Source Identification of emission sources of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, Hopanes and Stranes in Atmospheric Deposition of Mashahd City in 2018
Subject Areas : Environmental pollutions (water, soil and air)
Faeze Mahdad
1
,
َAlireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
2
,
Mazaher Moeinaddini
3
,
Susanne Charlesworth
4
1 - Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
2 - Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. *(Corresponding Authors)
3 - Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
4 - Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Keywords: Atmospheric deposition, hydrocarbons, Mashhad city, Source identification, PCA.,
Abstract :
Background & Objective: In this study, the main sources of hydrocarbon emissions in the atmospheric deposition of Mashhad megacity were investigated.
Material and Methodology: For this purpose, the compounds of PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes were investigated and the source of hydrocarbon emissions with particulate matter (PM) was determined using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA). Thirty atmospheric deposition samples were sampled in the winter season in 2018.
Findings: The mean concentrations of compounds in atmospheric deposition samples were 1575/12 ng/g for PAHs, 2299.9 for n-alkanes, 2208.6 μg/g for hopanes and 298.2 μg/g for steranes. The most abundant PAHs in atmospheric deposition were four- and five-rings hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the most abundant n-alkanes (n-C20 and n-C22) demonstrated anthropogenic (pyrogenic) source. Moreover, the presence of hopanes and steranes biomarkers confirmed the pyrogenic source (present in vehicle exhaust particles) in the studied samples. In all samples, the presence of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), carbon preference index (CPI) close to 1, diagnostic ratios of PAHs and ratios of hopanes and steranes, indicating the predominant pyrogenic source for hydrocarbons were obtained. In this study, the PCA results for atmospheric deposition samples demonstrated two factors including emissions from diesel and gasoline engines, as well as the burning of biomass and fossil fuels, such as natural gas. Moreover, two factors were obtained for n-alkanes. The first factor exhibited the contribution of burning fossil fuels, especially emissions from automobiles. The second factor was related to emissions from biogenic sources. The PCA results for PAHs and n-alkanes were consistent with the diagnostic ratios approach and, the PCA results confirmed the consequences of diagnostic ratios.
Discussion and conclusion: The results from both methods exhibited that the highest contribution to the emission of these compounds is related to pyrogenic sources, especially traffic, which had a higher proportion of emissions from vehicle exhaust.
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