The Role of Virtual Teaching in EFL Learners’ Identity
آذر باقری مسعودزاده ندا فاتحی رادThe present study considered the role of E-learning in EFL learners’ identity construction. It specifically tried to highlight the extent that different aspects of students’ identity were constructed in the virtual teaching context. It also identified the mo چکیده کاملThe present study considered the role of E-learning in EFL learners’ identity construction. It specifically tried to highlight the extent that different aspects of students’ identity were constructed in the virtual teaching context. It also identified the most/least dominant types of identity construed in the E-learning context and explored the possible difference between male and female learners as far as E-learning identity is concerned. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted survey research as a quantitative method with a sample of 80 newcomer students of both genders. The study centered on the Internet via Adobe Connect Application for virtual classes. It is worthy to mention that participants of the study experienced E-learning during a term in the case of virtual education imposed by COVID-19. The data were collected through Aspect Identity Questionnaire (AIQ) and moved to SPSS software to be analyzed and interpreted. Results indicated that a high extent of language learning identity was achieved among the participants, and relational and collective identity types were identified as the most and least dominant ones in them, respectively. Moreover, findings of overall language learning identity presented no difference in both genders (male & female EFL learners). پرونده مقاله -
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45 - A Comparison of EFL Learners’ Level of Satisfaction in Online Language Classes with Face-to-Face Classes: Challenges and Obstacles
مهدی رستمی راوری ندا فاتحی رادAbstractThe present study explored EFL learners’ satisfaction with different aspects of the online learning context. Moreover, it tried to investigate learners’ attitude towards the challenges and obstacles of online learning. Also, the possible differences چکیده کاملAbstractThe present study explored EFL learners’ satisfaction with different aspects of the online learning context. Moreover, it tried to investigate learners’ attitude towards the challenges and obstacles of online learning. Also, the possible differences between male and female learners' attitudes towards online learning contexts were assessed. To achieve this end, the researchers adopted survey research as a quantitative method with a sample of 75 intermediate students of both genders. It is worthy to mention that the participants of the study experienced online learning through Google Meet during a term. By the end of the term, the selected EFL learners were provided with two related questionnaires and they were asked to answer the items carefully. The first questionnaire explored EFL learners' satisfaction with online learning environment, and the second one investigated the participants' views on challenges and obstacles of such a context. The data were collected and moved to SPSS software and the outputs were discussed and represented. Based on the findings, the students indicated a high level of satisfaction with online learning. Additionally, the students' negative attitude was observed towards the challenges and obstacles of online contexts. Also, no difference was seen in the males’ and females' attitudes towards online learning contexts. پرونده مقاله -
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46 - Impact of Using the STAD Model of Cooperative Learning on Autonomy and Attitude of Iranian Secondary School EFL Learners
ابوالحسن نطریThis quasi-experimental study investigated the impact of cooperative learning on Iranian secondary school EFL learners’ Autonomy and attitude. To achieve the purpose of the study, 142 EFL students were selected based on their performance on the Oxford Quick Placem چکیده کاملThis quasi-experimental study investigated the impact of cooperative learning on Iranian secondary school EFL learners’ Autonomy and attitude. To achieve the purpose of the study, 142 EFL students were selected based on their performance on the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). The students were divided into an experimental group receiving treatment through the STAD model of cooperative learning and a control group devoid of the stated treatment. To recognize the entry behaviors of the participants, pretests were run. The same educational content was taught to both EG and CG during an educational term. Furthermore, to disclose the effect of treatment, an autonomy posttest similar to the pretest but in rearranged order in options and items, and also an attitude posttest with the same characteristics were administered to the students in both groups at the end of the instruction. Moreover, the mean scores of autonomy and attitude questionnaires were compared via a one-way ANCOVA, and chi-square respectively. The outcomes showed the rejection of both null hypotheses consequently concluding that cooperative learning had a significant effect on the autonomy and attitude of Iranian EFL learners. پرونده مقاله -
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47 - Integration of Foreign Culture in English Instruction: Iranian EFL Learners and Teachers' Views in Academic Context
آذر باقری مسعودزاده اکرم شکریان بهزادیThis study focused on the integration of foreign culture in English instruction in an academic context. More specifically, it analyzed the Iranian university EFL students' and teachers' views towards the integration of foreign culture in English instruction. Moreover, t چکیده کاملThis study focused on the integration of foreign culture in English instruction in an academic context. More specifically, it analyzed the Iranian university EFL students' and teachers' views towards the integration of foreign culture in English instruction. Moreover, the possible difference between the participants' views towards the integration of foreign cultures was assessed. In doing so, 30 English EFL university teachers and 40 B.A. students were selected from four universities in Kerman (Bahonar, Azad, Payame Noor, & Institute of Higher Education). In order to collect data, a related questionnaire developed by Han (2010) was employed to examine the participants' views. After completing the questionnaires, the acquired data were analyzed by conducting descriptive statistics and the t-test of two independent groups. The results emerged from data analysis indicated that a great percentage of students asserted that learning foreign cultures was significant for them. It was necessary for them to get information about the target culture and spend more time on it. The university teachers remarked the same views as learning foreign cultures was important for them. It was essential for them to provide information and to spend more time on foreign culture teaching. The results of the study revealed no significant difference between the participants' views towards the integration of foreign culture in English instruction. Findings will contribute to the theoretical research gap in the field of culture and foreign language teaching and can serve as a guide to lead teachers and learners to the desired cultural goals of a specific language course. پرونده مقاله -
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48 - The Impact of Individual Age Differences on the Use of EFL Vocabulary Learning Strategies
زهرا شوشتری سمیرا حیاتی سامیان سعید خزاییThe present study intended to identify Iranian EFL learners' vocabulary learning strategy use and to find out any relationship between the learners' age and their vocabulary learning strategy use or vocabulary test performance. To that end, 60intermediate Iranian EFL le چکیده کاملThe present study intended to identify Iranian EFL learners' vocabulary learning strategy use and to find out any relationship between the learners' age and their vocabulary learning strategy use or vocabulary test performance. To that end, 60intermediate Iranian EFL learners, 25 males and 35 females, studying English at a well-known language institute were selected according to their performance on the Oxford Placement Test (OPT). Then, they were divided into 2 groups according to their age: teenagers and adults. Four instruments were used to collect the needed data, namely OPT, a vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire, a vocabulary test, and an interview. The vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire and the vocabulary test were administered in two consecutive sessions. The results indicated that both groups of learners used rote learning (RL) strategies more frequently than other categories of memory strategy, but there were some differences in their ordering of other subcategories of memory strategy. While there was a negative relationship between the teenagers' age and their vocabulary test performance, no relationship was found between the adults' age and their vocabulary test scores. Overall, the findings imply the need for classroom pedagogy to integrate strategy instruction for students of different age and proficiency levels. پرونده مقاله -
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49 - Language Learners as Gatekeepers of Teachers’ Cognition: A Case Study of Two Classroom Conditions
منصور توکلی مهدی نصیریIn recent decades, L2 teachers’ cognition (i.e., their thinking about language, language learning/teaching and practices) has attracted the attention of research circles worldwide. But how is teachers’ cognition affected when it comes to learners’ own چکیده کاملIn recent decades, L2 teachers’ cognition (i.e., their thinking about language, language learning/teaching and practices) has attracted the attention of research circles worldwide. But how is teachers’ cognition affected when it comes to learners’ own perspective towards language, social phenomenon, or cognitive one (Firth & Wagner, 1997)? Will teachers’ perspective towards language learning and teaching be modified by the way learners look at language? In this qualitative case study, we explored the influential factors, on the part of learners, which determine teachers’ methodologies and practices. To this end, 3-month diaries of a teacher who was running 2 sets of classes (i.e., regular classes of the Ministry of Education and institutionalized classes) were analyzed. The precise, qualitative analysis of the diaries suggests that depending on the perspective of the learners towards language in different instructional settings, the cognition of the teacher altered accordingly, which led to the emergence of alternative practices. پرونده مقاله -
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50 - Impact of class discussion feedback on the quality of extrovert and introvert language learners' written performance
Sahar Farrahi Avval Hassan Asadollahfam Bahram BehinAbstractIn the present study, it was intended to investigate whether Iranian EFL learners with different personality types could benefit from corrective feedback(CF) or not. 317 EFL learners from 4 Institutes in Tabriz took the TOEFL test; 271 participants scored betwee چکیده کاملAbstractIn the present study, it was intended to investigate whether Iranian EFL learners with different personality types could benefit from corrective feedback(CF) or not. 317 EFL learners from 4 Institutes in Tabriz took the TOEFL test; 271 participants scored between 477 and 510; the scores of 164 of them fell between ±1SD; 34 of them agreed to participate in the study and were asked to deliver a 200-word composition. Their compositions were analyzed based on CAF (complexity, accuracy, and fluency). Afterward, they were asked to answer the questions relating to the Extroversion-Introversion dimension to investigate their level of introversion. Then the participants were provided different types of corrective feedback through 10 class discussion sessions. After passing this period, they were asked to deliver another 200-word composition. This final composition was analyzed based on CAF again. The result showed that the text quality of the introverted language learners did not differ significantly from the text quality of the extroverted language learners.Keywords: Iranian EFL learners, personality types, CF, class discussion پرونده مقاله -
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51 - Implicit and Explicit Instruction of Reading Strategies and the Application of Metacognitive Strategies by Iranian EFL Freshmen Students
Marjan Mehrpour Mostafa Zamanian Firooz Sadighi Ehsan HadipourfardThis quantitative research explores the implicit and explicit instruction of reading strategies and its connection through the application of metacognitive strategies by Iranian EFL students. To this purpose, 100 Iranian university freshmen, aged 20-35, studying at the چکیده کاملThis quantitative research explores the implicit and explicit instruction of reading strategies and its connection through the application of metacognitive strategies by Iranian EFL students. To this purpose, 100 Iranian university freshmen, aged 20-35, studying at the Marwdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, were selected as participants through a convenient sampling method, from a pool of 117 students. Then, the Key English Test (KET) was used to check their homogeneity. The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) was also used as a pre-test and post-test to specify the kind and occurrence sequence of learning strategies applied by the participants before and after the treatment. So, the participants were allotted to two experimental groups and received implicit and explicit instruction of reading strategies respectively. The results obtained from statistical data analysis showed that affective strategies were the very frequently-applied strategies, while memory strategies were the least frequently-applied strategies in the explicit group. It was also found that in the implicit group, cognitive strategies were the most frequently-applied strategies, while social strategies were the least frequently-applied strategies. These results have pedagogical implications for EFL teachers to use appropriate approaches in teaching reading strategies, that will ultimately help the students to develop more awareness and competence in reading comprehension. پرونده مقاله -
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52 - Designing Criteria for Evaluating the English Language Quality of Iranian EFL Learners: Teachers’ Perceptions and Attitudes in Focus
Fatemeh Gorji Shahram Afraz Fazlolah SamimiThis study designed and validated criteria to evaluate the English language quality of Iranian EFL learners to provide information about the foreign language learning and teaching systems and to improve the quality standards in Iran. the method of this research is descr چکیده کاملThis study designed and validated criteria to evaluate the English language quality of Iranian EFL learners to provide information about the foreign language learning and teaching systems and to improve the quality standards in Iran. the method of this research is descriptive exploratory type. The statistical population of this research includes 20 experienced teachers working at different levels (primary, intermediate & advanced) in a non-profit language institute (Safir Language Institute) in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran. Sampling was performed theoretically using chain sampling or snowball sampling. In this study, the process of analyzing the data obtained from the interviews was performed in three coding steps (open, axial, and selective) which were performed consecutively, the interviews were collected and analyzed and coded line by line using version 10 of qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA). Results showed that the most important Criteria for Evaluating the English Language Quality of Iranian EFL Learners are learning strategy, individual characteristics, learning dynamics, educational technology, content setting, anxiety and low self-esteem, weaknesses in learning, positive evaluation, negative evaluation, assess knowledge and skills, individual consequences, social consequences, cultural implications, economic consequences, and political consequences. پرونده مقاله -
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53 - Investigating the Effects of Online and Traditional Modes of Corrective Feedback on the Iranian EFL Learners' Writing Quality
Sahar Farrahi Avval Hassan Asadollahfam Bahram BehinCorrective feedback (CF) is an inseparable part of second language acquisition (SLA) and has been the focus of numerous studies since the concept of CF was introduced in the field of SLA. This study focused on investigating the differences between two modes of providing چکیده کاملCorrective feedback (CF) is an inseparable part of second language acquisition (SLA) and has been the focus of numerous studies since the concept of CF was introduced in the field of SLA. This study focused on investigating the differences between two modes of providing CF, namely, online and traditional modes, which would affect Iranian EFL learners’ writing ability. To serve this purpose, 317 EFL learners from four language schools in Tabriz took the TOEFL: 271 participants scored between 477 and 510, the scores of 164 of them fell between ±1SD, and 66 of them agreed to participate in the study who were asked to deliver a 200-word composition. Their compositions were analyzed based on CAF (complexity, accuracy, and fluency). They were then divided into two groups; one group underwent a treatment of 10 sessions of online chatting (1 hour each session), and the other group was asked to deliver 10 writing tasks. Afterward, all participants were asked to deliver another 200-word writing task. These tasks were analyzed based on the CAF criteria. The obtained results proved a significant difference between the writing ability of the participants receiving CF through online sessions and that of those receiving CF in traditional mode. The findings implicate that EFL teachers could be encouraged and allowed to use up-to-date ways of providing CF if more development in the teaching and learning of English as a second language is anticipated. پرونده مقاله -
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54 - The Effect of Strategy Training of Speech Acts of Request and Apology on Developing Iranian EFL Learners “Pragmatic Performance and Critical Thinking”
Parisa Bazaei بهرام مولایی Massood YazdanimoghaddamSince requesting happens in a circumstance of imbalance, the speaker ought to continuously respect the principles of politeness without consideration to the question of their request. This study investigated the effect of strategy training of speech acts of asking and s چکیده کاملSince requesting happens in a circumstance of imbalance, the speaker ought to continuously respect the principles of politeness without consideration to the question of their request. This study investigated the effect of strategy training of speech acts of asking and statements of regret on developing Iranian EFL learners’ pragmatic performance and critical thinking. According to the nature of the treatment, it was decided to select the participants who had not had enough language exposure at the language institute before the study. For this, before conducting an Oxford English Test (OPT), it was expected to select those whose scores would fall between one standard deviation (+1SD) above the mean and one standard deviation (-1SD) below the mean as the cut-off criterion. Finally, 80 out of 114 Iranian EFL male and female learners from six language classes in intermediate level of proficiency were chosen. Next, they were divided randomly into two experimental and control groups (20 males and 20 females, for each group). A mixed-method design was utilized; the qualitative data collected via interview was used to triangulate the quantitative data collected. The data were investigated by two skilled raters, specified in applied linguistics to recognize the effectiveness of strategy training of request and apology speech acts. The data were keyed into the SPSS. 22. The finding showed that there was an important positive consequence of strategy training of speech act of request on developing Iranian EFL learners’ pragmatic performance. A meaningful relationship was found between critical thinking and pragmatic performance. پرونده مقاله -
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55 - The Role of Vision Ignition in Enhancing Motivated Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior of ADHD Adolescents Involved in Online English Learning
امیر ارسلان شریفی حسین حیدری تبریزی عزیزه چالاکLearners with ADHD, even those adapted to online instructional regulations, readily become frustrated with the typical tenor of instruction and, as a result, may stray from the core learning content. The current mixed-method study explored how manipulating these learner چکیده کاملLearners with ADHD, even those adapted to online instructional regulations, readily become frustrated with the typical tenor of instruction and, as a result, may stray from the core learning content. The current mixed-method study explored how manipulating these learners into envisaging their ideal L2 selves could avoid motivational pitfalls in their way to L2 learning, affecting their motivated cognition, emotion, and behavior. Based on the motivational paradigm proposed by You and Dörnyei (2014), a multifaceted construct, including the future L2 selves, L2 learning experience, and intended effort, was compared between an experimental and a control group of Iranian EFL learners. The control group only received regular language instruction, whereas the experimental one, along with this instruction, was exposed to a supplementary vision ignition intervention. The comparison of the multifaceted construct, measured by a standard Likert-scale questionnaire, revealed significant between-group differences in the overall motivational construct and the ideal L2 self. Nonetheless, the significant raises in the learners’ overall motivation and cognitive motivation failed to be reflected significantly in their emotional states and motivated behavior. Further analysis of the affective and behavioral components through interview and checklist data revealed that the intervention achieved some success in improving the short-lived learning experiences of the learners and helping them invest more time and effort in language learning. The findings may offer new insights to the broad range of practitioners and specialists eager to help learners with neurodevelopmental disabilities cultivate motivational drives required to meet educational success in today’s remotely-managed globe. پرونده مقاله -
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56 - Perception of General Pragmatic Characteristics of Online Sarcasm among Iranian EFL/ESL Learners and English Native Speakers
Zeinab Esmaeili Mohsen Shahrokhi Maryam FarniaThis study sought to identify the general pragmatic characteristic of sarcasm that English native speakers and Iranian EFL/ESL learners draw on in the recognition of online sarcasm. In so doing, a Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data for subs چکیده کاملThis study sought to identify the general pragmatic characteristic of sarcasm that English native speakers and Iranian EFL/ESL learners draw on in the recognition of online sarcasm. In so doing, a Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data for subsequent analysis; also, qualitative thematic analysis was done on the data collected through a semi-structured interview. The participants consisted of three groups of EFL and ESL learners as well as native English speakers (each consisting of 9 members) who were selected through snowball sampling at BA or MA degrees. The findings indicated that the total frequency uses of pragmatic characteristics were significantly different among the three groups. Moreover, the results revealed that, among other pragmatic characteristics, Victim, Insincerity, Antecedent, and Negative Attitude, have a more statistically significant contribution to the recognition of online sarcasm. The study bears implications for policymakers, curriculum planners, material developers, EFL/ESL teachers, and researchers. پرونده مقاله -
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57 - The Comparative Effect of Authoritative vs. Facilitative Virtual Intervention Models on the Development of Second Language Speaking Components of Iranian EFL Learners
Zohreh Darabi Nasim Shangarffam Ahmad MohseniThis study investigated the comparative effect of authoritative vs. facilitative virtual intervention models on the development of second language speaking components of Iranian EFL Learners. The study participants were 60 intermediate male and female EFL learners at Im چکیده کاملThis study investigated the comparative effect of authoritative vs. facilitative virtual intervention models on the development of second language speaking components of Iranian EFL Learners. The study participants were 60 intermediate male and female EFL learners at Imam Reza University in Mashhad who were selected out of the total number of 80 participants taking a standard Preliminary English Test (PET) as a language proficiency test. Subsequently, the participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups and received a standard speaking pretest. Next, one experimental group received authoritative intervention and the other one received facilitative intervention. After ten sessions of treatment, the speaking section of another version of PET, as the posttests, was given to the participants. Finally, the learners took part in a semi-structured interview. The use of SPSS examined the quantitative data, and the outcomes were examined through a series of t-tests and MANOVA. The results of quantitative analyses revealed that Facilitative Intervention (FI) model was more effective than the Authoritative Intervention (AI) for the L2 speaking development of Iranian EFL learners. Another point of variance was concentrating on the grammatical accuracy in measuring L2 speaking. For the AI group, grammatical errors and pronunciation were more important, whereas for the FI group, pronunciation and lexical resources were more central, followed by discourse management and interactive communication. پرونده مقاله -
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58 - Development of a Validated Model for English Learners’ Cultural Identity: Using Their Perceptions and Attitudes
Sharareh EbrahimiKnowing a language and communicating with the speakers of that language require learning about the culture of the native speakers of that language. The aim of this study was to develop a validated model of cultural identity among Iranian English learners. Initially, it چکیده کاملKnowing a language and communicating with the speakers of that language require learning about the culture of the native speakers of that language. The aim of this study was to develop a validated model of cultural identity among Iranian English learners. Initially, it was attempted to determine different factors of cultural identity based on the learners’ perceptions about cultural identity to develop a model. Thus, 20 EFL learners studying at Safir English language institute in Tehran, Iran were interviewed about their cultural identity and their attitudes were recorded. Considering qualitative phase, a close inspection of the responses of these learners in the interviews and going through three stages of open, axial and selective coding, four factors including “religion, culture, nationality, and language” were extracted. After that, a questionnaire indicating factors of cultural identity was constructed. In the quantitative phase, the questionnaire went through an exploratory factor analysis for the sake of validity and after a pilot study with 183 learners, 384 EFL learners filled it out. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was also run through LISREL 8.8. to confirm that the proposed model enjoyed validity for future research by running a confirmatory factor analysis and the model of cultural identity was developed. The findings of this study can make English teachers and materials developers aware of these important findings to be prepared to help the learners with possible challenges in English classes. پرونده مقاله -
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59 - Validating a Motivation Theory Model among Iranian Kurdish and Azerbaijani EFL Learners Using Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Faran Rasoulian Fazlollah Samimi Shahram AfrazThis study intended to develop a model of motivating factors to learn English among Iranian Kurdish and Azerbaijani EFL learners. For this purpose, at first, an endeavor was made to discover motivation factors and validate a model. Therefore, in the qualitative phase, a چکیده کاملThis study intended to develop a model of motivating factors to learn English among Iranian Kurdish and Azerbaijani EFL learners. For this purpose, at first, an endeavor was made to discover motivation factors and validate a model. Therefore, in the qualitative phase, a semi-structured interview was done with 18 Azerbaijani interviewees (in the Azerbaijan University of Tabriz) and 18 Kurdish ones (in the Kurdistan University of Sanandaj) and 6 participants of focus group from each ethnic group to brainstorm their ideas. After discovering seven EFL motivating factors with 29 categories, a questionnaire was made which reflected the factors. In the quantitative phase, the 80-item questionnaire underwent an exploratory factor analysis to test validity, and after the confirmation of its validity and reliability through a pilot study with 234 participants, the questionnaire was distributed among 320 EFL participants. To corroborate the validity of the proposed model, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was used with LISREL 8.8. Eventually, confirmatory factor analysis was run and the model of motivating factors was developed with three factors related more to Azerbaijani students leading to integrative motivation and four for Kurdish students making instrumental motivation. The emerged model is helpful for policymakers of education and teachers caring about better English instruction. پرونده مقاله -
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60 - Impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching vs. Conventional Communicative Language Teaching on the Articulation Skills of EFL Learners With Expressive Language Disorder
Mojgan Khaki Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Sajad ShafieeBased on the tenets of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) vs. conventional communicative language teaching on the articulation abilities of Iranian EFL learners diagno چکیده کاملBased on the tenets of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) vs. conventional communicative language teaching on the articulation abilities of Iranian EFL learners diagnosed with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD). Purposively choosing 36 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners who had mild to moderate levels of ELD, we used a quasi-Solomon four-group design and separated them into two experimental and two control groups. The intervention included twenty sessions of seventy minutes each and comprised of eighty microlearning speech exercises that were developed in VR by FIT. The participants in the control group were given instruction based on Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which is an approach to language education. Both the OQPT and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III) were used in this study's pre-testing and post-testing procedures. The results showed that individuals who were instructed in accordance with FIT performed better than their colleagues who had been subjected to CLT in terms of articulation abilities. These skills included expressive vocabulary, oral word fluency, and sentence repeats. TEFL, therapeutic education, cognitive speech therapy, and instructional technology might all stand to gain from the outcomes. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
61 - Demystifying the Role of Paired Task and Test-Taker Speaking Ability in Assessing Co-Constructed Discourse in Paired Oral Assessment
Masoumeh Nouri Abbas Bayat Peyman RajabiThe present study was an attempt to demystify the role of paired task and test-taker speaking ability in assessing co-constructed discourse in paired oral assessment across Iranian EFL paired examinees with different ability combinations. To accomplish this aim, non-exp چکیده کاملThe present study was an attempt to demystify the role of paired task and test-taker speaking ability in assessing co-constructed discourse in paired oral assessment across Iranian EFL paired examinees with different ability combinations. To accomplish this aim, non-experimental qualitative research was devised in which 36 participants were purposely recruited from three distinct speaking competence levels; namely, upper-intermediate (High-Level), lower intermediate (Mid-Level), and elementary (Low-Level), with 12 learners in each. Participants with similar and different proficiency levels were randomly assigned to six different paired group combinations and were given a discussion task as a paired-test speaking task in which they were asked to discuss the topic of the conversation and attempt to develop the co-constructed discourse. The voices of each couple discussing the assigned topic were then record-ed. Following the transcription of the examinees' performances, the researcher analyzed the learners' conversations using Young's model of interactional competence, which deals with the speakers' ability to organize interactions in terms of turn-taking, break-down repair, and mutual understanding using ver-bal communication in relation to the situational context. The findings demonstrated that low-ability partners employed gestures and postures in turn-taking, as well as a lot of breakdown repairs while fail-ing in mutual comprehension, particularly in talks with more skilled interlocutors. Mid-ability pairs struggled to provide an adequate response in the second position to demonstrate understanding of an interlocutor's comment or statement but could advance the communication in terms of mutual under-standing and moderate success in proper breakdown repairs in their own similar and balanced pairs. However, they lost confidence in taking turns and relied heavily on fixes when conversing with more experienced interlocutors. Similarly, low-ability paired persons seldom tropicalized portions of other speakers' contributions in their own talk. High-ability speakers were more likely to demonstrate prior talk knowledge through contingent answers. These findings revealed that task direction and progress might have an impact on interactional behavior and how understanding is expressed. Additionally, the findings have some implications for teaching, learning, and testing L2 speaking through paired-test tasks for the purpose of improving EFL learners' speaking skills sub-skills. پرونده مقاله -
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62 - Predicting EFL Learners’ Cognitive Engagement Based on Achievement Goals
Saeed Ahmadi Mohammadreza NasrThe purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive engagement and achievement goals. It also examines which type of achievement goals, i.e., mastery approach goal, performance-approach goal, mastery avoidance goal, and the performance- چکیده کاملThe purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive engagement and achievement goals. It also examines which type of achievement goals, i.e., mastery approach goal, performance-approach goal, mastery avoidance goal, and the performance-avoidance goal is the strongest predictor of cognitive engagement. A quantitative approach has been employed for the purposes of this study. To this end, 183 advanced Iranian EFL learners filled out two validated Likert scale questionnaires on achievement goals (Elliot & Murayama, 2008) and cognitive engagement (Gunuc & Kuzu, 2015) entailing 12 and 10 items, respectively. The findings of the two self-report questionnaires revealed that cognitive engagement and achievement goals were positively correlated. Cognitive engagement was also found to be positively and significantly correlated with the mastery approach and performance approach. Likewise, the results of the multiple linear regression analysis manifested that the mastery approach and the performance approach were ranked as the first and second significant predictors of cognitive engagement, respectively. The study holds crucial pedagogical implications for EFL teachers, educators, and syllabus designers. In light of the findings of the present study, applied linguists and educational psychologists may explore new lines of approach to cognitively engage language learners on the path to achieving their learning goals. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
63 - Flipped Task-Based Instruction in Speaking Classes: Learners' Perspectives
Mojdeh Shirvani Ahmad Mohseni Gholam-Reza AbbasianThis study aimed to investigate the impact of flipped task-based instruction (TBI) on EFL learners' speaking skill and attitude towards this mode of instruction. Four intact classes consisting of 60 EFL learners were assigned to control and experimental groups. The data چکیده کاملThis study aimed to investigate the impact of flipped task-based instruction (TBI) on EFL learners' speaking skill and attitude towards this mode of instruction. Four intact classes consisting of 60 EFL learners were assigned to control and experimental groups. The data were collected by administering two speaking tests and a questionnaire investigating the participants' beliefs about flipped TBI. The scores of the participants on the two speaking tests were statistically analyzed through an ANCOVA. The results showed that flipped TBI has a positive impact on EFL learners' speaking skill. In addition, the analysis conducted on the participants' scores on the attitude questionnaire revealed that the attitudes of the participants in the experimental groups towards flipped TBI changed positively. The findings of this study can be theoretically and practically employed by EFL teachers and applied linguists. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
64 - Probing into the Patterns of Pair Interaction in EFL Learners’ Peer Feedback Dynamics: Written Discourse in Focus
Ahmadreza Jamshidipour حمید رضا خلجی فرامرز عزیزملایریThe present study attempted to explore the patterns of pair interaction in peer feedback dynamics to facilitate the quality of peer feedback and the quality of English writing among EFL learners while communicating ideas through written discourse. This qualitative case چکیده کاملThe present study attempted to explore the patterns of pair interaction in peer feedback dynamics to facilitate the quality of peer feedback and the quality of English writing among EFL learners while communicating ideas through written discourse. This qualitative case study was conducted with 12 (six pairs) EFL learners. To this aim, 12 out of 18 EFL learners from a writing course over 16 weeks, a session per week, during the first semester of 2019-2020 at Poldokhtar University were selected. The revised Bloom’s taxonomy model was transferred to the learners in the workshop. Three kinds of data, including semi-structured interview transcripts, 12 writing assignments, and artifacts of peer feedback dynamics, were analyzed by the QSR NVivo 8 software. The findings revealed that the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Model is more acceptable for peer feedback dynamics using patterns of pair interaction which provides a six-step model of critical thinking. The process of peer feedback dynamics was summarized as three steps: intake, critical thinking, and output. Each of the three steps had several mental processes in peer feedback dynamics. Accordingly, the amount of learners’ awareness resulted in their critical thinking. The more the learners were cognizant of their pair interaction and the feedback they received, the more they could criticize the tasks and class activities. Furthermore, the results showed that the pair interaction led to more motivation, cooperation, and confidence. When the learners were confident, they felt comfortable. In conclusion, during peer feedback dynamics, there was a cyclic relationship among the affective variables, including the learners’ awareness, critical thinking, motivation, cooperation, and confidence. پرونده مقاله -
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65 - Using the STAD Model of Instruction to Enhance Learners’ General Achievement and Creativity
َAbolhassan Nazari امید طباطبایی Mohammad Ali Heidari ShahrezaThis study was an endeavor to investigate the impact of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) on Iranian secondary school EFL learners’ overall achievements and creativity. To fulfill the purpose of the study, 142 EFL students were selected based on their perf چکیده کاملThis study was an endeavor to investigate the impact of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) on Iranian secondary school EFL learners’ overall achievements and creativity. To fulfill the purpose of the study, 142 EFL students were selected based on their performance on the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). The students were divided into experimental groups receiving treatment through the STAD model of cooperative learning and the control group devoid of the stated treatment. To recognize the entry behavior pretests were run. The same educational content was taught to both EG and CG during an educational term. To disclose the effect of treatment, a creativity posttest similar to pretest but in reshuffled order in options and items, and also an achievement posttest within the content taught were administered to the students in both groups at the end of the instruction. Furthermore, the mean scores of achievement and creativity tests were compared through an independent samples t-test, and one-way ANCOVA respectively. The outcomes showed the rejection of the both null hypothesis consequently concluding that cooperative learning had a significant effect on the overall achievement of Iranian EFL learners, and creativity. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
66 - Impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) Vs. Conventional Communicative Language Teaching on the Articulation Skills of EFL Learners With Expressive Language Disorder (ELD)
Mojgan Khaki Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Sajad ShafieeBased on the tenets of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) vs. conventional communicative language teaching on the articulation abilities of Iranian EFL learners diagno چکیده کاملBased on the tenets of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Fully-Immersive Teaching (FIT) vs. conventional communicative language teaching on the articulation abilities of Iranian EFL learners diagnosed with Expressive Language Disorder (ELD). Purposively choosing 36 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners who had mild to moderate levels of ELD, we used a quasi-Solomon four-group design and separated them into two experimental and two control groups. The intervention included twenty sessions of seventy minutes each and comprised of eighty microlearning speech exercises that were developed in VR by FIT. The participants in the control group were given instruction based on Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which is an approach to language education. Both the OQPT and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III) were used in this study's pre-testing and post-testing procedures. The results showed that individuals who were instructed in accordance with FIT performed better than their colleagues who had been subjected to CLT in terms of articulation abilities. These skills included expressive vocabulary, oral word fluency, and sentence repeats. TEFL, therapeutic education, cognitive speech therapy, and instructional technology might all stand to gain from the outcomes. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
67 - Improving Iranian EFL Young Learners’ Reading Comprehension Skills: Collaborative and Individual Reading in Focus
مانیا کوه افکن فرامرز عزیزملایری Hossein AhmadiThis study aimed to inquire about EFL reading sessions across Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) and Individual Reading (IR) among young EFL learners. In essence, the researcher’s goal was to investigate how reading sessions using CSR and reading aloud across i چکیده کاملThis study aimed to inquire about EFL reading sessions across Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) and Individual Reading (IR) among young EFL learners. In essence, the researcher’s goal was to investigate how reading sessions using CSR and reading aloud across individual and collaborative activities promote EFL learners’ reading comprehension skills. To this end, 2 Iranian EFL teachers from a primary school in Tehran, and 16 Iranian second-graders studying at a primary school in Tehran, were randomly selected as participants. Then, using teachers' reflective journals, participants' observations, and face-to-face interviews with teachers, the needed data were elicited and descriptively analyzed. The obtained results showed that reading sessions using CSR and reading aloud strategy across individual and collaborative activities promote learners' reading comprehension skill more than IR reading sessions. Moreover, teacher-student interactions (TSI) and student-student interactions (SSI) proved beneficial in improving the participants' reading comprehension skills. پرونده مقاله -
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68 - Teaching Information Structure of Non-Canonical Sentences through a Deductive Vs. an Inductive Approach: Effects on Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing Products
Hamidreza Sheikhi Bahram Hadian Mehdi Vaez-DaliliThis study investigates the effect of deductive versus inductive teaching of Information Structure (IS) of non-canonical sentences on Iranian EFL learners’ writing productions. To do so 69 participants majoring in English literature and English translation, fourth چکیده کاملThis study investigates the effect of deductive versus inductive teaching of Information Structure (IS) of non-canonical sentences on Iranian EFL learners’ writing productions. To do so 69 participants majoring in English literature and English translation, fourth semester, Arak University, participated in this study in the form of two intact groups called Deductive (experimental) and Inductive (control) groups, comprising 36 and 33 participants in that order. Under the effect of twelve treatment sessions of deductive vs. inductive instructions of IS principles, six weeks, the statistical analyses of the results regarding the pretest-posttest phase disclosed significant improvement of the participants’ writing scores in both groups. Concerning the post-test results, no statistically significant difference was observed in the Deductive vs. Inductive groups’ writing scores. Regarding the posttest-delayed posttest results, the statistical analyses showed a significant decrease in the Deductive group’ writing scores while the writing scores reduction in the Inductive group was not significant. So, the findings revealed a significant retention of improved writing skills in association with the Inductive group. Possible explanations for the writing improvement and implications of the findings for language teaching have been discussed. پرونده مقاله
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