Sultan

Open Access Article

1 - The Influence of Iranian Traditions on the Delhi Sultans Administration
Fardin Mehrabi Kalli Mohsen Massumi

Cultural, economic and social relationships between Iran and India were more expanded during Delhi Sultanate. So that, Iranian's influence over Delhi Sultanate territory increased to a great extent in various fields such as politics, culture, economy, and administration More

Cultural, economic and social relationships between Iran and India were more expanded during Delhi Sultanate. So that, Iranian's influence over Delhi Sultanate territory increased to a great extent in various fields such as politics, culture, economy, and administration. Turkish servants, as the founders of Delhi Sultanate, were proud of their presence of Ghaznavid and Ghori reigns and were familiar with the Persian administrative system before Delhi's declaration of independence. Persian bureaucrats emigrated from Iran and Transoxania to Delhi and involved in official and administrative duties. As a result, during Delhi Sultanate, administrative system was significantly affected by Persian and Islamic traditions which then mixed with the native and local customs and traditions of India. This article deals with the influence of Iranian bureaucracy on administrative system of Delhi Sultanate.   Keywords: Administration, Sultans of Delhi, Persian traditions, India.             References ʿAbdallāh, Tarīkh-i Dāwūdī, Revised by Shaykh Abd al- Rashīd, Aligarh Muslim University, 1954/ 1333. Abdul Walikhan, Gold And Silver Coins Of Sultans Of Delhi, The Andhra Pradesh State Museum, Hyderabad, The Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1974. ʿAfīf, Shams Sirādj, Tarīkh-i Fīrūz Shāhī, Revised by Wilāyat Husayn, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr, 2006/ 1385. Anwar al- Rifāī, Muḥammad, Tashkīlāt-i Islāmī, trans. Seyyed Jamal Mousavi, Mashhad, Behnashr, 2014/ 1393. Badāyūnī, Abd al- Ḳādir, Muntakhab al- tawārīkh, Revised by Mawlawī Aḥmad Alī Ṣāhib, Tehran, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries, 2001/ 1380. Baranī, Ḍiyā al- Dīn, Tarīkh-i Fīrūzshāhī, Revised by Mawlawī Sayyid Aḥmad Khān, Kolkata, , Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1862/ 1240. Ibid, Fatāwāī-yi Djahāndārī, Revised by Afsar Salim Khan, Lahore, Iran Pakistan Institute Of Persian Studies, 1972/ 1350. Bayhaḳī, Abū al- Faḍl Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn, Tarīkh-i Bayhaḳī, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Mahtāb, 1995/ 1374. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Tarīkh-i Ghaznawiyān (The Ghaznavids), trans. Hassan Anushah, Vol. 1, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr 2536. Burhān, Muḥammad Husayn b. Khalaf Tabrīzī, Burhān-i Ḳāṭi, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1997/ 1376. Chrisensen, Arthur, Iran dar zamān-i Sāsāniyyān (L'Iran sous les sassanides), trans. Rashid Yasami, Tehran, Mūassisa-yi Intishārāt-i Āgāh, 2005/ 1384. Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar, Lughat- nāma-yi Dihkhudā, Mohammad Moin & Seyyed Jafar Shahidi(as supervisor), Tehran, University of Tehran Press, 1998/ 1377. Dihlawī, Amīr Khusraw, Khazāin al- Futūḥ (Tarīkh-i Alāī), Revised by Muhammad Vahid Mirza, Kolkata, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1976/ 1354. Ibid,Ḳirān al- Sadayn, (Unw.), (Und.). Ibid, Mafātiḥ al- Futūḥ, Revised by Shaykh Abd al- Rashīd, Aligarh, 1954/ 1333. Djāḥiẓ, Abū Uthmān Amr b. Baḥr, Tādj Ayin kishwar- dārī dar Iran wa Islām, Tehran, Āshiyāna-yi Kitāb, 2007/ 1386. Djūrdjānī, Minhādj al- Sirādj, Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī, Revised by Abd al- Ḥayy Ḥabībī, Tehran, Asāṭīr, 2007/ 1386. Ershad, Farhang, Muhādjirat-i tarīkhī-yi Iraniyyān ba Hind(India), Tehran, Institute for humanities and cultural studies, 2000/ 1379. Fakhr-i Mudabbir, Muḥammad b. Manṣūr b. Saīd( Mubārakshāh), Ādāb al- ḥarb wa l- shadja, Revised by Aḥmad Suhaylī Khwānsārī, Tehran, Iḳbāl, 1967/ 1346. Ibid, Āyin-i Kishwar- dārī: Shish bāb-i bāz-yāfta az Ādāb al- ḥarb wa l- shadja, Revised by Muhammad Sarvar Molayi, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Bunyād-i Farhang-i Iran, 1975/ 1354. Hakki Uzun carslil, Ismail, “Tashkīlat-i Impirātūrī-yi Saldjūḳiyyān 2”, trans. Muhammad Reza Nasiri, Madjalla-  nāma-yi Andjuman, Fall 2002/ 1381, No.8, pp.65-48. Hakki Uzun carslil, Ismail, “Tashkīlat-i Impirātūrī-yi Saldjūḳiyyān 3”, trans. Muhammad Reza Nassiri, Madjalla-  nāma-yi Andjuman, Winter 2002- 2003/ 1381, No. 8, pp. 63-52. Ḥasan Niẓāmī, Tādj al- Dīn, Tadj al- maāthir, Revised by Seyyed Amir Hassan Abedi, New Delhi, Islamic Culture & Relations Organization- Cultural Center Of The I.R. Iran- New Delhi, 1999/ 1378. Hindūshāh Astarābādī, Muḥammad Ḳāsim(Firishta), Tarīkh-i Firishta, Revised by Muhammad Reza Nasiri, Tehran, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, 2008/ 1387. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Safar-nāma-yi Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, trans. Muhammad Ali Movahed, Tehran, Āgāh, 1997/ 1376. Ibn Faḍlallāh Umarī, Shihab al- Dīn Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā, Masālik al- abṣār fī mamālik al- amṣār, al- Madjmal- Thaḳāfī, 2002 AD/ 1423 AH. ʿIṣāmī, Abd al- Malik, Futūḥ al- Salāṭīn, ed. A. S. Usha, Madras, 1948/ 1327. Ḳalḳashandī, Aḥmad b. Abdallāh  Ṣubḥ al- asha fī ṣināat al- inshā,Revised by Muḥammad Husayn Shams al- Dīn, Cairo, Dārā al- kutub al- Ilmiyya, (Und.). Khalatbari, Allahyar, Sharifi, Mahboubeh, Tarīkh-i Khwārazmshahiyyān, Tehran, Samt, 2001/ 1380. Khwāndmīr, Ghiyāth al- Dīn, Ḥabīb al- siyar fī akhbār-i afrād al- bashar, Tehran,Intishārāt-i Kitāb-khāna-yi Khayyām, 1954/ 1333. Khosrobeagi, Hooshang, Sāzmān-i Idārī-yi Khwārazmshahiyyān, Tehran, Academy of Persian Language and Literature, 2009/ 1388. Lane- Poole, Stanley, Cataloge Of Indian Coins In the British Museum The Sultans Of Delhi, London, Order of the Trustees, 1884. Maḥmūd, Arafa Maḥmūd, “al- Naẓm al- Siyāsiyya wa al- Idjtimāiyya bil- Hind (India) fī ahd-i banī tughlugh, Annals of the Arts & Social Sciences (Kuwait University), Vol. 18, No. 1418, 1998 AD/ 1418 AH. Mahrū, Inshā-i Mahrū, Shaykh Abd al- Rashīd (ed.), Revised by Bashīr Husayn, Intishārāt-i Idāra-yi Taḥḳīḳāt-i Pakistan, 1965/ 1344. Marwarrūdhī, Tarīkh Fakhr al- Dīn Mubārakshah Marwarrūdhī andar aḥwal-i Hind( India), Revised by Edward Denison, London, 1927/ 1305. Masoumi, Mohsen, Farhang wa Tamaddun-i Iranī- Islāmī Dakan dar Dawra-yi Bahmaniyyān, Tehran, Elmifarhangi, 2010/ 1389. Mir Ahmadi, Maryam, Niẓām-i ḥukūmat-i Iran dar dawrān-i Islāmī؛ Pazhūhishī dar tashkīlāt-i idārī-yi Kishwarī wa lashkarī-yi Iran az ṣadr-i Islām tā aṣr-i Mughūl, Tehran, Mūassisa-yi Muṭaliāt-i Farhangī, 1989/ 1368. Mujeeb.m. The Indian Muslims, London, 1969. Mushtāḳī, Shaykh Rizḳallāh, Waḳiāt-i Mushtāḳī, Revised by Ḥusayn Ṣiddīḳī & Waḳār al- Ḥasan Ṣiddīḳī, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Raza Library, 2002 AD/ 1422 AH. Niẓām al- Dīn Aḥmad Harawī, Ṭabaḳāt-i Akbarī, Revised by B. D. E, Kolkata, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1927/ 1305. Niẓām al- Mulk, Ḥasan b. Alī, Siyar al- Mulūk ( Siyāsat- nāma), Revised by Hubert Darke, Tehran, Elmifarhangi, 2010/ 1389. Pezeshk, Manouchehr,“Parda dārī”,Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Vol.13, Kazem Mousavi Bojnourdi(as supervisor), Tehran, Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 2004/ 1383, pp.598- 594. Qureshi, I.H., The Administration of The Sultanate of Delhi, Karachi, 1958. Sirhindī, Yaḥyā b. Aḥmad b. Abdallāh, Tarīkh-i Mubārakshāhī, Revised by Muhammad Hedayat Hossein, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr, 2003/ 1382. Thomas, Edward, On The Coins Of The Patan Sultans Of Hindustan, London, J. Wertheimer And Co. Finsbury Circus, 1847. Yādigār, Aḥmad, Tarīkh-i Shāhī (Tarīkh-i Salāṭīn- Afghāna), Revised by Muhammad Hedayat Hossien, Kolkata, 1939 AD/ 1358 AH. Yasin, M.A, A Social History of Islamic India, 2nd, ed, New Delhi, 1974. Zaydan, Jurji, Tarīkh Tamaddun-i Islām, trans. Ali Javaherkalam, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1993/ 1372.                         Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Ibn Ri∙wān MālaÎi (d. 874 A.H) and His Political Thought
مجتبی دوستی یونس فرهمند

The book Al-Shuhub al-Lāmi`a fī al-Siyāsat al-Nafi'a is about the manner of governance, and the ways of ruling, written by Abdollah Ibn Yousef Ibn Ridwan Malaki that was the secretary and the scriber in the Marinid court. The book was required by the Sultan Abu salim Ib More

The book Al-Shuhub al-Lāmi`a fī al-Siyāsat al-Nafi'a is about the manner of governance, and the ways of ruling, written by Abdollah Ibn Yousef Ibn Ridwan Malaki that was the secretary and the scriber in the Marinid court. The book was required by the Sultan Abu salim Ibrahim Ibn Hassan Al-Marini. The thought of Ibn Ridwan is a political domination that is based on social justice by Sultan. The book has been written in four chapters: Introduction, introducing the book Al-Shuhub al-Lāmi`a fī al-Siyāsat al-Nafi'a,The Political Thought of Ibn Ri∙wānand its Originality. This is a survey of his thoughts about the Sultan and domination, its sources and originality. This paper shows that Ibn Ridwan's ideas were not originally structured and his book is based on  the works of &lrm;Turtushi and Mawardi as well as other thinkers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Elephant in the Delhi Sultans Era, Its Significance and Functions
فردین محرابی کالی محسن معصومی

India is one of the most important territories for the nurture of elephants in the world. This huge animal, has always had a significant role in the lives of both, the people and the rulers of India. Muslim at their arriving in India realized that using the animals is o More

India is one of the most important territories for the nurture of elephants in the world. This huge animal, has always had a significant role in the lives of both, the people and the rulers of India. Muslim at their arriving in India realized that using the animals is one of the ways to achieve victory in political and military conflicts. One of the Muslim dynasties that followed the local Indian rulers to use elephants for military and political objectives, were the Sultans of Delhi(602-932A.H.). Elephant was considered as the symbol of royal power and glory. Having a large number of elephants in a battle proved the victory over the enemy. To show their greatness and political power and in order to utilize elephants astonishing power in battles, Sultans of Delhi paid attention to buy, nurture  and employ this animal. This paper, studied the role of the elephants  in the military  achievements by Sultans of Delhi.   Manuscript profile

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4 - Relations between Delhi Sultans and Abbasid Caliphs
محسن معصومی سعید شیرازی

As the most of Muslim sultans, Delhi sultans had been loyal to the Abbasid caliphate for being legitimate. Symbolic acts such as minting caliphs name on the coins and bringing caliphs name in the sermon by most Delhi sultans that their official religion was Hanafi revea More

As the most of Muslim sultans, Delhi sultans had been loyal to the Abbasid caliphate for being legitimate. Symbolic acts such as minting caliphs name on the coins and bringing caliphs name in the sermon by most Delhi sultans that their official religion was Hanafi reveals the fact that they theoretically were faithful to the caliphate system. Some of these sultans according to the political conditions in their time and to excel upon their rivals and attract support the Indian subcontinents Muslims that were mostly Hanafi or Shafei, established relation with the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad and Cairo and received the permission of ruling from them. In this article ,the relationship between the sultans and Abbasid caliphs of Bagdad and Cairo and their motivations and reasons for the establishment of these relations have been studied. Manuscript profile

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5 - The Reforms by Kamal-Al Din Muhammad Khazin Saldjukid Minister in Irak
amir abdollahi esmaeeil hasanzadeh

The bureaucratic system of Saldjukid era, with its functionality and legality, had a  high position and importance. The situation was mainly achieved through capability and capacity of political elite who occupied the posts. In fact, they played an important role i More

The bureaucratic system of Saldjukid era, with its functionality and legality, had a  high position and importance. The situation was mainly achieved through capability and capacity of political elite who occupied the posts. In fact, they played an important role in strengthening and sometimes weakening it. Kamal al-din Muhammad Khazin was one of those elites who occupied a ministry position, because of his characteristics, abilities, individual skills, ideas and tendency to reform and successful experience in the bureaucratic system. He tried to resolve a part of political, economic and social crisis in Sultan Mas’ud reign (529-547 AH) by undertaking the reforms. Even though he made reforming efforts rapidly to tackle financial, social, and political challenges, Kamal al-din had to encounter his rival political elites. They considered his reforming efforts to be in disagreement with their own personal benefits and interests, and finally killed him Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Manifestation of Mystical themes in Geometric Patterns in the School of Tabrīz: Sultanīyah Dome
rana kourehpaz lida balilan

10.30495/jhcin.2023.21787

The architecture of the 7th century in Azerbaijan is the manifestation of the glory of Islamic art in Iran, and the peak of it is the Tabrīz school of architecture, which has become more beautiful and richer with the emergence of political and religious developments in More

The architecture of the 7th century in Azerbaijan is the manifestation of the glory of Islamic art in Iran, and the peak of it is the Tabrīz school of architecture, which has become more beautiful and richer with the emergence of political and religious developments in the Ilkhanate period and changes in previous styles, especially in the arrangement and decoration of buildings. Therefore, the aim of the above research is to know those changes and the concepts hidden in them, which have taken place by examining the geometric arrays, as the dominant decorations in the buildings of this period, in one of the prominent buildings of the Tabriz school, namely the Sultanīyah dome. The building, which is used as a tomb, is a manifestation of the religious and religious beliefs of its era and is considered a window to reach the secrets hidden in the arrangement of the remaining works of this school. In this regard, the recognition of linguistic commonalities in mysticism and architecture and the investigation of mystical themes hidden in geometric arrays are among the goals of the above research, and the results show the influence of mysticism on the geometric arrays of Sultanīyah Dome.   Manuscript profile

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7 - A Leftist Approach to the Socio-Political Developments of Contemporary Iran: The Views of Avatis Mikaelian (Sultanzadeh)
reza sedighi pashaki Hossein Abadian Bagher Ali Adelfar Zekrollah Mohammadi

10.30495/jhcin.2020.16301

The present article discusses the views of Avatis Mikaelian, known as Sultanzadeh, in relation to the developments of contemporary Iranian history. Sultanzadeh is one of the most famous figures of the communist left thinkers in Iran. His ideas played a major role in the More

The present article discusses the views of Avatis Mikaelian, known as Sultanzadeh, in relation to the developments of contemporary Iranian history. Sultanzadeh is one of the most famous figures of the communist left thinkers in Iran. His ideas played a major role in the strategy and orientation of the Communist Party of Iran from the beginning of its formation until long after the Second Congress. According to Sultanzadeh, the most important problem in Iran is the economic development. He considered the unity of triple factors as the obstacle to the natural process of growth: imperialism, court and feudalism. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the main question is what was the difference between Sultanzadeh's view and that of other communist left activists and Soviet academics on the historical process of contemporary Iran. Sultanzadeh tried to analyze and explain the history of Iran based on the internal and global realities of the country based on Marx's doctrines. Accordingly, his views on Iran's economic development, colonization, the jungle movement, and the rise to power of Reza Shah were obvious deviations from the Soviet Communist Party theorists who considered the process of societies to be linear. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Institution of Shiism in Iran: Challenges and Opporatunities
سید مصطفی Zbtahi

In this article, the author takes a close look of the two centuriesof governship in the Shiism which subscribed the legitimacy ofgovernment in the occult era and also the Safavid achievementsfor the then governments. He also focuses his attention on thedebate evolution More

In this article, the author takes a close look of the two centuriesof governship in the Shiism which subscribed the legitimacy ofgovernment in the occult era and also the Safavid achievementsfor the then governments. He also focuses his attention on thedebate evolution of political origins of Shia, to address the Safavidaccomplishment to mark the conclusion of “new pardigm” in Shia’spolitical philosophy and specially its foremost infulence on the statuesof Shia government in this period. The author is of the believe that thereason of methodical Islamic jurisprudence victory over narrativism,the stabilization of imitation and exertion principle the experssionof the Twelve-Imam theory and fagih (jurists) gurdianship traditionis because of the main debate which history had at the Safavid era.He conculdes that this debate was essentially ensused of these facts:Safavid founders claim about the relationship with the PromisedImam (Mehdi), their claim for supremacy and communication withthe dessendants of Prophet Mohammad and the existence of IslamicJurists in this period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Presenting the Customer Experience Management Model in Real Estate Marketing with a Mixed Approach
Reza kochakpour nesfi H. R. Saeednia Hamid Saeedi rahim mohtaram

The role of customer experience management as a strategic tool in the development of service organizations, including real estate marketing, is undeniable. Considering the high financial turnover and the employment of a large number of people in this field, the importan More

The role of customer experience management as a strategic tool in the development of service organizations, including real estate marketing, is undeniable. Considering the high financial turnover and the employment of a large number of people in this field, the importance of this in real estate marketing is twofold. Therefore, the objective of the present study is designing a model for customer experience management in real estate marketing. The present study can be objectively categorized as a Developmental one and is conducted through mixed methodology (qualitative-quantitative). Having reviewed the related literature and research background, semi-structured interviews protocol was prepared in order to gather data and the 15 participants were selected among scientific (marketing professors) and executive professionals (managers of Real Estate Union) involved in the real estate Marketing in Tehran using "snowball" sampling method. Also, the statistical sample of research in the quantitative part was consisted of 386 clients of real estate in Tehran. To analyze the data in the qualitative section, Grounded Theory was applied while in the quantitative part, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used. The results of the research indicate that the causal factors (related to the supply and demand side) have significant impacts on the customer experience management. This research also introduces strategies at the government and company level which, themselves, are affected by intervening conditions (human and technical factors) and contextual (macro and micro factors). Moreover, implementing these strategies may have some consequences related to customers and the consequences related to the company and society. Data analysis of quantitative section findings after applying Grounded Theory, led to making a final model based on the factor analysis method. Also, the findings of the quantitative part of the research confirm the investigation of the main hypotheses. Manuscript profile

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10 - “Iran Export Engineering &Technical Services” (Identifying Barriers & Offering Suggestions)
H. Nezakati Alizadeh, F. Farzm

According to the performed research in the field of engineering & technical services export in Iran .And with consideration of existing problems in this section, 4 effective categories has been identified in main activities with their relevant sub-cat More

According to the performed research in the field of engineering & technical services export in Iran .And with consideration of existing problems in this section, 4 effective categories has been identified in main activities with their relevant sub-categories including: Bank activities; Financing methods; Presenting exchange facilities; Exchange bank guarantee issuing conditions; Establishing international bank relationships; Insurance coverage, Companies capabilities, Machineries & equipments conditions, specialized humans resources abilities; attendance of Iranian consultant companies in target countries; Marketing techniques & approaches used by Iranian exporters; Economic environment (exchange); Exchange rate fluctuation, Internal inflation rate, Government activities; political supports by Government; Cooperation & expediting the administrative affairs by relevant organizations; Governmental rules & regulation stability; Export promotions & awards. And each subcategory has been specified on the basis of testing according to priority. Manuscript profile

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11 - The Study architecture of Tehran municipality, District 5 is based on climatic elements
M. Habibi-Khmeneh H. Mohammadi

With respect to Mehrabad Station, District 5 is located at the longitude of 51° 19’, latitude of 35° 41’ and height of 1191 meters with special topographic conditions. the district is warm and dry in summer, and cold and dry in winter. The study on c More

With respect to Mehrabad Station, District 5 is located at the longitude of 51° 19’, latitude of 35° 41’ and height of 1191 meters with special topographic conditions. the district is warm and dry in summer, and cold and dry in winter. The study on climate and architecture of District 5 is conducted aiming to use the climatic elements to provide comfort. The data of Mehrabad synoptic station during a 20-year statistical period (1981-2010) were used to achieve the goals of the present study. According to the methods such as Olgi and Climate Consultant (software), the bioclimatic conditions were used to determine thermal comfort zone. The results obtained from the research show that the appropriate direction for constructing building would be north – south direction stretching along east – west. If laws of architecture are executed using thermal comfort indices, duration of using heating and cooling units in building located in District 5 of Tehran will be reduced. -size:11.0pt;line-height:80%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Climate Consultant برای تعیین محدوده آسایش دمایی استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان می دهد که جهت استقرار مناسب ساختمان جهت شمالی- جنوبی با کشیدگی در راستای شرقی- غربی می باشد اگر احکام معماری به وسیله شاخص های آسایش دمایی انجام شود زمان استفاده از وسایل گرمایشی و سرمایشی در ساختمانهای منطقه 5 شهر تهران کاهش می یابد.   Manuscript profile

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12 - The Effects of Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil on Some Characteristics of Sultana Table Grapes Contaminated with Botrytis cinerea
S. Sabounchi R. Massoud

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13 - The comparative study of Kafka's novel "Metamorphosis" and Sultan Al-Amimi's "Samsa"
matyam bakhshi

10.30495/clq.2022.1971552.2475

Kafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". More

Kafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". Sultan Al-Amimi takes a different look at the identity crisis and resumes the fate of the protagonist in a different way. Therefore, the main issue of this research is the quality of influence and explanation of the general view on the subject of loneliness, isolation, identity crisis and metamorphosis, and finally understanding the similarities and differences between the two works. The present study, which has been carried out descriptively-analytically and based on the French school of comparative literature, has concluded that the theme of Kafka's novel is the human destiny, which is isolated and transformed by the problems of society. Al-Amimi, although he took the depth of his story from Kafka's novel, changed its theme and changed the character's destiny, and figured out another future for him. The character or protagonist is the same in both narratives. In the first, the transformation took place in the form of an animal and in the second, in the form of a human; Kafka has taken a pessimistic and isolated view of the character, distancing himself from those around him, and Sultan al-Amimi has taken an optimistic view of the character, processing him in the form of a social and happy personality. Manuscript profile

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14 - The Components of Imprudence in the Character of Sultan Masood Ghaznavi Based on Ardelt’s Three-dimensional Model of Wisdom
Marzieh Mashalian Leila Hashemian

10.30495/dk.2022.692014

There is a growing tendency in psychology towards the study of wisdom. All the scientific models of wisdom so far developed for the notion of wisdom agree on the fact that wise people are characterized by certain cognitive features which are governed by an intellectual More

There is a growing tendency in psychology towards the study of wisdom. All the scientific models of wisdom so far developed for the notion of wisdom agree on the fact that wise people are characterized by certain cognitive features which are governed by an intellectual equilibrium. If this equilibrium is disturbed, unwise behavior will result. Despite the fact that the notion of wisdom is well-known in all cultures, albeit variously conceived, we still observe many people who adopt unwise attitudes to different political, social, and psychological issues and harm both themselves and their society. Unfortunately, human history has seen many imprudent leaders and states who have proved incapable of governing their nations. The present study seeks to investigate the character of Sultan Masood Ghaznavi as represented in Tarikh-e Beihaghi [Beihaghi’s History] based on Ardelt’s three-dimensional model of wisdom (3D-WS). The research method is qualitative and the population consists of the characters of Tarikh-e Beihaghi, from which Sultan Masood was selected through purposeful sampling. Manuscript profile

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15 - The reflections of authorities and governors' countenance in Obeid's works
ahmad zakeri khalil Faezi

State formation is the highest step of a dynamic society evolution and its development. And the state is the most important and most complicated institute which is formed and built as a result of harmonious development of other social organizations and institutes and du More

State formation is the highest step of a dynamic society evolution and its development. And the state is the most important and most complicated institute which is formed and built as a result of harmonious development of other social organizations and institutes and due to its fundamental role, is in charge of harmonizing their responsibilities and functions. This significant social institute, in Obeid era, namely 8th Hijira century, which was the era of oppression and encroachments, became so instable that in which each king, religion and sect its rules and orders had .in this era of oppression and invasion and Mongols encroachments of local emirs and princes, Obeid as a great social reformists, aware of his age problems and misfortunes, bravely and skillfully criticizes the backwardness of his time governors and officials  who were ignorant,tyrant,sycophant,flatterer. In this paper, the writers have tried to show what has been reflected on Obeid's works of this dark age and have done their effort to present it to readers and lovers of Iran and make it clear to our readers how this great satirist lived and criticized its age with his sweet and biting critiques . Let it be the lantern of our own way today to lead us through darkness of the time. Manuscript profile

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16 - Ibne Farez "Soltan-Al-Asheghin and Characteristics of His Verse
Mohammad Ali Abol Hassani

Abou Hafs Omar Ebn Ali known as Ebn Farez is one of the Poets that lived during  6th  century. He got a great reputation in the field of poetry. Many great critics such as Ebn khalkan who is the  author of Vafiyatolayan also praised him, and they accepted More

Abou Hafs Omar Ebn Ali known as Ebn Farez is one of the Poets that lived during  6th  century. He got a great reputation in the field of poetry. Many great critics such as Ebn khalkan who is the  author of Vafiyatolayan also praised him, and they accepted him higher than his contemporary poets. In this article, we discuss some features  of Soltan Alasheghin Ebn Farez. The main subject in poem of Ebn Farez is Ghazal. Other related main point (or subject) is khamriyeh, but his point of view in khamriyeh is different from Abunavas and others, and in this book he refers to the subject matter of the sufiyeh that is explained through Buteny's comment. Also his poem is excellent due to diversity of pun and rhetoric.   Manuscript profile

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17 - The Place of Allegory Sultan Valad’s Rebabnameh
Alimohammad Moazeni Gholamreza Tamimitavandashti Gholamreza Tamimitavandashti Shiva Birjandi

Rebabnameh in the sky of Islamic literature and mysticism is like the shining moon that receives its light and emanation from Rumi's Masnavi sun and illuminates the dark nights of the new travelers. Like the father, Sultan Valad sees love beyond all phenomena of existen More

Rebabnameh in the sky of Islamic literature and mysticism is like the shining moon that receives its light and emanation from Rumi's Masnavi sun and illuminates the dark nights of the new travelers. Like the father, Sultan Valad sees love beyond all phenomena of existence and introduces it as a leadership that governs all elements of existence, from the physical world to the spiritual world. Sultan Valad, the son of Maulana Jalaluddin, was one of the figures who wished to preserve Sufi poetry in a lively and dynamic way after Maulana. While enjoying his father's teachings, he benefited from the knowledge of the time and, following that, the esteemed mystic of the Divan sang along with the generalities of Shams Tabrizi. At the same time, imitating the spiritual Masnavi, he arranged the Rebabnameh with the help of God, for the followers of his father and his companions. Rebabnameh is an educational Masnavi that has solved the contradictions and dilemmas between Rumi and some of his disciples in simple language during Rumi's time. Sultan Valad has always used allegory in conveying mystical and philosophical concepts. The allegory is the result of a dual connection between the simile and the simile, which, because the allegory is the inner meaning of the story, is narrated by Sultan Valad, referring to the appearance of the anecdote. This research has dealt with the method of (descriptive-analytical) method and referring to valid library documents and sources in the category of allegory in Rababnameh. As Rumi interprets the symbolic reed as a lover away from the beloved. Sultan Valad explains that he is Rumi's beloved Rebab maker, and of course his heart's melody is more burnt and life-giving than Ney's lament. There is only one moan in the reed, but in Rebab, there are many moans of helpers who have been separated from their homeland and sex. The result of this research is that: Allegory has a high position in the genealogy of Sultan Valad. Manuscript profile

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18 - The Concept of the "Freedom, Holy Quran, Slave & Liberal", in the Thoughts and Poems of Iqbal-e-Lahore-ri
gholam Mohammed

The present article describes "The Concept of "Freedom, Holly Quran, Slave & Liberal;” in the thoughts and poems of Iqbal-e- Lahore-ri to the readers. Each word of the above-said itself is a topic indicating Iqbal's message. This was a message at Iqbal's time More

The present article describes "The Concept of "Freedom, Holly Quran, Slave & Liberal;” in the thoughts and poems of Iqbal-e- Lahore-ri to the readers. Each word of the above-said itself is a topic indicating Iqbal's message. This was a message at Iqbal's time for the Indian Muslims and Indian people to make India free from the British rulers. The words of Iqbal represent also a message for the coming generations and to all freedom fighters of the world. It should be mentioned that a quoted line of Iqbal’s poetry:     در جـهـان نـتـوان اگر مـردانـه زیسـت    همچون مردان جان سپردن زندگیست -“If  you can not lead a manly life,/ To die like a man is itself life”- contains the famous words of Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) and Tipu Sultan of Mysore-India.   Manuscript profile

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19 - The Analysis Of Mystical Views on Sultan Ali Rudband’s Sonnets
Leily Abbasi Montazeri Ali Afzali

In this paper, we consider the mystical contents in lyrical poems of Sultan Ali Rudband. He was one of the grandchildren of Imam Mussa Kazem. By this research ,in fact, we want to have a deliberation on mystical view points of Ahlol beit(the Prophet and his family). The More

In this paper, we consider the mystical contents in lyrical poems of Sultan Ali Rudband. He was one of the grandchildren of Imam Mussa Kazem. By this research ,in fact, we want to have a deliberation on mystical view points of Ahlol beit(the Prophet and his family). The importance of Rudband regarding the history of mysticism belongs to the following matters. First, he played an important role in changing the Safavid Sufi itinerary to the monarchy of Safavid. Second, the poems he has composed are very important in showing the evolution and route of Safavid religious manner. The mystical contents in Rudband’s poems are based on three main subjects: the importance of the execution of religious law, the statesmanship campaign in all forms and asceticism and austerity Manuscript profile

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20 - Sanctity in the Thoughts of Shams-i Tabrīzī and its Reflection in the Works of Sultan Walad
Davood Vaseghi, Mehdi Malek Sabet Mohammad Kazem Kahduyi

After believing in the unity of Allah, the issue of “Saint and Sanctity” is one of the most fundamental issues in Islamic mysticism ideology. Saint literally means closeness, affection, victory, seigniory, etc.; however, in Sufism terminology it means the on More

After believing in the unity of Allah, the issue of “Saint and Sanctity” is one of the most fundamental issues in Islamic mysticism ideology. Saint literally means closeness, affection, victory, seigniory, etc.; however, in Sufism terminology it means the one who goes through denying human traits and worshiping Allah to achieve a higher form of life. Shams-i Tabrīzī and his devotee, Sultan Walad, like most of mystics, believe that saint is the one who becomes united with Allah. In their beliefs although knowing the real saint is even harder than knowing Allah, real aficionados should truly know the saints and avoid following dishonest plaintiffs. Moreover, both of them categorized the saints into two groups of “hidden” and “well-known”. In their views, even though all the saints came from one source, each receive their share from Allah based on their innate capacity. Further, the place of the “beloved” is higher than “lovers”. Besides, the Pole is considered as the king of saints who is the ultimate purpose of the creation. This study investigated the influence of Shams-i Tabrīzī on Sultan Wald regarding to the issue of sanctity. Manuscript profile

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21 - Determination of the Effective Parameters for Perforated Functionally Graded Plates with Polygonal Cutout by Analytical Solution
M Jafari M. H Bayati Chaleshtari H Abdolalian

10.22034/jsm.2019.584898.1395

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22 - A Proposal to Determine the Location of the Ilkhani City of Sultanabad Chamchamal (Little Baghdad) in Bisotun Kermanshah
Abbas Motarjem Yaqub Mohammadifar

Based on the historical resources in the age of Soltan Abusaeid, one of the Ilkhanid in Iran, a splendid city in the direction of a road towards "The Holy Shrines" in the place of Chamchamal Plain located in boundary extent between Bisotun and Sahneh was founded. This c More

Based on the historical resources in the age of Soltan Abusaeid, one of the Ilkhanid in Iran, a splendid city in the direction of a road towards "The Holy Shrines" in the place of Chamchamal Plain located in boundary extent between Bisotun and Sahneh was founded. This city has been named Little Sultanabad or Little Baghdad. During two seasons of archaeological surveys in the years of 2001-2003 at Chamchamal Plain, all the archaic remains in the site ere identified and surveyed in the measuring method. Among the precincts of Chamchamal Plain, a Tepe named Gharghovand lacated in 5 km in east of Bisotun and having 20 hectare extent, more than any other precinct is capable of conformity with Sultanabad city. Manuscript profile

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23 - The Effect of social and Economic system on dichotomy of caliphat and monarchy Institution during Buyid dynasty
mohammad hashem rahnema

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shia B More

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shia Buyid did not expell the Sunni caliph while they had enough power to do so. It is going to explain the main reason for not doing so was the dichotomy of caliphate and monarch and the effect of «social and economic system on it which had formed long ago after» translation movmet. This study, incentives the political opportunism of Buyid rulers and explains that capabilities of «social and economic system» of caliphat preuonting Buyid to expell caliphate Manuscript profile

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24 - how Khwarazm was captured by Gaznavids and why?
aboualhasan mobin

Ghaznavids during the thirty two years of sultan Mahmouds rule (388-421A.H) Followed an expansionism policy. Many campain and incursion that conducted under name of Gazveh and Jihad brought them a lot of wealth and trophies. These materials and trophies all together bro More

Ghaznavids during the thirty two years of sultan Mahmouds rule (388-421A.H) Followed an expansionism policy. Many campain and incursion that conducted under name of Gazveh and Jihad brought them a lot of wealth and trophies. These materials and trophies all together brought them more power and reputation and credibility. Accordingly they were known as largest Islamic empire in the East of Islamic caliphate. One of the most important and wealthy territory in Khorasan which after its conguest provided them more reputation income and wealth was kharzam , that in this time was ruled by Al-mannids this region came under control of ghaznavids in 408 AH. Since the eapture of the province was one of the most important events of Sultan Mahmud Kingdom, this article based on sources that period, it is going to review the political and economic reasons that Mahmud campained againt Kharazm and  how he could captured it and what was the result of it. Manuscript profile

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25 - The political and religious relations of Nizārī Ismā'īlī with the successors of Sultan Mohammad Ghiyath Al-Din Seljuqi
Malihe Mehrabi Delshad shahrzad sasanpour masomeh gharadaghi Ramin yalfani

In this research, the political and religious confrontation of the Seljuk with the Nizārī Ismā'īlī has been studied between 498 and 511 AH. During the above period Sultan Muhammad managed to sort out the turmoil that occurred after the death of Malekshah Re-establish po More

In this research, the political and religious confrontation of the Seljuk with the Nizārī Ismā'īlī has been studied between 498 and 511 AH. During the above period Sultan Muhammad managed to sort out the turmoil that occurred after the death of Malekshah Re-establish political and religious concentration in the Seljuk-dominated geography. On the one hand, the Nizārī Ismā'īlī from the vacuum and turmoil that had already taken place In the direction of developing their own power, they had taken extensive measures in different regions. Therefore, the repression of Nizari was considered the most important political and religious priority of Sultan Muhammad and In this regard, all the central and local capacities were used to conquer the Ismaili Castles. However, Nizarians suffered plenty of damage during frequent attacks al-Seljuk, and lost their castles in Fars, Khuzestan and especially Esfahan, which was in this period capital of the Seljuk period.But with the influence of the Seljuk government, adopting a decentralized approach, eliminating effective political and religious people, patience and Authority against siege of Castles, and launching religious debates during the struggle they were able to survive. If there were no significant achievements of the Ismailis that included the preservation of the political, geographic, and the protection of their intellectual and vital ideas, It was likely that the very strict atrocities in this period would have led to the dismantling of Nizari's organization and structure. Manuscript profile

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26 - The impact of Safavid sultans' policies on the migration of Iranian scientists to India
احمدرضا بهنیافر

Migration, as an influential social phenomenon in the communities of origin and destination, has several contexts and factors. This phenomenon, which existed in pre- and post-Islamic Iran, intensified during the Safavid period due to the wrong policies of some kings in More

Migration, as an influential social phenomenon in the communities of origin and destination, has several contexts and factors. This phenomenon, which existed in pre- and post-Islamic Iran, intensified during the Safavid period due to the wrong policies of some kings in various political, religious, cultural and social dimensions, and along with the attractions in India, led to migration. Many Iranian scientists came to this land. The purpose of this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method and using new resources and new research, is to answer the question of what effect the actions and policies applied by Safavid sultans had on the migration of Iranian scientists to India? The main findings of the article show that the repulsive factors that resulted from the policies and actions of some Safavid sultans led to the migration of the country's great scholars to India, and the growth and development of Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization in that land. The main source of many dissatisfactions was the religious policy of the Safavid kings, which had an impact on other areas and led to the emigration of a number of Iranian scholars and thinkers to India. Attractive factors in India also played an important role in guiding the migration of Iranian scientific, literary and political greats to this land. Manuscript profile

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27 - The interaction of the 15th Parliament and the Qawam al-Sultaneh Democratic Party during the period of Reza Shah's absolute power and the pre-dictatorship of Mohammad Reza Shah
delavar namdar alireza alisoufi mahmood seyyed

10.30495/hstr.2023.1977656.1826

AbstractAssembly and parliament are considered to be the most important pillars of democracy in any government, all over the world, which acts as a procedure to increase people's participation in determining their destiny. But Reza Khan's power was the end of the consti More

AbstractAssembly and parliament are considered to be the most important pillars of democracy in any government, all over the world, which acts as a procedure to increase people's participation in determining their destiny. But Reza Khan's power was the end of the constitutional dream and his successor continued his father's path. However, in the early period of Mohammad Reza Shah's rule, the position of the Majlis improved to some extent.who did not have much desire or ability to exercise power in a completely dictatorial manner, what has he benefited from this situation? Also, according to these cases, a better understanding and analysis of the Qawam al-Sultaneh Democratic Party and its political role in this period is the main concern of the present research.The findings of the research indicate that Qavam's activities in the Democratic Party had an important result. And that was that for the first time in the history of Iran, after the constitution, the doors of the government and the parliament were opened to new and younger figures, and many senior and old figures were rejected from the government, and on the contrary, the new forces entered the cabinet by joining parties and They finally managed to sit on the seat of the parliament. Also, Qavam's actions caused the 15th Parliament to reject the agreement between Qavam and Sadchikov regarding the establishment of a mixed company of Iranian oil and Russia. Manuscript profile

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28 - Reasons and Quality of the Conversation of Sultan Ahmed Tequder and Sultan Mahmud Ghazan to Islam
amir sphrevad

One of the  most important events in the course of  Ilkhanid era was the Conversation of Sultan Ahmed Tequder in 681  AH and Sultan Mahmud Ghazan to Islam In the year AH. Conversation of  Ilkhans to Islam has direct impact in legitimacy and Strengthe More

One of the  most important events in the course of  Ilkhanid era was the Conversation of Sultan Ahmed Tequder in 681  AH and Sultan Mahmud Ghazan to Islam In the year AH. Conversation of  Ilkhans to Islam has direct impact in legitimacy and Strengthening the power base and as well as formation, Development of Iranian culture.  In most research on religion and Islamism took place in contemporary Iran reflecting comments of earlier Iranian historians to be seen. This researchers ,As scientific research is worthy, have not paid attention to Ilkanid Opposing viewpoints resource, especially Arabic Research in the Mamluks territory and European Researchers . so have not research about the hidden and neglected angles of the Conversation of Ilkhanid Sultans. Considering the importance of acceptance of Islam by the the Mongols Rulers,the present article attempts according to available resources to examine  Motives and causes of religious behavior in two of Ilkhans . and studied its effects on domestic and foreign relations in comparative study. Manuscript profile

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29 - Amir Ali SHirNavaei and his political and cultural Role at the age Of Timurid
amir temori ehteram asfene frahane

Amir Nezam Al DIN, Ali SHirNavaei , The son Of Amir KichkenehBahador, was born in Herat in 844 (AH) Turk Family. he  serviced As the governor of Herat,forAbulGHasem  Babar in Horassan.at the same time for the efection to SoltanHossainBayqarawich he had from hi More

Amir Nezam Al DIN, Ali SHirNavaei , The son Of Amir KichkenehBahador, was born in Herat in 844 (AH) Turk Family. he  serviced As the governor of Herat,forAbulGHasem  Babar in Horassan.at the same time for the efection to SoltanHossainBayqarawich he had from his youth, and both of them studidi in the same school ,joined the Timuridhings. After AbulGHasem Babar’s death,he continued his studies in Mashhad.in order to gain power ,SoltanHussain  went to Maiv, and Amir Ali AHir went to Samarkend at the age of Abu Saeid and studied in the school of HGajeFazl Allah Abulleishi,after that until Sultan Husseain a sized power in Herat (873 A.M)Amir Ali SHir served him.from the onest of Sultan Hussain rule ,he became one of his most important Amirs and counseors. He was in charge or keeping the great sel of Homayoon, and then was appointed ss the KKing emirates positions in Timuridsgovernment.heplyed a very important role in political and  cultural stability Bayqara’s government and also he had a grea status in the history and literature of Iran, and improving ooettry and art in Heratin the ninth century (AH). He also played a great reole in promoting Turk language and  literature. Manuscript profile

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30 - The Gardens of Ghaznavids period : usages (according to the History of Beyhagi)
shahrzad sasanpour

The history of Beyhagi is not only one of the most famous Persian literary texts, But, in turn, it is an important source of cultural and social history of Iran in ghaznavids period. In this book, there are many entries about artists, architectural monuments and artwork More

The history of Beyhagi is not only one of the most famous Persian literary texts, But, in turn, it is an important source of cultural and social history of Iran in ghaznavids period. In this book, there are many entries about artists, architectural monuments and artworks including governmental and private gardens.This paper intend to study, from a social-cultural perspective, usages of gardens in this period. The main question of this research is whether the governmental gardens were built during this period only as a symbol of the glory of kings, to represent or they have other usages also. To answer this question, by examining the text, the relevant material was collected and classified and using descriptive-analytical method was set. The findings were organized in two parts: The first part, deals the garden features in the cities of Ghazni, Herat, Balkh, Nishapur, and the second part studies the usages of gardens from political, military, administrative, religious, sporting and recreational aspects of early Ghaznavids period Manuscript profile

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31 - The relationship between the Abbasid and Seljuq
Abullhassan Shahvari

After the defeat of last resistance, of Sasanid dependent territories by Arabs, Iran became a part of eastern section of caliphate territory. In order to govern the section, at the beginnings, some agents who were plenipotentiaries, were sent there by khalifa. After Ta More

After the defeat of last resistance, of Sasanid dependent territories by Arabs, Iran became a part of eastern section of caliphate territory. In order to govern the section, at the beginnings, some agents who were plenipotentiaries, were sent there by khalifa. After Taherid era some chang took place in relationship between those governers and khalifa. From taherid period some semi-independent governer took shape which taheryan was one of them. In Yagub leyth period Emyrat of Estekfa chang to Istilae. In this kind of governer ship , the governer got much power and even the could interfere in khalifa appointment or euendismissing them. Since ale Buyid era, the made up a god relationship with caliphate and they recognized caliphate, and vice versa. Those relations improved in Slajugh period , so that khalifa and  sultan would compel monetarily. In current research it has been tried to illustrate the relations between Malek shah Seljuk, the gratest Seljuk sultan who got the throne with the assistance khajeh Nezamalmulk, with khalifa almgtdy. Since this the relations have not been mention has not been cited clearly in historical books. I have tried to examine it through other related sources.  Manuscript profile

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32 - The Effect of social and Economic system on dichotomy of caliphat and monarchy Institution during Buyid dynasty
Mohammad Hashem Rahnama

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shi More

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shia Buyid did not expell the Sunni caliph while they had enough power to do so. It is going to explain the main reason for not doing so was the dichotomy of caliphate and monarch and the effect of «social and economic system on it which had formed long ago after» translation movmet. This study, incentives the political opportunism of Buyid rulers and explains that capabilities of «social and economic system» of caliphat preuonting Buyid to expell caliphate.   Manuscript profile

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33 - Conflicts of Ghaznavids and Qarakhanids in Khorasan
Abulhassan Mobayen

Greater Khorasan territories in the early Islamic centuries and especially in the third and fourth century AH / ninth and tenth AD was during the era of its growth and progress, rich and fertile land was, which always attract the eye to the greed of the powerful to the More

Greater Khorasan territories in the early Islamic centuries and especially in the third and fourth century AH / ninth and tenth AD was during the era of its growth and progress, rich and fertile land was, which always attract the eye to the greed of the powerful to the area. After the blessings and privileges of this land Attracted towards the Mahmoud bin Sabuk-Tagin Ghaznavi, Caused his apparent loyalty to the hegemony of the Samanids and become pro-independence. But the other Turkish government also played a role in the collapse of the emirate Samanids, Following an opportunity to tantalize and dominate the region. It was the invasion of Transoxiana Qarakhanids sometimes seamlessly and sometimes the land was distributed.In contrast to exposure to movements in the Qarakhanids Khorasan, Ghaznavids campaign also occasionally paid to Transoxiana. The present study intends to investigate this fundamental question has the main reasons of competition and conflict, between Ghaznavids and  Qarakhanids, the first states that the Muslim Turks, that Samani Iranian government had divided among themselves, What was in Khorasan and what factors cause involvement in Khorasan were the two governments? Research findings indicate that the main reason for this is competition and conflict, expansionism policies of both the Muslim Turks. Both of them knew his heir in the Samanids In the area that Khorasan was considered as part of its territory governments. While the vast territories Ghaznavids and more attention to the campaign and Battle in India, And numerous other issues in addition to Sultan Masud was, An opportunity to pursue Qarakhanids policies to expand their territories this provides the Oxus. Lack of integration of the arbitrary actions of the governing like Ali-Tagin was the ruler of Bukhara. Manuscript profile

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34 - How Khwarazm was captured by Gaznavids and why?
Abulhassa Mobayen

Ghaznavids during the thirty two years of sultan Mahmouds rule (388-421A.H) Followed an expansionism policy. Many campain and incursion that conducted under name of Gazveh and Jihad brought them a lot of wealth and trophies. These materials and trophies all together bro More

Ghaznavids during the thirty two years of sultan Mahmouds rule (388-421A.H) Followed an expansionism policy. Many campain and incursion that conducted under name of Gazveh and Jihad brought them a lot of wealth and trophies. These materials and trophies all together brought them more power and reputation and credibility. Accordingly they were known as largest Islamic empire in the East of Islamic caliphate. One of the most important and wealthy territory in Khorasan which after its conguest provided them more reputation income and wealth was kharzam , that in this time was ruled by Al-mannids this region came under control of ghaznavids in 408 AH. Since the eapture of the province was one of the most important events of Sultan Mahmud Kingdom, this article based on sources that period, it is going to review the political and economic reasons that Mahmud campained againt Kharazm and  how he could captured it and what was the result of it. Manuscript profile

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35 - The causes and contexts of the development and prosperity of historiography during the period of the Mamluk Sultans (648-923 AH)
amirhosein sharifi sattar Oudi RAMAZAN rezayi

Review: Historiography grew and flourished in the Mamluk era in such a way that this period should be considered the peak of Islamic historiography. The writing of hundreds of books with many and voluminous volumes in all kinds of historiography and especially in the f More

Review: Historiography grew and flourished in the Mamluk era in such a way that this period should be considered the peak of Islamic historiography. The writing of hundreds of books with many and voluminous volumes in all kinds of historiography and especially in the fields of general, local, and dynastic histories shows this issue. No period of Islamic history has seen so many historical works. The basic question of this research is: Why was historiography so much attention during the period of Mamluk Sultans (648-923 AHThe findings of this research indicate that the long crusades and also the Mongols with the Mamluks have been very effective in this field. Muslim historians intend to write their books to remember the great and brilliant victories of the Mamluk sultans against the eastern and western enemies of Islam for future generations. The encouragement and persuasion of the Mamluk sultans and emirs and some other factors that are the subject of this article have also been very effective in this field. The study method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on reliable sources as well as looking at study and research writings and referring to the library and digital resources. Manuscript profile

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36 - The position of the sultan and the monarchy in the ancient writings of the period of Islamic Iran
sodabeh dasti tark soheila torabi farsani naser jadidi

Letters of advice are works that have been written in the field of politics and political reflections in ancient Iran and the Islamic period with the aim of advising political behavior on those in power. Treatises that belong to the Sassanid period and in the Pahlavi la More

Letters of advice are works that have been written in the field of politics and political reflections in ancient Iran and the Islamic period with the aim of advising political behavior on those in power. Treatises that belong to the Sassanid period and in the Pahlavi language include advice, religious and moral instructions and rulings whose content is rooted in the Avesta. Provide a framework to the Sultan and maintain and reform his power. The purpose of the letters is to provide appropriate guidance on "gaining power" and "maintaining power." Political advisories deal with how the political system works and the influence of existing factors on the production and distribution of political power. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which will analyze the data after describing the content. The aims of this study are to explain the position of the sultan and the monarchy in the ancient writings of the Islamic period. The addressee of many advice letters is the first person of the country, namely Satan. The most important aspects of the element of continuity in these debates are the focus on the power of the king, the law, the relationship between the king and the subjects (people) and the connection between religion and politics. Manuscript profile

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37 - Nomenclature and etymology of some historical names in the history of Ajam and Waqar Shirazi sultans.
hamid khodaparast mehdi famoori Mohammad Reza Masoumi

"History of the Ajam Sultans" is the work of Waqar Shirazi, who in the period of literary return, following the example of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, reads Roza al-Safa, and Bahram ibn Farhad's Chaharchaman civilization was written. This book deals with the four periods of P More

"History of the Ajam Sultans" is the work of Waqar Shirazi, who in the period of literary return, following the example of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, reads Roza al-Safa, and Bahram ibn Farhad's Chaharchaman civilization was written. This book deals with the four periods of Pishdadian, Kianian, Parthian and Sassanid. In this work, the author tries to bring his written language closer to the ancient Iranian style and revive it. Therefore, he did not use Arabic words and instead used some more descriptive words. The purpose of this article is to study the "naming and etymology" of some historical names in the "History of Ajam Sultans" and the dignity of Shirazi. This article has been done in a library method and in a descriptive-analytical manner. The result of the research shows that the author has used a consistent procedure in writing the book throughout the book and while classifying the periods, he has also mentioned the etymology of the periods and kings.Keywords: History of Ajam Sultans, Shirazi Dignity, Naming, Etymology Manuscript profile

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38 - Investigation of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan and Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul with a body-centered approach
Alireza Haj vaziri parnaz Godarzparvari Esmaeil Baniardalan

According to the body-centered approach and relying on it, the present research tested the geometric motifs in mosques in terms of similarities and differences. In this research, the type of data was historical and mainly qualitative data, therefore, the upcoming resear More

According to the body-centered approach and relying on it, the present research tested the geometric motifs in mosques in terms of similarities and differences. In this research, the type of data was historical and mainly qualitative data, therefore, the upcoming research was placed in the field of non-judgmental qualitative research. In this research, qualitative content analysis based on comparative, analytical method was used. Based on the observation of documents and library sources, their bases were explained and studied and analyzed. The tools used in the different stages of the study are: a checklist for closed and, if necessary, open interviews with relevant researchers and professors in this case, and recording the desired images through reliable internet sources, drawing tables related to the discussed geometric patterns using Related software and snapshots of available documents and resources. Based on the researches, the use of Islami and Khatai and inscriptions are common features of the two mosques, which are implemented in different divisions, compositions and colors, but this difference does not create a different feeling in viewer, and both mosques instill peace in human existence. This issue is actually due to the mystery of painting that gives unity to whole building in Islamic buildings and despite the difference between the two buildings, there is a show of homogeneity and dominance of pattern and decoration over form in such a way that the form is behind the decoration and in line with the concepts and Islamic values are a message of unity and integration. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Mas’ood Ghaznavi’s Wise Behavior in Tarikh-e Beihaghi Based on Ardelt’s Three-Dimensional Model of Wisdom (3D-WS(
marzieh mashalian Leila Hashemian

Wisdom has been widely treated in major Persian literary and religious works including Avesta, Minoo-ye Kherad, Shahnameh, Golestan and Boostan, Kelileh va Demneh, Naser Khosrow’s Divan, and Tarikh-e Beihaghi. Due to the complicated and culture-specific nature of More

Wisdom has been widely treated in major Persian literary and religious works including Avesta, Minoo-ye Kherad, Shahnameh, Golestan and Boostan, Kelileh va Demneh, Naser Khosrow’s Divan, and Tarikh-e Beihaghi. Due to the complicated and culture-specific nature of wisdom, no comprehensive definition has been formulated for it. However, it is generally agreed that wisdom involves knowledge, discernment, thought, and combining one’s interests with other people’s welfare. Since the vast field of literature overlaps with many other disciplines and the notion of wisdom varies from one culture to another, the present study seeks to analyze the wise behavior of Sultan Mas’ood Ghaznavi in Tarikh-e Beihaghi based on Ardelt’s three-dimensional model of wisdom (called 3D-WS) with the aim of providing a definition of wisdom specific to Iranian culture. The adopted approach is qualitative and descriptive and is based on library research. Mas’ood Ghaznavi was selected by purposeful sampling as a wise ruler from among the characters in Tarikh-e Beihaghi. Content analysis was conducted on stories and events from Tarikh-e Beihaghi in three steps, i.e. implementation, open coding, and selective coding. The results suggest that Beihaghi’s view of the components of a king’s wise behavior conform to modern theories of psychology including 3D-WS. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Determining the Burnout of Real Estate Consultants based on Communication Skills and Stress Management Strategies
فرشاد علی اکبری فریبا حسنی

10.30495/mlseo.2021.683876

This study aimed to determine the burnout of Real Estate consultants based on communication skills and stress management strategies. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The study population included all real estate consultants in District 7 of Tehran More

This study aimed to determine the burnout of Real Estate consultants based on communication skills and stress management strategies. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The study population included all real estate consultants in District 7 of Tehran in the first half of 2020. Among them, selected 120 through the available sampling method. To collected data, used Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress coping strategies, Maslach's burnout (1986), and Queen Dam's (2004) communication skills questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS23 software and Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between burnout and coping skills and communication skills. Thus, it is possible to predict burnout according to t = 4.64 in problem-solving strategy, t = 3.25 in emotion-oriented approach, and t = 4.27 in communication skills. Therefore, it is recommended to help reduce burnout in this group by providing practical training in increasing communication skills and problem-oriented stress coping strategies and reducing emotion-centered stress coping strategies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - نحوه استفاده از میادین مشترک نفتی و گازی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و کشورهای همسایه
mohammad ahmad abadi محسن احمدپور

This Research With Target Survey " Role Troops Mercenary the door Government Of Tyranny the door Iran » Do Taken Is. Method Research, Descriptive - analytical And Manner Total Anecdote Data S With Lean On documents Archives And Sources Libraries Is. the door Respo More

This Research With Target Survey " Role Troops Mercenary the door Government Of Tyranny the door Iran » Do Taken Is. Method Research, Descriptive - analytical And Manner Total Anecdote Data S With Lean On documents Archives And Sources Libraries Is. the door Response To This question That Role Troops Mercenary the door Continuity Government Of Tyranny the door Iran From the period Samanians until the Qajar How Is? This That; Samanians the first governmental Was That Later From log in Islam Forced To Use From the force Slaves And Escrow Responsibility Military To They are Was. the door the period Ghaznavian Relying on Government Tyranny To Troops Mercenary Consolidation Became And the door the period Seljuks Also Face To Exaggerate Entity. Kings Safavid With Consolidation Domination Tyranny Yourself To Troops Mercenary Georgian Cherks And Armenian Relying They were And Relying on Nader Shah To Troops Mercenary Afghan obvious Is And So From collapse Troops Eli the door the period Qajar Troops Cossack Protector Flat And Crown Kings They were . With This Peculiarities; Troops Mercenary To Mind Not having Favorites National, Benefit Perseverance Personal And Take points And Especially Computing Feeling Break From Enemy, the door Ultimately To The server Yourself Back done And Cause Weakening Or Fall That Dynasty You can Respectively. Manuscript profile

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