فوزاریوم

Open Access Article

1 - In vitro evaluation of antifungal effect and morphological change due to essential oil of Cuminum cyminum on Fusarium verticillioides on isolated from Iran
علیرضا مختاری علیرضا خسروی تقی زهرایی صالحی

Fungi like Fusarium species that have generally been referred to as farm fungi, in terms oftoxicity and toxin production are prominent in their group. The most important fumonisin toxinis fumonisin B1. Fusarium toxins are generally produced at lower temperature than opt More

Fungi like Fusarium species that have generally been referred to as farm fungi, in terms oftoxicity and toxin production are prominent in their group. The most important fumonisin toxinis fumonisin B1. Fusarium toxins are generally produced at lower temperature than optimumgrowth temperature. Fumonisin is a toxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides. In recent yearsdue to ecological changes and increased soil nitrogen levels, fusarium contaminations haveincreased. In present study effect of essential oil (EO) of Cuminum cyminum on Fusariumverticillioides isolated in Iran were determined in vitro by micro dillution method.The main EO active ingredient of Cuminum cyminum is aldehydecuminic. This EO is watersoluble. This research was performed inon14 isolated. The drug sensitivity tests were performedaccording to standard methods Broth Micro dillution NLCCLS-M38A2. The tests were repeatedtwice.MIC (Minimum inhibition concentration) frequency of EO was 0.195 μg/mlwith42.84%susceptible isolate and the least frequent was in concentration0.293μg/mlwith7.14% susceptibleisolate. MFC (Minimum fungicidal concentration) frequency distribution was0.39 μg/ml with42.84% susceptible strains and lowest frequency of susceptible isolate were 0.146,0.293and0.586 μg/ml with 7.14%. The results indicate effectiveness of this essential oilinhibited the growth of Fusarium verticillioides. EO effect on transformation the fungus conidiawere proved by microscopic examination. MIC and MFC of cuminum cyminum EO on differentisolate of F. verticillioides were calculated 0.097-0.39μg/ml and 0.146-0.781μg/mlrespectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Anticancer Effects of Glucan Polysaccharide of Fusarium spp and Its Chemical Analysis by FT-IR and HPLC
, B. Salehi , M. Bayat , M. Dezfulian , A Sabokbar , B. Tabaraie

Cancer is the second factor of death in world on the basis of WHO reports on 2018. Application of fungal polysaccharides is one of the cheaper, less dangerous, less side effects, and newer in the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer. Object of this research is isolation More

Cancer is the second factor of death in world on the basis of WHO reports on 2018. Application of fungal polysaccharides is one of the cheaper, less dangerous, less side effects, and newer in the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer. Object of this research is isolation and identification of endemic fusarium fungus, its glucan extraction, determination of chemical characteristics by HPLCand FT-IR and anticancer effects on cell lines of LCL, Hela.In this study fusarium fungus was isolated from soil of karaj district and identified on the basis of microscopic and macroscopic and genetical characteristics as a fusarium genus .Then fungus was grown into selective broth medium for obtaining of the most biomass for extraction of glucan .Glucan of fungus was extracted by boiling water method.Different amounts of extracted glucan were treated to the cell cultures of lcl and Hela and its cytotoxicity effects were surveyed.Results showed that glucan polysaccharide had anticancer effects against cell lines of LCL and no anticancer effects against Hela cell lines. Cytotoxicity effects of glucan showed by colorimetry MTT method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - بررسی میزان آلودگی کره های سنتی عرضه شده در شهر گرمسار به برخی از قارچ های مهم آلوده کننده مواد غذایی در فصول پاییز و زمستان
طناز موسوی سید هابیل کیوان هاشمی مهدی منصوری

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Open Access Article

4 - Greenhouse and molecular evaluation of resistance of Iranian bean cultivars to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt
Ehsan Hasanvand seddiqe mohammadi

Fusarium wilt (yellow) that caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, is an important disease and can cause severe damage to bean products world wide and cause reduced functional. Since farming techniques to control the disease is not completely effective More

Fusarium wilt (yellow) that caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, is an important disease and can cause severe damage to bean products world wide and cause reduced functional. Since farming techniques to control the disease is not completely effective, cultivars with genetic resistance to the disease are recommended. In order to identify resistant cultivars experiment in that randomized complete block design with three replications and 12 trkeatments, including different cultivars of beans. By method at a concentration suspension inoculation of root drench were inoculated. In root drench method suspension spores of pathogen because of healthy roots a lower percentage of spores could penetrating in roots. So it was far less severe symptoms and can say all cultivars has same statistical group and were resistant and infected cultivars tolerant. Considering the fact that the disease causes yellowing and wilting the factors concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll total concentrations were measured with evaluating resistant and tolerant cultivars were identified. Accordingly, cultivars Sayad and E9 respectively than other cultivars showed more resistant to the disease. Then the reaction is different bean cultivars to fungal F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli were evaluated using specific marker SCAR. According to cultivars Akhtar, Naz, Sadri, Sayad, E9 and WA with primer pairs SU20 have a band of 750 bp and A55 are resistant gene but cultivars Talash, Shekofa, Jegari, Aje, Khomeyn and capsules with specific primer pairs SU20 did not produce band. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Identification of Fusarium root rot from Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) in Dezful region and determination of genetic diversity of dominant species based on RAPD analysis and VCG groups
Vida Mahinpoo Reza Farokhi Nejad Hamid Rajabi Memari Zaynab Bahmani

In this study, Fusarium root rot from Tubers in Dezful (Khuzestan, Iran) were identified and genetic diversity of domnnat species was determined. Root Associated fungi were isolated using common isolation technique in laboratory. Collectively 143 isolates of fungi inclu More

In this study, Fusarium root rot from Tubers in Dezful (Khuzestan, Iran) were identified and genetic diversity of domnnat species was determined. Root Associated fungi were isolated using common isolation technique in laboratory. Collectively 143 isolates of fungi including 110, 27, and 6 at 4 species of Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F.equiseti were recovered and identified respectively. Genetic diversity of the population of F.oxysporum was determined using VCG and RAPD techniques. For VCG method, 45 isolates of fungus were selected randomly. Then nit mutant were generated on MMC and Czapeck media each containing 3% KClO3. Phenotypic classes of nit mutants were determined according of the growth types on basal medium containing one of four nitrogen sources (Nitrate, Nitrate, Hypoxanthine, and Ammonium). From recovered nits, 301, 171, and 45 were nit 1, nit 3 and nit M respectively. Complementation test was conducted among different nit mutant of different isolates in all combinations. Results revealed that all isolates were placed into 4 VCG groups, the largest one containing 28 and the rest containing 10, 3 and 4 isolates respectively. In addition, genetic diversity of theses isolates was studied using thirteen primers. Cluster analysis of RAPD data was done using UPGMA, Single and Complete methods. The best results obtained by UPGMA and dice coefficient, which distinguished six main groups at 61% similarity level. In this grouping, group I, III and VI had 2 members each, group II had 12 members. Ten of that belonging to VCG a and groups IV and V had one member each. No close relation was observed between VCG and RAPD method results. Pathogenicity test that was conducted using selected isolates of different VCGs revealed that all were pathogenic to plant. This research is first report of genetic diversity of F. oxysporum on Tuberose in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Evaluation of biocontrol potential of some Trichoderma and Bacillus species against the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of melons
Zaynolabedin Nurozei Kamran Rahnama Hojjatollah Rabbani nasab Misam Taqinasab

Three isolates of Trichoderma spp. and two isolates of bacillus bacterial were evaluated in biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp melonis the laboratory and greenhouse condition. Dual culture, antimicrobial metabolites, and vo More

Three isolates of Trichoderma spp. and two isolates of bacillus bacterial were evaluated in biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp melonis the laboratory and greenhouse condition. Dual culture, antimicrobial metabolites, and volatile metabolites were in invitro assay. Fungal pathogen colony area was recorded, compared with control and induced inhibition of growth was determined. The experiment displayed the antagonistic ability using dual culture simultaneous and dual culture un-simultaneous assays against fungal pathogen. Results showed that Trichoderma harzianum 6 whit 70% and T. viride10 whit 52.9 highest percentage of growth inhibition. Results of dual culture highest percentage of growth inhibition about 30.5 percent of isolates whit the Bacillus spp62 percent growth inhibit the growth factor. The volatile compounds Bacillus spp15 whit 12.37 percent of the precipitation was prevented from growing. In the treatment Bacillus spp62 and mixed two spice tin treatments at Trichoderma 14g1 respectively 84.93 and 84.95 were showed most effects on length growth of stem but most effects of increased fresh weight from up ground organ of plant, was mixed treatment as spices T. longibrachiatum and bacteria Bacillus spp.15. Most effects on root fresh weight were showed by Trichoderma harzianum. Most effect on stem dry weight T. viridae with T. harzianum. Most effects on increased dry weight were showed by Bacillus spp.15and T. harzianum. Results of the experiment show treatments have significantly different activity pathogen. Test average correspond were meant significant at 1% level by LSD test. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Susceptibility assessment of potato cultivars to Fusarium wilts
Mehdi Nasresfahani Rasoul Sharifi Narges Nasrollahi Shima Ramezani

Fusarium wilt (Fusariumoxysporumf.sp. tuberose) is a major disease of potato, causing considerable damage and losses. The sources of genetically resistant are the best method of controlling the disease. In this study, the reactions of 18 potato cultivars wereassessed to More

Fusarium wilt (Fusariumoxysporumf.sp. tuberose) is a major disease of potato, causing considerable damage and losses. The sources of genetically resistant are the best method of controlling the disease. In this study, the reactions of 18 potato cultivars wereassessed to F. o f.sp. tuberosiin a factorial design with four replicates, in the greenhouse.Plants were inoculated (15 cm height) twice with three isolates of the pathogen by root inoculation (100 ml of 4×105 spore/ ml).Tento thirty days after inoculation cultivars were evaluated according to the symptoms disease index, the lengths of necrosis in vascular tissues, stem height and roots lengthsThere was a significant difference between parameters(P= 0.01). Necrosis lengths had maximum correlation in vascular tissues (r = 0.86), then root lengths(r = 0.75), symptom disease index scale (r = 0.73), and stem heights(r = 0.69). There was a significant difference between cultivars(P= 0.01). According to lengths of necrosis in vascular tissues cultivars divided in five groups, Gorican, Tiuva, Diamont, Marfona, Baraka,Aola and Moren were very susceptible and Olva, Folva and Alva were tolerant.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - In vivo biological activity of Piriformospora indica, Sebacina vermifera and Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium wilt of lentil
Hossein Kari Dolatabadi Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh

Lentil Fusarium wilts, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Vasd. and Srin.) Gordon is one of the most important factors of reducing lentil yield in the world. Effect of four soil borne fungi Piriformospora indica, Sebacina vermifera, Trichoderma harzianum and Tr More

Lentil Fusarium wilts, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Vasd. and Srin.) Gordon is one of the most important factors of reducing lentil yield in the world. Effect of four soil borne fungi Piriformospora indica, Sebacina vermifera, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride on Fusarium wilt oflentilwere evaluated in a completely randomized design under greenhouse condition. Pathogen was inoculated to soil pots three times (10 days before sowing, while sowing and 10 days after sowing). Seventeen treatments including two controls (plant without pathogen and plant with pathogen) and fifteen combinations of above antagonistic fungi were inoculated while sowing. Different growth factors namely: plant heights, root length, dry weight of shoot and root and disease severity were assessed in flowering stage. Results revealed that the most effect of combination of antagonistic fungi was observed in pots inoculated with treatment (S. vermifera + T. harzianum). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Efficacy of neem products compare with bavistin for management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea
Hesamedin Ramezani Sasan Ghasemi

A field trial was conducted to find out the efficacy of neem based [neem seed water extracts (NSWE) @ 40 ml/lit and Vanguard @ 5 ml/lit], comparison with bavistin @ 1.5 g/lit, against the Fusarium wilt of chickpea (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri). Bavistin proved to be More

A field trial was conducted to find out the efficacy of neem based [neem seed water extracts (NSWE) @ 40 ml/lit and Vanguard @ 5 ml/lit], comparison with bavistin @ 1.5 g/lit, against the Fusarium wilt of chickpea (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri). Bavistin proved to be the most effective against the Fusarium wilt between these treatments. Maximum plant height was recorded in case of plot treated with Vanguard followed by seed water extract. Maximum number of pods was collected from plots sprayed with Vanguard. Highest grain yield was obtained due to bavistin, applied at 30, 50 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) but the benefit/cost ratio was highest (3.03:1) in one spray of NSWE, applied at 70 DAS which was more economical than other treatments.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Study of interaction between plant nutrition and cucumber Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
Parvin Younesi Hasan Reza Etebarian Ali Mohammad Roustaee

Cucumber wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum  is one of the most important diseases of cucumber. Disease severity can be decreased by plant nutrition management, especially nitrogen level. In this study, the effects of nitrogen sources such More

Cucumber wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum  is one of the most important diseases of cucumber. Disease severity can be decreased by plant nutrition management, especially nitrogen level. In this study, the effects of nitrogen sources such as KNO3 and NH4NO3 on the growth of fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum) on PDA medium and  interaction between plant nutrition (N) and cucumber Fusarium wiltdisease on some cultivar of cucumber in greenhouse hydroponic culture were investigated. The effects of nitrogen sources such as KNO3 and NH4NO3 were investigated on growth area of F.oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on PDA medium by a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Variance analysis of growth area of the fungus showed significant effect on the different factors used in this experiment. The highest area growth of fungus was obtained at 0.1 g/l for KNO3 . Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) significantly reduced the mycelial growth compared to the control treatment. Effects of different N levels were investigated on two greenhouse cucumber cultivars (exterem and soltan) at the presence of fungus (F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum). A completely randomized design with 4 replications was used for this experiment. The results showed that increasing of nitrogen level (20 meq/l NO3-) compared to the control treatment (distilled water + fungus) decrease the disease severity. The results showed that cucumber nutrition with nitrogen affects the F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Also the importance of plant nutrituin management for decrease of disease severity was shown. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Optimization of double strand RNA extraction from some isolates of Fusarium sp.
Davoud KOOLIVAND Mahdi DAVARI Nemat SOKHANDAN BASHIR Mahdi ARZANLOU

The majority of viruses infected fungi which have been reported contain double-strand RNA (dsRNA) genomes. Mycoviruses are introducing as agent of the biological control of fungi according to hypersensitive properties. In this research, eight isolates belong to Fusarium More

The majority of viruses infected fungi which have been reported contain double-strand RNA (dsRNA) genomes. Mycoviruses are introducing as agent of the biological control of fungi according to hypersensitive properties. In this research, eight isolates belong to Fusariumgenus include ofF. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. tricinctum, F. proliferatum and F. incarnatum survived to dsRNA infection. Due to using of hazardous material such as phenol and complicated procedure in different dsRNA extraction protocols in mentioned research phenol and chlorophorm was removed , using less tissue and dsRNA extraction time was reduced compared to other methods. Result showed that four isolates infected by dsRNA also, mentioned method has sufficient efficiency and convenient for dsRNA extraction from fungi tissue. Also, dsRNA was reported fromF. incarnatum (F. semitectum) for first time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Investigation of Biological Control of Dodder (Cuscuta monogyna Pers.) by a Strain of Fusarium oxysporum
Eliyeh Ganji Reza Ghorbani Kiyoomars Bakhsh Kelarestaghi

Eastern dodder is an obligate parasite of many orchard and ornamental plants which has caused extensive damages to them and city landscapes, in recent years. In order to control this parasite biologically, a research was done during 2010-11. Infected tissues of dodder w More

Eastern dodder is an obligate parasite of many orchard and ornamental plants which has caused extensive damages to them and city landscapes, in recent years. In order to control this parasite biologically, a research was done during 2010-11. Infected tissues of dodder were collected from fields and the city landascapes of Mashhad. One  strain of Fusarium oxysporum which was identified with identification key was selected as the best strain and applied on dodder after its connection to the host in three experiments which were conducted using completely randomized designs in greenhouse. In these experiments of the effects of different concentrations of spore suspensions (104, 105, 106 and 107 spores ml-1), various dew periods (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours) and host domain were investigated. Results indicated that the pathogenicity of  isolate increased with increasing spore concentration. Therefore, the concentration of 107 spores ml-1 caused 20 percent reduction in dry mass of dodder. Increasing length of dew period caused more diseases. The result of the experiment showed the most severe pathogenicity and 32.9 percent reduction in dodder mass, in more than 18 hours of dew period. Consequently, it can be inferred that this strain has the potential ability of controlling the dodder.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Response of wheat advanced and elite lines to Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight in field condition
Maryam Kheirkhani Mohammad Torabi Mohammad Ali Dehghan

To evaluate resistance of wheat advanced and elite lines to fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum), 61 genotypes obtinedfrom Cereal Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute were grown at agricultural research field of Agricultural and Natural Res More

To evaluate resistance of wheat advanced and elite lines to fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum), 61 genotypes obtinedfrom Cereal Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute were grown at agricultural research field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Reserch Center of Gorgan in 2012 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Inoculums of the pathogen was increased on wheat straw in laboratory and a mixture suspension of spores of  five isolates were sprayed on plants at two growth stages of heading and anthesis.After development of disease in field, disease incidence, disease severity and disease index were assessed for each line. Based on the results, none of the lines were immune or resistant, but lines ARWYT-N-90-2, ERWYT-N-90-20 and ERWYT-N-90-4 with lower disease index exhibited an acceptable level of resistance.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Evaluation of the resistance of some tobacco cultivars to fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode under natural field infection conditions
Marzieh Shazdehahmadi Seyed Afshin Sajjadi

Fusarium wilt fungiFusarium oxysporum f.sp. nicotionae and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), are the most important soil-borne tobacco pathogens in Iran and  over the world. Access to resistance genetic resources and cultivation resistant cultivars to th More

Fusarium wilt fungiFusarium oxysporum f.sp. nicotionae and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), are the most important soil-borne tobacco pathogens in Iran and  over the world. Access to resistance genetic resources and cultivation resistant cultivars to these pathogens, are the most basic control methods to these pathogens and damage reduction come from epidemic disease, especially in the northern province of Iran. This research was studied in order to evaluate the resistance of 6 tobacco genotypes, including (BCE, HBT8, K17, Burley BB163, and Burley Geel 3) and Burley 21(as sensitive control) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications during 2014-2015 under natural field infection. Fusarium wilt resistance evaluation based on Moorman et al with scale (0 - 4) evaluated on a weekly basis and resistance to root- knot nematode at the end of season based on number of galls, number of egg masses and the average number of egg per mass with scale 0 - 10 was performed. Evaluation the severity and progress of both diseases in the different cultivars showed that prevalence of these diseases by starting the heat season and air humidity has increased and these two pathogens have the synergistic effect together in the soil of field. The results of this research showed that Burley 21, Burley BB163, Burley Geel3 with sensitivity indexes 8,6,6 were respectively in groups susceptible, moderately susceptible, K17 with sensitivity indexes 4 are moderately resistant and BCE, HBT8 cultivars  with sensitivity index 2 were in resistant groups to soil-borne pathogens. According to these results the BCE and HBT8 identified as a resistant cultivars and Burley 21 identified as a most sensitive cultivar under natural field infestation conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Evaluation of resistance of selected bread wheat genotypes of cereal research department of Seed and plant institutes to Fusarium head blight in field conditions
Mohammad-Ali Dehghan Ali Milihipoor Manouchehr Khodarahmi

In this study, 224 wheat genotypes which had good agronomic characteristics were selected between 1700 collection of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, to evaluating against diseases FHB, leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in field co More

In this study, 224 wheat genotypes which had good agronomic characteristics were selected between 1700 collection of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, to evaluating against diseases FHB, leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in field condition in Golestan province. After land preparation, seed of each genotype were planted on a line with length 1.5 meters below mist irrigation systems. Spikes at 50% flowering (stage 65 of the Zadoks) were inoculated with spore suspension of fungi isolates of Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum) within three days of one another in two stages. To evaluate genotypes resistant to leaf rust, in stem elongation (stage 35 of the Zadoks), were sprayed with a mixture of spores of the pathogen. Genotypes were evaluated to powdery mildew with naturally infected area. Notes the reaction of genotypes diseases mentioned above, the standard method of assessment for all diseases. The results showed that, 60 percent of genotype in disease incidence of Fusarium head blight were moderately susceptible and 30% were susceptible reaction and the rest were moderately resistant and resistant, but in disease severity FHB, 30% of moderately susceptible reaction, 37% susceptible and the rest were placed in resistant and moderately resistant groups. In the disease index FHB of genotypes showed that 20 percent moderately susceptible, 22% susceptible, 34% moderately resistant and 24 percent showed good relative strength. Results evaluated genotypes reaction to leaf rust races in the region showed that 43% resistant, 47% susceptible and others 10 percent were moderately resistant or moderately susceptible. In this study, 17% of genotypes were resistant, 25% moderately resistant, 27% moderately susceptible and 31% were quite susceptible. After analysis of the data, 20 genotypes were favorable partial resistance to any of the diseases studied, were introduced as sources of resistance and molecular genetics of resistance to genetic unit Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Study on the infections status of Fusarium wilt disease of tobacco in Golestan province
Seyed Afshin Sajjadi

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae, the causal agent of tobacco fusarium wilt, is one of the important agents that distributed worldwide and cause yield losses in tobacco growing countries. Control of this pathogen are accomplished through the use of chemical control, More

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae, the causal agent of tobacco fusarium wilt, is one of the important agents that distributed worldwide and cause yield losses in tobacco growing countries. Control of this pathogen are accomplished through the use of chemical control, biological control, use of plant extracts, resistant cultivars and etc. The objective of this study was to evaluation of infections status of this disease in the tobacco fields of Golestan province. 45 tobacco fields in the five different villages of Gorgan region (Valeshabad, Taghartappeh, Jafarabad, Nodehmalek and Ghorogh) and the four different villages of Aliabad region (Baraftan, Pichakmahaleh, Elazman and Fazelabad) were selected in 2016 year. From the beginning of disease symptoms appearance, weekly surveys were done from fields and amount of disease incidence percent was recorded during the infection period. Statistical analysis were done using Stat Graphics Centurion XVI software. The results of this research showed that the based on the highest disease incidence there were no significant differences between regions, but there were significant differences (P<0.001) among fields. One field with disease incidence 48.2% in Valeshabad was highest disease incidence and combined Valeshabad with disease incidence 31.16% had the highest infection and Taghartappeh with disease incidence 18.5% had the lowest infection. Based on areas under disease progress curves, there no significant differences between regions, but there were significant differences (P<0.001) between fields. One field with under disease progress curves 1816.2 in Valeshabad had highest. In combined Valeshabad with 2700 had highest disease progress curves and Taghartappeh with 971.8 disease progress curves had the lowest. The results of this study show that Fusarium wilt disease of tobacco in all regions in Golestan province (Gorgan and Aliabad) with different rate of expansion. Manuscript profile

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17 - Study of effect of methanol extracts of Garlic, Cinnamon and liquid smoke from tobacco waste on Inhibitionof Tobacco Fusarium wiltof pathogen fungi
seyd afshin sajadi

Tobacco Fusarium wilts of pathogen fungi are important phytopathogens distributed worldwide and can cause yield losses in tobacco growing countries. The management of fungal soilborne pathogens are accomplished through the use of pesticides, resistant varieties, biologi More

Tobacco Fusarium wilts of pathogen fungi are important phytopathogens distributed worldwide and can cause yield losses in tobacco growing countries. The management of fungal soilborne pathogens are accomplished through the use of pesticides, resistant varieties, biological control, and use of plant extracts is done. The use of plant extracts for management of this disease is preferable because pesticides are expensive and may pollute the environment. This design investigated the inhibitory effects of some medicinal plant extracts on growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae the cause of tobacco collar rot and selection of a suitable concentration is performed in the laboratory in Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2018. The plants (Garlic and Cinnamon) were extracted with methanol and liquid smoke used in this study was obtained from the pyrolysis of tobacco waste. Tobacco waste was pyrolyzed in furnace in the absence of oxygen and smoke was converted to liquid smoke with cold water. This study were carried out in factorial with three factors including: crude extracts (Garlic, Cinnamon and Tobacco waste) and 6 concentration (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm) based on Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The minimum inhibitory concentration of each extracts was determined by agar diffusion method. Results indicated that crude extracts of Garlic, Cinnamon and Tobacco waste (liquid smoke) have remarkable antifungal activity. With increasing concentrations of plant extracts, inhibitory effect on mycelium growth of fungal F. o f. sp. nicotianae increased. The minimum inhibitory concentration of liquid smoke of tobacco waste and methanol extracts of Garlic and Cinnamon on tobacco Fusarium wilt of against fungiwere equal to 2000, 4000 and 4000 ppm, respectively. The liquid smoke of tobacco waste at concentrations greater than 2000 ppm has fungicide and methanol extracts of Garlic and Cinnamon at concentrations greater than 4000 ppm has fungistate.   Manuscript profile

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18 - Risk zonation mapping of Fusarium Head Blight disease of wheat using Fuzzy and GIS model in Golestan province
Hanieh Naderi Mirmasoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh Masoud Goodarzi

The purpose of this study was to provide a zoning map of susceptible areas to Fusarium head blight disease of wheat ear; the obtained model was compared by fuzzy logic method with the zonation map obtained from reports of Plant Protection Research stations in Golestan p More

The purpose of this study was to provide a zoning map of susceptible areas to Fusarium head blight disease of wheat ear; the obtained model was compared by fuzzy logic method with the zonation map obtained from reports of Plant Protection Research stations in Golestan province. For this purpose, the average of humidity, temperature and precipitation parameters were determined for 45 days in autumn wheat growth period in the stage 65 of the Zadox scale. According to the opinion of plant pathologists and the time of occurrence of Fusarium head blight in Golestan province, preparation of zoning maps was determined through early-April to mid-May period in three days intervals. A total of 15 zoning maps were created and susceptible areas to disease were identified in this model. Zoning was classified into four categories: safe (0-25%), low risk (26-50%), hazard (51-75%) and high risk (76-100%).Validation of the results was admitted by Kappa coefficient method. The results showed that if the spikes were in the susceptible growth stage, the incidence and development of the disease would be predictable from early-April to early-May in the determined areas with a validation of 76%. The symptoms of the disease are not recognizable in the spikes during the mentioned period. The results of this study can be helpful for researcher and related experts in forecasting the disease and decision making of disease management at the best time. Manuscript profile

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19 - Low magnetic field effect with magnetic water on the control of Fusarium wilting of seedlings of tomatoes
Arash Momeni Saghar Ketabchi

Tomato Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici is one of the most important diseases of tomato in Iran and also around the world. Magnetic fields can be considered as an environmental factor that can have a significant effect on the performance and More

Tomato Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici is one of the most important diseases of tomato in Iran and also around the world. Magnetic fields can be considered as an environmental factor that can have a significant effect on the performance and growth of plants. The interaction between the magnetic field and the time of seed exposure in the field has been extremely effective in promoting plant growth characteristics. A similar phenomenon of resonance increases domestic seeds’ energy, if the right combination of magnetic field and the time of exposure are applied which would lead to higher yield level. North Pole causes higher plant growth and South Pole prevents it. In this study, a 3-D magnetizer X.Y.Z. device (such as a MRI medical device with non-hazardous wavelength) was applied to make tomato seeds and seedlings magnetic in varied treatments. Among the treatments, the best result was achieved by using the combination of immersed seeds in magnetized water 0.7M through the magnetic field 0.4mT for 60 minutes. Manuscript profile

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20 - Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by chemical method and investigation of their antimicrobial properties
Mina Ramezani Asma Shamsai Ramin Mohammadi-Aloucheh

Introduction: Copper oxide is one of the most important metal oxides that has unique properties in various technological applications, such as superconductors, and has been used as an antimicrobial agent against numerous bacterial species. In the present study, CuO Nps More

Introduction: Copper oxide is one of the most important metal oxides that has unique properties in various technological applications, such as superconductors, and has been used as an antimicrobial agent against numerous bacterial species. In the present study, CuO Nps was synthesized using chemical methods and its antimicrobial activity was investigated. Materials and Methods: Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using the microwave method, and XRD, EDX, SEM, FTIR, and UV-vis analyses were performed to investigate the physical and chemical properties. The antimicrobial and antifungal effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Fusarium solani were evaluated using MIC and MBC tests and well diffusion assay. Results: The results showed that at a concentration of 20 mg/mL, copper oxide nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, growth inhibition of Escherichia coli was observed at a concentration of 4 mg/mL of nanoparticles. Furthermore, Fusarium solani exhibited increased sensitivity to copper oxide nanoparticles at concentrations higher than 50 mg/mL, with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 18 mm at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. Discussion and Conclusion: Copper oxide nanoparticles can be introduced as a strong antimicrobial agent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Evaluation of Different Combination of Trichoderma Species for Controlling Fusarium Rot of Chickpea
M. Akrami A. Ibrahimev

The Fusarium disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani has been observed in different areas of Iran in recent years. Current biocontrol studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the Trichoderma species against many fungal phytopathogens. In this study, bioco More

The Fusarium disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani has been observed in different areas of Iran in recent years. Current biocontrol studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the Trichoderma species against many fungal phytopathogens. In this study, biocontrol effects of Trichoderma isolates, both separately and their combined effects were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum, F.solani pathogen. In this investigation the ability of Trichoderma harzianum and T.asperellum isolates, isolated from soil and chickpea root, were compared with combination of three fungal lentil Fusarium rot. Three isolates (Trichoderma) of isolates T1, and T2 around Fusarium oxysporum and F.solani hyphae. Volatile metabolites of all isolates reduced the mycelial growth of fusarium diseas pathogen. T1 and T2 isolates and their combination were more effective than other treatments to control the disease, where it reduced 75 to 78% disease. All of treatments showed significant differences with control (Trichoderma harzianum)T1, (Trichoderma asperellum)T2, were selected before test (shown good antagonist effect) after screening tests for antifungal combination effects against Fusarium disease pathogen in greenhouse. In dual culture tests, three (T1, T2) isolates covered and colonized the colony of the pathogen. In this research three (T1, T2) isolates covered and colonized the colony of the other Trichoderma isolates. Microscopic studies revealed hyphal coiling (hyperparasitismplants). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Biochemical defense response of the greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to complex disease caused by a root-knot nematode and Fusarium wilt fungus
Mehdi Mohamadian Sarcheshmeh Saeed Rezaee Alireza Iranbakhsh

10.30495/iper.2021.679543

Complex disease caused by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, has limited cucumber cultivation in Iran. Therefore, access to the nematode-resistant cultivars has a crucial role in disease control. More

Complex disease caused by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, has limited cucumber cultivation in Iran. Therefore, access to the nematode-resistant cultivars has a crucial role in disease control. The Assessment of plant defense compounds in the Complex disease helps understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance and the production of nematode-resistant cultivars. After inoculation of the plants in a greenhouse, the peroxidase enzyme and the phenolic compounds were measured using spectrophotometric method. The experiment was conducted based on a factorial completely randomized designed with 14 treatments, including control, fungi alone, nematode alone in four inoculations level viz. 1500, 3000, 4500, and 6000 J2s, fungus + nematode simultaneously, and fungus a week after nematode inoculation with 4 replications. Phenolic compounds increased by %54.74 and %92.34 and peroxidase enzyme activity increased by %50.64 and %63.31 in plants inoculated with fungus alone and nematode alone (6000 larvae) compared to the control, showing that these substances act as defensive compounds in cucumber. Results showed that increasing the nematode population in inoculated plants improved the defense compounds levels.  Inoculation of nematode (6000 larvae) followed by fungus led to %80 and %54.48 increases in phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity, respectively as compared with the control which might be attributed to the synergistic effects of pathogens. The fungi had a more active role than nematodes in increasing the peroxidase compared to the phenolic compounds, which indicated the complex nature of nematode parasitism in the nematode-plant interaction. Decrease in the defense compounds in Negin cultivar (susceptible to Fusarium) and increase in the level of these compounds in Khasib (tolerant to Fusarium) and Dastjerdi (tolerant to nematode) cultivars showed that the production of the defensive compounds may be related to the cucumber resistance to pathogens. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - مطالعه بیوکنترل Trichoderma harzianum در افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های کیتیناز و β-1, 3-گلوکاناز در گیاه گندم آلوده به قارچ بیمارگر پوسیدگی طوقه (Fuzarium pseudograminearum)
ندا ابراهیم پور غلامرضا حدادچی

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - بهینه سازی تولید آلیزارین توسط محرک های زیستی مختلف در گیاه روناس با روش تحریک-اینفیلتراسیون
سونا اعیادی طیبه سلیمانی

مقدمه و هدف: روناس با نام علمی Rubia tinctorum، یکی از شناخته شده‌ترین گیاهان دارویی هست که آلیزارین و دیگر آنتراکینون‌ها که مواد رنگی مهمی با اثرات دارویی هستند، از آن استخراج می‌شوند. هدف از این تحقیق بهینه‌سازی و افزایش تولید آلیزارین در گیاه کامل روناس با القای محرک More

مقدمه و هدف: روناس با نام علمی Rubia tinctorum، یکی از شناخته شده‌ترین گیاهان دارویی هست که آلیزارین و دیگر آنتراکینون‌ها که مواد رنگی مهمی با اثرات دارویی هستند، از آن استخراج می‌شوند. هدف از این تحقیق بهینه‌سازی و افزایش تولید آلیزارین در گیاه کامل روناس با القای محرک‌های زیستی می‌باشد. روش تحقیق: جهت افزایش تولید آلیزارین، محرک‌های باکتریایی (استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و باسیلوس اورئوس در غلظت-های نیم و یک مک فارلند) قارچی ( فوزاریوم اگزوسپوریوم و آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس در غلظت‌های mg total sugar/mL 2/0 و 4/0) به گیاه کامل روناس به طور مستقیم با استفاده از سوزن‌های بسیار نازک انسولین می‌باشد، تزریق شد که این روش elicitation-infiltration نام دارد. سپس مقدار آلیزارین این نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش استاندارد افزایشی توسط روش UV-Visible مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس (1 مک فارلند) موثرترین محرک در افزایش زیست توده بود. علاوه بر این، در بین محرک‌های قارچی، آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس با غلظت mg total sugar/mL 4/0 مهم‌ترین کمک را در افزایش زیست توده آشکار کرد. به کارگیری محرک‌های باکتریایی افزایش محسوسی را در مقدار آلیزارین در همه غلظت‌ها ایجاد کرد. بیشترین افزایش (5 برابری) را نیم مک فارلند باسیلوس سرئوس داشته است. علاوه بر این، فوزاریوم اگزوسپوریوم نتایج برجسته-ای را در افزایش تولید آلیزارین از خود نشان داده است. توصیه کاربردی صنعتی: طبق اطلاعات به دست آمده، کاربرد روش elicitation-infiltration برای افزایش تولید آلیزارین برای اولین بار مورد استفاده قرار گرفته شده است و طبق نتایج ، این روش می تواند روش موثری برای بررسی های بیشتر در مورد بهینه سازی تولید متابولیت های ثانویه در گیاهان دیگر نیز به کار گرفته شود. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The effects of essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum, Pistacia atlantica and Eugenia caryophillata on control and expression of some genes of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in Fusarium graminerum
Ahmad Mehraban Javad Abkhoo

Background & Objectives: Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of scab disease in wheat and other small grains. Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol are the main toxins produced by F. graminearum. In this study, the effects of essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum, Pi More

Background & Objectives: Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of scab disease in wheat and other small grains. Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol are the main toxins produced by F. graminearum. In this study, the effects of essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum, Pistacia atlantica, and Eugenia caryophillata on F. graminearum growth inhibition and the expression of some genes in deoxynivalenol biosynthetic pathway were investigated.   Materials & Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungal growth was measured through the microtiter plate method after growing F. graminearum on Potato Dextrose Broth. In addition, the expression of TRI5, TRI6, and TRI14 genes were evaluated using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technique.   Results: Elettaria cardamomum essential oil had the lowest MIC (100 µl/ml) and the essential oils of P. atlantica and E. caryophillata had the highest MIC (200 µl/ml). Elettaria cardamomum essential oil had the lowest MFC (200 µl/ml) and the highest fungicidal property against  F. graminearum, and the essential oils of P. atlantica and E. caryophillata had the highest MFC value (400 µl/ml). The expression of TRI5, TRI6, and TRI14 genes was significantly decreased by E. cardamomum essential oil.   Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the E. cardamomum essential oil has fungicidal and inhibitory effects against F. graminearum and leads to reduce the expression of TRI5, TRI6, and TRI14 genes relating to deoxynivalenol production. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Assessment of tomato genotypes resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilt diseases using molecular markers
Bahareh Morid Shahab Haj Mansour

Background & Objectives: Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are two major fungal wilt diseases of tomato that have restricted its production worldwide. Culturing resistant tomato cultivars is the best way to control such diseases. Molecular markers linked to resistance More

Background & Objectives: Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are two major fungal wilt diseases of tomato that have restricted its production worldwide. Culturing resistant tomato cultivars is the best way to control such diseases. Molecular markers linked to resistance genes would be useful for improving tomato breeding programs. In this study allele, specific markers and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers were used to identify tomato genotypes that are resistant to Verticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt, respectively. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 32 tomato hybrids and commercial varieties provided from Falat company. DNA was extracted using cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using molecular markers. To detect Fusarium wilt resistant varieties, PCR-RFLP was down using RsaI and FokI restriction enzymes. The results were confirmed by pathogenicity test. Results: Out of 35 tomato genotypes, 83% were resistant to Verticillium wilt, while 17% were sensitive. Also, 46% of genotypes were resistant to Fusarium wilt, while 54% were sensitive. Genotypes that showed resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts possessed Ve1 and I-2 genes, respectively. Conclusion: Planting resistant genotypes in infected areas can control fungal diseases such as Verticillium and Fusarium wilts, without using any fungicides. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Identification of resistant eggplant cultivars to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, the causal agent of fusarium wilt using molecular markers in Iran
Negin Safikhani Bahar Morid Hamid reza Zamanizadeh Shahab Hajmansoor

Background & Objectives: Eggplant fusarium wiltis an important factor of yield reduction throughout the world. The ability of this pathogen to survive for several consecutive years within the soil, even in the absence of the host, has made it difficult to control. P More

Background & Objectives: Eggplant fusarium wiltis an important factor of yield reduction throughout the world. The ability of this pathogen to survive for several consecutive years within the soil, even in the absence of the host, has made it difficult to control. Producing and using the resistant cultivar is the most effective and suitable method to control this disease. This study was aimed to identify fusarium wilt resistant eggplant cultivars.   Materials & Methods: First, leaf samples of domestic and hybrid eggplant cultivars were gathered from 28 provinces in Iran and then DNA extraction from young leaves of the cultivars was carried out using CTAB method. Four markers including CAPS, RAPD, SRAP, and SCAR were used to determine the resistant cultivars. In order to confirm the results, resistance and sensitivity of the genotypes were assessed in greenhouse conditions, as well.   Results: Out of 20 genotypes of this study, 13  showed index resistance band using CAPS, RAPD, and SRAP of molecular markers. On the other hand, the SCAR marker could not separate the resistant cultivars from the sensitive ones. Phenotype assessment of native and hybrids resistant cultivars in greenhouse condition confirmed the results of the molecular analysis.   Conclusion: In general, the use of resistant cultivars obtained in this study using molecular markers is recommended for planting in areas with fusarium wilt disease. Manuscript profile

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28 - Isolation and identification chitinolytic bacteria from plan rhizosphere soil and their potential in antifungal biocontrol
Tahereh Salahinezhad Zoheir Heshmatipour Masoud Hashemikaroui

Background and Objectives: Chitinase is one of the most important industrial enzymes, which is recently employed especially in the biological control of pathogenic fungi. This study was aimed to isolate and to identify the chitin degrading bacteria obtained from the rhi More

Background and Objectives: Chitinase is one of the most important industrial enzymes, which is recently employed especially in the biological control of pathogenic fungi. This study was aimed to isolate and to identify the chitin degrading bacteria obtained from the rhizosphere soil and also to evaluate their antifungal ability. Materials and Methods: In this study, 38 soil samples from the rhizosphere of tea plants, Geranium and clover were collected randomly. After serial dilution and growth of the samples on colloidal chitin agar (CCA), the isolates with a clear zone were chosen for further studies. The presence of Chitinase enzyme was measured by a spectrophotometer. Next, we determined the antifungal activity of the isolates against Fusarium solani. Finally, the isolates were identified based on polymerase chain reaction and sequencing 16S rRNA genes. Results: In this study, only one new strain referred to as Serratia Salahi strains was isolated which showed the chitin degrading activity. The highest enzymatic activity (4.37 U/ml) of this strain was obtained at 30°C after 4 days. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of this bacterium could create 1.5 cm inhibition zone. Conclusion: According to the findings, this new strain can be used as a natural pesticide and therefore, it is possible to replace the synthetic pesticides with this natural compounds. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Identification of the Fusarium species associated with canola crown and root rot in Khuzestan Province
Zahra Larki Reza Farrokhi Nejad

Fusarium  sp. is one of the most important agents that infect the root and crown of canola in worldwide. The aim this survey was to identify Fusarium species associated with crown and root of canola grown in Khuzestan province and pathogenicity of dominant species More

Fusarium  sp. is one of the most important agents that infect the root and crown of canola in worldwide. The aim this survey was to identify Fusarium species associated with crown and root of canola grown in Khuzestan province and pathogenicity of dominant species in this area. Following isolation and purification of the samples, specific media were used to identify the isolates. The isolates were used for infection of the trees in an accidental manner. In this study, a total of 73 isolates of Fusarium were isolated. F. solani, with 23 isolates was the most dominant fungi in these samples while F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides showed the lowest number of isolates. In this study, F. nigamai, F. verticillioides and F. clamidosporas were isolated for first time from crown trees grown in Iran. The pathogenesis tests showed that F. solani and F. equiseti showed the highest pathogenesis. Based on the severe infection in the roots in these samples, it is recommended to investigate the volume of damages and appropriate strategies for control of pathogenesis of Fusarium in farms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Antifungal activity of Bacillus subtilis isolated from soil in Tehran's parks against Fusarium graminearum
Fatemeh Rafiee Mohammad Reza Fazeli Abbas Akhavan sepahi Zahra Noormohammadi

10.30495/jmw.2021.690445

Background & Objectives: Soil microorganisms play an important role in the biological control of pathogenic fungi. The aim of this investigation was to isolate soil-borne Bacillus subtilis with the ability to produce antifngal lipopeptides  that are suitable&nb More

Background & Objectives: Soil microorganisms play an important role in the biological control of pathogenic fungi. The aim of this investigation was to isolate soil-borne Bacillus subtilis with the ability to produce antifngal lipopeptides  that are suitable  for suppressing Fusarium graminearum, which contaminates wheat, corn, potato and a wide range of plants.Materials & Methods: B. subtilis was isolated from the rhizospher of healthy plants of park        slocated in the five areas north, south, east, west and center of Tehran and was identified based on morphological characteristics, biochemical tests and sequencing of 16S rRNA. The antagonistic activity of isolated strains against F. graminearum was investigated by Well method. The strains that inhibited the growth of fungi and showed the greatest inhibition zone, were selected. Surfactin of selected bacteria was purified by methanol method and bacterial metabolites and pure surfactin (Sigma Company) were compared with, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: Among 60 isolated strains, 27 strains had antifungal activity. Six strains with the highest fungal inhibition zone (8-16 mm) were selected and their yellow color and transparency was a confirmation to HPLC. Two bacteria with the highest amount of surfactin production by            molecular method showed high similarity with B. subtilis.Conclusion: The results show that Bacillus subtilis isolated from soil are good candidates for    biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and therefore can a suitable alternative to chemical fungicides.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Application of Soil‐borne Streptomycetes for Biological Control against Fusarium Wilt of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L) caused by Fusarium oxysporum fsp cumini
Mozhgan Golmoradi Gholamhosein Shahidi Bonjar Sonia Aghighi Meysam Soltani Nejad

10.30495/jmw.2021.690439

Cumin )C uminum cyminum L.) is an annual plant belonging to Apiaceae family. One of the major diseases of cumin is Fusarium wilt caused by a soil-borne, vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini which is a devastating disease that occurs in major cumin grow More

Cumin )C uminum cyminum L.) is an annual plant belonging to Apiaceae family. One of the major diseases of cumin is Fusarium wilt caused by a soil-borne, vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini which is a devastating disease that occurs in major cumin growing areas of the world; while plants reach to 0.5- 2.5 cm in height, they die as the result of the disease. In the current research, 80 isolates of Streptomyces spp. isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Astragalus sp. and screened against Fusarium under laboratory condition. Three out of 80 isolates including M15, M26 and M80 revealed having the highest antagonistic activity, hence, selected for further evaluation under greenhouse conditions. After emergence of cumin seedlings, mortality and growth indices were compared between different treatments weekly and results were recorded. Plants were harvested after teen weeks and growth indices such as plant height and weight were recorded. The Streptomyces sp. Isolate No. M15 was showed the strongest effects on plant growth and suppression of the wilt disease as compared to the controls. The present research is an attempt to control cumin Fusarium wilt disease using Streptomyces spp. The final goal of this research is to introduce an effective biological agent for controlling managing Fusarium wilt disease under field condition. this pathogen. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Study of ability Fusarium oxysporum fungi in extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle in vitro
Golshid Sajjadi Abolfath Shojaiee Mohammad Reza Fazeli Javid Amini Hossain Jamalifar

Background and Objective: Development of methods without using plotant and poisonous material and minimum wastes to produce under control nano structures is of nanotechnologist concerns. In this way biologists, by previous knowledge, nano-scale minerals controlled makin More

Background and Objective: Development of methods without using plotant and poisonous material and minimum wastes to produce under control nano structures is of nanotechnologist concerns. In this way biologists, by previous knowledge, nano-scale minerals controlled making by microorganism, seeking organism capable making non-organic nanoparticles. The aim of this study is extracellular production of silver nanoparticles with maximum dimention of 20 nm by Fusarium oxysporum fungi. Materials and methods: After studies to optimize growth condition, Fusarium oxysporum biomass in a medium containing yeast and malt extract is reproduced. After silver nanoparticles production in silver nitrate solution, this nanoparticles are studies by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) methods. Results: Studies showed that when Fusarium oxysporum biomass put in 10-3 M of silver ions, can produce silver nanoparticles in the form of extracellular. Conclusion: Because of physical and chemical particular properties of silver nanoparticles with maximum diameter of 20 nm of Fusarium oxysporum fungi, its industrial production and applied evaluation is offered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Screening of resistance genes to Fusarium Crown rot disease in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars using RAPD markers
Bahar Morid Shahab Hajmansoor

Background and Objectives: usarium crown rot caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici is one of reasons of decrease in tomato yield worldwide.. Cultivation of resistant tomato cultivars is the best way to control this disease. Molecular markers linked to resista More

Background and Objectives: usarium crown rot caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici is one of reasons of decrease in tomato yield worldwide.. Cultivation of resistant tomato cultivars is the best way to control this disease. Molecular markers linked to resistance genes would be useful for improving tomato breeding programs. This study was conducted to identify resistant (existence Frl gene) and sensitive varieties of tomatoes using RAPD marker. Material and Methods: DNA was extracted using CTAB method from 27 tomato varieties. PCR technique was used to identify F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici. Then RAPD marker UBC 194 was used to amplify resistance gene Frl. Results were confirmed by pathogenicity test. Results: In this study, based on UBC 194 marker it was found that 20 out of 27 tomato varieties and hybrids contained a 590 bp index band (existence of resistance gene Frl). Pathogenicity test showed that the tomato varieties that the resistance gene Frl was found in them had no symptoms while the varieties that did not contain the gene showed disease symptoms with different disease index. Conclusion: Plantation of resistant varieties in the infected areas can control this disease without using fungicides. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Molecular analysis and reduction of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol to 3-acetyl form in 20 durum wheat cultivars of Khuzestan through PCR technique and determination of AYT1 resistance gene
Seyed Saeed Noorinia neda baghestani

Abstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the response of 20 durum wheat cultivars native to Khuzestan, available in the collection of the grain research department of the Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute, to Fusarium blight during the two cropping years 2 More

Abstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the response of 20 durum wheat cultivars native to Khuzestan, available in the collection of the grain research department of the Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute, to Fusarium blight during the two cropping years 2016-2017 and 2018-2019 in field conditions in two regions. Different, Khuzestan, with two climatic conditions, was implemented. The studied traits included infected clusters, spikelet infestation, seed infestation, cluster density, plant height and biological yield. Cluster analysis was used to measure and determine genetic distances and pattern diversity in wheat Fusarium resistance components of wheat. Evaluation of experimental masses using sporulation method in the field showed that most of the studied masses have a good resistance to the disease in terms of the mean disease index. The cause of resistance seems to have a genetic basis and is related to the presence of type I resistance in them. Twenty durum wheat cultivars can be used as disease-resistant parents in crosses related to wheat breeding programs. The results showed that AYT1 gene is expressed as resistant gene in wheat cultivars. Using PCR technique and SSR molecular markers in this study in order to amplify a single copy or small copies of a DNA fragment with a specific sequence of thousands or millions of copies, to achieve the genetic nature of cultivars, this method can be used as a method. Introduced for the multiplication of resistant genes in this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - The effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains on Fusarium root rot disease of bean
Maryam Hatamabadi Farahani saeed vezaee mohammadrez lak

Root rot is one of the most important disease of bean. Management of the disease is difficult because the pathogen is soil borne. In this study the effect of some strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria on Fusarium root rot of local Khomein chitti bean variety were More

Root rot is one of the most important disease of bean. Management of the disease is difficult because the pathogen is soil borne. In this study the effect of some strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria on Fusarium root rot of local Khomein chitti bean variety were evaluated in greenhouse condition. This experiment was conducted with 10 treatments (inoculation with 5 strains of Rhizobium, Rovral-TS fungicide, and healthy and infected control with water and suger-water) based on completely randomized design with four replications during 2007-2008. Results showed that  Rhizobium R-115 had the highest effect on disease severity reduction. This treatment reduced disease severity by 42% compared with infected control. There was no significant difference in disease severity reduction between the other Rhizobium tretments and Rovral-TS fungicide. R-115 increased N concentration (%1.59) compared with %0.74 in infected control. Also all Rhizobium treatments with increasing N concentration, improved plant growth with higher height, dry root and aerial plant weight. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Identification of resistant genes linked to fusarium wilt disease in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars using CAPS markers
Bahar Morid Shahab Haj Mansoor

    Fusarium wilt causes cosiderable yield loss in most tomato-growing regions around the world. The best way to control this disease is using tomato resistant cultivars. Molecular markers linked to resistance gene would be useful for tomato improvement p More

    Fusarium wilt causes cosiderable yield loss in most tomato-growing regions around the world. The best way to control this disease is using tomato resistant cultivars. Molecular markers linked to resistance gene would be useful for tomato improvement programs. In this study, a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker (TAO1902) was used to identify tomato cultivars possessing I-2 gene, which confers resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2. DNA was extracted using CTAB method from 27 hybrids and commercial tomato varieties. To evaluate existence of I-2 gene in tomato cultivars, PCR-RFLP was down using RsaI and FokI restriction enzymes. An RsaI-digested fragment of 500 bp and two restriction fragments of 390 and 410 bp for FokI digestion of TAO1902 were revealed in the resistant varieties. Results showed that 14 out of 27 tomato hybrids and cultivars were homozygous resistant and the other 13 hybrids were susceptible to fusarium wilt.  Pathogenicity test showed that there were no symptoms in resistance gene I-2 amplifing tomato varieties. However, tomato varieties with no resistance band produced disease symptoms with different disease intensities. Results showed that 7 out of 27 tomato cultivars and hybrids, and 7 hybrids were resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2 and so, these cultivars and hybrids are recommended in regions that race 2 is dominant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Identification of Fusarium spp., the casual agents of lentil wilt, damping off and root rot diseases and comparison of their pathogenicity in Fars province, Iran
S. M. R. Moosavi vahid Zarrinnia

This study was conducted to identification of Fusarium spp. as casual agents of lentil wilt, damping off and root rot diseases and comparison of their pathogenicity in Fars province during growing seasons of 2007-2008. Lentil fields with yellowing and wilting symptoms w More

This study was conducted to identification of Fusarium spp. as casual agents of lentil wilt, damping off and root rot diseases and comparison of their pathogenicity in Fars province during growing seasons of 2007-2008. Lentil fields with yellowing and wilting symptoms were visited and 115 samples were collected from which totally 62 isolates of Fusarium spp. were obtained. Isolates then were identified and accomodated in five species of Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum with 46.7, 35, 8.3, 5 and 3.3 percent frequencies, respectively. This was the first report of F. avenaceum in lentil fields of Iran. Pathogenicity test was conducted and disease severity were rated according to the scale proposed for Fusarium diseases of lentil. The results indicated that F. oxysporum was the most important pathogenic species in the lentil farms of Fars province. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale L.) on the growth of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of Potato dry rot, in vitro
hadi khavari jafar nikan kivan razaghi ali moradi razak mahdizadeh

Biological control of plant pathogens with the aim of reducing the harmful effects of pesticides on human health threats, environmental pollution, eliminating non-target organisms and the emergence of resistant pathogens is a priority. In this regard, the use of antimic More

Biological control of plant pathogens with the aim of reducing the harmful effects of pesticides on human health threats, environmental pollution, eliminating non-target organisms and the emergence of resistant pathogens is a priority. In this regard, the use of antimicrobial potential of plant metabolites, have been discussed in recent years. In this study the effects of ethanol extract of Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale L.) on the growth of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of Potato dry rot, in vitro were investigated. The experiment was performed in the frame of a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replicates. The treatments were 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg/ml of extract of Nasturtium officinale L. and a fungicide and were as controls. For this purpose, the plates of (PDA) medium were inoculated with the suspension spore of Fusarium solani (1×106 spore/ml) and the disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the effect of the extracts on the growth of the fungus. The results indicated that all concentrations of the extract used, were effective in controlling the growth of the fungus and the effect was close dependent. These rents suggest that the extract of Nasturtium officinale L. can be used to control in the growth of Fusarium solani. However, recommended further investigations on control of the fungus in potato are needed.   Manuscript profile

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