• List of Articles Nations

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Justification of aviation sanctions in the light of general international law and international air law (Concepts, basics, classification and legitimacy)
        Mehdi Aliyari
        Aviation sanctions are among the most widely used and oldest international sanctions. Despite the wide variety and scope of these sanctions compared to other common types of sanctions in the aviation field, these sanctions are considered to be the most effective type of More
        Aviation sanctions are among the most widely used and oldest international sanctions. Despite the wide variety and scope of these sanctions compared to other common types of sanctions in the aviation field, these sanctions are considered to be the most effective type of sanctions on the aimed country, which in some cases have led to the isolation and paralysis of aviation in those countries. However, from the law point of view, it has received less attention from scholars than travel sanctions. The purpose of this article is to describe and explain by analytical-descriptive methods aviation sanctions in two fields of Public International Law and International Air Law in order to explain the legal content and nature and the conditions of their legitimacy. But before that, the author tries to define and explain the aviation sanctions based on the procedure of the United Nations, as well as international political actors, including the United States and the European Union, and the rules of International Law. These kinds of sanctions are that adopted collectively by the United Nations or other the International Organization and unilaterally by governments. The final conclusion of the article indicates the incompatibility of unilateral sanctions in the field of aviation with the provisions of the 1944 Chicago Convention, which has the status of the constitution in the international aviation community because it leads to the violation of this international instruments, which in turn is perceived "abuse of civil aviation" according to Article (4) of the mentioned Convention. Manuscript profile
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        2 - Position of the right to peace in the charter of UN with looking at the performance of the Security Council
        عاطفه Amininia
        UN in the last days of World War II, as an organization that emerged out of the nations, with the goal of international peace and security arose ideal. It is clear that the achievement of international peace and security requires good infrastructure in paragraphs 2 to 4 More
        UN in the last days of World War II, as an organization that emerged out of the nations, with the goal of international peace and security arose ideal. It is clear that the achievement of international peace and security requires good infrastructure in paragraphs 2 to 4 of the Charter has been mentioned, which is the realization of fundamental human rights. The realization of human rights, in turn, requires hospitalization of peace .this present paper intends to seeks position of the right to peace and assess the performance of the Council in this regard. Council in this regard, what is qualified and competent to truly ahead of this coming from. what is qualified and competent to make this truly is the threshold? Manuscript profile
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        3 - Historical and Philosophical Development of Development Sociology
        Lucky Osaretin Odia
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        4 - Poverty, Illiteracy cum Prosperity Theology: A Quantitative Study
        Don Enahimion Okosun
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        5 - A Criticism on the Implementation of Financial Condemnation from the Jurisprudence Point of View
        Salman Ahmadi Alireza Amini
        In the course of studying and reforming, the law of the method of implementing financial condemnation was discussed in parliament in 2014 and it was ratified by the Assembly of Recognizing the Benefit of the state after going through legal process. This thesis studied t More
        In the course of studying and reforming, the law of the method of implementing financial condemnation was discussed in parliament in 2014 and it was ratified by the Assembly of Recognizing the Benefit of the state after going through legal process. This thesis studied the mentioned law and contrasted it with juridical foundations and concluded that its benefits related to more attention to juridical foundations; cases such as differentiating debtors with regard to their previous record, reducing imprisonment, the method of offering binet, suggesting the ways of providing the backgrounds for employment, and so on. This study found some shortcomings of this law that relate to ignoring the predictions of jurisprudence for ending the struggle between debtors and creditors. These shortcomings include not forcing the debtor to work and make money, not considering a portion of charity to help poor debtors. Moreover, there were some ambiguities in the sentences of the law that were studied in this thesis. However, it was a very useful effort and attempt in reforming the previous law. Manuscript profile
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        6 - UNESCO’s Position in Cultural Planning & Development of Iran
        دکتر سیدرضا صالحی امیری لیلی زمانی هرگلانی
        This research explains UNESCO’s Position in Iran’s Cultural Planning &Development. To do so, culture and development have initially been explainedthrough UNESCO’s viewpoint; then, development theories have been studied andstable human development h More
        This research explains UNESCO’s Position in Iran’s Cultural Planning &Development. To do so, culture and development have initially been explainedthrough UNESCO’s viewpoint; then, development theories have been studied andstable human development has been defined. Also, Iran’s cultural heritage has beenstudied to survey UNESCO’s activities according to UNESCO’s 4 CulturalDevelopment Aims. Finally, the aims and questions of this very research have beenstated and the conclusion has been explained according to the data collection andanalysis done through the questionnaires handed out to experts related to UNESCO.The result of this research is that UNESCO has had a leading role in protecting,distributing and reviving Iran’s cultural heritage, Iran’s cultural interchange with othercountries and Iran’s Cultural identity revival. Manuscript profile
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        7 - Muslim Philosophers' Philosophy of Science and its Aristotlean Legacy
        موسی ملایری
        It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or&ldq More
        It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or“Philosophy of science” [or philosophical scientiology]. First, fourof the most important issues in the new philosophy of science i.e.criterions of scientific investigations, necessary conditions foraccuracy of scientific explanations, epistemic values, and status ofscientific theories and scientific methods for scientific discoveries,were selected. In each of them, first, we illustrate Aristotle'saccount, then, Muslim thinkers one. Tow point were attained: 1-Aristotle's idea contains all of these issues. 2- Muslim thinkers haveplayed significat role not only in, deepening and criticizing of theAristotelian philosophy of science, but also in its later development Manuscript profile
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        8 - The Comparative Mythological Study of “Cows” in Different Nations’ Myths
        Seyyed Karim Sajadi Rad sedighe Sajadi Rad
        Religion and mythology of any nation cannot be understood apart from its historical context; and myths are the representative of the cultural background and the beliefs and thoughts of different nations. The relationship between humans and animals, humans and the gods h More
        Religion and mythology of any nation cannot be understood apart from its historical context; and myths are the representative of the cultural background and the beliefs and thoughts of different nations. The relationship between humans and animals, humans and the gods has been of a special importance in mythology and ancient traditions. Among these “cows” have been received more attention due to their characteristics and special features. This article examines the status of cows in mythology and folklore mythology and for their importance in Iran and some other nations, including Egypt, China, Greece, India and ... ; because when a literary work is compared with another one and each of them is evaluated in comparison with the other, they would indicate a deeper meaning. Manuscript profile
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        9 - GARSHASP AND HERACLES, A DISCUSSION IN COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY
        Mahdokht Pour khalleghi Chatrud Hamid Tabasi
        The national mythology of any nation is the story of heavenly destiny of super humans and kings and heroes which are formed in the creative minds of peopleand have gradually provided the ground forepic basics of the culture and literature of those nations More
        The national mythology of any nation is the story of heavenly destiny of super humans and kings and heroes which are formed in the creative minds of peopleand have gradually provided the ground forepic basics of the culture and literature of those nations. Most of these mythological stories are archetypes which could be found in as repeated themes and characters in the mythology of other nations. The present article studies the similarities of Garshasp and Heraclesand their actions and characteristics such as fighting against devilish birds and immortality are studiedwhile the necessity of such comparisons between Iranian and Greek mythology is highlighted.  Manuscript profile
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        10 - A Research in Common Contents in Persian and Arabic Literatue with Comparative Approach
        Gholamreza Fakhr
        Today, comparative literature regards as an important branch of literature which may result precious accomplishment in literal study. Comparative literature is a branch of literature, better to say literal criticism which compares different literal writings in different More
        Today, comparative literature regards as an important branch of literature which may result precious accomplishment in literal study. Comparative literature is a branch of literature, better to say literal criticism which compares different literal writings in different languages and studies similarities and conflicts. In other word, comparative literature discusses literal writings of other nations. To say briefly, comparative literature is one nation's perspective in ohter nations' literature. The nobility of literal writings will increase if they are studied comparatively. Other languages' literature has had interplay on each other, certainly the Persian and Arabic interplay is the most obvious one. The writer of the present article attempts to mention some advantages of comparative literature and offers common samples in Persian and Arabic literatue. Manuscript profile
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        11 - Comparative Study of Terms in Molana, Sanaei and Attar Sample Poetries
        Nahid Safari Hakvani Hamid Samsaam Ahmad Reza Keykha Farzaneh
        To claim there are no other poets but Hafez and Molanaa who are all Iranian families, various classes of society, literate and illiterate, common and jurist, king and dervish’s favorite (poets) is not wrong. Words are keys to enter poets’ world and manifest More
        To claim there are no other poets but Hafez and Molanaa who are all Iranian families, various classes of society, literate and illiterate, common and jurist, king and dervish’s favorite (poets) is not wrong. Words are keys to enter poets’ world and manifest in various forms such as syntax, expression, announcement, allusion and figurative applications. In spite of having remarkable importance in understanding poetry, words are not compiled systematically in a single book via considering principles yet. The present article is the first attempt in this regard and the method is librarian, by taking notes and referring to reliable interpretations, new and old dictionaries. The outstanding characteristic of the research is the couplet – based form of the words and phrases; which means that target is not to compile a dictionary, but the main aim is to solve Molana’s “Mathnavi” problems of his first Book. According to abovementioned note, the meaning of the couplet is chosen – amongst various and different meanings of a single term or word – which is appropriate for it. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Breaking Norms in Mahmoud Darvish's Poetry by Emphasizing Al-ʾAʿmāl aš-Šiʿriyyat al-Kāmilah
        Fatemeh Asadi Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi
        Breaking the norms is one of the Formalists' findings which today forms the basics of methodology and linguistics. Mahmoud Darvish has deformed the usual and normal formations in different cases and has created new combinations and attractive images. Breaking the norms More
        Breaking the norms is one of the Formalists' findings which today forms the basics of methodology and linguistics. Mahmoud Darvish has deformed the usual and normal formations in different cases and has created new combinations and attractive images. Breaking the norms from Leech's point of view is of eight types which the present paper intends to study and analyze lexical, semantics and scripting breaking norms in Al-ʾAʿmāl aš-Šiʿriyyat al-Kāmilah. The results show that Mahmoud Darvish has enjoyed similes and metaphors more than other poets as well as ancient lexicons beside new additional combinations, paradox, alliteration and … . Manuscript profile
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        13 - Social Consideration Of Amin Al-Reyhani
        Maryam Hashemi
        Amin Al-Reyhani has argued about poverty and lack of education and science between people. He believes that if a nation lives in darkness and unawareness its properties and wealth will be spoiled. Amin Al-Reyhani is a Lebanese scholar who has attempted to reform his o More
        Amin Al-Reyhani has argued about poverty and lack of education and science between people. He believes that if a nation lives in darkness and unawareness its properties and wealth will be spoiled. Amin Al-Reyhani is a Lebanese scholar who has attempted to reform his own and other Arabic societies.  Manuscript profile
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        14 - A Survey of the Rules about Lahv and La’ib (Diversion and Amusement) from the Perspective of the Five Denominations
        Masomeh Pourshabanan Mohammad Ali Heidari Masoud Raei
        The purpose of the present study is to conduct a survey about Lahv and La’ib (diversion and amusement) from the view of the five denominations including Shāfi’ī, Mālikī, Hanbalī, and Hanafī. The method of study was descriptive analysis and the results showed More
        The purpose of the present study is to conduct a survey about Lahv and La’ib (diversion and amusement) from the view of the five denominations including Shāfi’ī, Mālikī, Hanbalī, and Hanafī. The method of study was descriptive analysis and the results showed that the rules about Lahv and La’ib in the five denominations have similarities and differences due to the difference of argumentation in those religious schools. The reason for the prohibition of Lahv and La’ib in Shi’ism is with the reference to the Qur’ān, Consensus (Ijma’), Ahādīth, and Shi’ite narratives from Imams (s). The whole range of plays and amusements are not absolutely forbidden in Sunnism, but rather some of their instances are inherently Haram (forbidden) while some other instances are Makrūh (detestable) and Mubāh (permitted). Manuscript profile
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        15 - A project on language’s surfaces
        Nazanin Naderi ahmad zakeri
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        16 - Evaluation of the Phantasm and Branding of Tourism Destinations (case study: South Khorasan Province, Iran)
        Mohammad Eskandari Sani Ebrahim Rezaei
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        17 - Stylistic Study of the Notion of Defamiliarization in “Al-Hadid” Sura
        morteza ghaemi esmaeil yousefi javad mohamadzade
        This article examines the notion ofdefamiliarizationin the holysura“Al- Hadid”.The defamiliarization is a term that emerged as a result of the strength of the break out of the habits. The main objective of this technique is to attractreader’s attention More
        This article examines the notion ofdefamiliarizationin the holysura“Al- Hadid”.The defamiliarization is a term that emerged as a result of the strength of the break out of the habits. The main objective of this technique is to attractreader’s attention. The Holy Quran,the most documentary bookhas breached syntactic and lexical rules.Thus, analysis of the  greatSura (Al-Hadid) based on stylistics centered on the “Defamilization” at the phonetic, semantic and combination layers.Among the letters music and content of the verses of the Surah, is the coordination and coherence. In semantic level, it is recognized that this Sura isfull of such arts like paradoxes and semantic conflicts, such that the high frequency of semanticconflicts, has given the text of the Qur'an a special expression. In part of the deviation of the norms,deviating from governing application of conventional centrifugal terms and phrases, including dedication and delay, delete and gratuity (departure has attracted the hearts both in terms of form as well as content. Manuscript profile
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        18 - The Criticism of the Explanations of the Muallaqat (synchronized study
        Somayeh Hasan Alian sayyedmohammadreza Ibnorrasool
        Considering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as  its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing  many of  the  Jahelliah words  a great number of commentators paid attention More
        Considering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as  its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing  many of  the  Jahelliah words  a great number of commentators paid attention to them.  In the present study, it is intended to study the critical method of commentators in  their explanations of the Muallaqat, descriptive - analytical method being employed. The results of the study reveals that commentators paid attention to criticism although it isn’t much. And their critical views are focused on technical levels (Dictionary, phonetics, syntax, rhetoric) and semantic level.   Manuscript profile
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        19 - The role of good governance in increasing tourism in Taleghan city
        Rassa Safari namin sayed abolghasem fazel chahar mahali mohammad shokriyan
        10.30495/juepd.2022.691378
             Today, tourism as a source of income and job creation at the local level can be an approach to economic development and has a potential role in the local economy. Attracting tourists and developing tourism in a place leads to currency exchange, More
             Today, tourism as a source of income and job creation at the local level can be an approach to economic development and has a potential role in the local economy. Attracting tourists and developing tourism in a place leads to currency exchange, increasing income and developing employment in that place. On the other hand, good urban governance and its indicators such as security and participation that were examined in this study have a significant role in providing the possibility of increasing tourism in this region and city. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of good governance in increasing tourism in Taleghan city. The research is descriptive and analytical and has been done in a library and field method using books, articles and questionnaires. Finally, it has been used by SPSS statistical analytical software and descriptive statistical indicators such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, correlation, regression, etc. The statistical population of the study was 384 people who were selected through random sampling. The results show that attracting tourists in a region separate from the existence of tourist attractions and potentials requires the existence of facilities for tourists. Because tourists, due to the nature of tourism and apart from it, are looking for fun and leisure with pleasure. An issue that good urban governance can address well. On the other hand, environmental security and its increase as well as public participation have a great contribution in increasing and attracting tourists to Taleghan city as a tourist destinationExtended AbstractIntroduction:The world today faces challenges that stem from the changes resulting from the advancement of science and technology and the emergence of new organizational and social needs. In today's changing world, governments and city managers alone will not be able to meet the new needs of their citizens. Use to maximize the production and delivery of public services. In the modern urban management system, several models have been presented to solve these problems and challenges in urban life, one of which is the dominant model in urban management, the model of urban governance. Governance is an issue that focuses on how governments and other social organizations interact with each other, how to communicate with citizens, and how to make decisions in a complex world, and is the process by which communities and organizations make and determine their decisions. Who is involved in this process and how to perform their duties. The urban environment is a complex, dynamic and diverse space and requires a high management capacity that good urban governance can provide. On the other hand, tourism has become one of the most important resources in the economy of countries, which has grown more than other economic sectors, and not only economically has created employment and income, etc., but also caused familiarity with cultures, increased The welfare of society, the fight against unemployment, social corruption and many other positive items. However, the flow of urban tourism can not be summarized only in the presence of natural, man-made and man-made attractions. So that tourism as a product of the entanglement of various factors, each of which has a significant impact on tourism. In addition, knowledge of tourism is also important in the field of urban tourism. Cities with high potentials play a role as the engine of economic and social development by creating jobs and coming up with ideas. Accordingly, in the present study, the role of indicators of good urban governance in increasing tourism in tourism destination cities will be investigated and evaluated.Methodology:The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and survey research in terms of data collection. To collect the research, two methods of interviewing experts and a questionnaire were used. At first, in order to identify the governance indicators for the development of tourism in the studied city, by researching various sources and also interviewing some experts in the regional offices, some important indicators for the development of tourism in the region and the studied city were identified and collected. Then, in the second stage, the indicators were analyzed and evaluated in the framework of the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was experts in regional offices and tourists entering the city. 384 people were randomly selected as the statistical population through a sampling and a questionnaire was distributed among them. Data were analyzed using statistical tests in SPSS software.Results and discussion:The significance level of research variables is more than 0.05, so the null statistical assumption that the desired distribution is normal is confirmed and all research variables have a normal distribution. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient test between variables indicate that among the 384 respondents studied, the correlation coefficient is 0.0206 with a significance level of 99%, since the significance level  Obtained (Sig), less than 01 /. We have enough evidence to reject our statistical null hypothesis. As a result, the statistical null hypothesis is rejected and the main hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, there is a significant correlation between research variables (improving environmental security and increasing tourism destination selection). The coefficient of determination is equal to 0.043, ie the amount of variability in the dependent variable that can be explained by regression is equal to 0.043 units. Also, the standardized beta coefficient is equal to 0.0206, ie the market of one unit of change in the independent variable (environmental security improvement), changes of the dependent variable (increase of tourist destination selection) is equal to 0.0206 units, which due to the smaller level Significance (Sig) from 01 /. This effect is significant, therefore: improving environmental security has a positive and significant effect on increasing the choice of tourist destinations. The results obtained from Pearson correlation coefficient test between variables indicate that among the 384 respondents studied, the correlation coefficient is 0.258 with a significance level of 99%, since the significance level obtained (Sig) is less than 01 /. We have enough evidence to reject our statistical null hypothesis. As a result, the statistical null hypothesis is rejected and the main hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, there is a significant correlation between research variables (attracting public participation and increasing tourism destination selection). The coefficient of determination is equal to 0.067, ie the amount of variability in the dependent variable that can be explained by regression is equal to 0.067 units. Also, the standardized beta coefficient is equal to 0.258, ie the market of a unit of change in the independent variable (attracting public participation), changes in the dependent variable (increasing the choice of tourist destination) Is equal to 0.258 units which is due to the fact that the significance level is smaller (Sig) than 0.01. This effect is significant, therefore: attracting public participation has a positive and significant effect on increasing the choice of tourist destination. Conclusion:      Today, tourism as an industry has been able to be one of the sources of income and job creation at the local level and an approach to economic development and has a potential role in the local economy. Attracting tourists and developing tourism in one place leads to currency exchange, increasing income and developing employment in that place, and especially when the profits of other economic sectors are declining, it is a good alternative for them. Tourism development and tourist attraction, in addition to economic aspects, also includes social and cultural aspects and is considered as a guide for rural development on the one hand, and new strategies for revitalization of rural areas through the creation of complementary activities or Transforming these areas according to their human and natural resources and also increases income and thus the well-being of the residents of these areas. On the other hand, it helps to rebuild rural areas because sustainable development calls for long-term growth in tourism without detrimental effects on natural ecosystems. Taleghan city has also shown a successful performance so far by benefiting from nature and many attractions in attracting tourists. On the other hand, good urban governance and its indicators such as security and participation that were examined in this study have a significant role in providing the possibility of increasing tourism in this region and city. In today's competitive tourism markets, trying to attract tourists by different destinations is considered as a strategic goal and one of the ways to attract tourists to the destination is to improve the quality of the environment. Because of the nature of tourism and apart from it, tourists are also looking for fun and leisure with fun, an issue that good urban governance can provide well. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Evaluating the effectiveness of training courses and exploring the improvement instructions: A usage of the follow-up explanations model
        Mostafa Hadavinejad Fariba Heydari
        Some organizations invest a lot on employee’s training so that improve performance and productivity, but sometimes that is not effective. So, evaluating effectiveness of training courses and exploring their improvement instructions seems important. In this regard, More
        Some organizations invest a lot on employee’s training so that improve performance and productivity, but sometimes that is not effective. So, evaluating effectiveness of training courses and exploring their improvement instructions seems important. In this regard, our study is established in Rafsanjan Industrial Estate companies using follow-up explanations model of mixed methods. To this end, first Kirkpatrick questionnaire that it’s content validity and reliability were verified before, was distributed among a sample of 156 learners. In order to test the effectiveness of courses, one-sample t test were used. The post hoc tests were done using one-way ANOVA. All test were done in SPSS. Then, improvement instructions were explored through deep open interviews with a sample of 68 learners. Interviews were continued up to theoretical saturation and data were analyzed via MAXQDA.  Results showed that effectiveness of held training courses and its aspects (reaction, learning, behavior, and results) were located on a variable domain of middle to much base on different demographic variables in a 95 percent confidence level. Moreover, some instructions about time, site, title, and executive organization of training courses were presented base on research findings.     Manuscript profile
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        21 - The Emergence of International laws and Regulations of States against Terrorism from the Perspective of International Law
        Amin Amini Zare AboMohamad Asgarkhani Maryam Moradi
        Amin Amini Zare[1],AboMohamad Asgarkhani[2]*,Maryam Moradi[3] Abstract: Terrorism has been the subject of considerable reflection and research in various fields of the humanities, including international law. The purpose of this article is to investigate the origins o More
        Amin Amini Zare[1],AboMohamad Asgarkhani[2]*,Maryam Moradi[3] Abstract: Terrorism has been the subject of considerable reflection and research in various fields of the humanities, including international law. The purpose of this article is to investigate the origins of international regulations of world gov­er­n­m­ents in the fight against terrorism from the perspective of international law, which is followed by a descriptive-analytical method. According to the results the contemporary era has witnessed a lack of agreement and collective success in c­o­untering and eliminating the phenomenon of terrorism. The reason for this can be attributed to the lack of relative unity in defining the nature of the terrorist act, which in turn confuses and inefficiencies the forms of confrontation with it and institutions such as the United Nations.  Although, the structure of inter­n­a­tional law has not become fruitful and final solutions due to the use of power by powerful governments in their interests. [1].PhD student in Public International Law, Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran. [2].Professor, Department of Law and Political Science, Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran,Corresponding Author [3].Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law,Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran Manuscript profile
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        22 - A mathematical programming model for single round-robin tournament problem: A case study of Volleyball Nations League
        Hamed Jafari Morteza Rajabzadeh
        10.22094/joie.2022.1891205.1721
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        23 - Evaluation of Tourism Social Effects from Sociology View
        Hassan Movassaghi
        10.30495/jss.2021.1924903.1310
        With a brief glimpse ,we can find that interests of tourism industry isn’t only spending of leisure time , funny and traveling ,but the tourism has a power that lead to evolution in cultures and promote the human civilizations, it creates a background for good und More
        With a brief glimpse ,we can find that interests of tourism industry isn’t only spending of leisure time , funny and traveling ,but the tourism has a power that lead to evolution in cultures and promote the human civilizations, it creates a background for good understanding between nations , states and different human groups .Not only the existence of different races and distinct cultures isn’t problematic, but creates a chance for more familiarity and closeness of humans together that it improves the life of human societies and in this regard, the effective role of tourism sociology in this connection is very tangible. However, prevalent tourism industry is expanding today more than the past, thus the peace and friendship will establish by promotion of this industry. The present research will approve that the role of building culture and Acculturation in tourism is undeniable and the friendly and heartfelt meeting of tourists with native and local people approves the sociology, social and cultural values of tourist that could convert to a power for promoting of human rights standards. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Internet and National Identity among the Youth in Sari
        Zahra Pak Manesh Nader Razeghi
        10.22034/ssyj.2020.678790
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        25 - Analysis of factors affecting the sustainability of urban transport systems available to the user tourism in District 22 of Tehran Municipality, case study of the Lake Persian Gulf
        Ameneh Jori Rahim Sarvar Zahra Pishgahifard
        Proper interaction in system stability resulting in metropolis in it. So knowledge of factors affecting sustainability; are important to achieving this. In this paper, both in the urban system and the interaction between them is of particular interest; Urban transport a More
        Proper interaction in system stability resulting in metropolis in it. So knowledge of factors affecting sustainability; are important to achieving this. In this paper, both in the urban system and the interaction between them is of particular interest; Urban transport and urban tourism in the context of the metropolis of Tehran, In the area of 22 municipalities, Sphere of influence in the Persian Gulf Martyrs lake (Lake Cheetgar). Accordingly, after considering the factors affecting the sustainability of transportation systems in connection with tourism, Through statistical analysis of these components, but in four major indicators discussed. The research method was descriptive analyzes that In which data collection is based on questionnaires that was distributed Among experts and specialists in the fields of urban planning, transport and tourism traffic . The population of about 100 people who have been elected by non-random purposive And to analyze data collected from software SPSS22 And statistical methods are used t-test and Friedman test. The test results show that the four criteria of sustainability study(Environmental, social, economic, and transportation), Lack of stability is required And the factors affecting sustainability, environmental criteria have been most affected And standard of transportation with minimal impact on system stability assessment of transportation District 22 of Tehran's access to the Persian Gulf Martyrs lake. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Toleration of tourism destination on the side effects of climate changes (studied by Hamedan province)
        mostafa shayegan mohsen ranjbar Reza Borna Azade Arbaby
        The phenomenon of global warming and climate change may not only lead to climate change, but may also cause major changes in the tourism situation of the region and its sustainability, which will have far-reaching consequences and will destabilize the industry. The aim More
        The phenomenon of global warming and climate change may not only lead to climate change, but may also cause major changes in the tourism situation of the region and its sustainability, which will have far-reaching consequences and will destabilize the industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vulnerability to climate change and resilience of tourism destinations on the sustainability of tourism development. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The sample size corresponded to the statistical population was 185 people. The required data and information were collected in the form of library and field. Pls software was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that vulnerability to climate change has a negative effect on the sustainability of tourism development and resilience of tourism destinations has a negative effect on vulnerability to climate change. The results of this study also showed that the resilience of destinations has a positive effect on the sustainability of tourism development. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Studying the feasibility of smart tourism with emphasis on the essentials and infrastructure requirements (case study of mashhad metropolis)
        sussan nadali
        In any cases, in many countries, the tourism industry is considered as a high-income industry and it is considered as one of the main sources of foreign exchange earnings. Due to the role and importance of the tourism industry in various aspects, including foreign excha More
        In any cases, in many countries, the tourism industry is considered as a high-income industry and it is considered as one of the main sources of foreign exchange earnings. Due to the role and importance of the tourism industry in various aspects, including foreign exchange earnings and income source for the state, it can be the source of Employment creation. In today's world, we can say almost everything we see is smart. The tourism industry need is also no exception to intelligent manufacturing. Nevertheless, the research on smart tourism in Iran has been very limited. So the existence of intelligent tourism is necessary for the provision of services with higher quality and speed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of intelligent tourism as one of the most important challenges facing Mashhad's tourism destination, Mashhad tourism business ecosystems and tourists' experiences, and avoid the realization of tourism. Research is considered as the result of applied research and subsequently, in terms of the type of research purpose, is descriptive and in terms of qualitative data type. The data collection tool is a questionnaire and is used for analysis of SPSS software. Data were analyzed by variance analysis. As a result, research hypotheses confirming the existence of intelligent tourism infrastructure in Mashhad city were confirmed. At the end, there are suggestions for the development and implementation of smart tourism and suggestions for continuing research in this area. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Analysis and Evaluation of the Evolution of Tourist Destinations Using the Combined Persuade-Allen-Butler Model (STLC) A Case of Tourist Destinations in Kurdistan Province
        arastoo yari hesar Bahram  Imani Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki arezoo moradi Barzin  Zarghami
        The life cycle of tourism destinations in Iran is a relatively new subject that offers a valuable framework for understanding the dynamics of tourist activities and planning their transformation towards sustainable tourism. This study aims to evaluate target villages fo More
        The life cycle of tourism destinations in Iran is a relatively new subject that offers a valuable framework for understanding the dynamics of tourist activities and planning their transformation towards sustainable tourism. This study aims to evaluate target villages for tourism development in Kurdistan province using the integrated model of Prescott, Allen, and Butler (Sustainable Tourism Life Cycle - STLC). The evolution of sustainable tourism in these villages is assessed based on the STLC model. The sample size for this research consists of 356 individuals. The survey results indicate that most of the studied villages are in the intervention and conflict stages or at the early stages of development in the sustainable tourism life cycle. The primary strategy recommended for villages in the intervention and conflict stages is community participation and the expansion of tourism infrastructure. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Evaluation and Analysis of the Potentials of Geomorphological and Geotourist Destinations in Ardabil Province Using Feuillet and Dynamic Models
        mousa abedini Behrouz Nezafat Aylar Khayati
        Geotourism is a type of tourism that focuses on both natural and man-made points of interest. In geotourism, geomorphological phenomena are considered more significant than other geological phenomena. This kind of tourism is not only for specialists and experts in geomo More
        Geotourism is a type of tourism that focuses on both natural and man-made points of interest. In geotourism, geomorphological phenomena are considered more significant than other geological phenomena. This kind of tourism is not only for specialists and experts in geomorphology and geology but also for ordinary tourists and nature enthusiasts. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the potential geotourism destinations in Ardabil Province, with a specific focus on geomorphological sites. Hadzik and Fiolet's methods were used for the study. In Hadzik's model, the value and importance of each geotourism site were estimated based on scientific value and surplus values. Fiolet's model was analyzed based on management and tourism rates and their respective value ranges. The results of Hadzik's model showed that the geotourism areas of Nair, Nemin, and Heer had values of 36.22, 29.48, and 51.69, respectively. Based on these values, the geotourism area of Hir has high and relatively good potential compared to the other two areas. The results of Fiolet's model also showed that the geotourism areas of Hir had the highest score, followed by Nair and Nemin, in terms of geotourism capabilities. Therefore, it can be concluded that the geotourism area of Heir has more attraction power for the development of geotourism than the other studied areas. Additionally, future studies to identify new geotourism areas should consider conducting online studies and tourism-based surveys. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Determination of Main Components of Sustainability of Urban Transportation Systems in Access to Tourism of the Persian Gulf Lake (Chitgar), Tehran
        robabeh rajabi amirabad
        The increasing expansion of urban environments and, consequently, the leisure needs of urban residents, as well as visitors and tourists visiting urban spaces, require special attention in planning and achieving sustainable urban tourism development and related infrastr More
        The increasing expansion of urban environments and, consequently, the leisure needs of urban residents, as well as visitors and tourists visiting urban spaces, require special attention in planning and achieving sustainable urban tourism development and related infrastructures. At the same time, it is worthwhile to pay attention to the functions and effects of this sector and planning to make appropriate arrangements for urban spaces and infrastructures. Among the basic infrastructures in the field of urban tourism are urban transportation and the way these two functions are related to each other. Accordingly, the present article selects an indicator of tourism in the metropolis of Tehran (the Persian Gulf martyrs lake), attempting to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of urban transportation systems in accessing this tourist site. The research strategy is applied and its method is descriptive and analytical. The library method and the questionnaire were used to collect information and For data analysis, exploratory factor analysis using Cronbach's Alpha method. Kaiser-Meyer-Olekin (KMO) and Bartlet tests were used in SPSS-22 software.  In this method, the stability of existing transportation systems was studied using four main components and 24 selected indicators. As a result, it was observed that sustainability of transportation systems in accessing the tourism of the martyrs of the Persian Gulf Lake is very close to factors such as public access, environmental costs, transportation costs and traffic costs. Manuscript profile
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        31 - The Destinations of Religion and the Role and Place of Expediency in Legislation
        Sayyed Mohmmad Taqhi Alavi Seyedeh mahshid Miri balajorshari
        10.30495/jcld.2022.696763
        According to the opinion of  justice ,the religious commandments are subject to expediencies and corruptions; as the governmental rulings are in line with the provision of social expediencies of Islamic society. Therefore, expediency at status of decree and governm More
        According to the opinion of  justice ,the religious commandments are subject to expediencies and corruptions; as the governmental rulings are in line with the provision of social expediencies of Islamic society. Therefore, expediency at status of decree and governmental rulings has an important place in Islamic jurisprudence. All Islamic religions agree that the rulings are based on the expediencies and corruptions and actually the religion has come for attracting the expediencies of the servants and keeping the corruption away from them .From the age of genesis of religion till now by reflection on the noble verses of the Quran, the Sunnah of Innocent Ones and the actions of the Companions and Islamic jurists, this conclusion is obtained that there is a close relationship between the destinations of the religion and the words expediency and corruption. It is attempted in this article that by study and reflection on the theory of destinations of religion and its relationship with expediencies and corruptions, will attain to the analysis of cases that are placed as “ absence of legal text “ or other cases of silence of law. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Preemptive Legitimate Defense: the Legitimacy of Resorting to Force or Frequent Breach of the United Nations Charter (Text in Persian
        Mohammad Javad Zarif Mohammad Ahani Amineh
        After the Second World War and formulation of the United Nations’ Charter, the main founding principle of international security for the post war period was laid and that was prohibition of the use of force in international relations. The founder of the United Nat More
        After the Second World War and formulation of the United Nations’ Charter, the main founding principle of international security for the post war period was laid and that was prohibition of the use of force in international relations. The founder of the United Nations’ Charter taking into consideration the experience of the League of Nations in which the governments within certain conditions had the right to resort to force, this time strictly prohibited the use of force in international relations and considered it illegal and illegitimate. Nevertheless, for this rigid and inflexible rule there were two exceptions viz collective security derived from chapter seven of the United Nations Charter and referring to right of self-defense or legitimate defense based on Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Except these two exceptions any resort to force in international relations was prohibited and considered illegal. In question of the criteria of implementing collective security there was not serious debate. But after 11 September events the question of preemptive legitimate defense was brought about from theoretical Pandora box of American leaders and on that basis the United States strategy of countering terrorism formed. On the basis of this concept which had its origin in customary international law; despite of the clear emphasis which the United Nations Charter put on occurrence of military aggression for referring to the principle of legitimate defense, stated that there was no need for military aggression and mere existence of direct and immediate threat which have the sign of imminent aggression from enemy, allows the governments to attack the threating center and eliminate the source of threat. The present article wants to examine whether such a preemptive strategy of the United States is having legal legitimacy based on the United Nations’ Charter or it is an action to justify and legitimize the application of force in international relations? Therefore, the articles by looking into different legal and political aspect of this rule, examines the legitimacy or lack of legitimacy of the United States measures. Manuscript profile
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        33 - A Study of the Possibility of Demanding Ecological Reparation of Iran-Iraq War from International Court of Justice
        Sayed Abbas Poor Hashemi Ali Faghieh Habibi
        Every country can refer one’s own dispute with another country to international court of Justice. Neither international nor the legal proceedings of the court have any regulation to restrict the non-members of the court to refer their dispute to the court. Accepta More
        Every country can refer one’s own dispute with another country to international court of Justice. Neither international nor the legal proceedings of the court have any regulation to restrict the non-members of the court to refer their dispute to the court. Acceptance of the jurisdiction of the court by members of the court is defined in article 36 of constitution and the events and circumstances described in it. The examination of the behavior of the court in cases that resort to force had taken place shows that the court as a legal organ has tried to obtain its jurisdiction within the framework of declarations and efforts and studies the legal aspect of each issue or international dispute including resort to force. Although on this issue, many jurists disagree and are of the view that resort to force can be politically interpreted and the court should not have absolute authority to examine the cases. The International Court of Justice otherwise have obligatory jurisdiction on cases which compulsory international norms (jus cogens) are violated and the court on cases that the sovereignty of a member of the United Nations is violated by another member can declare the aggressor as responsible and the latter must compensate the loss. In the case of Iran-Iraq war enormous damage were inflicted on eco system as well as human beings and these losses have so far not been compensated. Present article by referring to norms of international law wants to find out the possibility of demanding ecological compensation by suing a case in International Court of Justice Manuscript profile
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        34 - Nuclear Terrorism: Conceptual Explanation within the Framework of the United Nation’s Performance
        Alireza Golshani Haydar Babanasab Ali Bagheri Mahmoudabadi
        Nuclear terrorism is one of the most dangerous and terrible menace for human society and therefore, a serious threat and danger for peace and international security. The United Nations in the direction of fighting and containing nuclear terrorism and maintaining peace a More
        Nuclear terrorism is one of the most dangerous and terrible menace for human society and therefore, a serious threat and danger for peace and international security. The United Nations in the direction of fighting and containing nuclear terrorism and maintaining peace and international security has taken several legal steps. The occurrence of September 11, 2001 terrorist events and the possibility of committing similar terrorist acts with nuclear material added urgency to the fight against this kind of terrorism. The Security Council of the United Nations in resolution number 1540 in the year 2004 obligated all the governments to take necessary measures to control and protect nuclear material and prevent the proliferation and expansion of nuclear weapons, and in this way stop nuclear terrorism. Besides this one of the important measures taken in this regard with the initiative of General Assembly and International Atomic Energy Agency was the approval of a convention in 2005 in the General Assembly of the United Nations with a unanimous vote. On the 7th July 2007 after the receipt of twenty second approval document as the thirteenth international anti-terrorist convention put into effect and is binding on all the members. In this convention which includes 28 articles, the legitimate right of all countries for exploitation and peaceful use of nuclear energy was reiterated. This convention is the most important convention of the United Nations about terrorism. The authors of the present article want to describe the legal steps which have been taken in these international institutions, like the measures taken by General Assembly, Security Council and International Atomic Energy Agency, in the direction of flight against terrorism and maintaining peace and international security. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Explain the Consequences of Spatial Tourism in Villages of Rezvanshahr
        mehrangiz yaghoubi mohamadbaset GhoreshiMinabad nasrollah MolaeiHashjin
        Rural areas with various functions, a network of interaction between man and the environment, which affected during the period of internal and external factors and the forces of change and developments that this process is based on two natural movement and planning the More
        Rural areas with various functions, a network of interaction between man and the environment, which affected during the period of internal and external factors and the forces of change and developments that this process is based on two natural movement and planning the thought of what is happening in recent decades developing their activities Josh Tourism is one of the most important factors in the change and transformation of a village, which is the fundamental and deep developments in various" and mainly sub anatomical aspects to villages.Rezvanshahr tourist villages of this city are not Mstsny so that a variety of attractions, in recent years, we have witnessed different changes in these areas. The present paper, which aims to establish the consequences development tourism in the villages of tourists to formulate Rezvanshahr city, has been trying to the question of the main elements of the consequences of the creation of developing tourism village, from the point of view of society are example? The answer is given to the dimensions and indicators of sustainable tourism village defined and finally the conceptual model for tourism development in rural areas, provided. The research method in this study -a survey questionnaire was based on. Therefore, using Cochran's formula for tourists are 351 households from 23 villages Rezvanshahr city and all local administrators group and 8 cases of government officials and the questionnaire has been completed.The results obtained from the data shows that the society and observations, researcher in the manner of construction the rural landscape, Land use, environmental issues, but negative consequences, but such as job creation, strengthen the building, infrastructure development, raising awareness of indigenous people on the positive consequences, and consequences of a total of space - in the More coastal and mountain villages of the plains and foothillsthat to reduce the negative effects and increase the positive effects of strategic planning model partnership with an integrated management system for preserving the environment and the development of the village as the best strategy will be introduced. Manuscript profile
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        36 - Tourism destinations planning with sustainable economic development (Case study: Kiasar city)
        komeil abdi asadolah divsalar mostafa safaei
        Tourism is one of the main sources of national income in developed countries and some developing countries. Many developed and developing countries understanded the role of tourism industry in the economic cycle, social, cultural, and political communication of human&rs More
        Tourism is one of the main sources of national income in developed countries and some developing countries. Many developed and developing countries understanded the role of tourism industry in the economic cycle, social, cultural, and political communication of human’s activity and dynamic industry without pollution Priority actions have been leading the country. The purpose of this research is study and formulating strategic planning of the tourism industry In line with economic growth and development in the kiasar cities of mazandaran province. Literature reviews is collected from documental-library and survey. Research methodologies is also descriptive analysis and using a  SWOT model (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats points’) of tourism development was identified and appropriate strategies for the development of tourism in the region was formulated. The research results show, spite of many ecotourism attractions, Kiasar unable to use the opportunities that ahead in contex of economic progress. The main weaknesses are lack of comprehensive planning of tourism development, weakness of management and lack of investment in this field is required. The Aggressive strategies was considered for the development of tourism in Kiasar deal with developing appropriate planning system to provide security in the region, easy access to the culture and  finally attention to local customs of people. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Roadmap for Lean implementation in Indian automotive component manufacturing industry: comparative study of UNIDO Model and ISM Model
        J. R . Jadhav S. B. Rane S. S. Mantha
        Manuscript profile
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        38 - A fuzzy approach to the evaluation of human factors in ultrasonic nondestructive examinations
        J Domech Moré A.S Guimarães G Bonorino Xexéo R Tanscheit
        Manuscript profile
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        39 - The Accountability Levels of Saudi Arabia towards United Nations Mechanisms (2009-2016)
        Farzaneh Mostofi-far Fatemeh Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Kazem Sajadpoor
        ]
        ] Manuscript profile
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        40 - The challenges of Applying Global Jurisdiction in Dealing with Cyber Terrorism
        Hasan Movassaghi
        Undoubtedly, one of the crimes that threatens the peace and internal security of countries and the international community in a mysterious and widespread way is the crime of terrorism, which has caused deep concern for almost all the nations and states of the world, and More
        Undoubtedly, one of the crimes that threatens the peace and internal security of countries and the international community in a mysterious and widespread way is the crime of terrorism, which has caused deep concern for almost all the nations and states of the world, and dealing with it as a Erga Omnes obligation Inclusion is demanded from all countries and because some Countries do not have the experience of threats and terrorist attacks, they have no desire and inclination to cooperate with the international community to eliminate the crime of terrorism And this seemingly simple issue has caused the continuation of terrorist attacks in the world. In this research, we will deal with the obstacles of applying the principle of universal jurisdiction in the fight against terrorism and we will provide guidelines for its acceptance and application. The research method in this article is descriptive and comparative, and the findings of the research show that the governments act completely monopolistically in the field of jurisdiction of the domestic courts, and it does not go too far to exercise global jurisdiction. Manuscript profile
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        41 - The Wash back Effect of High School Examinations on Iranian EFL Learners’ Language Learning Beliefs
        Maryam Nazari Jahanbakhsh Nikoopour
        Manuscript profile
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        42 - Comparative Study of the Academic Vocabulary Content of Electronic Engi-neering Corpora, GE Materials and M.S. Entrance Examinations
        Parviz Maftoon Aris Hakhverdian
        Manuscript profile
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        43 - Negative Manifestations of Anima in Literature and Myths
        Asgar Salāhi Jafar Eshqī
        According to the theory of Carl Gustav Jung, every man has an eternal image of woman in his unconscious that, in his psychological heritage, is sediment of all his experiences about woman in all ages. Jung calls this image anima. Learning about symbolic type is the only More
        According to the theory of Carl Gustav Jung, every man has an eternal image of woman in his unconscious that, in his psychological heritage, is sediment of all his experiences about woman in all ages. Jung calls this image anima. Learning about symbolic type is the only way to understand the archetype, for the archetype of anima is revealed in human conscious in a symbolic way. With decreasing level of consciousness, anima, as a universal symbol and like other archetypes, enters conscious by dreams, imaginative inventions, myths, literature then it is revealed. Literary texts are full of archetypal images and anima. ‘Murder of lovers’, ‘sensual imaginations’, ‘sensitivity of men’ as three negative manifestations of anima in Jung’s theory have been presented in Iranian cultural elements like literature and myths. The present article tries to analyze these manifestations by using analytic-descriptive method and library sources.   Manuscript profile
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        44 - The function of General Principles of Law recognized in civilized nations in The jurisprudence of arbitrations tribunals
        Seyed Bagher Mirabbasi seyedeh zahra saadati
        10.30495/alr.2023.1994172.2626
        Field and Aims: General Principles of Law recognized in civilized nations, as one of the main sources of international law, has played an important and effective role in international arbitration tribunals compared to other parts of international law. So far, no article More
        Field and Aims: General Principles of Law recognized in civilized nations, as one of the main sources of international law, has played an important and effective role in international arbitration tribunals compared to other parts of international law. So far, no article has been done that independently examines the function of this source of international law.Method: This research was done using descriptive analytical method.Finding and Conclusion: Applicable law, Protection of legal order, the basis for law making, interpreting the rules of international law, and a rule in international law are the functions of this main source of international law. Manuscript profile
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        45 - International Organizations and Democratization: A Case Study of Afghanistan
        Arezou Ravansetan Nozar Shafiee Hossain Daheshiar Rahmat Hajiminieh
        AbstractIn democratization approach, the root of war and insecurity in the international system is the lack of democracy. Therefore, democratization of the governments has changed to an important procedure in the cold postwar world. This important issue is in progress s More
        AbstractIn democratization approach, the root of war and insecurity in the international system is the lack of democracy. Therefore, democratization of the governments has changed to an important procedure in the cold postwar world. This important issue is in progress sometimes in the form of process, and sometimes in the form of project, by the international organizations that have legitimation and universal acceptance. The objective of this research is to analyze the role of the international organizations on democratization of the governments that are in non-democratic status. Hence, by focusing on the role of the UN as one of the most effective public international organizations, this question is raised that what is the role of the international organizations, especially UN, in democratization of the governments? Hypothesis of the research, which is conducted in descriptive- analytical method, is that “the UN plays an active role through its major institutions such as Security Council, general meeting and secretary-general by implementing and executing the legal and political (or diplomatic) actions and institutionalizing for accelerating anti-authoritarianism and fixing democracy in the non-democratic countries”. Findings of the paper show that the high levels of independence and legitimation of the international organizations such as UN have made the democratization of the non-democratic governments possible. The case of Afghanistan will be reviewed for clarifying this interaction. Manuscript profile
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        46 - The Behavior of the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Towards the United Nations in the Years 2013 to 2021
        fatemeh sadat mirkhan reza simbar Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Mohammadreza Ghaedi
        The United Nations is one of the international organizations and the most important organization that consists of all countries of the world and its pillars play a key role in international relations. The Islamic Republic of Iran, like other countries in the world, is a More
        The United Nations is one of the international organizations and the most important organization that consists of all countries of the world and its pillars play a key role in international relations. The Islamic Republic of Iran, like other countries in the world, is a member of this organization. Our country, Iran, as an ancient country and civilization, urgently needs a fundamental re-reading of its relations and attitude towards the United Nations and its pillars. The main purpose of this article is to analyze and recognize the behavior of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United Nations in the period of 1392 (2013) to 1400 (2021); The main question is what was the attitude of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United Nations in the years 1392 to 1400? The researcher tries to reach an appropriate answer to this question with a theoretical approach to defensive realism, and with a descriptive-analytical research method and data collection tools of libraries and Internet sites. The results of the research show that the main problem of Iran's foreign policy towards the United Nations is its sinusoidal nature. And the solution to this problem is that Iran can play a more effective role in the United Nations by changing its sinusoidal foreign policy towards the organization and trying to establish various consultations for its reform. Manuscript profile
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        47 - The legitimacy of the Nine-Dash line of the 2009 China Declaration in the South China Sea
        seyed fakhrodin mokhtari mohammad ali solhchi mansour pournouri
        Abstract:China issued a map to the UN Secretary-General announced the drawing of a Nine Dash Line in the South China Sea, In 2009. This Nine-Dash Line cover's all the main islands of the South China Sea. Also, the method of delimitation with this Nine-Dash Line is such More
        Abstract:China issued a map to the UN Secretary-General announced the drawing of a Nine Dash Line in the South China Sea, In 2009. This Nine-Dash Line cover's all the main islands of the South China Sea. Also, the method of delimitation with this Nine-Dash Line is such that it interferes with the Exclusive Economic Zones and the Continental Shelf of other neighbors. This way of drawing lines was not reformed even with China's accession to the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). The Philippines as the most affected and protesting country, Claims incompatibility of China's Nine-Dash Line with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and considered all Chinese actions contrary to its obligations under this convention. According to this Convention and aimed at resolving disputes, The Philippines submitted its bill and petition to the Arbitral Tribunal pursuant to Annex 7 of the Convention. The summary conclusion of this study is that although the delimitation of borders, including maritime borders, is unilaterally practical in principle, a country cannot introduce itself as a coastal country outside the scope of international law and in areas that overlap with other coastal countries, to draw border lines unilaterally, and it is assumed that the Nine-Dash line drawn by China has no legitimate justification. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and relying on library resources. Manuscript profile
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        48 - Default of appearance before an International Arbitration Tribunal with emphasizing on c China and the Philippines Case
        seyed fakhrodin mokhtari mohammad ali solhchi mansour pournouri
        Observance of the adversarial principle is associated with that the trial is not conducted in the absence of one parties. On the other hand, observing the interests of the party that has referred to the competent tribunal requires continued consideration and issuance fi More
        Observance of the adversarial principle is associated with that the trial is not conducted in the absence of one parties. On the other hand, observing the interests of the party that has referred to the competent tribunal requires continued consideration and issuance final decision. If a country can deprive the jurisdiction from the competent tribunal by not appearing, this will severely undermine the credibility of peaceful dispute resolution. China issued a plan to the UN Secretary-General in 2009 and announced the drawing of a Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea. The Philippines as the most protesting country, alleges an international dispute over the incompatibility of China's Nine-Dash Line with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and on January 22, 2013, citing the provisions of the Convention, it referred its case against China to an arbitration tribunal under Section 7, Chapter 15 of the Convention. China declined to participate in all proceedings because it considered the arbitration tribunal incompetent to hear the dispute. This article intends to examine the validity of the dispute resolution process in the event of default to appear before the competent tribunal. The concise conclusion of this article is that the country absent from the proceedings is still considered as a party to the dispute and mere absence will not cause the deterioration of this position or the loss of competence of the competent tribunal but special tasks are established for the competent tribunal, which are examined in this article. Manuscript profile
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        49 - Impact of United Nations Development Plans on Development Programs of Iran
        Ramezan Esmail Asadi Mahnaz Goodarzi
        Abstract: The United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDP) is being developed in a consultative process between the agency's development agencies and member states, and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is also one of a set of United Nations speci More
        Abstract: The United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDP) is being developed in a consultative process between the agency's development agencies and member states, and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is also one of a set of United Nations specialized agencies dedicated to developing countries and Underdeveloped was formed in 1966. Development in any country occurs when planners develop strong programs that fit the environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of United Nations development plans on the development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran (opportunities and challenges). The quest for this research is to answer the question of how did the United Nations Development Plans affect the development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDP) is divided into four groups: Environment, Health, Resistance Economics and Drug Control. In this study, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. The results of the study showed that the United Nations Development Plans as an independent and exorbitant variable influenced the development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a dependent variable, and the transformation of the United Nations development programs into the development programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran Has undergone transformation. Manuscript profile
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        50 - Checking of the Legitimacy of Unilateral US Sanctions after Withdrawal of JCPOA to the United Nations Charter
        Seyed Hamid Seyed Taghizadeh Leila Raisi Dezaki Bashir Esmaeili
        DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1398.12.47.2.7
          Abstract: On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it More
          Abstract: On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it will take action Relative to Restore Iran's nuclear sanctions. Now the question is here that how much does this unilateral action by the United States as a member of the United Nations is proportionate to the United Nations Charter and whether is it legitimate According to the Charter or no. On the other hand, in the framework of the hypothesis, it also seems that “Given that unilateral US sanctions violate several clauses of United Nations Charter, these sanctions are not legitimate in accordance with the Charter.” Therefore, in this article, we will attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method to study the dimensions of this subject and test the hypothesis. Manuscript profile
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        51 - The German defense and security policy in the period after the cold war: From national strategy to regional and international responsibility
        Mohammad Tabatabaei Jabbar Khodadust
        With the unification of Germany and the collapse of the bipolar system, the country's foreign policy and security as well as having an extensive transformation . So According to the economic power, the population and the geopolitic position of the German caused Complete More
        With the unification of Germany and the collapse of the bipolar system, the country's foreign policy and security as well as having an extensive transformation . So According to the economic power, the population and the geopolitic position of the German caused Completely new conditions for playing a more active role in the country's economic, political, defense and regional and international security.This research intends to use research methods and analytical -explanatory compiled a library of resources to techniques, to examine the changes and evolution of the defense and security policy in Germany in the period after the cold war. The hypothesis of this research is based on the claim that the resulting space after the end of the cold war and developments in the regional and international level, such as the breakdown of Yugoslavia, the Balkan crisis and the events of September 11, 2001 caused a fundamental transformation in the German defense and security policy, and this country is to adopt an active regional and international strategy . Manuscript profile
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        52 - International Law and Terrorism Issue
        Kabak Khabiri Maral Darbandi
        Abstract ُSecurity Council of the United Nation Organization, as the only place which has legal right and is authorized to use force in the international interactions. Important developments have occurred in multilateral international treaties between the Convention fo More
        Abstract ُSecurity Council of the United Nation Organization, as the only place which has legal right and is authorized to use force in the international interactions. Important developments have occurred in multilateral international treaties between the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism of 1937 and the Inter- American Convention against Terrorism of 2002. This article attempts to explore the question of changes which is occurred, as well as whether these laws have been an effective legal response in combating terrorism. After differentiating between comprehensive and sectoral conventions and between universal and regional conventions, the article comparatively analyzes them based on definitions of offenses, the extent of criminalization, exceptions concerning scope of application, measures to be taken by the states parties, obligatory and optional jurisdiction, obligations of states in the sphere of legal cooperation and assistance, rights of the offender, extradition, exceptions from extradition or legal assistance, and issues not covered by the conventions. Solutions proved to be the most effective against international terrorism and discrepancies and overlaps between the conventions are discussed.   Manuscript profile
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        53 - Iran’s Relations with the UN after Victory of the Islamic Revolution
        Mostafa Maleki Mojtaba Babaei
        Abstract The record of Iran’s relations with the United Nations after the victory of the 1979 Islamic Revolution shows that Iran is currently not playing an active and effective role which it deserves in the UN.  This is to a certain degree the result of the More
        Abstract The record of Iran’s relations with the United Nations after the victory of the 1979 Islamic Revolution shows that Iran is currently not playing an active and effective role which it deserves in the UN.  This is to a certain degree the result of the policies of Iranian politicians toward the UN as well as efforts by world powers to prevent Iran from having an effective role at the international level.  Nevertheless, the lack of a long-term, integrated strategy with carefully-designed targets to promote Iran’s position in the UN as well as the failure of Iranian politicians to use the country’s capabilities in lobbying over key issues in international institutions have also contributed significantly to a decreased role in the UN. The present article tries to study the current status of Iran in the UN and review the challenges and barriers that are blocking Iran from having an effective role in international institutions.   It will also to look into the solutions to promote Iran’s positions in the UN.  This is particularly significant from the viewpoint of Iran’s policy “to have a targeted and effective role in regional and international organizations and change the current norms in global relations based on Islamic values”.        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        54 - A new subclass of harmonic mappings with positive coefficients
        A. R. Haghighi N. Asghary A. Sedghi
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        55 - Relationship between Pigments and Seed Fall Rate of Iranian Castor Genotypes and Genetic Diversity
        Ghanbar Laei Mohammad Reza Bihamta Reza Azizinezhad Farokh Darvish Kojou
        10.22034/jchr.2019.544141
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        56 - The theory of Feminism and its Impacts on the United Nations Actions The theory of Feminism and its Impacts on the United Nations Actions In Support of Women’s Right
        Soraya Tayebi
        The United Nation as the most important international organization, has played a very important role in promoting the status of women in the world, and since its inception, it has placed women’s rights on its agenda and through the adoption of resolutions, declara More
        The United Nation as the most important international organization, has played a very important role in promoting the status of women in the world, and since its inception, it has placed women’s rights on its agenda and through the adoption of resolutions, declaration, covenants, conventions and holding international conferences and meetings, it has taken effective steps in this regard. The theory of feminism, specially liberal feminism which is considered in the framework of critical theories of international relations, and is one of the main concerns of those who believe in this movement has attempt to put an end to gender inequality and in support of women’s rights, it has helped the united nations to take effective actions to promote women’s status in the world. The present paper seeks to assess the relationship between feminist theory and its impacts on UN actions and in general, the role that this critical approach has placed in promoting the status of women and protecting women’s rights. In line with the subject, raised in this paper, the research question is how feminist approach has been able to influence the United Nations actions to protect women’s rights. In response, it seems that this critical approach from the very beginning of the United Nations had been able to take effective actions in achieving the desired goals and status of women’s rights, in light of Security Council resolution, 1325. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        57 - The study of the importance of horse in the mythology of Iran and other nations and its reflection on Shahnameh
        Seyyedeh Sedigheh Sajadirad Seyyed Karim Sajadirad
        Myths are narratives regarding the beliefs of the ancient nations about themselves, God, the world and the supernatural world in a symbolic language in a form of a story. In fact myths have appeared to justify rites, traditions, and social, cultural, and moral regulatio More
        Myths are narratives regarding the beliefs of the ancient nations about themselves, God, the world and the supernatural world in a symbolic language in a form of a story. In fact myths have appeared to justify rites, traditions, and social, cultural, and moral regulations and the purpose of Mythology is to discover the hidden thoughts in myths which is regarded as the foundation of culture and the temperaments of every nation. The discovery of the minds and souls of a people whose wishes and desires, their fears and hopes are expressed symbolically in the mythic narratives. Myths teem with images of the animals that were once human. One of the important elements in mythology is the absence of distinct borderlines between humans and animals. The relationship between man and animals, man and gods in the ancient past, in myths and narratives is of utmost importance. Because of its special characteristics horse is the most distinguished among the animals in Mythology. This article deals with the standpoint of horse in the mythology of Iran and those of the other countries such as Egypt, China, Greece, and India in order to portray an in depth analysis through their comparison Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        58 - Defamiliarization in Saeb's Poetry
        Narges Oskooii
             Defamiliarization is one of the prominent theories of literary criticism.       Every artistic efforts that helps to rub off habitude and listlessness between the addresse and the writer which develops sensational unders More
             Defamiliarization is one of the prominent theories of literary criticism.       Every artistic efforts that helps to rub off habitude and listlessness between the addresse and the writer which develops sensational understanding, mind challenging and creativity, is defined as defamiliarization. It was introduced by V.B. Sheklovsky the Russian writer of past century, and now it is diverted in different types such as Lexical and syntactic. Saeb is one of the well-known poets of persian literature in the field of defamiliarization whom his creativity, new saying, and innovation was salient.       In this essay we are going to examine the major Styles of Saeb Considering defamiliarization of word, speech, meaning, and the necessity of their usage.      Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        59 - The Effectiveness of Autobiographical Memory Specificity Training (MEST) on Experiential Avoidance Ruminations and Quality of Life among Betrayed Women with Depression Symptoms
        seyed masoud dehghan manshadi elham froozandeh mohamad zarehneyestanak
        Marital Betray is a traumatic and growing factor in different societies causes many problems for betrayed spouse. The purpose of this study was the effectiveness Autobiographical Memory Specificity Training on rumination, experiential avoidance and quality of betrayed w More
        Marital Betray is a traumatic and growing factor in different societies causes many problems for betrayed spouse. The purpose of this study was the effectiveness Autobiographical Memory Specificity Training on rumination, experiential avoidance and quality of betrayed women with depression symptoms in Yazd. For this purpose, during a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group, 30 betrayed women were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Participants were evaluated in terms of acceptance and practice, rumination and quality of life before and after the intervention. The experimental group received 6 sessions of Autobiographical memory specificity training. Multivariate analysis of covariance results showed that compared to the control group, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in experiential avoidance and mental rumination and a significant increase in the quality of life. It seems that this method can be used as an effective therapeutic intervention in betrayed people. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        60 - Analyzing the role of the UN Security Council to prevent war in the Middle East
        samira kohan khaki Behzad Ghaffari benam
        The Security Council, with the limits of authority defined by the United Nations Charter, is the executive of the common security system and is responsible for establishing order and security in the world. This research is considering the great importance of the role of More
        The Security Council, with the limits of authority defined by the United Nations Charter, is the executive of the common security system and is responsible for establishing order and security in the world. This research is considering the great importance of the role of the United Nations Security Council in order to prevent war in the Middle East, therefore, to answer this question, the role of the United Nations Security Council for the prevention of war in the Middle East is first discussed and with the aim of explaining the security tools The United Nations is preventing war by focusing on the Middle East. The methodology of the descriptive-analytical article gives a scientific answer to the posed question with the argumentative method of content analysis and using library resources. And then by explaining the effective factors in strengthening the role of the Security Council and increasing efficiency in preventing war in the Middle East and stating its importance, we reach the conclusion that there is an undeniable connection between the role of the United Nations Security Council in order to prevent war in the Middle East. And there is an unbreakable relationship that unfortunately cannot be done Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        61 - The effect of pulsing and continuous treatments of chemical preserving solutions on increasing the vase life and quality of cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv.Yellow Candy)
        Masoud Zadehbagheri anita namayandeh mohammadreza solati shurangiz javanmardi
        Carnations are one of the most common cut flowers in many countries and have economic importance in the floriculture industry. Their vase life duration could be increased by some methods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of some chemical solutions on cut c More
        Carnations are one of the most common cut flowers in many countries and have economic importance in the floriculture industry. Their vase life duration could be increased by some methods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of some chemical solutions on cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) after harvest using a factorial statistical design based on a completely random blocks (factor A: chemical treatments with eight levels including, control, sucrose, HQC350 & 500 mg L-1, salicylic acid 300 & 400 mg L-1, Calcium acetate 2 & 3 mmol L-1 and factor B: duration of treatment application with 4 levels including 7, 14, 21 and continuous hours) and with three replications and evaluation of vase life, fresh weight, water absorption and appearance quality of the flowers. The results of variance analysis showed that chemical treatments had a significant effect on the studied characteristics. The period for solution intake was also significant regarding the studied characteristics (except water absorption). The effect of interaction of the type of solution and time of solution intake was significant for all characteristics. The results of mean comparison showed that Calcium acetate 2ml had the highest effect on the shelf life of the flower and the 8-HQC500 had the most effect on the fresh weight of the flowers. Its apparent quality and finally the 8-HQC350 treatment had the most effect on the flower's water absorption. Salicylic acid also had a beneficial effect on increasing the quality of cut carnations. The pulsing treatment had the highest effect on most of the studied characteristics after a 7-hour solution intake. Generally, the role of Calcium acetate on improving the quality of cut carnations is due to its effect on postponing and deactivating some destructive and physiologic processes with the help of Calcium. Moreover, the HQC treatments, due to its anti-microbial effect, revents the accumulation of micro-organisms in xylem vascular tissues and therefore prevents their obstruction. Manuscript profile

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