• List of Articles Hydrocarbon

      • Open Access Article

        1 - The Study of Public Perception about Intellectual Current Categories of Temporary Architecture
        sajad damyar Zeinab Damyar
        In this paper, with a different perspective, the understanding of people (common people and architectural specialists) of "Contemporary Iranian Architecture" term was analyzed. For this purpose, at first definitions and characteristics that have been described by theore More
        In this paper, with a different perspective, the understanding of people (common people and architectural specialists) of "Contemporary Iranian Architecture" term was analyzed. For this purpose, at first definitions and characteristics that have been described by theoreticians of Iranian contemporary architecture for Iranian architecture were overviewed and an intern structural classification of those definitions was provided based on logical reasoning research method using fundamental components of definitions to specify the position of this study. Later, focusing on four intellectual movements classified by Habibi (2006) in "Description of Intellectual Movements of Architecture and Urban engineering in Contemporary Iran" Book: (fundamentalism, traditionalism, modernism-vernacularism and mannerism), the peoples' understanding of these distinguishes and its general validity were assessed. For this purpose, two specified semantic components of each one of these classifications were extracted and mixed with each other (total eight components). Thereafter, two images of architecture related to each category were selected. These images were offered in a survey study to two groups of audiences for assessment including common audiences and professional architects, based on quantitative method and semantic differentiation technique, using eight semantic components. To use the components in semantic differentiation table, agreed and opponent item of each one of components was provided in a table. This study was applied with the objective of specifying if selections of audiences are close to the main classifications or not, secondly specifying the significance of disagreement of two audience groups (professional architect and common audience) statistically and specifying the closeness of ideas of each one of classes to the characteristics claimed in the main theory of this classification. Nowadays, it is discussed on Iranian architecture or Islamic architecture and there are very agreements and disagreements in this relation. Basically, Iranian architecture is attributed to historical architecture; whether if Iranian architecture is supposed excluded to those models or something arising from principles and structures stipulated herein. Its history also may be assumed different. For instance, the architecture related to a period that Iran was very powerful in governing and conquest and what remained from this era as monuments are supposed as monuments remained as Iranian symbols and models and use of those symbols whether symbolically or functionally is assumed as Iranian architecture. Another group assume the Iranian architecture containing principles which have been applied as basis for definition of Iranian architecture and these principles may be represented referring to the history and instances of Iranian traditional architecture. In all of them, the instance of Iranian architecture and what is assumed as Iranian-being is relied on the opinion of specialists, but it is not very obvious that if common people can understand the Iranian nature of architecture with these instances and principles. Thus, in this paper, the subject of Iranian architecture definitions is analyzed with a different viewpoint and as perspective of audiences except specialists which are presented in two theoretical (analysis of Iranian architecture and revision of Iranian architecture definitions) and practical parts (field survey, analyzing that concept practically and comparison of common and professional architects' opinions). Manuscript profile
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        2 - Investigation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the peripheral sediments of the coral ecosystems of the Persian Gulf islands (Case study: Qeshm, Hengam and Lavan)
        Mehdi Soltani Saber Ghasemi Ehsan Kamrani
        The second richest habitat on the planet after tropical forests is dedicated to coral ecosystems. This ecosystem plays a significant role in balancing the amount of carbon and nitrogen, maintaining coastlines against destruction caused by continuous waves, storms, flood More
        The second richest habitat on the planet after tropical forests is dedicated to coral ecosystems. This ecosystem plays a significant role in balancing the amount of carbon and nitrogen, maintaining coastlines against destruction caused by continuous waves, storms, floods, creating a marine environment, nutrients for the food chain, and also balancing the delicate system of nature. Today, the extraction, exploitation and transportation of oil have left the biggest role in the destruction of the coral coasts of the Persian Gulf. Samples of marine and coastal sediments of Qeshm, Hengam and Lavan coral islands from a depth of about 0-5 cm were randomly collected according to the MOOPAM method and the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons was measured by UVF device in μg/g of sediment. The texture type of sediments indicated that the highest percentage of fine particles (Silt+Clay) in marine and coastal sediments of Lavan Island is 51.58% and 51.01%, respectively. The average detected concentrations of TPH are lower than the environmental risk background value (4 μg/g). The highest concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons is observed in the marine and coastal sediment stations of Lavan Island, which can be due to the facilities and activities of oil and fishing vessels in this island. Also, the assessment of the environmental risk caused by TPH pollution on aquatic organisms using indicators of sediment quality guidelines (SOGs) and contamination factor (Cf) showed that the investigated sediments do not have any adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms. Exploitation, marine transportation, oil spills and its derivatives are considered as one of the main reasons for the destruction and negative ecological effects on the coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, which this challenge of the need to protect the coastal areas and the environment makes marine life more obvious with a sustainable development approach. Manuscript profile
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        3 - Evaluation and determination of amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soils of Masjed Soleyman Oil and Gas factories (Case study: Haft Shahidan Dissalination and Operating Factory)
        atousa ahmadi Azamasadat Hosseini Alhashemi
        Abstract Background and Objective: Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most common cases in oil-rich province of Khuzestan. The main purpose of this study was to determine the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of Haft Shahid More
        Abstract Background and Objective: Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most common cases in oil-rich province of Khuzestan. The main purpose of this study was to determine the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of Haft Shahidan Dissalination and Operating Factory which is Located in Masjed Soleyman.The soil were sampled from seven stations in two seasons of winter and spring in 2015. Method: The soil samples were homogenized after they are collected and transported to the laboratory. After extraction, 16 compositions were measured by means of GC-MS. Furthermore, the amounts of pH, EC, organic matter and aggregation available in soils were measured. Findings: The results showed the mean PAHs in soil collected from stations 1 to 7 were respectively 265081, 55.78, 31.04, 46.33, 62.61, 33.70, and ND mg/kg dried-form weight in winter and 310.82, 63.69, 38.12, 55.36, 77.14, 44.62, and ND mg/kg dried-form weight in spring.There was a negative correlation among the amount of PAHs available in soils, the amounts of EC parameters and pH deposits in 0.01 and a positive correlation with organic matter. Discussion and Counclusion: The results collected from the ratio of the molecular showed that all the stations contain a mixture of Payerolitic and Pethrogenic hydrocarbons. The results show that stations 1,2,5,and 6 have high level of PAHs concentration, which is due to close distance of these stations to the oil tanks and facilities as well as oil leakage. According to the results obtained from all stations, the levels of compounds such as benzo(b)fluorantene, benzo(k)fluorantene, Dibenzo(ah)antheracene and Phenanthrene were found to be higher than the standard of Canada. Manuscript profile
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        4 - Identification of Native Bacteria of Soil Contaminated with Oil Compounds in Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone
        sana rasuli Morteza Kashefi Alasl Reza Marandi Mozhgan Emtiazjou Mozhgan Zaeimdar
        Background and Objective: The spread of soil oil pollution in the present era due to the use of fossil fuels in industrial areas has adverse effects on human and the environment. In this study we identified native bacteria from oil-contaminated soils to be used to reduc More
        Background and Objective: The spread of soil oil pollution in the present era due to the use of fossil fuels in industrial areas has adverse effects on human and the environment. In this study we identified native bacteria from oil-contaminated soils to be used to reduce hydrocarbon contaminants. Method: First, in order to identify and isolate native bacteria in the region, sampling of soils contaminated with petroleum compounds was done in six stations located in Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone. Bacterial growth was performed in neutrite broth liquid media. Neutrite agar medium was used to culture bacteria and achieve single colony in solid medium. DNA was extracted to identify bacterial species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Soil physical and chemical properties were measured to estimate the conditions of the area according to the standard method. Findings: The results of isolation and growth of bacteria and purification, and finally polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing indicated the presence of two bacterial species in six different stations with a similarity of more than 95% according to the global ranking. According to the results, the percentage of TPH removal in the field by Peseudomons Aeruginosa and Bacillus Nakamurai was 53.50% and, 33.05%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion:  Due to the ability of these species to remove TPH, they can be suggested as suitable native species for this region in the removal of contaminated soils.   Manuscript profile
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        5 - Bioremediation of soil contaminated with light crude oil using Fabaceae family
        Bahareh Lorestani Rashin Noori Nasrin Kulahchi
        Soil pollution by petroleum compounds is one of the most common environmental problems, which causes soil contamination during extracting, transferring and refining. Bioremediation is an economic technology that makes use of plants to reduce oil pollution in soil. The a More
        Soil pollution by petroleum compounds is one of the most common environmental problems, which causes soil contamination during extracting, transferring and refining. Bioremediation is an economic technology that makes use of plants to reduce oil pollution in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate growing ability of Lathyrus sativus, Lens culinaris, Trigonella foenum and Glycyrrhiza glabr of the Fabaceae family in the soil contaminated with light crude oil. Also potential oil removal from soil by these species through bioremediation was shown. In this study, after examining the developmental stage of 4 samples of Fabaceae plant family, potential of removing hydrocarbons from the soil contaminated by light crude oil with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%) at 40 days in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was investigated. The result shows that the maximum possibility of pollution reduction is in lathyrus sativus with 73.3% in sample (1%) and the minimum possibility of pollution reduction is in Trigonella foenum with 38.6 in sample (4%). Moreover, Person's correlation coefficient showed that by increasing dry weight of the plant, the amount of pollution reduction in the soil increases. Given the acceptable performance of oil pollution cleanup by these species and economic saving as compared to other methods, the use of this method is recommended for the contaminated areas in Iran. Manuscript profile
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        6 - Efficiency of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in TPH Adsorption in Aqueous Solution (Case study: Naphthalene)
        sahere fazlollahi Amir Hesam Hassani Mehdi Borghei Hamidreza Pourzamani
        Abstract Background and Objective: Oil pollution is a type of organic water pollution. The hydrocarbons constitute most of the petroleum composition. Most of the early aromatic hydrocarbons are naphthalene with two benzene ring which cause anemia and damage the retina. More
        Abstract Background and Objective: Oil pollution is a type of organic water pollution. The hydrocarbons constitute most of the petroleum composition. Most of the early aromatic hydrocarbons are naphthalene with two benzene ring which cause anemia and damage the retina. It is also toxic to plants and aquatic environment. The removal of this compound from water by multi-walled carbon nanotubes is reviewed in this study. Method: This experimental  study  was  done  in  a batch  system  to  investigate the effects of  variations factors such as contact time, naphthalene concentration and  dose of  nanotubes on removal of naphthalene. In this study, naphthalene concentration was determined during various steps using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 254 nm. Findings: Maximum surface adsorption of naphthalene onto multi-walledcarbon nanotubes was 33.3 mg/gr and the maximum adsorption occurred at acidic pH (pH =3). And the appropriate time for reaching the maximum adsorption rate of naphthalene and equalization state was 90 min. By increasing the adsorbent dose from 0.2 to 0.3 gr / l, removal efficiency of naphthalene solution with 10 mg/l initial concentration increased from 97% to 99.99%. By increasing naphthalene initial concentration from 3 to 10 mg/l, the removal efficiency increased from 73.33% to 99.99 % at pH=3 after 90 min. Adsorption mechanism followed pseudo first-order kinetics (R2=0.96). Discussion and Conclusion: This  adsorbent  could  be  effective  for  removal  of  naphtalene due  to its small  size, large surface area , crystal  shape  and  exclusive  network  arrangement  and  consequently  very  high reactivity and noticeable performance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent in removal of organic  pollutants  from  aqueous  solution. Manuscript profile
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        7 - The study of Tehran gas stations pollution and its effect on the surface water
        Amir Hesam Hassani Golnaz Sajadi Naeini
        The issue of non-point pollution sources is among the topics which are studied in the world at the present time. Gas stations are an example of such sources the pollution of which can affect the environment, especially the area around them and in rainy weather. In this More
        The issue of non-point pollution sources is among the topics which are studied in the world at the present time. Gas stations are an example of such sources the pollution of which can affect the environment, especially the area around them and in rainy weather. In this research, the gas stations located in the city of Tehran were identified. Then, among the city’s 104 gas stations, 9 were selected in the different parts of the city and their contamination level was studied. The tests of pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TSS (Total Suspended Solid), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) were performed in three time periods, from October to February, on the samples of the 9 gas stations. The samples were taken from the surface water channels around the gas stations. The results demonstrated that the areas of gas stations were polluted due to their fuel run-off. The concentration of COD and TSS of the samples were 110 to 1140 mg/lit and 100 to 800 mg/lit, respectively. The amount of TPH detected in the samples was high in flat areas. The maximum contamination level occurred in November (a rainy month). The results also indicated that gas stations played an important role in polluting the surface water around stations and discharging hydrocarbon compounds in the environment. Manuscript profile
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        8 - Investigation‏‏ of‏‏ chemical‏‏ quality,‏‏ oil‏‏ and‏‏ metal‏‏ contamination‏‏ of‏‏ surface‏‏ waters‏‏ at‏‏ Shazand‏‏ Refinery‏‏ and‏‏ Distribution‏‏ Complex,‏‏ Arak,‏‏ Iran
        Abdorreza Vaezihir Mohammad Ranjdoust Yamchi Ali Kadkhodaie Alireza Gholmohammadi
        Background‏‏ and‏‏ Purpose:‏‏ Pollution‏‏ of‏‏ surface‏‏ water‏‏ by‏‏ hydrocarbon‏‏ compounds‏‏ released‏‏ from‏‏ the‏‏ refineries,‏‏ storage‏‏ tanks& More
        Background‏‏ and‏‏ Purpose:‏‏ Pollution‏‏ of‏‏ surface‏‏ water‏‏ by‏‏ hydrocarbon‏‏ compounds‏‏ released‏‏ from‏‏ the‏‏ refineries,‏‏ storage‏‏ tanks‏‏ and‏‏ convay‏‏ pipline‏‏ is‏‏ very‏‏ possible‏‏ and‏‏ need‏‏ to‏‏ be‏‏ addressed‏‏ with‏‏ high‏‏ sensitivity.‏‏‏‏ Purpose‏‏ of‏‏ this‏‏ study‏‏ is‏‏ investigation‏‏ of‏‏ contamination‏‏ and‏‏ hydrochemical‏‏ properties‏‏ of‏‏ runoff‏‏ waters‏‏ at‏‏ Shazand‏‏ refinery.‏‏ Water‏‏ samples‏‏ collected‏‏ and‏‏ analysed‏‏ for‏‏ major‏‏ ions‏‏ and‏‏ oil‏‏ and‏‏ metal‏‏ contaminants. Research‏‏ method:‏‏ Twoelve‏‏ samples‏‏ were‏‏ collected‏‏ from‏‏ surface‏‏ waters‏‏ of‏‏ the‏‏ refinery‏‏ and‏‏ were‏‏ analyzed‏‏ for‏‏ oil‏‏ materials,‏‏ some‏‏ heavy‏‏ metals,‏‏ nutrients‏‏ and‏‏ major‏‏ ions.‏‏ Some‏‏ other‏‏ parameters‏‏ like‏‏ EC‏‏ and‏‏ pH‏‏ were‏‏ meseared‏‏ in‏‏ situe. Findings:‏‏ According‏‏ to‏‏ the‏‏ results,‏‏ the‏‏ runoff‏‏ in‏‏ some‏‏ parts‏‏ of‏‏ the‏‏ refinery‏‏ shows‏‏ contamination‏‏ by‏‏ benzene.‏‏ Ethylbenzene‏‏ concentration,‏‏ however,‏‏ is‏‏ less‏‏ than‏‏ maximum‏‏ permissible‏‏ level‏‏ and‏‏ no‏‏ evidence‏‏ of‏‏ MTBE‏‏ and‏‏ toluene‏‏ was‏‏ detected. Discussion‏‏ and‏‏ conclusion:‏‏ Pollution‏‏ by‏‏ benzene‏‏ can‏‏ be‏‏ due‏‏ to‏‏ pollutants‏‏ released‏‏ from‏‏ the‏‏ refining‏‏ process‏‏ and‏‏ spilling‏‏ of‏‏ oil.‏‏ A‏‏ part‏‏ of‏‏ BTEX‏‏ pollutants‏‏ in‏‏ surface‏‏ water‏‏ can‏‏ be‏‏ came‏‏ from‏‏ atmospheric‏‏ washout‏‏ during‏‏ precipitation.‏‏ No‏‏ evidents‏‏ of‏‏ MTBE‏‏ detected‏‏ in‏‏ the‏‏ samples.‏‏ ‏‏ It‏‏ should‏‏ be‏‏ mentioned‏‏ that‏‏ BTEX‏‏ and‏‏ MTBE‏‏ are‏‏ volatile‏‏ components‏‏ and‏‏ cannot‏‏ be‏‏ survived‏‏ in‏‏ surface‏‏ water‏‏ for‏‏ a‏‏ long‏‏ time.‏‏ Chemical‏‏ parameters‏‏ such‏‏ as‏‏ EC‏‏ and‏‏ ions‏‏ concentaration‏‏ in‏‏ the‏‏ surface‏‏ water‏‏ in‏‏ the‏‏ central‏‏ area‏‏ of‏‏ the‏‏ refinery‏‏ shows‏‏ an‏‏ anomaly‏‏ which‏‏ would‏‏ be‏‏ related‏‏ to‏‏ the‏‏ industrial‏‏ activites.‏‏ The‏‏ runoff‏‏ of‏‏ this‏‏ part‏‏ of‏‏ the‏‏ refinery‏‏ is‏‏ less‏‏ suitable‏‏ for‏‏ industrial‏‏ and‏‏ agricultural‏‏ usges.‏‏ Manuscript profile
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        9 - Effect of Drilling Cutting Discharge on Marine Environment and Benthic Foraminifera
        Reza Fouladi Fard
        Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components toenvironment. Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs)are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBMs in operation time a More
        Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components toenvironment. Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs)are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBMs in operation time and soWBMs environmental advantage. Direct discharge to sea, transport to onshore to treatment andrepump to well are the disposal methods for this muds. Barium and hydrocarbons are the basiccomponents of drilling muds. Studies show that several year after the end of drilling cutting discharge,the level of sediment pollution by Barium and hydrocarbons around 250m of discharge point is highand after that hydrocarbons decrease quickly but Barium decreasing is slowly. Environmentalevaluations show the bad effect of this waste on benthic foraminifera specifically around 250m ofdischarge point and increase the opportunistic species.The results show that the some of benthic foraminifera species can be successfully employed as bioindicatorsof environmental change. The suggestions for environmental effect of these wastedischarge includes: waste management for reach the zero- discharge, use of low environmental effectmud , environmental assessment and analyses before and after of drilling operation. Manuscript profile
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        10 - Effect of Drilling Cutting Discharge on Marine Environment and Benthic Foraminifera
        Reza Fouladi Fard
        Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components to environment.Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs) are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBM More
        Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components to environment.Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs) are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBMs in operation time and so WBMs environmental advantage. Directischarge to sea, transport to onshore to treatment and repump to well are the disposal methods for this muds. Barium and hydrocarbons are the basic components of drilling muds. Studies show that several year after  he end of drilling cutting discharge, the level of sediment pollution by Barium and hydrocarbons around 250m of discharge point is high and after that hydrocarbons decrease quickly but Barium decreasing is slowly.Environmental evaluations show the bad effect of this waste on benthic foraminifera specifically around 250m of discharge point and increase the opportunistic species. The results show that the some of benthic foraminiferaspecies can be successfully employed as bioindicators of environmental change. The suggestions for environmental impact of these waste discharge includes: waste management for reach the zerodischarge, use of low vironmental effect mud , environmental assessment and analyses before and after of drilling operation. Manuscript profile
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        11 - Determination of the Optimal Conditions for Bioremediation of Soil Total Pollutants Hydrocarbon
        Maryam dostaky Soheila Ebrahimi Seyed Alireza Movahedi Naeini Mohsen Olamaei
        Emission of hydrocarbon pollutants requires application of refining methods that is appropriate and compatible with environment to reduce or eliminate pollution. The use of microorganisms, capable of feeding oil hydrocarbons with focus on methods of bioremediation oil d More
        Emission of hydrocarbon pollutants requires application of refining methods that is appropriate and compatible with environment to reduce or eliminate pollution. The use of microorganisms, capable of feeding oil hydrocarbons with focus on methods of bioremediation oil decomposition was considered, and optimizing the growth conditions can increase their efficiency in refining. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal conditions for the stimulation of soil microorganisms and investigation of oil hydrocarbon decomposition potential. Hence, Ray's refinery contaminated  soil was used and  treatments  including inoculation of bacteria's  such as: Bacillus subtitles, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas putida were applied on this soil during the five time and analysis of total soil  hydrocarbons petroleum (38%) were compared with the treatments in different conditions. Results showed that on the first and second period, animal manure treatment, bacteria mixed by animal manure and sawdust had the highest rate of pollution reduction but treatments included N + P + K fertilizers showed higher efficiency in the third period. The establishment of bacterial and application of NPK nutrients caused the stimulation of soil microorganisms and increase in their population. Eventually In the fifth period, the establishment of microbial treatment caused 19% reduction in comparison with intact treatment that is highest reduction in this treatment. It appeared this treatment had maximum efficiency for the establishment and stability of microbial community over required time. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Characterization and Evaluation of Light Hydrocarbon in Northwestern Iranian Crude Oil by Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (D.H.A)Gas Chromatography
        E. Keshmirizadeh M. Memariani S. Shobeirian
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        13 - Ionic Liquid-based Ultrasound-assisted In-situ Solvent Formation Microextraction and High-performance Liquid Chromatography for the Trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water Samples
        Mohsen Zeeb Hadi Farahani
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        14 - Chemical composition of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Malva neglecta Wallr. from Khorramabad, Lorestan Province, Iran using solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) method
        Majid Mohammadhosseini
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        15 - Extraction and determination of group of volatile organic compounds by headspace - solid phase microextraction - gas chromatography in tea and vegetable samples
        Mahboobeh Dehghani Maryam Kazemipour Mehdi Ansari Mehdi shahidizandi
        In this study, a composite coating of polypyrrole/modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes/modified activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shells (PPy/MWCNTs/AC), was electrochemically synthesized and used for analyzing a group of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and More
        In this study, a composite coating of polypyrrole/modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes/modified activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shells (PPy/MWCNTs/AC), was electrochemically synthesized and used for analyzing a group of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and vegetable samples. In order to obtain an adherent and stable composite coating, the effective parameters on electrodeposition process were optimized using the one-variable-at-a-time procedure, as well as the effective parameters in the desorption step of analytes was performed by this method. Based on the results, the deposition potential of 1 V, the deposition time of 1000 seconds, the desorption temperature of 280 ° C and the desorption time of 5 minutes were considered as the optimal values. To optimize the effective parameters in the extraction stage, the experimental design was used. Finally, the extraction temperature was 25 ° C, the extraction time was 30 minutes and the amount of salt was 10%. The calibration curve for each analyte in a range was linear as follows: 2 ̶ 15 µg ̸ L (fluorene and phenanthrene), 2 ̶ 10 µg ̸ L (anthracene and pyrene) and 0.5 ̶ 8 µg ̸ L (naphthalene). Under the optimized conditions, the amounts of the detection limits (LODs) calculated at S ̸ N proportion of 3, were varied from 0.06 to 0.9 µg ̸ L. The RSDs% of the peak areas ranged between 0.5 and 8.6%. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Interpretation of Airborne Radiometric data for possible hydrocarbon presence over Bornu basin and its environs, Northeast Nigeria using Thorium normalisation method
        Taiwo Adewumi Kazeem Salako Usman Alhassan Adebayo Adetona Abdulwaheed Rafiu Emmanuel Udensi
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        17 - Source Rock evaluation, Modelling, Maturation, and Reservoir characterization of the Block 18 oilfields, Sab’atayn Basin, Yemen
        A.S. Alaug D. Leythaeuser B. Bruns A.F. Ahmed
        A total of 183 core and cutting samples from seven exploratory wells were selected to be analyzed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. These cores have been drilled through the Lam and Meem Members of the Madbi Formation and contain the major source rocks of Yemen´s sedimentar More
        A total of 183 core and cutting samples from seven exploratory wells were selected to be analyzed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. These cores have been drilled through the Lam and Meem Members of the Madbi Formation and contain the major source rocks of Yemen´s sedimentary basins. Contents of total organic carbon were measured and Rock-Eval pyrolysis was performed to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of Block 18 oilfields in central Yemen. Most of the studied samples have fair to excellent petroleum generation potential as shown by the results of PP, PI, HI and TOC. They have also sufficient TOC values with an average value of 1.48 wt% and a maximum value of 12.34 wt% with a good petroleum potential averaging 4.54 kg HC/ton of rock and a maximum value of 44.78kg HC/ton of rock. HI values of the Madbi Formation in its full thickness range from 16 mg to 1114 mg HC/g TOC with an average value of 273 mg HC/g TOC. Kerogen types II and III, and a small amount of type I can be observed. These kerogens are thermally mature and mostly within the hydrocarbon generation zone. In a numerical simulation approach the thermal and burial history of the Alif-1 well, which is representative for this area was modelled. Using vitrinite reflectance data, as means of calibration, the modelling results were subjected to a sensitivity analysis concerning paleo-heat flow, radiogenic heat production, basement thickness and eroded overburden or maximum burial, respectively. The calculated temperature during deepest burial of the source rock layers of the Madbi Formation reached 158 °C for the Lam Member and 182 °C for the Meem Member. Compliance with the measured R0 values, used as calibration parameter, could be achieved by assuming an erosion of 1100 m of the Upper Tawilah Group. The heat flow is maximized at the onset of basin rifting in Late Jurassic to 90 mW/m2 having a base level of 60 mW/m2. Thus, the Lam Member has reached the main oil to wet gas window at its deepest burial whereas the Meem Member has undergone the wet gas window in its full thickness. The isopach map of the Alif Member, as the main reservoir in the studied area, indicates thickening of the sandstone unit towards the eastern and western parts of Block 18 around the Dostour Al-Wahdah gasfield in the east and at the Alif oilfields in the west. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Presenting a new method to improve heat transfer in thermal cracking reactors of hydrocarbons
        ali mansouri mogharab Mehdi Ardjmand jafar towfighi farhad khorasheh
        This article which deals with the application of interdisciplinary phenomena,New methods of improving heat transfer of heat exchangers in mechanical engineering have been studied It then applies these methods to chemical reactors.Because in a chemical reactor, in additi More
        This article which deals with the application of interdisciplinary phenomena,New methods of improving heat transfer of heat exchangers in mechanical engineering have been studied It then applies these methods to chemical reactors.Because in a chemical reactor, in addition to heat transfer and pressure drop, which are two important categories in heat exchangers, a chemical reaction is also added.Therefore, the use of heat transfer improvement methods are examined with more sensitivity so that they have the least pressure drop and the highest heat transfer.In this study, the use of straight and helical longitudinal fins in thermal cracking reactors was investigated And it was found that each of these types of fins increase the pressure drop due to friction or drag force Which have a negative effect on the chemical reaction.Then, by calculating the thickness of the viscous sub lary layer for the gaseous fluid by presenting a new method in converting the flow regime along the wall from laminar to turbulent By performing CFD simulation of peripheral grooves in a pipe Then a conclusion was suggested By using small grooves in the reactor wall can be in addition to reducing the pressure drop caused by drag force,By increasing the radial component of the velocity by more than 3 times the smooth tube, the heat transfer from the pipe wall to the fluid in the boundary layer was improved. Manuscript profile
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        19 - The Role of bentonite soil and Activated carbon in absorption of polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons of polluted wastewater in Tehran Oil Refinery
        حمید Bagheri فرید Vafaei سیامک Bodaghpour S.A Mirbagheri
        One of the serious environmental problems that could cause irreversible ecological and economic damage to theenvironment is organic pollutants. Contamination with organic pollutants is a very serious issue that is of interestto the general public because in some cases, More
        One of the serious environmental problems that could cause irreversible ecological and economic damage to theenvironment is organic pollutants. Contamination with organic pollutants is a very serious issue that is of interestto the general public because in some cases, it causes serious damages to the environment, soil and water as well.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are abbreviated as PAHs are one of the major groups of organicsubstances soluble in water due to the geological conditions of the region. Various methods are used to clean uppolluted aquatic environments among which the use of oil absorbent material to remove different kinds ofcontaminants, particularly petroleum compounds and its derivatives (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) ishighly regarded. PAHs absorption by the bentonite and activated carbon is considered in this research. Then,PAHs distribution coefficient and the maximum absorption have been determined according to the results usingFreundlich absorption isotherms, and Langmuir isotherm. Results show that the bentonite has a high potential forPAHs absorption. Distribution coefficient (kd) and the maximum absorption are 0.005 L/g and 0.157 mg/g. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Study of Fluorene Phenanthrene and Anthracene petroleum hydrocarbons in economic fish wetland Anzali
        M. Seifzadeh A. Valipour A. khanipour
        Petroleum hydrocarbons are among the routine chemical pollutants in industrial areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in six commercial fish species consisting of common Carp, Pike, Caras, Sefid fish, Tinca tinca and Catf More
        Petroleum hydrocarbons are among the routine chemical pollutants in industrial areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in six commercial fish species consisting of common Carp, Pike, Caras, Sefid fish, Tinca tinca and Catfish in stations of Anzali wetland. For this purpose, Anthracene, Fluorene and Phenanthrene PAHs measured by Gas Chromatography with a detector (GC-FID). Ten numbers were studied from each fish type including Catfish, Karas, and Pik from the central and East stations, Carp fish from the west and central stations and Sefid fish from the central station (with any Fluorene contamination). Phenanthrene and Fluorene concentration among the west, east, and central stations showed difference significant (p<0.05). Anthracene was observed in Pike, Catfish, Tinca tinca of the central and east stations, Carp fish of the central station, Sefid fish of the west and east stations and Caras of the central and west stations. Based on the results, Carp fish of east station and Pike fish of the west station in terms of contamination to Fluorene and Carp fish of the east and west stations and pike and Tinca tinca of the west stations were not suitable for human consumption based on the WHO measures. Moreover, according to the the WHO rules (No. 48568, 73338 and 31581), Tinca tinca of the central and west stations, Karas of the west and east stations, Catfish of the west, east and central, Sefid fish of the central stations and Carp fish of the central and east of wetland in terms of contamination to Phenanthrene were found unsuitable for human consumption. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals in packaged white shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) in Tehran
        سحر Atefi Sedrini A. Jamshidi J. Hassan
        Heavy metals can easily contaminate the aquatic environment, especially shrimp. Considering the high nutritional value of shrimp and the importance of assessing its wholesomeness, this study aimed to determine the amount of some heavy metals (zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmiu More
        Heavy metals can easily contaminate the aquatic environment, especially shrimp. Considering the high nutritional value of shrimp and the importance of assessing its wholesomeness, this study aimed to determine the amount of some heavy metals (zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, copper, chromium, mercury, manganese, and titanium) and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in shrimp samples in Tehran, during winter of 2017. A total of 120 samples of shrimp packaged from 10 equal weight packages with similar production date and size which packed by 5 different companies randomly sampled. To determine the amount of heavy metal concentration, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon gas chromatography were used. All of the heavy metals measured in this experiment were found below the standard specified by the World Health Organization. The highest mean concentrations of heavy metals were related to zinc (6193.4 ppb), copper (1597 ppb), and arsenic (496 ppb), respectively, and the lowest mean concentrations were related to cadmium (4.8 ppb). Naphthalene (1.2ppb), acenphetylene (0.14 ppb), chrysene (7.6 ppb), and acenaphthene (5.32ppb) were present in the samples of collected shrimp, the values of which were determined higher than standard except for acenphetylene. Additionally, there was no significant difference between heavy metals and PAHs in cultivated and marine samples. In general, the consumption of these shrimps is not dangerous for humans in terms of heavy metals. However, due to the possibility of transmitting PAHs through the human food chain, contamination with PAHs can be considered as a warning for excessive consumption of shrimp. Manuscript profile
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        22 - The effect of synergistic phytoremediation and bacterial isolates on removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soil
        Mehdi Khazaei Alireza Etminan Soolmaz Dashti Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
        Having carcinogenic and toxic effects, aromatic hydrocarbons cause serious damage to the environment and living organisms. These compounds are mainly discharged into the soil. For the remediation of contaminated soils, biological methods utilizing the efficient microorg More
        Having carcinogenic and toxic effects, aromatic hydrocarbons cause serious damage to the environment and living organisms. These compounds are mainly discharged into the soil. For the remediation of contaminated soils, biological methods utilizing the efficient microorganisms isolated from the oil-contaminated soils as well as resistant plants are preferred. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Conocarpus erectus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the removal efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated and saline soils of the salt separation pond of a desalination unit during 275 days under non-laboratory condition. The study was conducted in a factorial experiment with two factors based on completely randomized design with three replications. The factors used in this experiment included four treatment types (plant, bacteria, plant-bacteria cultivated in the soil, and soil with no plant and bacteria (control)) and the concentration of contaminant (Bangestan crude oil) with 5 levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt%). As hydrocarbon concentrations increased at all five levels, the percentage of PAHs removal, the dry weight of roots and shoots, and chlorophyll contents decreased. At 0 and 1 % concentrations, the highest percentages of removal were obtained as 99.43, 59.89, and 57.01 for bacteria-plant treatment and separate bacterial and plant treatments, respectively (p≤0.05). The plant and the bacteria showed almost equal efficiency in the removal of oil hydrocarbons (p≤0.05). Bacterial treatments led to increased chlorophyll content as well as higher dry weight of roots and shoots compared with the treatments without bacteria (p≤0.05). Results indicated that individual treatments of plant and bacteria had a positive effect on the decomposition rate of PAHs. However, the rate was more positively influenced by the synergistic activity of the bacteria and plants (p≤0.05). Manuscript profile
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        23 - Evaluation of the foliar application effect on the chemical compositions of Rosa damascene Mill. essential oil of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province
        Shahram Rajabzadeh Prof. Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti Mehrab Yadegari Touraj Rahimi
        Essential oil is one of the most important natural products of damask rose petals (Rosa damascena Mill.). The presence of higher concentrations of aromatic compounds (β-citronellol and geraniol) in the damask rose essential oil indicates an important quality and st More
        Essential oil is one of the most important natural products of damask rose petals (Rosa damascena Mill.). The presence of higher concentrations of aromatic compounds (β-citronellol and geraniol) in the damask rose essential oil indicates an important quality and standard indicator that foliar spraying may be effective in promoting this effective substance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcoholic and ketone foliar application on the chemical composition of R. damascena essential oil during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in a completely randomized design in a rose garden located in the south of Shahrekord, southwestern Iran. The essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation was analyzed using GC/MS. In this regard, 29 compounds were identified in the essential oil, the most important of which were β-citronellol and geraniol (alcoholic monoterpenes) and henicosan and nonadcan (alkane hydrocarbons). The results indicated that the best foliar treatment was 20% ethanol solution during two experimental years; the highest levels of β-citronellol (33%) and geraniol (18%) were obtained from the ethanol spraying (at 20%) compared to other treatments and controls. In addition, this treatment was at the lowest level in terms of the concentration of alkane hydrocarbons in essential oil as a negative indicator of aromatic compounds of the rose essential oil. The acetone foliar spraying had the highest amount of alkane hydrocarbons and the lowest percentage of aromatic compounds compared to control and other treatments. In correlation's Pearson coefficients analysis, the highest significant positive correlation was obtained between aromatic compounds (alcoholic monoterpenes) with each other and between alkane hydrocarbons, meanwhile negative and significant relationships were observed between these two groups of important compounds in the rose essential oil. Finally, it is suggested that to obtain the highest quality of the R. damascena essential oil under similar climatic conditions (cold and semi-arid), the ethanol foliar application with a concentration of 20% can be useful. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Separation and Quantification of Hydrocarbons of LPG Using Novel MWCNT-Silica Gel Nanocomposite as Packed Column Adsorbent of Gas Chromatography
        Seyed Mojtaba Mostafavi Masoumeh Piryaei Ahmad Rouhollahi Ali Mohajeri
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        25 - Separation of Aromatic and Alcoholic Mixtures using Novel MWCNT-Silica Gel Nanocomposite as an Adsorbent in Gas Chromatography
        Seyed Mojtaba Mostafavi Ahmad Rouhollahi Ali Mohajeri Masoumeh Piryaei
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        26 - Quantitative Determination of LPG Hydrocarbons by Modified Packed Column Adsorbent of Gas Chromatography Via Full Factorial Design
        Asghar Pasban Seyed Mojtaba Mostafavi Hanieh Malekzadeh Benyamin Mohammad Nazari
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        27 - Pilot scale study of Co-Fe-Ni nanocatalyst for CO hydrogenation in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
        Hamid Reza Azizi Ali Akbar Mirzaei Razieh Sarani Massoud Kaykhaii
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        28 - ارزیابی رشد و توانایی گیاه پالایی تال فسکیو زینتی و آفتابگردان در خاک‌های آلوده به هیدروکربن های نفتی
        کامران پروانک
        چکیده لجن نفتی پسماندهای حاصل از فرآیندهای پالایش نفت خام می‌باشند و اولویت‌ترین آلاینده های آلی موجود در محیط زیست هستند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی توانایی گیاه آفتابگردان و تال فسکیوی زینتی جهت پالایش لجن نفتی پالایشگاه اصفهان و عکس‌العمل رشد این گیاهان به آلودگی نفتی د More
        چکیده لجن نفتی پسماندهای حاصل از فرآیندهای پالایش نفت خام می‌باشند و اولویت‌ترین آلاینده های آلی موجود در محیط زیست هستند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی توانایی گیاه آفتابگردان و تال فسکیوی زینتی جهت پالایش لجن نفتی پالایشگاه اصفهان و عکس‌العمل رشد این گیاهان به آلودگی نفتی در شرایط گلخانه انجام شد. بدین منظور لجن نفتی پس از هوا خشک شدن به نسبت‌های صفر(شاهد)، 10 و 20 درصد وزنی با خاک غیر آلوده مخلوط و به صورت جداگانه در گلدان (3 kg) ریخته شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا گردید. بر اساس نتایج، میانگین درصد جوانه‌زنی گیاه تال فسکیو با افزایش مقدار لجن از سطح 0 به سطح 10 و 20 درصد به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت (P<0.01). در گیاه آفتابگردان این کاهش معنی‌دار نبود. میانگین ارتفاع، عملکرد ریشه و اندام هوایی گیاه تال فسکیو فقط در تیمار 20 درصد لجن نفتی نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش معنی‌دار نشان داد. در گیاه آفتابگردان این کاهش در هر سه سطح لجن معنی‌دار نبود (P<0.01). بیشترین مقدار کاهش هیدروکربن‌های نفتی (89%) در ریزوسفر گیاه تال فسکیو، در سطح 10 درصد لجن نفتی مخلوط با خاک مشاهده شد. با افزایش میزان لجن مصرفی به بیش از 10 درصد، میزان تجزیه هیدروکربن‌های نفتی در ریزوسفر هر دو گیاه به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. بنابراین به دلیل رشد و عملکرد مناسب ماده خشک گیاهی و داشتن سیستم ریشه فیبری در گیاه تال فسکیو که سبب کاهش بیشتر کل هیدروکربن‌های نفتی می‌شود، استفاده از این گیاه به عنوان گونه‌ای مناسب برای گیاه پالایی خاک‌های آلوده به لجن نفتی پالایشگاه اصفهان توصیه می‌شود. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Depositional Environment Study of the Pabdeh Formation in Zeloi Oilfield using data obtained by Rock Eval 6 pyrolysis
        Hossein Motahhari Bahram Alizadeh Hormoz Ghalavand Mehrdad Moradi
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        30 - Genetic Potential Evaluation of Source Rocks in Masjed Soleiman Oil Field
        Zahra Rezaee Amin Karampour Bahram Alizadeh
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        31 - Comparison of measurements of hydrocarbons of oily sludge: Elemental analysis in solid phase or gas chromatography in liquid phase
        Yasser Hamidi seyed ahmad ataei Amir Sarrafi
        It is important to determine the exact amounts of hydrocarbons in the solid organic matter. In this research was conducted on the dredging of oily sludge from kerosene and gasoil reservoirs of Kerman oil depots. For this purpose, firstly, the amount of sludge hydrocarbo More
        It is important to determine the exact amounts of hydrocarbons in the solid organic matter. In this research was conducted on the dredging of oily sludge from kerosene and gasoil reservoirs of Kerman oil depots. For this purpose, firstly, the amount of sludge hydrocarbons after extraction with organic solvents in the liquid phase was measured by gas chromatography (GC) method. The results were evaluated by CHNS elemental analysis test before and after the separation of sludge hydrocarbons in the solid phase. The results show that different organic solvents (normal hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone and their combination) in different extraction methods (Soxhlet and Shaker methods) and under different conditions (temperature and number of extraction steps) could not separate the all hydrocarbons from oily sludge. As a result, the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) of real samples reported from dissolution in the liquid phase in most studies is incomplete and their residual value in the solid phase should also be considered. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Oil Pollution and its Source in Sediments and Gammarus in Southern Shores of the Caspian Sea
        E. Shirvani Mahdavi P. Nejatkhah Manavi A. Janparvar Aydani
        In this study, the amount and type of oil pollution in Pantogammarus maeoticusand sediment of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in four stations (Sari, Chalus, Anzali, Astara) in June 2015 were investigated. Samples were taken from sediment and Gammarus. and were f More
        In this study, the amount and type of oil pollution in Pantogammarus maeoticusand sediment of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in four stations (Sari, Chalus, Anzali, Astara) in June 2015 were investigated. Samples were taken from sediment and Gammarus. and were frozen and delivered to the laboratory. Oil pollution analysis of samples was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount of hydrocarbons in Gammarus of the Chalus station was significantly different (P<0/05) in comparison with the other three stations. The highest pollution level (10±0.1 ppm) was in Gammarus of Chalus station. There was no significant difference in the hydrocarbon levels of sediments in four stations. To determine the nature and source of contamination, the molar mass of hydrocarbons was investigated. In Astara and Anzali stations the molar mass of hydrocarbons were less than 20 and hence had petrogenic origin. In Sari and Chalus stations the molar mass of hydrocarbons were more than 20 and therefore had indigenous and human origin. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbons in Persian Gulf ´s water and sediment, Bahregan, costal area
        E. Hatami S. M. T. Sadatipour B. Shahabi
        This research has been carried out on the effect of the sewage of Bahregan oil industries, to evaluate it’s  effecting the marine environment which is in the proxy of the site. Bahregan oil industries are located in the coastal area of Bushehr with latitudina More
        This research has been carried out on the effect of the sewage of Bahregan oil industries, to evaluate it’s  effecting the marine environment which is in the proxy of the site. Bahregan oil industries are located in the coastal area of Bushehr with latitudinal of 29° 50' and longitudinal of 50° 17'. From this site 235.000 barrels of oil are exported daily. Therefore our first assumption was that there should have pollution effect in the area. In this research we zoomed on TPH pollution in the water and sediments of area which is in proxy of Bahregan oil industries. For this aim we selected 13 sampling stations in offshore and 3 stations in shore. To analyze TPH in water and sediments of the area the 3 inshore stations were selected from the channel of which area collecting Bahregan surface water and leads that to marine environment. All the samples were analyzed based on MOOPAM(1999) methodology. Using FT-IR, analyses were done with the help of SPSS. From the data we noticed that there is a high position correlation between TPH concentration in water and sediments of the area. We can conclude that the source of TPH are the same in water and sediment. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Isolation and identification of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from oil reservoirs located at Asmari, Ahwaz
        Rahil Kianpour Barjoei Hossein Motamedi Zahra Bamzadeh
        Background & Objectives: Bioremediation is a technology to remove oil pollution. Microbial bioremediation id the best technology to remove contaminants in which pollutants are converted to non-toxic chemicals in expenses of lowest amount of energy, chemicals and tim More
        Background & Objectives: Bioremediation is a technology to remove oil pollution. Microbial bioremediation id the best technology to remove contaminants in which pollutants are converted to non-toxic chemicals in expenses of lowest amount of energy, chemicals and time. This study aimed to isolate and identify the petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria from oil reservoirs located at Asmari Ahwaz. Materials & Methods: This field study was performed in the oil reservoirs located at Asmar, Ahvaz. The primary isolation was performed using a salt containing base medium through a multistep process, and the salt tolerance of isolates were tested by this medium. The elimination of the hydrocarbons by isolated bacteria were studied using gas chromatography. The identity of bacteria was determined based on biochemical tests and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Results: In this study, a halotolerant Gram-positive bacteria, belonged to Streptomyces, was isolated from the field. This isolate showed an acceptable growth into 7.5% salt concentration and was able to use oil as the sole source of carbon. Also, this strain was able to reduce the level of hydrocarbons to 71.58 % through incubation in the saline medium for 10 days. Conclusion: According to the results, the isolated strain is capable to tolerate high concentrations of salts and is desirable to remove the hydrocarbons, which is beneficiary due to the difference in salt concentration in contaminated areas. As a result, this isolate can be useful for removal of pollutants from the environment and reduction of their side effects on life. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Investigation of microbial diversity and prediction of functional genes involved in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in Nyband Gulf
        Mahsa Harirforoush Mohammad Ali Amoozegar Mahmoud Shavandi Parvaneh Saffarian
        Background & Objective: Nayband Gulf is subjected to oil pollution due to the proximity to Assaluyeh industrial region. Prolonged exposure to contaminants affects the microbial population and shifts the population to the predominance of oil-degrading microbes. In th More
        Background & Objective: Nayband Gulf is subjected to oil pollution due to the proximity to Assaluyeh industrial region. Prolonged exposure to contaminants affects the microbial population and shifts the population to the predominance of oil-degrading microbes. In this study, we  investigate the microbial diversity in Nayband Gulf waters and predict the genes involved in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Materials & Methods: Phenol-chloroform method was performed for extracting DNA from the Nayband Gulf water sample. Extracted DNA sequencing was performed by new generation  sequencing technique. Then 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing was analyzed. Functional genes involved in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences.Results: Our findings indicate that aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in Nayband Gulf water resulted in the enrichment of Oceanospirillales (24.67%), Cellvibrionales (28.95%), SAR11 clade (20.97%), Rhodobacterales (6.17%), Rhodospirillales (7.12%) and Flavobacteriales (5.50%).  Alphaproteobacteria (26.18%) and Gammaproteobacteria (42.23%) had the highest percentage. According to Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States, the genes involved in degradation of naphthalene under anaerobic conditions were most abundant in the sample.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that long-term exposure to oil pollution and oil spills affects the microbial population. The microbial population of Nayband Gulf region, due to its proximity to the South Pars oil & gas region and the entry of oil pollutants into the water, has caused the domination of petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria.  Manuscript profile
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        36 - Study of the removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a halotolerant bacteria isolated from Dehloran Oil-contaminated soil
        Maryam Firoozbakht Abbas Akhavan Sepahi Hamid Rashedi Fatemeh Yazdian
        Background and Objectives: Soil contamination by petroleum compounds and salt often occurs simultaneously. The aim of this study was the isolation of halotolerant bacterial strains with the ability to remove different concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( More
        Background and Objectives: Soil contamination by petroleum compounds and salt often occurs simultaneously. The aim of this study was the isolation of halotolerant bacterial strains with the ability to remove different concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Material and Methods: In the present original study, petroleum-contaminated soil samples were collected from Dehlran area. To isolate bacterial strains degrading PAHs, PAHs- enriched media were used as the sole source of carbon and energy. The ability of the isolates to tolerate different salt concentrations was investigated. Based on its capacity to produce biosurfactants, a suitable bacterial strain was chosen and the biodegradation of various types of PAHs was evaluated. The effects of the molecular weight and initial concentration of different types of PAHs on the strain’s cell growth and biodegradation were investigated. Results: Among the isolates, Labedella gwakjiensis strain KDI, with the ability to grow at concentrations greater than 3% salt and produce biosurfactants, was selected. The results demonstrated that this strain could biodegrade various types of PAHs, and that the molecular weight and initial concentration of PAHs, which have a direct effect on cell growth, indirectly affect the biodegradation rate. Conclusion: Salt is considered as a deterrent in biodegradation. Hence the use of halotolerant bacterial strains capable of biodegrading PAHs is critical in removing these pollutants from the environment. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Bioremediation potential of indigenous gram-positive bacteria isolated from contaminated soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
        Somayeh Scandari Mehran Hoodaji Arezo Tahmourespour Atoosa Abdollahi
        Background and Objectives: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extensively spread in the environment and are regarded as one of the mutagenic and carcinogenic agents on living creatures. Among the vast variety of procedures for the elimination of contaminatio More
        Background and Objectives: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extensively spread in the environment and are regarded as one of the mutagenic and carcinogenic agents on living creatures. Among the vast variety of procedures for the elimination of contamination, biological removal is capable of transmuting pollutants into innocuous and nontoxic substances using less amount of energy, chemicals and time. The study was aimed at evaluating the possibility of growth of the indigenous bacteria isolated from oil-polluted soils, in the presence of PAH compounds in the laboratory, and also identifying them by using the method of PCR. Material and Methods: Specimens of the research were isolated from environmental gasoline and oil-polluted soils from the Isfahan City refinery. Initially, the native bacteria were separated from the contaminated soil with such compounds by utilizing a basic medium containing the concentration of 12.8 mg/l in 16 PAH compounds. Then, those bacteria which were able to grow and reproduce in the presence of the compounds identified through biochemical experiments and determination of genome sequence and consequently registered as new species. Results: The results obtained in the study substantiated that approximately 13.3% of the total heterotrophic bacteria possess a degradable ability of the hydrocarbons. After the evaluation of biochemical tests and gene sequencing, it was disclosed that the isolated indigenous bacteria belonged to Bacillus licheniformis ATHE9, Bacillus mojavensis ATHE13 and a particular species of Bacillus (ATHE10). Conclusion: The results of the present research verify the importance and proficiency of the native bacteria in the terms of the elimination of PAHs pollutions in contaminated areas. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Screening of crude oil degrading bacteria from industrial effluents in Shiraz
        Mehdi Hassanshahian Hajar Moradi
        Background & Objectives: Pollution of the environment with petroleum and its derivatives is a serious threat to human health and the environment, so treatment of these substances is of great importance. The bioremediation process is defined as the use of microorgani More
        Background & Objectives: Pollution of the environment with petroleum and its derivatives is a serious threat to human health and the environment, so treatment of these substances is of great importance. The bioremediation process is defined as the use of microorganisms to remove many industrial effluents, including petroleum products. The aim of this research is the isolation and characterization of crude oil degrading bacteria from some industrial sewage in Shiraz.  Material & Methods: This study was performed to isolate crude oil degrading bacteria from some industrial areas of Shiraz. To investigate the effect of crude oil on the frequency and variety of microbial populations of soil and water sampling, identification and counting of crude-oil degrading bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria were performed by CFU and MPN methods. Preliminary identification of the strains was carried out based on biochemical characteristics. Then properties such as oil-spreading,emulsifying activity, growth and degradation rate of these bacteria were investigated. Results:After screening, it was found that 20 strains were capable of growing and decomposing crude oil. The highest oil-spreading,bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon, emulsifying activity were related to PE3, SN1, DS1, 23%, 16% and 22%, respectively. Using these results seven suitable strains were selected and crude oil removal rates determined by spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods for each strain. One strain with the highest rate of crude oil degradation was Cellulosimicrobium cellulans by molecular method. This strain had the best efficiency of degradation (67 %) in 1.5 parentage of crude oil. By optimization of factors affecting crude oil degradation such as carbon source, nitrogen source, time and mixed culture the best degradation (100%) was take place.  Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of these microorganisms by creating optimal conditions can be an important step in the removal and control of oil pollution. Manuscript profile
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        39 - Comparison of the effect of phenanthrene and pyrene on germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes activity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
        Ayyoub Sobhani Seyed Yahya Salehi Lisar Ali Movafeghi
        The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenanthrene and pyrene as two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on germination, growth and some biochemical indices in bread wheat seedlings. Wheat seedlings were cultivated hydroponically and treated by 50, 100, 150 a More
        The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenanthrene and pyrene as two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on germination, growth and some biochemical indices in bread wheat seedlings. Wheat seedlings were cultivated hydroponically and treated by 50, 100, 150 and 200 µM of phenanthrene and pyrene for 7 days. Activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), as well as H2O2, MDA and photosynthetic pigments content, were measured. The results showed that both pollutants reduced germination percentage, so that the lowest germination percentage was phenanthrene (54.44%) at 200 μm. Phenanthrene more than pyrene reduced the content of photosynthetic pigmentation, the lowest percentage of chlorophyll a (51.54%), chlorophyll b (48.25%) and carotenoids (63.42%) were related to phenanthrene treatment (200 μM). Both pollutants significantly increased the content of hydrogen peroxide (7 times) and malondialdehyde (1.5 times). Increasing the concentration of both pollutants resulted in a significant decrease (up to 70%) in the activity of the three APX, POD and SOD enzymes, but only phenanthrene significantly reduced (49.12%) activity of the catalase. These results indicated that induction of oxidative stress is one of the main reasons for lower plant growth rate and other harmful outcomes in PAHs contaminated environments. Manuscript profile
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        40 - The Ameliorating Effect of Poultry Manure and Its Biochar on Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation at Two Times of Cultivation
        Maryam Barati Sedigheh Safarzadeh Dariush Mowla Fereshteh Bakhtiari Amirhossein Najafian Fateh Tavakoli
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        41 - Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Aerial Parts of Satureja hortensis As a Potent Medical Plant Using Traditional Hydrodistillation
        M. Mohammadhosseini M. Beiranvand
      • Open Access Article

        42 - Investigation of the Possibility of Phytoremediating a Soil Contaminated with Anthracene
        M. Ahmadi Z. T. Alipour A. Farrokhian Firuzi
      • Open Access Article

        43 - Biochemical and Physical Characterization of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils in Tehran
        Mehrdad Cheraghi Soheil Sobhanardakani Bahareh Lorestani Hajar Merrikhpour Hassan ParviziMosaed
      • Open Access Article

        44 - Evaluation the Growth Potential of Artichoke (Synara scolymus L.) and Milk thistle (Sylibum marianum L.) in Petroleum-contaminated Soil
        Sahar Zamani Azim Ghasemnezhad Soheila Ebrahimi Mehran Fathi
      • Open Access Article

        45 - Assessment Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils to Petroleum Compounds and Role of Chemical Fertilizers in the Decomposition Process
        H. Parvizi Mosaed S. Sobhan Ardakani M. Cheraghi
      • Open Access Article

        46 - Magnetic Solvent Bar Liquid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection for the Trace Determination of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water Samples
        Hadi Farahani Mohsen Zeeb
      • Open Access Article

        47 - Growth and Micronutrient Uptake of Oat Plant (Avena sativa) in Oil Contaminated Soils as Affected by Poultry Manure and Biochar
        Maryam Barati Sedigheh Shirazi
      • Open Access Article

        48 - Biochemical, Molecular and Ecological characterization of Petroleum Biodegradable Bacteria in Misan Province/Iraq
        Hiba N. Dhaegheem Salih H. Jazza Zahid S. Aziz
      • Open Access Article

        49 - Sources and Cancer Risk Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Industrial Areas in Southeastern, Nigeria
        Uchechi Onyedikachi Chuka Belonwu Mattew Wegwu Emmanuel Ejiofor Mattew Awah
      • Open Access Article

        50 - Solid-to-Liquid Extraction for Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Tahdig of Potato by GC/MS: Comparison between Traditional Solvent and Sonication Methodologies
        Kosar Mahmood-babooi Behrouz Akbari-adergani Ali Salehi Parisa Sadighara
      • Open Access Article

        51 - Investigation of the Effect of Applied Current Density on Wetting Properties of Cerium Oxide Coating Fabricated by Electrochemical Deposition Method
        Navid Ahmadizadeh Pooria Najafisayar
        In this study, cerium oxide coatings were fabricated by electrochemical deposition method on copper substrates. The effect of applied current density on morphology, crystallographic structure, surface chemistry, surface roughness & wetting property of coatings was i More
        In this study, cerium oxide coatings were fabricated by electrochemical deposition method on copper substrates. The effect of applied current density on morphology, crystallographic structure, surface chemistry, surface roughness & wetting property of coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy & static water contact angle measurement methods. The results showed that, by increasing the applied current density, cerium oxide coatings become thicker & rougher including more cracks. Also decreasing of applied current density lead to enhanced growth of (002) crystallographic planes & crystallite size in the microstructure of cerium oxide coatings. More hydrophilic cerium oxide coatings were fabricated at higher applied current densities. Although as-deposited cerium oxide coatings were hydrophilic but their behavior changed to hydrophobic as a result of long exposure to atmosphere & hydrocarbon adsorption. The hydrocarbon adsorption was higher in the case of cerium oxide coatings fabricated at higher applied current densities. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        52 - Application of Steam Enhanced Extraction method on BTEX contaminated soil in a Nigerian petroleum depot and Automobile workshop sites in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria.
        ismail muhibbu-din isaac ayodele
      • Open Access Article

        53 - Arctic geopolitical position and future game scene preparation (Emphasizing the role of Russia)
        soleiman asadi
        The purpose of this research is to study the geopolitics of the Arctic as a new scene of geopolitical confrontation in the future and the beginning of a new alignment of powers to dominate new energy sources with emphasis on Russia's role in the region. This research ha More
        The purpose of this research is to study the geopolitics of the Arctic as a new scene of geopolitical confrontation in the future and the beginning of a new alignment of powers to dominate new energy sources with emphasis on Russia's role in the region. This research has been done using descriptive and analytical methods and collection tools such as library and documents. The Arctic is increasingly at the center of disputes between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark over its vast underground resources due to its vast oil and gas reserves. Increasing the temperature and decreasing the diameter of the ice becomes more accessible. The five countries, especially Russia, intend to expand their sphere of ownership in this region.But in the meantime, Russia, in addition to having the largest border with the pole and the largest volume of estimated resources in this region and the largest ice-cold fleet in the world due to the unique geographical position of the North Pole in terms of aristocracy over different regions of the country for each The type of possible military attack also has a strategic and strategic position, and based on this, it is possible that considering the geo-economic and geo-strategic position of this region, the North Pole can be a lever for the rise of this power (Russia). Manuscript profile