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Open Access Article
1 - Spatial political construction of Persian-speaking countries as a region, based on cultural and identity commonalities
javad heshmatiThe change of conditions and the emergence of new and influential elements in the field of international politics indicate the importance of the category of culture in promoting national interests and goals and improving relations between countries.Today, culture is ref MoreThe change of conditions and the emergence of new and influential elements in the field of international politics indicate the importance of the category of culture in promoting national interests and goals and improving relations between countries.Today, culture is referred to as soft power, which brings the influence and influence of governments.Cultural interactions, by creating platforms based on identity and common cultural values, have the ability to influence the process of convergence in the regional and international arenas.Central and South Asia (which has Tajikistan and Afghanistan in its heart) has long been a part of Iran's civilizational and cultural territory, so that it has been far beyond Iran's current political geography.This research is based on descriptive-analytical nature and method, and the required information has been collected in a library manner and based on referring to reliable sources of books, articles and documentary reports.The results of the research show many cultural and identity commonalities, such as Persian language, music, ancient and common customs, between Iran and the above-mentioned countries, which can provide the necessary foundations for Iran in the field of regional interactions and the construction of a new region in this geographical area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Perception of constructionist learning environment in design workshops based on cognitive ability
Farhad KarvanAttention to abilities as cognitive sciences in this study was very important. First, the principle that education is not merely focused on knowledge transfer, but on the actual learning of learners, attention should be paid to cognitive and non-cognitive abilities; Sec MoreAttention to abilities as cognitive sciences in this study was very important. First, the principle that education is not merely focused on knowledge transfer, but on the actual learning of learners, attention should be paid to cognitive and non-cognitive abilities; Second, cognitive science emphasizes the activity and perception of learners of the learning environment in the educational process.Constructivist educators designed classroom learning environments based on the principles and assumptions of constructivism.In designing classroom learning environments based on the principles and assumptions of constructivism, attention should be paid to student-related cognitive processes. The purpose of this study was to explain the perception of constructive learning environment based on the cognitive ability of architecture students in teaching design workshops. The method of this research was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was 600 students of architecture students of Hamedan Technical and Vocational University. A sample of 120 people was selected using GPower software. Constructivist learning environment and cognitive abilities questionnaires were used to collect information. Pearson correlation test and multiple regression were calculated to analyze the data. Simultaneous regression results showed that social cognition ability and non-social cognition ability had a positive and significant role in predicting perception of learning environment. From the dimensions of non-social cognition ability, only decision-making, planning, sustained attention and cognitive flexibility had a positive and significant role in predicting perception of the learning environment. Inhibitory memory and control and selective attention did not play a significant role in predicting perception of constructive learning environment. Whereas in a constructive learning environment, emphasis is placed on teaching itself rather than on how it is taught; Therefore, this training is guided in two contexts of learning and focusing on the student's cognitive ability is emphasized. The required level of scotting is also provided by the learner in two stages of scotting with the instructor with challenging activities and scotching. Given that the real world often presents complex issues and situations to learners, educational environments should provide learners with such issues and situations. At the same time, educators should strive to teach learners the ability to deal appropriately with complex environments.Based on the research findings, the importance of social and non-social cognition abilities on perception of constructive learning environment was proved; Therefore, in this regard, it is suggested that these variables be seen and emphasized in educational planning, and if necessary, they should be taught with the help of psychological and educational strategies. It is also necessary that a coherent and comprehensive training protocol and program be developed to improve and improve cognitive and non-cognitive abilities in the context of experimental and experimental research. Also, considering that constructivism-based education emphasizes most of the cognitive efficiencies of student learning, so teachers should use this educational method as one of the effective teaching-learning strategies to design and draw architectural plans. Instructors can use functional assignments based on cognitive ability as a teaching strategy in different stages of education. These programs provide instruction for educators to enhance learners' learning in all cognitive-non-cognitive abilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effective Constructivism for the Arch-Design Studio
Andrew Eigbeonan -
Open Access Article
4 - Constructivism: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy
علیرضا AzghandiIn this article, the author intends to explain the IslamicRepublic of Iran’s foreign relations in the post Iran-Iraq war era,using the constructivist theory and emphasizing the awareness of the characteristics of the fourth debate in internationalrelations field. MoreIn this article, the author intends to explain the IslamicRepublic of Iran’s foreign relations in the post Iran-Iraq war era,using the constructivist theory and emphasizing the awareness of the characteristics of the fourth debate in internationalrelations field. The application of the above theory, which isanalyzed as the most recent approach in international relations,is intended to answer the question that whether constructivismcould play an explanatory and interpretative role in the studyof Iran’s foreign policy and relations. This article coversthree sections the first of which describes constructivism ininternational relations and the next sections scrutinize AlexanderVent’s opinions on constructivism, and the Iranian foreign policyfrom this perspective. The author reaches the conclusion thatas long as the structure of international system differentiatesbetween the actors constituting the system and there is a lackof a realistic recognition of the nature of the structure, none ofthe approaches including realism, liberalism and constructivismis an appropriate choice in the study and analysis of the IslamicRepublic’s foreign policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Inter-paradigmatic concept of security: the U.S. security approach after cold war as a case study
Dr. Abdol all Ghavam Mehdi VahidiIn the present article we have made a discourse, historical, analytic and paradigm analysis on the concept of security in order to remove its ambiguities in international relations. We have also investigated the transition of historical view point regarding the concept MoreIn the present article we have made a discourse, historical, analytic and paradigm analysis on the concept of security in order to remove its ambiguities in international relations. We have also investigated the transition of historical view point regarding the concept of national and international security through extensive accounts of the transitions of the security concept dated back to the cold war era. Besides, after careful consideration of security paradigm transition ( realism, liberalism, constructivism), we attempted to theorize security both subjectively and objectively in a way to present its conceptual transition in U.S. foreign policy. Underlining the extensive concept of security, the results indicated a need for an inter paradigm study in terms of ontology, epistemnlogy and discourse regarding any analysis and investigation in the area of security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Concept of Security in Theory (Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Criticism)
shahram askari hesn Ebrahim Anoosheh niloofarsadat emraniAbstract The present research aims to analyze the concept of security in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Critical theories over the past time periods and the process of traditional theories development hitherto. Thinkers and politicians in particular conjecture MoreAbstract The present research aims to analyze the concept of security in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Critical theories over the past time periods and the process of traditional theories development hitherto. Thinkers and politicians in particular conjecture strongly that the traditional concept of security is the purpose of the states, first and foremost, for their protection and survival in utmost self-help. The approach towards the element of security exists in the form of traditional assumptions of international relations steeped in military nature, military equipment and the dominant pessimistic perception. Thereupon achievement of absolute security has been prevailed among traditional theories, but the researcher believes that as the time goes by, Liberalism dominates and then subjectivist approaches develop, therefore the fixed meaning of security defined in terms of traditions and Realism no longer exists. Thus the concept of security undergoes changes when redefined. Meanwhile, its scope of meaning has been broadened in the form of different new concepts. By investigating the topics and opinions of the above four approaches thinkers as well as the data and the findings, this study aims to answer the following question, “To what extent has the concept of security undergone changes in the course of development of these four approaches? The provisional answer indicates that security in these approaches encompassing different ontology and epistemology methodologies in the course of time includes a variety of subject areas from new subjects with different interpretations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Consequences of Religious Extremism in the Middle East on US Foreign Policy during the Bush and Obama Times
hosein eslami mohsen eslamiThe purpose of this study is to examine the change in US foreign policy towards the Middle East in relation to religious extremism. In order to study this trend, consideration of structuralist theory as the basis of US foreign policy is needed. After the Soviet invasion MoreThe purpose of this study is to examine the change in US foreign policy towards the Middle East in relation to religious extremism. In order to study this trend, consideration of structuralist theory as the basis of US foreign policy is needed. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, the United States created, organized and supported al-Qaeda in order to confront this. But in the aftermath of 9/11, Bush introduced a new meaning to the Kurdish international system and expressed terrorism and al-Qaeda as the real enemy of the United States, attacking Afghanistan and Iraq to deal with it, and put unilateralism in foreign policy on the agenda. ; However, this policy was revised in the Barack Obama era. Accordingly, the main question of this study is that the rise of religious extremism in the Middle East has had an impact on US foreign policy towards the Middle East? In answer to this question, it has been assumed that the spread of religious extremism in the Middle East has increased the presence and military intervention of the United States in the region; however, over time, the responsibility to counter this phenomenon has been delegated from the United States to its regional and transatlantic allies in the Middle East. Is. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Constructivist Analysis of U.S. National Security Attitudes Facing Islamic Republic of Iran
morteza shirody tahre knaniThe present article has posed an analysis of confrontation of U.S. with Islamic Republic of Iran based on a conceptually constructivist framework and answered this question that “what role have security attitudes and imaginations of American political leaders towa MoreThe present article has posed an analysis of confrontation of U.S. with Islamic Republic of Iran based on a conceptually constructivist framework and answered this question that “what role have security attitudes and imaginations of American political leaders towards Iran-America relations particularly after Revolution?” The article has hypothesized that type of attitude and perception of U.S. officials showing their ideological and supreme power has very largely influenced Iran-America relations. For constructivist concept, imaginative and mental system of people specifies how they behave and act; in fact, the hegemonic imagination that American leaders and American community have towards other people of the world and sense of responsibility and mission for rescuing other people in the world triggered materialization of hegemonic imagination and mission of democratizing the world and salvaging other people in the world by creating international climate security, kicking up horror and dismay, intervening in the affairs of other nations and attempting for subversion of established governments of those nations. The conceptual framework of this article is a constructivist idea and security attitudes of American statesmen vis-à-vis Iran have been analyzed by relying upon constructivist idea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Political Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and India from a Constructivist Perspective: Opportunities and Challenges
seyed javad Ahmadi Hasan Khodaverdi Garineh KeshishyanThe present study aims to examine the political relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and India from a constructivist perspective. The research method is descriptive-explanatory, and it seeks to answer the questions: What perceptions do the foreign policy agent MoreThe present study aims to examine the political relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and India from a constructivist perspective. The research method is descriptive-explanatory, and it seeks to answer the questions: What perceptions do the foreign policy agents of Iran and India have of each other? And what are the opportunities and challenges in this relationship? The study is based on the hypothesis that the identity structure derived from the Islamic Revolution of Iran, which has extended to a structural-agent order in foreign policy, conflicts with the neoliberalism chosen by India's foreign policymakers and the ruling party. Thus, this difference in identity foundations and the structural-agent relationship in both domestic and international systems has created challenges and opportunities for both countries. Consequently, after the Islamic Revolution and Iran's withdrawal from the CENTO alliance and alignment with the West, and its joining the Non-Aligned Movement, of which India was a founding member, there was significant hope in the Islamic Republic of Iran for improved relations with India due to shared identity stemming from peaceful foreign policy and pacifism (Nehruism), which was based on non-alignment with major powers and solidarity with weaker countries. However, after the end of the Cold War and the paradigm shift in India's foreign policy from Nehruvian idealism to realism, changes in normative-identity foundations, the marginalization of the National Congress Party, the victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and closer ties with the West, the relations cooled. Therefore, it appears that the foreign policymakers of Iran and India may not be able to find intersubjective identity resources and shared values and norms to develop relations at a strategic level, which could be a challenge in the relations between the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Measuring the relation between Concept of Peace in Islamic Doctrines and the Western Nation (With an Emphasis on Nahj Al-Balagha)
فرزاد رستمی کامران لطفیPeace as one of the common concerns among human beings has always been at issue throughout history and it has found a specific sense in different cultures and communities. Peace as an inter-subjective concept in Islamic writings like Nahj Al-Balagha means something diff MorePeace as one of the common concerns among human beings has always been at issue throughout history and it has found a specific sense in different cultures and communities. Peace as an inter-subjective concept in Islamic writings like Nahj Al-Balagha means something different from what it is meant for western thinkers. Hence, definition of concept and philosophy of peace from two different Islamic and western views, dealing with aspects and angles of peace and advantages of such category are included among issues that have been attempted to be elucidated with an approach different and moern from other studies. It is necessary to mention that this article explore concept of peace through constructivist approach so that their comparative studies can be made while the concept is being defined in two western and Islamic views. Research is done in analytic-descriptive methodology and in applied type. This research includes hypothesis test method, library and information gathering tools in the form of documentations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - An Analysis of Sanai’s tendency to the mystical discourse in his Hadiqa al-haqiqa (The Garden of the Truth) from the perspective of Lucien Goldmann's formative constructivism
Hoda Pir Nahid Akbari Hossein ParsaeiSanaei is one of the leading social poets, with his own style and epoch makers in Farsi literature. His most important innovation was introducing mysticism into Farsi poetry. His attention to his surrounding society and his specific attitude to the universe emerged a ne MoreSanaei is one of the leading social poets, with his own style and epoch makers in Farsi literature. His most important innovation was introducing mysticism into Farsi poetry. His attention to his surrounding society and his specific attitude to the universe emerged a new discourse in the field of Farsi poetry and literature. Discourse analysis as a new approach in critical reading of texts, is one of the most important discussions in linguistics which analyzes and re-reads texts from the perspective of this approach. The basic idea in Goldmann’s formative constructivism is that the study of a distinguished work needs two stages: perception and description. In the first stage of perception stage, the work has to be understood in its structure. In the second stage of explanation, the work structure has to be situated in its social structure. The present study aims at the study mystic discourse in Sanaei’s Hadiqa al-haqiqa (The Garden of the Truth) based on developmental constructivism of “Lucien Goldmann” through descriptive-analytical method in two levels of perception and explanation. In “perception” stage it is shown through describing Sanaei’s belief elements in a holistic format with meaningful structure that Sanaei creates a new method of discourse system that is far from belief prejudices. Descriptive stage studies the structure of this literary work including it political, social, mental, cultural and theological conditions. The results revealed that Sanaei tries to explore a novel discourse for the modification, felicity and redemption of his society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigation of the adaptation of E-Learning system curriculum with concepts of the constructivist approach from viewpoints of Payme Noor university lecturers and Students
Tayebeh Dastanpoor Hasan Karamalian Mohammad reza Sarmadi Mehran FarajolahiThe present study is to investigate the adaptation of the e-learning system curriculum with the principles of constructivist approach from the perspectives of faculty members and undergraduate at PNU. The research method was descriptive-survey. The population consisted MoreThe present study is to investigate the adaptation of the e-learning system curriculum with the principles of constructivist approach from the perspectives of faculty members and undergraduate at PNU. The research method was descriptive-survey. The population consisted of 1987 faculty members and 19882 students of the PNU e-poles in academic years of 2016-2017. Based on the Cochran's sample size formula, 320 faculty members and 375 students were randomly selected using the simple random method. The data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire, designed to adapt the curriculum of e-learning system with the constructivist approach in four elements (goal, content, teaching-learning strategies, and evaluation). The face and content validates were measured to find the adaptation level of the e-learning system curriculum with the principles of the constructivist approach. In addition, the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.86). The data were analyzed by a quantitative method using the one sample t-test and the multivariate analysis of variance. Accordting on the one sample t-test results, however, in all four elements related to the curriculum of the e-learning system, the mean of students and faculty members’ responses was less than average and pronounced as insignificant. Thus, the curriculum of the PNU e-learning system was not proposed to be adopted with the constructivist principles. In addition, the results from the multivariate analysis illustrated that there is no significant difference in all four curriculum principles between the viewpoints of the faculty members and the students at PNU. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation the relationship between beliefs and components of constructivism in mathematics classroom environment
Fatemeh Ahmadpour Mobarakeh Mohammad Reza Fadaee Abolfazl RafeipourMathematics teachers' philosophy and view about the nature of mathematics play a vital role in their schema of the teaching and learning process and this influence on quality of instructional directly. The aim of this research is to describe and identify the major belie MoreMathematics teachers' philosophy and view about the nature of mathematics play a vital role in their schema of the teaching and learning process and this influence on quality of instructional directly. The aim of this research is to describe and identify the major beliefs of constructivist mathematics teachers. The beliefs of 5 secondary mathematics teachers were investigated carefully, and also evaluated the extent of consistency of their classroom environments with principles of constructivism in the study. The instruments of data collecting were beliefs survey questionnaires, survey questionnaire of construction oriented classroom environment, semi-structured interviews and classroom observation. Data were summarized and structured by content analysis method. The results of data relating to 5 teachers showed that 2 of them had the most consistent between classroom environments and constructivism principles. Investigating these 2 teachers' beliefs led to identification of 6 core beliefs that are consistent with constructivism principles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Studying the Utilization of Constructivism Theory and Problem Solving Method in the Development of Guidance School Science Text Books
شهرام رنجدوست The Purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of constructivism theory and problem solving method in the development of middle school science text books. Survey research method was incorporated to conduct this study. The goal was to study the view More The Purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of constructivism theory and problem solving method in the development of middle school science text books. Survey research method was incorporated to conduct this study. The goal was to study the view points of science book specialists, instructional group leaders, and teachers of Tehran . The instrument consisted of a questionnaire designed on 3 point Likert scale. Sample included 300 teachers, 19 instructional group leaders, and 25 science book specialists. Statistical analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. The result indicated the following: - Specialists, instructional group leaders, and teachers had rated the utilization of constructivism and problem solving method as low and very low. There was no significant difference between this three group. - There was no significant difference between the view points of specialists, teachers, and instructional group leaders (P> 0.05) on the limitation of utilization and planning of constructivism theory and problem solving method. - There was no significant difference between the view points of specialists, teachers, and instructional group leaders (P>0.05) on the difficulties of performance of constructivism theory and problem solving method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Analyzing the role of constructivism as a new learning approach in the textbooks of elementary school
meimanat abedini baltork mohammadreza niliThe purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of elementary textbooks based on the components of constructivism such as active participation of the students to facilitate casting the role of teacher, group interaction according to the formative evaluation, notic MoreThe purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of elementary textbooks based on the components of constructivism such as active participation of the students to facilitate casting the role of teacher, group interaction according to the formative evaluation, notice to the physical environment of learning and evaluation as a tool for developmental process learning. The used method in analyzing of the present study was Shannon Entropy Method and unit of analyzing was textbook pages (texts, questions, practices and pictures) with the sum of 3467 pages. Statistical society of all three of elementary books was 36 books in the academic year of 2009-10 in eight topics of reading Farsi, writing Farsi, sciences, sky gifts, sky gifts (homework), Quran, math and social education. Statistical sample of this study was consisted of the same topics excluding the math. The obtained results from data analysis showed that group interaction was considered more than other components and there was less notice to the physical environment of learning and evaluation as a tool for developmental process learning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Teacher training students' experiences of instructional designing based on the constructivism approach
ahmadreza fazeli morteza karamiConstructivism approach is a relatively new approach in the field of instructional designing. The aim of this study was to identify and explore the experiences of the students and teachers of instructional designing based on the constructivism approach and constructivis MoreConstructivism approach is a relatively new approach in the field of instructional designing. The aim of this study was to identify and explore the experiences of the students and teachers of instructional designing based on the constructivism approach and constructivism learning environment design pattern. The research method in this study was qualitative method and was of the phenomenological type. All the students and the teachers of Beheshti Teacher Training Center of Mashhad Elementary Education who had enrolled in this center in the academic year 2012-2013 were chosen as the statistical population .Then, 15 students and teachers were chosen through the target sampling. Due to data saturation, the researchers found this number sufficient. The instrument being used was semi-structured interview. To validate the results of this study, the outcomes and extracted issues were confirmed by the participants. Deductive coding methods, then, was used to analyze the data and the interviews. Applying Johnson's model in the classroom resulted in gaining very significant experiences for both the students and the teachers. Independence, autonomy or self-sufficiency, problem-solving ability, dominance in research, retrieval and storage of information, effective interactions and depth learning were the factors being concluded from the interviews. According to these findings, it can be concluded that this very model and the other models which are based on constructivism approach can have a significant impact on the performance and success of students in different courses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Design of Curriculum Pattern Based on the Blended Learning approach for higher education
ali akbar ajam hossein jafari suny mohammad akbary boorngAbstract: The aim of this study was to investigate how to use a blended learning approach in developing the curriculum Iran's higher education system. Foundation research methods have been used to design blended learning curriculum. The purpose of the foundation's resea MoreAbstract: The aim of this study was to investigate how to use a blended learning approach in developing the curriculum Iran's higher education system. Foundation research methods have been used to design blended learning curriculum. The purpose of the foundation's research is Create conceptual schemas that the fundamental nature and structure phenomena and processes of curriculum are understandable. so, after explaining the theory and experts about curriculum design blended learning and social constructivism learning theory, concepts and key components and the rationale for curriculum design were identified, and finally, features elements of the curriculum on the basis of the curriculum, is provided. Curriculum Development in higher Education in the field of pattern design, logic design approach blended learning curriculum regarding the focus and characteristics of social constructivist learning theory, is provided, according to the logic of the implications of curriculum design, curriculum-based blended learning characteristic elements were combined for higher education system. And the validity of the model was evaluated by experts and was approved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Fundaments of distance education pedagogy and its theories
hossein najafiThe research aim was to presented the pedagogical foundations of distance education and its theories. Distance education is defined as a trans- disciplinary besides and complementary to the traditional educational system with aim of regarding to individual differences a MoreThe research aim was to presented the pedagogical foundations of distance education and its theories. Distance education is defined as a trans- disciplinary besides and complementary to the traditional educational system with aim of regarding to individual differences and providing various learning opportunities proportion to age, gender, employment and disability in order to realize the slogan of education for everyone , everywhere, and every time. overview - analytical method has been used to review the research. Distance education, in order to be considered introduced as a new educational system, should have features, pedagogical fundaments and its own specific theorizing. The main important features distance education may include the followings: the separation of teacher - learner, independence of the learner autonomy, interaction, educational support organization, communication tool and science construction and production by learner. On the other hand, in view of constructionist, because the learner is commentator, creator and supplier of knowledge in the form of standard frameworks, the learner is considered as the fundaments of distance education pedagogy. In addition to, in order to convert distance education to a scientific paradigm, it must have its own specific theorizing. The most important scientific theories of the field of distance education are included: Wedm ear’s theory of the learner’s in practice , Peters’ education industrialization, Holmberg’s sextet training interaction , Moor’s transactional distance , and garrison and Mayra bin oven’s control theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Qualitative Study of the Principles of Educational Design Based on Cognitive Flexibility Theory in Combination with Scaffolding Strategies
ABBAS TAGHIZADE javad hatami maryam ghasemiPresenting complex domains of knowledge through traditional linear models of instruction, is problematic because as content areas becomes more complex, the domain of knowledge becomes more ill structured, non-uniform, and overlapping with other domains. For this, Spiro MorePresenting complex domains of knowledge through traditional linear models of instruction, is problematic because as content areas becomes more complex, the domain of knowledge becomes more ill structured, non-uniform, and overlapping with other domains. For this, Spiro & et al. argue that learning environments should emphasize ‘‘the real-world complexity and ill-structuredness of many knowledge domains. The aim of this research was qualitative study of the principles of educational design based on cognitive flexibility theory in combination with scaffolding strategies in computer-based learning environments. Qualitative content analysis method was used in this research. The study population included all resources and related articles indexed in scientific databases during 1991-2015(84resource) related to the 2 theories of this study. A sample through Purposive sampling was selected and finally the proposed educational design model based on cognitive flexibility theory with 9 principles in combination with scaffolding strategies was presented. Since cognitive flexibility theory is generally presented for advanced knowledge acquirement, the proposed model can be used for educational design for learners at high school levels and upper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Developing and Validating an Instructional Design Model Based on the Principles of Flipped Learning
Faranak Esmaelian Zahra zareThe aim of this study was to develop and validate an instructional design model based on the principles of flipped learning using a qualitative action research method. The initial model was formulated of data collected from semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in MoreThe aim of this study was to develop and validate an instructional design model based on the principles of flipped learning using a qualitative action research method. The initial model was formulated of data collected from semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in flipped learning. The initial model then evaluated, validated and modified based on data collected from interviews with seven number of those experts. In the next step, sixth grade science lesson plans designed based on this model and through focused group meetings with ten elementary school teachers familiar with flipped learning. The initial model modified according to teachers’’ feedbacks when designing lesson plans. The developed lesson plans were implemented during the school year to evaluate the model based on the researcher's observations and students' feedback. The insights obtained of this evaluation were also used to improve the model. The flipped learning design model developed from the present study describes the process of instructional design in three stages including analysis and needs assessment, design and development, implementation and evaluation. In the first stage, the learners' characteristics, curriculum documents, and situation / environment are analyzed in order to gain insights that are important to illuminate the next steps. The decisions about instructional objectives, organizing instructional materials and resources, and designing the environment are made by the next stage, design and development. The third stage is the implementation and evaluation stage which includes a set of activities that are done in three conditions including before the classroom (such as sharing instructional resources and materials, and the expectations from learners), during the classroom (such as assessment of assignments and tasks, and providing feedback) and after the classroom (such as introducing additional sources and materials and providing questions for reflection). The flipped instructional design developed from this research has the potential to applied by instructional designers and teachers as a practical guide. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Presenting the evaluation model of religion and life course of the second high school based on the constructivist perspective using a mixed approach
shahla haririmoghaddam Abbas Qaltash sedigheh mohammadjaniConstructivism theory is one of the approaches that has had a profound impact on learning and teaching approaches. The main goal of the research is to design and evaluate the evaluation model of the religion and life course of the second high school based on the constru MoreConstructivism theory is one of the approaches that has had a profound impact on learning and teaching approaches. The main goal of the research is to design and evaluate the evaluation model of the religion and life course of the second high school based on the constructivist perspective with a mixed approach. This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. The research method is of a mixed type and has been carried out in two parts, quantitative and qualitative. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part is 18 educational management experts and experienced teachers who were selected using the snowball sampling method and 11 theoretical saturation points. The semi-structured interview data collection tool is derived from theoretical foundations. The method of analysis of this section is based on data theory. The results of this part of the research are explained in the form of five main categories and sub-categories: Causal factors including the ability of the designed curriculum to achieve the goals of the program, intervening factors including the requirement of a leader teacher, strategic factors including creating a questionable environment, background factors including providing learning opportunities in learners, the consequences include creating a spirit of inquiry in learners. The quantitative part of the research was distributed using a researcher-made questionnaire tool derived from the qualitative model of the research after confirming the validity and reliability in the statistical population where the number of the statistical sample was estimated to be 213 people based on random cluster sampling. Paths and causal relationships between external and internal structures in the structural model were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The model of the role of health promotion management with sports in Iran's sustainable development: social constructionism with the foundation's data approach
marziyeh aboutalebi Rasool NazariIntroduction: Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases is one of the first stages of health promotion management in society. An operational strategy for this purpose is exercise and physical activity. Purpose: The purpose of the current research is to present MoreIntroduction: Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases is one of the first stages of health promotion management in society. An operational strategy for this purpose is exercise and physical activity. Purpose: The purpose of the current research is to present a model of the role of health promotion management with sports in Iran's sustainable development based on social constructionism. Methodology: The present study was conducted qualitatively and with the data theory method of the foundation. Research data was collected through purposeful sampling and snowball method and based on interviews with 21 experts with experience in the field of health-oriented sports. The data were coded and analyzed based on the data-based theory and Cahrmaz's constructivist approach. Findings: 117 primary codes, 44 central or selective codes and finally 9 core codes were identified. The main factors of the role of health promotion management with sports in Iran's sustainable development have been identified, including the main players, education, sustainable physical activity, health promotion management, planning, trainers, sports areas, literacy and sense of sustainability. Conclusion: The main factors identified with 117 primary codes, 44 central or selective codes and finally 9 central codes were identified. It is suggested that the officials of the organizations review the mission and vision of their organizations with the approach of the management role of promoting health with sports in order to achieve sustainable development. Introduction: Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases is one of the first stages of health promotion management in society. An operational strategy for this purpose is exercise and physical activity. Purpose: The purpose of the current research is to present a model of the role of health promotion management with sports in Iran's sustainable development based on social constructionism. Methodology: The present study was conducted qualitatively and with the data theory method of the foundation. Research data was collected through purposeful sampling and snowball method and based on interviews with 21 experts with experience in the field of health-oriented sports. The data were coded and analyzed based on the data-based theory and Cahrmaz's constructivist approach. Findings: 117 primary codes, 44 central or selective codes and finally 9 core codes were identified. The main factors of the role of health promotion management with sports in Iran's sustainable development have been identified, including the main players, education, sustainable physical activity, health promotion management, planning, trainers, sports areas, literacy and sense of sustainability. Conclusion: The main factors identified with 117 primary codes, 44 central or selective codes and finally 9 central codes were identified. It is suggested that the officials of the organizations review the mission and vision of their organizations with the approach of the management role of promoting health with sports in order to achieve sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Novel, Reality and Gender; a Glance at Researches on the Image of Women in the Mirror Of Novel
Ali mehrabiThis article aims at investigating the issues of gender identity in novel, and the way scholars appreciate it from a gender perspective in the Persian novel. Theoretical essentialist and constrctivistic approaches were used along qualitative content analysis in a compar MoreThis article aims at investigating the issues of gender identity in novel, and the way scholars appreciate it from a gender perspective in the Persian novel. Theoretical essentialist and constrctivistic approaches were used along qualitative content analysis in a comparative manner to measure the scholars ’interpretation of gender orientation of writers in the representation of social reality of their era. The statistical population consisted of a book, seven articles and two dissertations. Women were found in the novels evidence of change upon traditional gender attitudes and would see the men as lacking enough experience to represent women’s issues through the novel. Notwithstanding the equal number of scholars in terms of gender, more serious work has been done in the form of books and articles by women and most important explanation about processes, events and figures were: class status, class conflict, personal characteristics, gender, and relationships of the characters and writers with the totalistic tradition and individualistic modernity and efforts toward coping with changes and overcoming the personal unconscious as a collective heritage caused by the emergence of new life styles in a battle with the traditions and manifestation of this failure in the novel, emphasizing the intellectual division of labor in the field of thought in the name of popular feminine fiction for women, its relationship with gender, the Islamic Revolution and international condition. The main focus of most researchers is a critique of the public domain from a gender-oriented perspective which is getting closer to a gender constructivism approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Constructivist analysis of crimes against government lands
mehdi Rabie abbas sheikhoeslami majid fouladiyanDrawing the concept of "crime" is the starting point of the path of criminal thought. In fact, the image of crime presents other fundamental concepts of criminology (such as criminality and etiology) and the system of criminal policy (such as justice, criminology, and p MoreDrawing the concept of "crime" is the starting point of the path of criminal thought. In fact, the image of crime presents other fundamental concepts of criminology (such as criminality and etiology) and the system of criminal policy (such as justice, criminology, and prevention). According to the theory of social constructivism, crime can be considered a social phenomenon that is not outside the human mind and has an independent objective existence, so what is considered a crime will vary depending on who describes it. Was; Therefore, in interpersonal relationships, we are faced with constructing a social reality of crime.This article takes a mediocre view of social constructivism from the concept of crime and uses the theory of "social reality of crime", which believes that the application of criminal law and the definition of criminal behavior and the development of appropriate behavioral patterns and the construction of criminal perception, product It is the action of shareholders who try to secure their personal and group interests by influencing the criminalization process. The reality of the criminalization process in the field of state lands in Iran has been discussed and analyzed. The study of the formal discourse of criminal policy actors using descriptive-analytical research method and detailed discussions of the National Assembly and the Islamic Consultative Assembly has shown that at least in the field of land crime in the Iranian criminal justice system, constructivist theory on the criminal process and the mentality of its actors It clearly rules. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Designing and Implementation of Blending of Problem Solving Instructional Model with Constructivism’s Principles and the Study of Its Effect on Learning and Creative Thinking
Mohammad Shahali Zadeh sajjad Dehghani Seyyed Kazem Banihashem ali RahimiAbstract Background: Educational system has an important role in educating future community makers. One of the most important components of educational system which should be considered in the twenty-first century among future community makers i MoreAbstract Background: Educational system has an important role in educating future community makers. One of the most important components of educational system which should be considered in the twenty-first century among future community makers is deep learning and creative thinking. Purpose: This paper aimed to design and implement a blending of problem solving instructional model with constructivist principles and the study of its effect on learning and creative thinking. Method: In this research, a quasi-experimental method (pretest and posttest design with control group) was used. Sample of this research was 30 students that were selected by using cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were included researcher-made learning test and Abedi creativity questionnaire, were used as a pretest and posttest. Experimental group was taught in 11 sessions, during 6 weeks by using combined problem solving instructional model with Constructivist principles and control group was taught by using traditional method. In order to analyze obtained data, descriptive statistics, consisting of mean and standard deviation, was used. Furthermore, inferential statistics, multivariable covariance plan and LSD follow up test was used. Results: The results showed that blending of problem solving instructional model with constructivist principles has a significant effect on learning (F=286.5, P=0.0001), fluency aspect of creative thinking (F=143.91, P=0.0001 ), flexibility aspect (F=15.59, P=0.001) and elaboration aspect of creative thinking (F=35.64, P=0.0001), but there was no meaningful effect on originality aspect of creative thinking. Conclusion: According to the results, it could be said that by blending problem solving instructional model with constructivist principles, one can take advantage of both these approaches. Founding of this research was showed that this blending has a meaningful effect on learning and aspects of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility and elaboration) and there was no effect on originality aspect. Thus, this method can be used in classroom and school as an effective method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Comparative Study of the Intellectual Level of Hafez and Sanai's Sonnets with an Emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's Theory of Formative Constructionism
Azadeh Malakouti Ali Fallah Safa Taslimi In this article, the authors' efforts are a comparative study of the intellectual level of Hafez and Sanai's sonnets with an emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's theory of formative constructionism. In his own way, Goldmann tries to reveal the connection between the inne More In this article, the authors' efforts are a comparative study of the intellectual level of Hafez and Sanai's sonnets with an emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's theory of formative constructionism. In his own way, Goldmann tries to reveal the connection between the inner structure of the work and the intellectual construction (worldview) of the author's social class, and in his opinion, the stronger this relationship is, the greater its artistic validity. The mental structure of Sana'i society made his sonnets in terms of intellectual level fall into three categories: romantic, mystical, and intellectual, and the social structure of Hafez's time made his sonnets appear to the level of a reformist critical thinker. The results of research, by using the comparative method, indicate that the dominant intellectual level of Hafez's poems is to change the structure of the existing situation and realize justice, and the intellectual level of Sana'i poems, due to the inclusion of epistemic, situational and especially normative implications, is of dimensions and ability. It has important civil and political functions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Validation of secondary religion and life curriculum evaluation model with emphasis on constructivism theory
shahla haririmoghaddamThe accreditation tool for curriculum evaluation has different factors. By choosing new approaches and methods, you can be influential in most factors. According to the theory of constructivism, all knowledge is constructive and relative. Learning is the process of buil MoreThe accreditation tool for curriculum evaluation has different factors. By choosing new approaches and methods, you can be influential in most factors. According to the theory of constructivism, all knowledge is constructive and relative. Learning is the process of building knowledge. The objective of the effectiveness of constructivism is to strengthen problem solving, critical thinking, analysis, creation and evaluation. Type of research method: descriptive and correlational. Statistical sample: All secondary school religion and life teachers and Quranic school principals, both male and female, who were working in second secondary schools in Tehran in the academic year of 1402-1401. Sampling Method A sample of 213 participants of this course was selected by random cluster method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theoretical foundations, and the method of data analysis was the structural equation test, and its validity and reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. The method of analyzing the test data is structural equations. The obtained results: 1- Causal factors affecting the model, including the ability of the curriculum designed to achieve the goals of the program, 2- Intervening factors: the requirement of a teacher leader, 3- Strategic factors: creating a questionable environment, 4- Background factors: providing opportunities Learning in learners, 5-consequences: creating a questioning spirit in learners. Paths and causal relationships between external and internal constructs were confirmed in validation by confirmatory factor analysis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Impact of Islamic Fundamentalism on Iran-Pakistan Relations (1991-2020) Based on Constructivism Theory
Hassan Same Nasayeh Esmaeil shafiee Sarvestani Nafiseh VaezHassan Same Nasayeh[1],Esmaeil shafiee Sarvestani,[2]*,Nafiseh Vaez[3] Abstract: After independence as an Islamic country, Pakistan sought to use Islamic th­o­u­g­ht as an identifying factor. An important issue that can affect Iran-Pakistan rel MoreHassan Same Nasayeh[1],Esmaeil shafiee Sarvestani,[2]*,Nafiseh Vaez[3] Abstract: After independence as an Islamic country, Pakistan sought to use Islamic th­o­u­g­ht as an identifying factor. An important issue that can affect Iran-Pakistan relations is fundamentalism in Pakistan. Based on structural theory, this article tries to examine the impact of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan on the re­l­a­t­i­o­n­s between this country and Iran between 1991 and 2020. The main question is what effect has Islamic fundamentalism had on the relations between the two countries? The hypothesis that will be proven in this study is that the activities of fundamentalist political parties and currents are due to the co­n­t­r­a­st between the principles of Pakistani Sunni fundamentalism and the religious spirit of Shiite thought in Iran and the incitement of interventionist powers have b­e­c­­o­me a powerful factor of divergence in Relations between the two countries have changed. In the present study, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. [1].PhD student in Political Science, Department of Political Science, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran [2].Assistant Professor of Political Science, Department of Political Science, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding Author [3].Assistant Professor of Political Science, Department of Political Science, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Simple and Multiple Relationships of constructive Environments with the Research Spirit of Graduate Students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Morteza Karami yaser garavand Mohammad KoohiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the simple and multiple relationship between constructive environments with the Research Spirit of Graduate Students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The research method was descriptive and correlational and population (475 MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the simple and multiple relationship between constructive environments with the Research Spirit of Graduate Students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The research method was descriptive and correlational and population (475) students of the faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 135 of students (99 females and 36 males) were selected by Stratified random sampling based on Cochran formula. Instrument were included constructivism environments questionnaire and Research spirit. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the scale of constructivism environments and all the sub-components of the research Spirit, except for the sub-components of emphasis on previous knowledge. In addition, simple regression analysis showed that through constructivist environments, could predicted Research Spirit . Among the sub-components of constructivist environments, the three sub-components of the facilitator's role, the Formative assessment, and attention to different perspectives were able to predict the Research Spirit. Therefore, it is imperative that university professors take into account the constructivist approach Teachings to improve the student's spirit of research and, moreover, facilitate the flow of education and research rather than the transfer of information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Analyzing the status of components in social science curriculum content of secondary school
hossein baghaei Mohammad hossein yarmohammadyanThe present study was conducted with the aim of checking the amount of considering the component of constructivism presented in the social science textbooks of the secondary school. the research sample were consisted of all social science textbooks at the secondary scho MoreThe present study was conducted with the aim of checking the amount of considering the component of constructivism presented in the social science textbooks of the secondary school. the research sample were consisted of all social science textbooks at the secondary school level in the academic 92- 93. Shannon entropy method was used for content analysis.The obtained result from data analyzing showed the group iteraction was considered more than other components and there was less notice to the physical environment for learning and, assessment of group work, performance assessment, self-assessment, build Knowledge, evaluation of the learning process, Learning situation. retest reliability of the survey instrument was used to determine the value of the correlation coefficient 0/86 was obtain. According to recent research findings and to review high school social science curriculum is necessary to pay more attention to neglected component.Conflict of interest:According to the authors of the present article, there was no conflict of interest.Key words: Constructivism components, Content analysis, social science curriculum, Secondary school. Manuscript profile -
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31 - The Theory of sociological critical theories of literature with emphasis on the sociological approaches to Reading, Formative constructivism, the Frankfurt School and Pierre Bourdieu's method
Asgar Asgari Hasanaklou Arezou ShahbaziSociology is a science that deals with human and its communication insociety. Culture is a production of social relations and literature is one ofthese cultural phenomena, and creator of literary work is illustrator of thesociety in his artwork. When we deal with the re MoreSociology is a science that deals with human and its communication insociety. Culture is a production of social relations and literature is one ofthese cultural phenomena, and creator of literary work is illustrator of thesociety in his artwork. When we deal with the relationship betweensociety and literature, we come into the field of sociology of literature.Sociological criticism of literature is one of the relatively new disciplinesof literary criticism that has a long history. At the beginning of thenineteenth century, Ipoliten Tan and Madame Doustal published the firsttwo books on the sociology of literature. With the advent of Karl Marx,these studies have come to life again, with many theorists still influencedby his ideas. The purpose of this article is to examine the historical courseof the sociological critique of literature with emphasis on the sociology ofreading, developmental constructivism, the Frankfurt School, and PierreBourdieu's theory. The method in the article is studying works of thetheoreticians by library method, as well as analyzing their theories. Thereason for choosing these four methods in the sociology of literature isthe importance and influence that these methods have had on the analysisof literary and artistic works but remains ignored by scholars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Impact of Transatlantic Relations on Nuclear Negotiations on Joe Biden Administration
Mehdi Miri fazel feiziIran nuclear issue has been one of the main concerns for Iran and great powers in two decades. While the nuclear negotiations as a diplomatic instrument has been fallowed in different forms and ways, putted away in Trump administration. After victory of Joe Biden in pre MoreIran nuclear issue has been one of the main concerns for Iran and great powers in two decades. While the nuclear negotiations as a diplomatic instrument has been fallowed in different forms and ways, putted away in Trump administration. After victory of Joe Biden in presidential election in U.S., Iran’s nuclear negotiations have followed by 4+1 group. Although Iran’s nuclear negotiations has been influenced by many varies variable, in this article we have focused on transatlantic relations effect. According to this, the main question is: what is the effect of transatlantic relations on Iran’s nuclear negotiations in Biden administration? For answering to this question, we tried to do this research by combining method and library and documental methods and applying the theory of constructivism. The result of this article shows, when transatlantic relations turns on multilateral and integral form as we see in Biden administration, more probably the nuclear negotiations will led to revive of JCPOA.Transatlantic , constructivism , Nato , nuclear negotiations, Joe Biden, 4+1 group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The Theory of Discourse and Political Sciences
Ali Asghar DavoodiToday, the concept of discourse is used in most of scientific disciplines and approaches such as literature, philosophy, social sciences and political sciences. The theory of discourse is one of the effective and newly arrived theories in the field of social sciences. S MoreToday, the concept of discourse is used in most of scientific disciplines and approaches such as literature, philosophy, social sciences and political sciences. The theory of discourse is one of the effective and newly arrived theories in the field of social sciences. Social and political scientists have used this theory extensively to analyze political and social structures and phenomena. Thus, it can be seen as a dominant theory in the methodological field in the postmodern era. Therefore, phenomenological knowledge and the reviewing of different dimensions of this theory can help us to understand better the discourse analyses of political and social phenomena .This article attempts to examine the history, thought resources and epistemological bases of this theory, and consider its ability to analyze political and social phenomena and review its criticisms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Iranian EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Obstacles to Implementing Student-Centered Learning: A Mixed-Methods Study
Mohammad Hemmati Faramarz Aziz Malayeri -
Open Access Article
35 - The Educational Model of Social Constructivism and Its Impact on Academic Achievement and Critical Thinking
Batool Ghaedi Abbas Gholtash Seyed Ahmad Hashemi Ali Asghar Mashinchi -
Open Access Article
36 - Iranian EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of the Different Features of Mediation
Mahbubeh Rezaeian -
Open Access Article
37 - Designing and validation of blended instruction based on virtual social networks in university instruction
Zahra Azad Disfani Hossein kareshki Seyed Amir Amin Yazdi Mohammad Saeed AbdekhodaeeThis study sought to design and validate a virtual social networks -based blended instruction with social constructivist approach in university instruction. To accomplish the objectives of the research, a mixed method research was used. In order to obtain the design of MoreThis study sought to design and validate a virtual social networks -based blended instruction with social constructivist approach in university instruction. To accomplish the objectives of the research, a mixed method research was used. In order to obtain the design of blended instruction, the deductive content analysis was performed in the qualitative section and a questionnaire survey method was applied to assess the experts judgments in the quantitative part of internal validation. After theoretical defining of each of the main concepts of the research, by referring to available scientific literature on the components of social-constructivism education, virtual social networks based instruction, and blended instruction, in the period 2000-2018, a total of 53 scientific texts were selected and studied by purposeful sampling. Based on the content analysis the following items were identified: the determination of instructional goals and content, the determination of instructional tools and media, the determination of instructional elements for implementation, the design of interaction and evaluation with elements of each of these components were identified. Finally, based on existing instructional design patterns, the design of virtual social network -based blended instruction was presented with a social constructivism approach. The results of internal validation indicated that the proposed instruction plan has a good and valid credit and has the effectiveness required for university instruction. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Constructivism and Connectivism in E-Learning
Mostafa Edjtehadi NaderGoli Ghourchian Noor-Al-Deen MirzaeeThis study aims to explain constructivism and connectivism in electronic learning (e-learning). The method of research is applied, descriptive and non-experimental. Statistical population of the study was e-learning students and professors in e-learning centers affiliat MoreThis study aims to explain constructivism and connectivism in electronic learning (e-learning). The method of research is applied, descriptive and non-experimental. Statistical population of the study was e-learning students and professors in e-learning centers affiliated to Ministry of Science and Islamic Azad University in the country in academic year of 2016-17 who were 60568 students and 1050 professors and totally the number of professors and students were 61618. The study was conducted on a sample of 462 including 289 men and 173 women who were randomly selected using Morgan table. To conduct the study, a researcher-made questionnaire of constructivism and connectivism was used. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by taking expert's views. For reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated which was achieved 0.956 for constructivism questionnaire and 0.955 for connectivism questionnaire. According to the findings of the study, independent learning elements, concept formation and high-level thinking skills, and learning based on problem-solving are the most important elements of constructivism and learning beyond textbook and curriculum, completing and improving structure of subjective cognition through communication, and completing objectivism in teaching learning through communication are also the most important elements of connectivism in e-learning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The Effect of Using Educational Software on Students’ Active Learning of Mathematics: A Constructivist Approach
Dariush Noroozi Farshideh Zameni Soheila SharafzadehThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of using educational software on the fifth grade students’ active learning of mathematics course in Babol City (with a constructivist approach). The method of research was quasi-experimental with a MoreThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of using educational software on the fifth grade students’ active learning of mathematics course in Babol City (with a constructivist approach). The method of research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test/post-test design with a control group and an experimental group. The statistical population included all 1287 fifth grade students in 2012, among whom a total of 50 students were selected through cluster random sampling method. In order to assess the participants’ academic achievement, a paper and pencil test of mathematics was designed. The reliability coefficient of the test was estimated in a pilot study to be 0.85. To determine the subjects’ degree of academic motivation, and to assess their creative learning, Harter’s standard questionnaire and Torrance’s standard questionnaire of creativity were used, respectively. The participants were taught through using ActivInspire software. The implementation phases of the study included giving the pre-test, verifying the homogeneity of the two groups (control and experimental), teaching via media using ActivInspire software, giving the post-test and completing the questionnaire. The data were analyzed in SPSS software by taking independent t test. Results of the analysis revealed that using the educational software was effective on the subjects’ academic achievement and improved their motivation for active learning of mathematics, but it did not have influence on their creative learning of mathematics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Analysis of Conservatism “moderate Islamism” Reflected in the Policies of Erdogan (Based on the Theory of Constructivism)
ali alihosseini enayatollah yazdani zahra behzadi beirak oliaAbstract Turkey is a country which is having a contradictory identity and it is conservative too. The reason is that on the one hand Sufi Islam is dominating her and on the other hand she propagates Western values and tries to be close to the West. During the past deca MoreAbstract Turkey is a country which is having a contradictory identity and it is conservative too. The reason is that on the one hand Sufi Islam is dominating her and on the other hand she propagates Western values and tries to be close to the West. During the past decade, Erdogan who is leading Justice and Development Party (AKP) has tried to keep satisfied the Western countries and Turkish Muslim people who constitute 98% of Turkish population. It seems that he is inclined both to West and Islam. This can be seen in his performance and decisions. For instance he abolishes the ban on Hijab in government offices and on the other hand he maintains alliances with West and Israel against Syria. It can be said that although these dual and conservative policies have not created serious problem for his government and even he has won the presidential elections, yet in the long run this paradox cannot last long because this contradictory identity and non-fulfillment of the majority of Turkey's population expectations will disappoint them and Erdogan cannot keep his hold on power for good. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - A Theoretical Evaluation of Relation of Responsibility to Protect and the Sovereignty of State from Constructivism Point of View
Mohammad Hossein Jamshidi Ahmad Soltani Nejad Nikbood MasoumzadehAbstract With the rise of problems by some states in international arena like genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, international institutions tried to stop the escalation and continuation of these behaviors and took preventive measures in MoreAbstract With the rise of problems by some states in international arena like genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, international institutions tried to stop the escalation and continuation of these behaviors and took preventive measures in this direction. In this regard “the doctrine of responsibility to protect” could be a good worldwide measure to counter the breach of the rights of humanities by the governments which do not abide by international norms. In order to do so the preventive measures should be strong enough to contain the power of the sovereignty of the states, so that the anomalies of some states behavior are controlled. But since this doctrine itself has some ambiguities, the present paper wants to discuss these aspects pertaining to this issue. The main question of the article is “what is the theoretical source of the doctrine”; which international relations theories can explain or provide better understanding of the positive or negative impacts of this doctrine in international interactions? The present article makes use of Alexander Wendt constructive theory and deductive method to examine the relation of sovereignty of the states and doctrine of responsibility to protect and how the intervention of world community in sovereign power of the states who do not abide by international norms, is effective in controlling international anomalies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Obstacles and Factors Impeding the Expansion of Relations between Azerbaijan Republic and Israel
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Behnaz Asadi kia SARA RAVAAbstract: Azerbaijan Republic as a member of Islamic Cooperation Organization (OIC) established relations with Israel soon after independence. Despite several protest and some internal and regional opposition the political, security, military and economic relations exp MoreAbstract: Azerbaijan Republic as a member of Islamic Cooperation Organization (OIC) established relations with Israel soon after independence. Despite several protest and some internal and regional opposition the political, security, military and economic relations expanded. The present paper studies the internal, regional and international factors that brought the two countries close to each other and have led to close cooperation between the two with different historical, geographical and religious background. It is a worthwhile example of developed politico-economic and technological relations. The main question raised by the paper is “what are the objectives, motivation and foreign policy priorities that encouraged Baku and Tel Aviv to expand their relations to this level?” Taking into consideration the non-existence of Azerbaijan Republic Embassy in Tel Aviv what are the obstacles on the way of expansion of relations of the two. The methodology in the paper is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
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43 - A Theoretical Framework for Analyzing the Behavior of ISIS
bahador aminian seyed hesam aldin zamaniAbstract ISIS group as a new demonstration of extremist fundamentalism has committed numerous crimes in Iraq, Syria and other countries under the pretext of reviving Islamic Caliphate. The ISIS as an effective actor in international relations and has played an increasi MoreAbstract ISIS group as a new demonstration of extremist fundamentalism has committed numerous crimes in Iraq, Syria and other countries under the pretext of reviving Islamic Caliphate. The ISIS as an effective actor in international relations and has played an increasing role in current international arena. Therefore, the question is whether various international theories can explain the motives, objectives, method and behavior of this terrorist group? The finding of the study shows that the behavior of extremist religious group are not based on a logical or rationality model, therefore, it is not easy to understand, control or manage them. On the other hand their behavioral rules are not in accordance with most basic assumption of international relations theories. Thus none of the mainstream and midstream theories can comprehensively analyze their behavior. Nevertheless, concepts from constructivist analytical framework with a view to sociological, normative, identity and cultural factors with emphasis on the role of discourses can provide a better ground for analyzing the identity-ideological groups. The present article by taking the help of factors that strengthen the collective identity shows that historical humiliation, disillusionment and fear of discontinuity of their identity, hostile surrounding community and operating material atmosphere have led to extremely violent behavior by ISIS group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Persian Language Seats and Stable Political Relations between Iran and Italy
Rahim khastu navid RasoliAbstract: The theory of constructivism in international relations considers language as one of the determinant of identity. Language reflects the culture of a nation. When there is similarity of this element with other nations it can bring them closer to each other. Ta MoreAbstract: The theory of constructivism in international relations considers language as one of the determinant of identity. Language reflects the culture of a nation. When there is similarity of this element with other nations it can bring them closer to each other. Taking into consideration the place of Persian language and Iranian culture in Italy it has close impact on political relations and ties between Iran and Italy. There are close relations between the seat of Persian language and durable relations between Iran and Italy. The present article wants to examine the impact of cultural potentials on political relations. The paper makes use of descriptive-analytical approach and the collection of data is by interview and questionnaire. In this ways the paper examines the importance of the influencing factors and determinants in shaping the durable relations and ties between the two countries. The finding of the study shows that Italian Iranologist politicians who have acquainted themselves with Iranian culture through Persian language have significant influence on stable political relations of the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - A Study of the Role of Identity in Relationship between Islamic Republic of Iran and the European Union
Gholamreza Karimi محسن کشوریانAbstract The political and economic influence of Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union in world and regional interaction can provide a suitable ground for expansion of cooperation and integration between the two but during the past three decades the relations bet MoreAbstract The political and economic influence of Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union in world and regional interaction can provide a suitable ground for expansion of cooperation and integration between the two but during the past three decades the relations between the two sides not only had great ups and downs but in certain period it had been strained. The purpose of the present article is to examine the role of identity elements that affect the relations of Iran and European Union and also the impact of social and identity element as disintegrative factors in relation between the two. The assumption is that after the Islamic revolution the relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union have been influenced by factors like identity, culture, values, norms and inter-subjective concepts. These influencing factors have led to different outlook and viewpoint towards global problems and pessimistic view towards each other which act as disintegrative factor in bilateral relations. The reason is that the values and norms of Islamic Republic of Iran are derived from Islamic-revolutionary identity which has formed after Islamic revolution. On the other hand the European Union values are based on European identity, liberal Western values and secularism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The Patterns of Turkish and Iranian Foreign Policy in the Latin American Region
Rahmat Hajimineh Mohammad OstadvaliLatin America as a geopolitical region has recently found a special place in Turkish and Iranian foreign policy. Given their proximity and competition in the Middle East, their presence in the region of Latin America and their strategy for this region is crucial and sig MoreLatin America as a geopolitical region has recently found a special place in Turkish and Iranian foreign policy. Given their proximity and competition in the Middle East, their presence in the region of Latin America and their strategy for this region is crucial and significant. So the main question in this article is, what are the patterns of Turkish and Iranian foreign policy in Latin America? In this regard, the main hypothesis of the paper is that Turkey's foreign policy model in the region of Latin America is based on economy motivations, while Iran's model in that region is identity-based and ideological one. In addition, the research findings show that due to the political changes especially the relocation of the ruling parties that the Latin American region is constantly experiencing, the economy-based model will be more effective in maintaining long-term relationships than the identity-based and ideological approach. Meanwhile, The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical with a comparative approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Explaining the Impact of Neo-Ottomanism on Changing the Nature of Turkish-Saudi Relations from Cooperation to Conflict in the Syrian Crisis (2019-2011)
Mohsen Yousefi Rahmat Hajimineh mohammadreza dehshiriTurkey-Saudi Arabia relations between the AKP and the establishment of theAKPin2002,and the adoption of a new foreign policy known as"neo-Ottomanism",have always fluctuated between competition and cooperation.From the beginning of the party's effectiveness and the adopt MoreTurkey-Saudi Arabia relations between the AKP and the establishment of theAKPin2002,and the adoption of a new foreign policy known as"neo-Ottomanism",have always fluctuated between competition and cooperation.From the beginning of the party's effectiveness and the adoption of a new foreign policy by Ankara, and the beginning of the crisis in Syria,the nature of bilateral relations was cooperative,but as the crisis continued and intensified,Turkey preferred a direct military presence in Syria.The conflict changed and paved the way for a confrontation with Riyadh.TheTurkish military presence itself changed many of the equations in the region and the calculations of the countries,and Saudi Arabia also sought to reduce Iran's influence in the region and Syria.In this article,with an analytical-descriptive method, we seek to explain and answer the question of how neo-Ottomanism has changed the nature of relations between the two countries in the new foreign policy of Turkey and in relations with other countries,especially Saudi Arabia.In the Syrian crisis,the country has competed and fought in the form of cooperation.In answer to this question,we will use the hypothesis that neo-Ottomanism in the Syrian crisis,by creating a conflict of interests and goals,changed the nature of relations between Riyadh and Ankara from the form of cooperation to conflict. Manuscript profile -
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48 - A Comparative Study of the Factors of the Continuation of Iran's Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean)Era Safavid and Islamic Republic(
Ali Khorsandi اعظم ملاییSince the Safavid era, the Eastern Mediterranean region, has affected the Iran's national security and interests. The current research seeks to answer the question, "What are the components of the continuity of Iran's foreign policy in the Eastern Mediter MoreSince the Safavid era, the Eastern Mediterranean region, has affected the Iran's national security and interests. The current research seeks to answer the question, "What are the components of the continuity of Iran's foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Safavid period and the Islamic Republic?" The temporary answer that the researchers put forward as a hypothesis is that "Security-strategic needs and cultural-religious commonalities have been the most important reasons for the continuity of Iran's foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the difference in Iran's approach to Europe has been one of the differences between Iran's policy in the two periods." The findings show that the similarity of the type and role identity of the Safavid statesmen and the Islamic Republic of Iran led to the definition of common interests and similar foreign policy approaches by them. Iran's continuous strategic competition with other regional powers and the need to contain their threats far from the borders, the role of Shiites in the Eastern Mediterranean in advancing Iran's goals, economic interests and the dependence of Iran's geopolitical competition on identity and ideology are the most important reasons for the continuity of Iran's foreign policy during the two periods. Manuscript profile -
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49 - A Survey of the Attitudes of Americans and Iranians toward Iran’s Nuclear Issue
جلیل بیات سید جلال دهقانی فیروزآبادیAbstract Most studies done about the nuclear program of Iran have used realism as theoretical framework to deal with relations of states and statesmen. They have neglected the impact of ideational elements like social inclination, attitudes and the social context. One MoreAbstract Most studies done about the nuclear program of Iran have used realism as theoretical framework to deal with relations of states and statesmen. They have neglected the impact of ideational elements like social inclination, attitudes and the social context. One of the ideational forces which has impact on politics is beliefs and attitudes in the society which they call it public opinion. From the viewpoint of constructivist all the social phenomenon including foreign policy decisions are socially constructed. This rule applies to nuclear issue of Iran as well. Since political decisions are not made in vacuum, they are strongly influenced by values and norms of the society. The present article wants to examine and analyze the United States and Iran's point of view on Iran's nuclear issue based on public opinion polls and surveys which were conducted in both countries and it also tries to find out how they affect and shape the views and perceptions of the decision makers in both the countries. Manuscript profile -
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50 - From Cultural Relations to Cultural Theory of International Relations: A Review of Culture in International Relations
Farhad Atai Nasim Sadat Vasei ZadehAfter decades of neglecting the role of culture in international relations, in recent years again attention has been paid to this factor. Nevertheless, once the discussion about the role and place of culture in international relations and politics arises there are diffe MoreAfter decades of neglecting the role of culture in international relations, in recent years again attention has been paid to this factor. Nevertheless, once the discussion about the role and place of culture in international relations and politics arises there are different and at time misleading interpretation about the concept. The aim of the present article is to identify the links between culture and international relations. For this reason the article examines different texts which have focused on the subjects of culture and international relations. The study shows that although the scope of culture includes cultural policy priorities in foreign policy and thus cultural relations of nations, it is far from being limited to that. The impact of culture on foreign policy decision making, the role of cultural differences, as in looking into international system, in making misunderstandings, disputes and conflicts cover some other aspects of the relevancy. Finally the classification comes to an end by reviewing Ned Lebow’s cultural theory of international relations Manuscript profile -
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51 - The Relations of Identity and Interest in Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammad Jaafar Javadi ArjmandThe foreign policy of different countries can be evaluated on the basis of several approaches. According to constructivist approach the structure of international system and the foreign policy behavior of the countries are not something predetermined but it is the outco MoreThe foreign policy of different countries can be evaluated on the basis of several approaches. According to constructivist approach the structure of international system and the foreign policy behavior of the countries are not something predetermined but it is the outcome of constant interaction of structures and actors which act according to their subjective value system and eventually create a reality in a common mentality. In reply to the question that the relation between constructivism and foreign policy can be analyzed one can say that the relations between identity and interests in foreign policy behavior or Islamic Republic of Iran can be studies within the framework of the triple orders viz. realistic, liberalistic and constructivist. The finding of the study shows that among the foreign policy behavior of the Islamic Republic of Iran indexes and the triple orders, the constructivist approach is more prominent due to her normative and revisionist behavior. Manuscript profile -
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52 - The Relation of Health and Violence and Pathology in International Politics
Majid Tavassoli Mojtabi Ayobi MehriziThe present article examines the relation between health and instances of violence and pathology in international politics arena. The science of political psychology and bio-politics explains the relations between health and political behavior. Freud pays attention to p MoreThe present article examines the relation between health and instances of violence and pathology in international politics arena. The science of political psychology and bio-politics explains the relations between health and political behavior. Freud pays attention to psychological root of behavior and believes that there are sickness roots for behavior. Carl Jung later adds common memory and collective unconsciousness to Freud theory and is of the view that lack of collective health can have a role in social behavior. Among theoretical explanation in international relations critical theories and in particular constructivism pays attention to the process of understanding and its role in behavior. But the emphasis on macro level approach and tendency towards considering the individual and societies as identical hinders the attention to the role of health of mind in understanding and behavior in international arena. The authors of the article are of the view that the conditions of the health of leaders and societies have a determining role in understanding and behavior in international arena. Violence and damage in international politics get are influenced by the condition of the health of actors. Since none of the theories of international relations cannot exclusively provide suitable framework for the topic of health, therefore the present article by the help of psychological findings, bio-politics, medicine, critical theory, constructivism and also by presenting objective evidence examines the hypothesis or relations between health with violence and pathology in international politics and shows the actual relation between the two. The paper in addition to the emphasis it puts on health of people and societies it reiterates the necessity of theory building and formulation of new theoretical framework for paying attention to role of health in the study of international relations. Manuscript profile -
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53 - Adherence to International Rules from the Viewpoint of Normative Theories (Text in Persian)
Mehdi Zakerian Hossein Mofidi AhmadiThe international relations theories give different viewpoints about the reason and the quality of adherence or non-adherence of international and domestic actors to rules of international system. These theories are divided into two categories on the basis of the logic MoreThe international relations theories give different viewpoints about the reason and the quality of adherence or non-adherence of international and domestic actors to rules of international system. These theories are divided into two categories on the basis of the logic of affecting the behavior conforming to the rules. In spite of the normative viewpoints of English school and theories based on legitimacy of rules, constructivism as one of the current dynamic approaches in international relations has played an important role in explaining the concept of adherence. The common point in constructivist’s viewpoints regarding the question of adherence is the concept of socialization and internalizing norms and rules but they present different mechanism about adherence, mechanism like acculturation or normative coercion and convincing. Manuscript profile -
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54 - The Methodology of Constructivism in International Relations
Jahangir Moeini Alamdari Abdollah RasekhiIn the present article after examining the supra theoretical foundations, the view point of constructivism on international relations, foreign policy and culture are evaluated. It seems that a new constructivist epistemology and ontological debate is coming up in intern MoreIn the present article after examining the supra theoretical foundations, the view point of constructivism on international relations, foreign policy and culture are evaluated. It seems that a new constructivist epistemology and ontological debate is coming up in international relations. The present article discusses the consequences of this debate for international order, international institutions, world culture and identities. The article raises the question that on what bases the constructive methodology operates? The underlying hypothesis is that in constructivism the reality is derived from subjective social foundation and it is the product of the interaction of the structure-agent and then the consequences of this interpretation of the analysis of international relations and the performance of the governments in international politics are examined and finally the function of culture in the constructivist formation of international system is studied. Manuscript profile -
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55 - The Role of Identity in Iraq’s (post- Saddam) Challenges and Iran’s Foreign Policy Orientation
مسلم حقی Mohammad Yousefi Jouybari,With the collapse of Iraq’s previous political structures by US invasion in 2003, all political and social institutions based on Ba'ath party ideology were dismantled and Iraq entered into a new phase. The democracy entrance in Iraq began in 2003 and led to an acc MoreWith the collapse of Iraq’s previous political structures by US invasion in 2003, all political and social institutions based on Ba'ath party ideology were dismantled and Iraq entered into a new phase. The democracy entrance in Iraq began in 2003 and led to an acceptable political participation level with the constitution drafting in 2005 and with various election holding by people direct voting. Iraq’s entrance into the new phase has made regional actors sensitive to their future, including Iran. Iraq’s domestic ethnic-religious characteristics and geographical location have tied its events to its neighbors and international actors. The political structure, social realities and the lack of comprehensive identity to achieve political order have created many challenges in current Iraq. These challenges in various political, social, ethnic-religious, security, etc. dimensions have disturbed the forming of a national identity process in Iraq and created the necessary ground for terrorism and terrorist groups’ emergence and creation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of identity in Iraq’s (post- Saddam) challenges and Iran’s foreign policy orientation applying Constructivism Theory. The descriptive-analytical method and library resources used in collecting data and information. Manuscript profile -
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56 - The Role of Dialogue in the Relationship between Master and Devotee in Mantiq-u-Tayr; Based on Theory of Constructivism
Effat Sadat Ghafouri Gholamreza Pirouz Siavash Haghjoo Soheila HashemiDialogue has opened a new horizon for reading texts in literature. By using dialogue, Attār of Nishapur has tried to explain the relationship between master and devotee, so to interpret spiritual journey (Suluk) and transformation of personality. Also, in education ther MoreDialogue has opened a new horizon for reading texts in literature. By using dialogue, Attār of Nishapur has tried to explain the relationship between master and devotee, so to interpret spiritual journey (Suluk) and transformation of personality. Also, in education there is a kind of verbal and intelligible interaction between master and devotee that helps to reach the devotee to intelligible and personal perfection. So, it seems that we can find some reasonable interactions between spiritual journey (Suluk) and education in analyzing the relationship between master and devotee. Based on theory of constructivism, the present article attempts to re-read the relationship between them and to analyze the story regarding the journey of the birds towards Simorq. We focus on the dialogue as an element that provides coherence, and consider the functions of this theory. Emphasizing on dialogue helps to know the importance of the other, as well as organizing and partnership. Manuscript profile -
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57 - The repercussions of Rouhani’s foreign policy for Iran’s International Relations
mohammadreza saremi alireza rezaei ghasem torabiA constructive interaction with the world was introduced by Rouhani’s administration as the main focus, for its foreign policy. This policy was adopted in response to the diplomacy of the ninth and tenth administrations. The constructive policy of the new administ MoreA constructive interaction with the world was introduced by Rouhani’s administration as the main focus, for its foreign policy. This policy was adopted in response to the diplomacy of the ninth and tenth administrations. The constructive policy of the new administration has some principles and constituents. In this study, much effort is consumed to both address the features of a constructive interaction and introduce the 11th and 12th administrations’ foreign policy and to analyze the repercussions of these administrations’ foreign policy for Iran’s international relations.Concerning the topic under study, in this argument the following question is answered: what repercussions will be brought for Iran’s international relations by Rouhani’s approach to constructive interaction in his foreign policy? The findings suggest that the outcomes of Rouhani’s constructive interaction model of foreign policy have been averse to its international relations.Donald Trump’s move into the white House, his definition of a hostile policy toward Iran and launching a maximum pressure campaign on Iran, the US’s unilateral departure from the JCPOA ( the joint comprehensive Plan of Action or “ Iran nuclear deai “ ), regional favoritistic policies of Tramp’s administration were all disadvantageous to Iran. These disadvantages include Hebro – Arabic trends, imposition of sanction regimes as secondary sanctions, the European pendulous treatment of its obligations toward the JCPOA and no comprehensive policy on the part of Russia and China as the non-European signatories to the Iran nuclear deal. In this study, a constructivist approach is a dopted as it’s theoretical framework. Manuscript profile -
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58 - The role of public diplomacy in the growth and development of economic relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq(in the post-ISIS period 1400-1396)
Seyed Hamid Seyed Taghizadeh mahnaz goodarziTehran-Baghdad economic relations in the post-ISIS period, by some social and identity challenges Like Arab and non-Arab issues, Shiite-Sunni challenges in the Sunni regions, the existence of Iranophobic ideas, differences in economic lifestyle, vulnerability Has been e MoreTehran-Baghdad economic relations in the post-ISIS period, by some social and identity challenges Like Arab and non-Arab issues, Shiite-Sunni challenges in the Sunni regions, the existence of Iranophobic ideas, differences in economic lifestyle, vulnerability Has been encountered. Therefore, given the importance of Iraq among the economic partners of Iran, reducing these challenges is very important for maintaining and developing economic relations between Iran and Iraq. Meanwhile, public diplomacy, which plays an important role in reducing identity gaps with foreign audiences, has been used mainly by Tehran to strengthen political and cultural relations with Iraq. Therefore, this study sought to answer the question, "What role does public diplomacy play in the iran's economic relations with Iraq?"Findings show that regulating the public diplomacy of Iran towards Iraq, In proportion to the existing social and identity challenges in the path of bilateral economic cooperations, Will have a positive impact on maintaining and developing bilateral interactions in this area. Accordingly, the preservation and development of Tehran-Baghdad economic relations by reducing different ideas and subsequently strengthening the common economic, cultural and political identity, by influencing the identity of the elites and the economic system of Iraq, Managing different business ethics and influencing the tastes of Iraqi consumers, reducing the effects of ethnic, religious and historical challenges on economic interactions, reducing the consequences of Iranophobia of rival countries on economic and trade activities, is including the results of public diplomacy to development of economic relations.This research is a qualitative research and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
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59 - Place of Culture in Common European Identity and the European Union Integration
حیبب اله ابوالحسن شیرازی حمید نیکوAbstract Common European identity can be defined as a set of secular-based cultures and values shared by all the citizens of the European Union. Theoretically, there is a European identity alongside other national or cultural identities, and in fact, people have the ide MoreAbstract Common European identity can be defined as a set of secular-based cultures and values shared by all the citizens of the European Union. Theoretically, there is a European identity alongside other national or cultural identities, and in fact, people have the identity of hierarchical and multi-layered identity in terms of national or cultural significance. Strengthening a common European identity in which the Europe Union's people consider secularism-based culture as the base of their political, social, cultural and economic values and norms, is vital for the long-term integrity of EU. EU member states, despite religious and cultural similarities and commonalities, have subcultures which have led to their own identity. As a result, they have a different strategic culture and strategic priorities. This different strategic culture is among the key factors that made these countries, especially in times of crisis, not reach a coherent security and defence policy. For analysing the various aspects of culture in Europe and the place and its impact on a common European identity, on basis of the theory of constructivism and strategic culture approach, we can say the secularism-based culture can be considered as a core layer of common European identity and has played a fundamental role in EU integration and also considered the main criteria for the admission of new members to EU. Manuscript profile -
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60 - Promoting the Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in the Context of International Relations Theory (with Emphasis on English School)
Seyyed Abdolali Qvam Rahman Najafi SayyarThe concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, MoreThe concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, and under the circumstances, interference in their internal affairs applied. Accordingly, the occurrence of widespread human rights crimes during the Cold War in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, Somalia and etc., humanitarian interventions put in its agenda to prevention of genocide, torture and rape of human rights and. In this regard, various theorists of international relations theoretical were effort to understand the emergence of these interventions. Theorists using different theories such as realism, constructivism, liberalism, and have tried to explain the concept of this phenomenon. In this regard, the present paper Tries to analyzes the humanitarian intervention and it promotion to "responsibility to protect" in the context of pluralism and solidarism English School and trends of solidarism and pluralism English School Manuscript profile -
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61 - Iran's Response to Challenges and International Sanctions from the Perspective of Constructionist
Zohreh Balazadeh Amrollah Ashrafi Farhad BaraniThe main objective of this paper is to examine the issue of sanctions on Iran by the West and Iran's negative action to these sanctions. Since 2002 onwards, the problem between Iran and the West that has become a major challenge. The argument of this article is that Wes MoreThe main objective of this paper is to examine the issue of sanctions on Iran by the West and Iran's negative action to these sanctions. Since 2002 onwards, the problem between Iran and the West that has become a major challenge. The argument of this article is that Westerns are trying to convince Iran with their various sanctions in line with its strategic objectives. But, Iran has not shown positive action against the Sanctions, so Iran has turned into a negative action. In fact, Western countries, especially America and Europe in dealing with Iran has focused on Western values, such as Considering Israel's security, containing Iran and ignoring Iran's nuclear rights. Against, Iran says these acts and increased sanctions are a step in direction of political instability and reduce their national security coefficient. So the authors tried to reviews this topic from the perspective of Constructivism. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Constructivism analysis of Turkish new foreign policy and competition with the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammadmansour Azimzadeh Hossein Masoudnia Javad EmamjomezadehAbstract: By Turkey's Islamists coming to power in 2002 and the victory of Justice and Development Party, a model of foreign policy making has been formed by political leaders of this country titled "Neo-Ottomanism". Components ruling this policy-making were "zeroing pr MoreAbstract: By Turkey's Islamists coming to power in 2002 and the victory of Justice and Development Party, a model of foreign policy making has been formed by political leaders of this country titled "Neo-Ottomanism". Components ruling this policy-making were "zeroing problems with neighbors" on one hand, and efforts to provide new face of Muslim Turkey as "model of democracy, freedom and human rights" in Middle East and other peripheral regions of this country. The aim of Neo-Ottomanism was revival of the cultural, political, economic and even military influence of the country on regions that were considered part of Ottoman Empire in near historical past. Adopting and persuasion of this policy led to increase in influence of this country in Middle East, especially in Arabic revolutions and faces Iranian traditional and strategic areas and interests in Middle East to create major issues in bilateral relations of two countries. Investigation of why and how this meeting of interests that are mainly affected by foreign policy of Neo-Ottomanism of Turkey is the aim of this study. The research findings gathered by cross-sectional study, and using library resources and documents in constructivism theory suggest that the norms and identity of Turkey's Islamist government policy makers are in conflict with Iranian policymakers, so, it is observed that Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism would meet of interests between the two countries in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Iran Common Hydro-Politics Challenges with Iraq & Afghanistan: The Case Study of Hirmand/Helmand & Arvand/Shatt Al-Arab From 2001 - 2010
Hamid Pishgah Hadian Alireza Hejazi Abstract The research aiming to analyze, describe water interactions between Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan from 2001 to 2010. International Security process depends on variety of Independent Variables. Water is one of those Strategic parameters. Indeed, Water can play More Abstract The research aiming to analyze, describe water interactions between Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan from 2001 to 2010. International Security process depends on variety of Independent Variables. Water is one of those Strategic parameters. Indeed, Water can play as a fundamental source of peace, security & conflict among UN member states foreign policy. Nonetheless, U.S. is Iran's neighbor after Mexico and Canada inside occupied Afghanistan and Iraq. Is it a threat? Water scarcity in a region can generate variety of insecurities. Global threads like dust storms, drug, HIV Aids, terrorism, pollution, poverty and environmental crisis, can travel easily around the world and moving across national borders. In opposition, human security paradigm, introduce variety of different type of security, like economical, political, social, health, personal, environmental security. Human security has not any link with weapon. "Human security entails basic material needs, human dignity, Human security describes a condition of existence in which basic material needs are met and in which human dignity, including meaningful participation in the life of the community, can be met". Promoting basin wide human security, not only, for Iran's people, but also for neighbors, would bring peace, security and stability Manuscript profile -
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64 - Delivery of constructivist theory from international relations to political science topics
Majid Hosseini Sayadnavard mohammadreza mayeliA common feature among constructivists is the attention to the formative and structured relationship between structure and agent. Now the question is whether it is possible to use the components and research variables of constructivist theory in the field of internal st MoreA common feature among constructivists is the attention to the formative and structured relationship between structure and agent. Now the question is whether it is possible to use the components and research variables of constructivist theory in the field of internal studies of a country and in the field of political science? On the other hand, considering that the main sources of ontology and epistemology of constructivism in the field of international relations research are in the fields of sociology, psychology and philosophy of science, it is possible that among the various branches of constructivism, total constructivism Used orientalism in explaining the internal issues of a country and in this way the nature and continuity of power relations; Identity sources of domestic and foreign policy; The role of identity components in daily life and popular beliefs and political culture; Investigating power relations based on identity and cultural components; The role of media, social networks and globalization in daily life, political beliefs and governance in a country; Examining the sources of sustained legitimacy of a political, formative and structured system of relations between the structure and the agent in a country; Can be considered as the most important fields of research in political science based on constructivist theory. Due to the fundamental and at the same time practical purpose of the research subject, the methodology of the research is interpretive and interpretive in which in order to answer the main question of the hypothesis, the library, documentary and historical research methods are inductive, comparative and in Some interrogative cases are used. Manuscript profile -
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65 - Iran and European Union Relations after Coming to Power of the E Iran and European Union Relations after Coming to Power of the Eleventh Government
اردشیر سنائی رومیسا رحمتی مقدم Abstract European countries majorly have been interested in the establishment the relations and using the economical capacities of Iran since the beginning of the revolution till now. Although during the past 36 years the mutual relations have passed various ups More Abstract European countries majorly have been interested in the establishment the relations and using the economical capacities of Iran since the beginning of the revolution till now. Although during the past 36 years the mutual relations have passed various ups and downs including inimical and friendly. With the start of Iran's nuclear case, European countries tried to keep themselves in the center of the relations between Iran and IAEA. Finally accompany of Europe and the US sent Iran's nuclear case to the Security Council. But the eleventh presidential election period in Iran caused the new stage of relations between Iran and the European Union. To design of the discussions such as moderation, detent, confidence building and constructive interactions with the international system from the Iran's government have been acclaimed by the European countries. The European Union in the framework of 5+1 group again started the negotiations for the peaceful settlement of the Iran's nuclear case. Finally the negotiations were led to the temporary Geneva agreement in November 2014.The negotiations are continuing to reach a comprehensive agreement after twice extend. Thus it can be said that Iran has privilege from especial situation in European countries foreign policy. Therefore in this article we intend to present an analytical framework to study the relations between Iran and EU after coming to power of the eleventh government. The main question of this article is that how can the relations between Iran and EU after coming to power of the eleventh government be explained from the analytical-theoretical aspect? Manuscript profile -
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66 - A Comparative Study to Iran - Turkey's Foreign Policy toward Syrian Crisis base on Constructivism Theory
mohammad mahmoodikia Abbas Farhadi Abstract: The Syrian crisis has been one of the most devastating and the most complicated issues of international concerns over the past decades. A crisis that, due to the prolonged time, multiplicity of actors in it, as well as a conflict of interests has conver More Abstract: The Syrian crisis has been one of the most devastating and the most complicated issues of international concerns over the past decades. A crisis that, due to the prolonged time, multiplicity of actors in it, as well as a conflict of interests has converted to an arena for rivalry of the regional and world powers. In this regard, Iran and Turkey, as two powerful regional actors, have a great influence on the political and political developments in the crisis. Iran seeks to ensure the survival of resistance in the region, to increase its credibility and influence in the region and the Islamic world, and to promote its international standing, while Turkey, due to some geopolitical concerns, has pursued its strategic depth of policy and its promotion as the leadership of the Islamic world within the framework of Revives the glory of the Ottoman Empire. Given the high role played by normative components in defining the foreign policy behavior of these two influential actors, this study is due to constructive analysis of the foreign-policy action of Iran and Turkey towards the Syrian crisis in 2011-2017. The question posed in this regard relies on the proposition that due to the different construction of the identities and interests of these two actors, we see different patterns of behavior in this case, which witnesses, through common security threats, some effects of cooperation and, as a result of the basic identity issues, witnessed effects of oppression And compete. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Constructivist Understanding ofInternational Terrorism
رضا سیمبر رضا رحم دل مهسا فلاح Abstract Structure for understanding the behaviour of terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, which combines the analytical approach and methodology in the field of spiritual and material factors are also areas provides an opportunity to delve deeper study o More Abstract Structure for understanding the behaviour of terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, which combines the analytical approach and methodology in the field of spiritual and material factors are also areas provides an opportunity to delve deeper study of violent behaviour down the group. Hence, the identity structures - mentality, these groups were assessed and the physical structures noted. Post-ideological world, the security of the international system and its arrangements and the formation of groups in modern structures will discuss and evaluate. In this regard, structure based on domination and illegitimate governments in shaping the Islamic Extremist and sectarian groups involved were plentiful. This paper attempts to study al-Qaeda and similar groups from a new perspective and a new approach. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Analyzing the Impact of the Elements of the Rouhani Government's Moderate Discourse on the Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the European Union
Ali Mohammad Mottaqi Seyed Ali Tabatabai PanahMr. Rouhani's plan for moderation as the president of the 11th and 12th governments, along with interactive and flexible approaches, was welcomed by the EU countries, and with the start of the nuclear talks that led to the nuclear deal, a new chapter of cooperation and MoreMr. Rouhani's plan for moderation as the president of the 11th and 12th governments, along with interactive and flexible approaches, was welcomed by the EU countries, and with the start of the nuclear talks that led to the nuclear deal, a new chapter of cooperation and Opened interaction with the European Union. Assessing the relations between the parties from the period of 1392 until now shows that all the factors and variables of the discourse in the foreign policy of Mr. Rouhani's government towards a kind of realism in the sense of understanding the international scene and acting based on the country's interests and capacities and avoiding They have played a role in ideologizing issues and improving relations. In the framework of constructivist theory and content analysis, this article intends to explain the effective elements of Mr. Rouhani's government's moderation discourse that have influenced relations with the European Union. All the elements of this discourse evoke approaches to de-escalation and interaction with the world and presenting a responsible and committed face to international laws and regulations, which, by raising these issues, fundamentally changes the EU's belief in the Islamic Republic's foreign policy. Iran was created and shifted foreign policy and bilateral relations from past confrontational approaches to engagement and detente. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Interpretative Construction of Security in terms of Constructivism
Hassan Eivazzadeh ArdebiliConstructivism is as a new and exquisite view in the contemporary international relations. It seems to be as a mainstream alternative which can enough to stop the rationalist ideas that they pay. In this respect, the aim is security issue and its changes in the post Col MoreConstructivism is as a new and exquisite view in the contemporary international relations. It seems to be as a mainstream alternative which can enough to stop the rationalist ideas that they pay. In this respect, the aim is security issue and its changes in the post Cold War. The author attempts to evaluate the security issue in view of Constructivism which seem to indicate between different identities and security in interaction with the rules and norms intellectual and cultural world of contemporary international relations will be developed. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Multilateral Culturalism: An Interactive Model in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Maryam Derakhshandeh lazarjani mohamadreza dehshiri The present era in the world of communication and the move towards global civilization has made cultural diplomacy a special manifestation of the elements and components of foreign policy and the effective and sustained engagement in today's world. One of the re More The present era in the world of communication and the move towards global civilization has made cultural diplomacy a special manifestation of the elements and components of foreign policy and the effective and sustained engagement in today's world. One of the requirements of this diplomacy is a multilateralist approach to foreign policy that is rooted in the theory of constructivism aimed at building friendly and lasting relationships through an approach of cooperating mechanisms between governments and inviting their communities to learn from each other in constructing cultural attitudes. The article answers the question of how the multicultural approach to cultural foreign policy in the international arena promotes the Iranian mobility? Within the framework of the analytical-descriptive approach to the hypothesis that the paper seeks to test is multilateral cultural foreign policy through the promotion of the dynamics of material and spiritual structures based on the dialectical synthesis of Iranian, Islamic and modern identity layers within the context of a super-discourse. An identity in the name of the Islamic Revolution, as well as an interactive-understanding view of cultural complementarity and synergy within the framework of international institutions, fosters the promotion of Iranian mobility on the international scene. Manuscript profile -
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71 - The Marine Silk Road and its role in cultural-civilizational dialogue of Persian Gulf residents
mohamadmahdi mazaheri azam molaeiPersian Gulf waterway that runs along the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Peninsula, located between Iran and the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay is the world's third largest bay. Persian Gulf because of its oil and gas rich, important and strategic international and regiona MorePersian Gulf waterway that runs along the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Peninsula, located between Iran and the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay is the world's third largest bay. Persian Gulf because of its oil and gas rich, important and strategic international and regional level regarded and can give strength and strategic position to promote the coastal countries. However there are some differences in identity and political orientation with the rest of the countries, due to aggressive and interactive approach they have been in the area. The present study sought to examine ways to increase collaboration among Persian Gulf countries and seeks to assess the influence of the revival of the Marine Silk Road on the cultural and civilizational cooperation among Persian Gulf states. The findings suggest that the revival of the Silk Road in the sea can increase economic relations, communications and tourist region, and by changing our inter subjective images of nations and states in the region, it promotes the level of cooperation and relations between them in terms of political and cultural issues. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Constructive Reflection on the Role of Identity in the Defense Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran with Emphasis on Defense Self-Sufficiency
Ali ajorlo mojtaba maqsodiVarious internal and external variables influence defense policy. Beliefs, values, historical experiences of nations and defense ideas are the most important identities that influence defense policy. A review of the defense and security developments in the Islamic Repub MoreVarious internal and external variables influence defense policy. Beliefs, values, historical experiences of nations and defense ideas are the most important identities that influence defense policy. A review of the defense and security developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran indicates that defense self-sufficiency is one of the most important orientations of its defense policy in the past four decades. The present study was conducted in the form of a qualitative approach and its data were collected through a combined method (libraries and interviews).The data were analyzed using 'content analysis' method and establishing correlation between axial statements. According to the results obtained, historical experiences and the rule of “mustache negation” are the most important identity variables affecting self-sufficiency in Iran; this role-Playing is done by understanding the national role of the "independent state"; the cultural approach, centered on constructivism theory, is an appropriate theoretical framework for analyzing Iran's defense policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - An analysis in "Umm-al-qura"Doctrine in the Foreign policy of IR.IRAN
Mohammadreza Rashid kordestani Alireza AzghandiThe subject of this article is the study of the Umm al-Qura theory (doctrine) of Mohammad Javad Larijani in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question in this article is: what is the doctrine of Umm al-Qura? In response to this question, the f MoreThe subject of this article is the study of the Umm al-Qura theory (doctrine) of Mohammad Javad Larijani in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question in this article is: what is the doctrine of Umm al-Qura? In response to this question, the foreign policy environment is examined during its design period, its main assumptions and propositions are extracted, the concepts used in each proposition are defined based on the theorist's approach, and according to its civilized approach, the hierarchy of identity and the role of Islamic identity in it are determined. Next, the capabilities of this doctrine will be examined and in the end, this question will be addressed: How does the identity of foreign policy in this period construct and how do the interactive structures (micro) influence the identity of the agent (Islamic Republic)? The main hypothesis in this study is that the “Umm al-Qura doctrine” is the reflection of the effects of intersubjective, subjective and objective structures on the characteristics of the agent, especially on its identity as of the year 1984 onwards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Iran's Influence on the Formation of Islamic Jihad in Palestine Since the Inception to 1376
Hossein Masuodnia Saeed Ghorbani TazekandiIran's Islamic Revolution of revolutions of the world's most prominent effect is a very profound and deep inside Iran and the international system has ,, the event had a great impact on the awakening of the Muslim world and the revival of religious belief.Including grou MoreIran's Islamic Revolution of revolutions of the world's most prominent effect is a very profound and deep inside Iran and the international system has ,, the event had a great impact on the awakening of the Muslim world and the revival of religious belief.Including groups that were directly influenced by the Islamic Revolution, Islamic Jihad in Palestine, One of the achievements in the region and the world, exporting the Islamic Revolution in Iran is within the Invitations issued in the foreign policy agenda has placed itself after the Islamic Revolution in Iran's foreign policy govern the different patterns on the different views In connection with the issuance of the revolution, and the revolution of the patterns, type and amount of support for Islamist movements Was different, the Palestinian militant group Islamic groups is one of the discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Revolution has been In the study. the authors sought to use analytical methods influential Islamic Republic of Iran in Group Palestinian Islamic Jihad Islamic Jihad from the Big Bang until the builders have analyzed and It is a question that the author seeks review process of the formation of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Islamic Republic of Iran has what effect? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - A model of an environmental ethics curriculum based on social constructivism in the second high school
Hanieh khodadadi Esmat Rasoli Vahid FallahThe aim of the present study is to design a model of environmental ethics curriculum based on social constructivism in the second high school. In this study, inductive content analysis method of inductive type was used. The participants were selected using a targeted sa MoreThe aim of the present study is to design a model of environmental ethics curriculum based on social constructivism in the second high school. In this study, inductive content analysis method of inductive type was used. The participants were selected using a targeted sampling method and a theoretical saturation criterion, which selected 15 professors and specialists. In fact, the participants were selected based on their experience in the field of environmental ethics curriculum. A semi-structured individual interview was used to collect data. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by open, central and selective coding methods. The results of the analysis of the interviews obtained by experts indicate that the environmental ethics curriculum in the second high school is not sufficiently desirable and has weaknesses. The characteristics of the elements of the environmental ethics curriculum based on social constructivism for purpose, content and strategies of teaching-learning and evaluation were also pointed out, and the pattern of the ecological ethics-based environmental ethics curriculum was designed. The results show that all the elements and components of the educational program interact with each other and there is a relationship between the environmental ethics curriculum and the social constructivism, and the social constructivism is sufficient to increase the capabilities of the environmental ethics curriculum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Designing Smart School Patterns Based on the Constructivist Approach
mohammad rezaei amine ahmadi Mehdi BagheriThis study aimed to design a smart school model based on the constructivist approach. The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of data collection is a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research. Statistical population in the qualitative section included ac MoreThis study aimed to design a smart school model based on the constructivist approach. The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of data collection is a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research. Statistical population in the qualitative section included academic experts and experts in the field of smart schools and in the quantitative section all teachers and principals of smart schools in 1397. Sample size was estimated in theoretical saturation (30) in qualitative section and 357 in quantitative section. Purposeful sampling and stratified random sampling were used for quantitative sampling. Data were collected through qualitative interviews and quantitative researcher-made questionnaires based on 5-point scale. For data analysis, Cronbach's alpha, AVE, AVE matrix, Kolmogorov Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results resulted in the identification of 5 components and 44 indicators, including 5 influential components including curriculum (hidden and explicit), school environment, teacher (individual factors and professional competencies), school principal and teaching staff (knowledge, skills, and training). Attitude) affect. Other results showed that the priority of the identified components were: curriculum (hidden and explicit) (0.57), school environment (0.55), teacher (individual factors and professional competencies) (0.44), school administrator and educational staff (0.33) and education (knowledge, skills and attitudes) (0.12). Also, its degree of fitness was confirmed by experts with 95% confidence. Manuscript profile
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