hazards

Open Access Article

1 - Urban and Architectural Development in Amman Downtown between Natural Disasters and Great Heritage Lose: Case Study
Bassam Abu-Awad Numan Abu-Hammad Ziad Abu-Hamatteh

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2 - Landslide susceptibility mapping using advanced machine learning algorithms (Case study: Sarovabad city, Kurdistan province)
Baharak Motamedvaziri Hemen Rastkhadiv Seyed Akbar Javadi Hasan Ahmadi

The occurrence of landslides in mountainous areas may cause serious damage to road infrastructure, and may also lead to human deaths. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to landslide susceptibility mapping using advanced machine learning algorithms in Sarovabad city More

The occurrence of landslides in mountainous areas may cause serious damage to road infrastructure, and may also lead to human deaths. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to landslide susceptibility mapping using advanced machine learning algorithms in Sarovabad city. In this study, landslide susceptibility was determined using two advanced data mining algorithms including random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT). First, the point file of 166 landslides occurred in Sarovabad city was considered as the landslide inventory map. The landslide points are divided into training data (70%) and validation data (30%). A total of 16 parameters including slope, aspect, elevation, river proximity, road proximity, river density, fault proximity, fault density, road density, precipitation, land use, NDVI, lithology, earthquake, stream power index (SPI) and topographic wetness index (TWI) were used in order to landslide susceptibility mapping. Finally, the performance of the models was evaluated using the ROC curve. The results of the ROC showed that the decision tree and random forest models have AUC values of 0.942 and 0.951, respectively. Therefore, the random forest model has the highest AUC value compared to the decision tree and was the best model for predicting the risk of landslides in the future in the study area. Landslide potential maps are efficient tools; so that they can be used for environmental management, land use planning and infrastructure development. Manuscript profile

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3 - Study of Rural Settlements in the zonning flood-golestan province based on scs Model
Mozhgan Nadiri Jamshid Jedari Eyvazi

Natural hazards as an important factor for the environmental planners. These hazards areexacerbated by the Human Performance, However, flooding is not exempt from thisphenomenon. In this article the influence of various factors to determine the risk areas.However one of More

Natural hazards as an important factor for the environmental planners. These hazards areexacerbated by the Human Performance, However, flooding is not exempt from thisphenomenon. In this article the influence of various factors to determine the risk areas.However one of the factors leading flooding hazard, the development of rural areas in thesurrounding rivers and floodplains.so The zoning maps, flood risk in the management, Thishazard can be very effective And the authorities used in order to assist planning . In thisstudy , methods use statistical data, analysis of spatial data and the use of Satellite images forpreparation curve number in model scs With GIS technique.in the step use CN map andpreparation layer,zoning potential Similar runoff are determined In Based on the results of themodel About 48% of the floor without a runoff, and the runoff is low, 36% moderate and 16%runoff classes are too severe. The severity of flooding is concentrated in the southern half ofthe province.In this part of the study, the mapping of these factors in the GIS By analyzing inthe buffering and danger zones with varying intensities determined Finally, the mostvulnerable villages in the region in terms of the severity of these risks are prioritized.Suchstudies can provide useful guidelines for the identification and assessment of natural hazardsand priorities Settlements also provide risk managers and planners will be responsible in thisregard. Manuscript profile

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4 - Evaluation of accidents and sefety of road transportation with method of climatic hazards in karaj- chalous road
Reza Borna Hossein Mohammadi Mohammad Rez Sarvati

Different factors affect on road transportation safety, one of them is theenvironmental hazards, among the environmental hazards affecting on the roadtransportation safety, it can be mentioned about the avalanche, rain, snow, frost andfog phenomena. In this research, in More

Different factors affect on road transportation safety, one of them is theenvironmental hazards, among the environmental hazards affecting on the roadtransportation safety, it can be mentioned about the avalanche, rain, snow, frost andfog phenomena. In this research, in addition to evaluating the relation between each ofenvironmental hazards as well as road transportation safety in the KARAJCHALOUSroute, it was took an action for providing the accident hazard probableplans in each environmental diffirent manners using the observed information and datain the are view. According to the obtained results, there are the most hazard probableduring the raining from the kilometer 95 to 145, while being the frost phenomenonfrom the kilometer 35 to 85, during the snowing from the km 45 to 85 as well asduring the fog from km 96 to 130 and during falling avalanches from km 56 to 70 ofthe KARAJ- CHALOUS route being shown in the plan. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The role of geomorphology on evaluation and prevention of natural disasters in Iran
Davood Mokhtari

Because geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this f More

Because geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this field of geography to Natural disasters is not makingclear still. This paper attempt to investigate of geomorphologic dimensions of somenatural disasters occurred in recent years in our country, and importance of theincorporation not only of geomorphologic research, but also of geomorphologies inrisk assessment and management programs in Iran is emphasized.Studies on some natural disasters such as landslides, sandy storms, earthquakes andetc. indicate that this natural disasters lead to geomorphic problems from two aspects:first, natural hazards produce special geomorphic landforms and second, activegeomorphologic agents are origin of natural disasters occurring. Indeedgeomorphology is a powerful field that must play a role in the interdisciplinary effortsto develop adequate strategies for prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Management of natural resources and environmental hazardoues of rivers to reinforce tourism and ecotourism potential Case study: Abbass Abad river- Hamedan
محسن Ranjbar

River basins have basic role to shape and development of human civilization fromprevious centuries. By establishing and initiating agricultural activities in river basins,various civilizations have been created and developed. There is various natural andhistorical resou More

River basins have basic role to shape and development of human civilization fromprevious centuries. By establishing and initiating agricultural activities in river basins,various civilizations have been created and developed. There is various natural andhistorical resources in natural environment that are effective one stable programmingand development. Abbass Abad river basin has been originated, from 12 km of west –southern of Hamedan, Alvand Mountains.This area has been divided to tow part of plain and mountain due to thetopographical aspects some factor as lithology geostructural are effective to controlland surface. Due to the earth features, high height had been shaped. River length is 18km from river origin to Abbass Abad region average height to this area is 2600m.Due to the internal and external processes in basin, interesting land scopes havebeen created in Alvand Mountains and have been used to exercise, mountain climbingand ski. Due to the tourism and ecotourism attraction as historical Gangnamed inscription, small land large springs, small and large waterfalls, appropriate area to skiand country side areas, this region is very important. by exploitation, this region hasbeen developed and by presence of tourists, double pressure has been created. Therefor evaluating tourism and ecotourism potentials of Abbass Abad, geomorphic featureshad been emphasized beside to management method to natural resources andenvironmental hazards to improved programming to tourism and eco tourism based onecological potential. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Environmental Hazard Zonation Affect on Physical Development of Tabriz City
Sh Roostaei بهروز Sarisaraf

Natural elements such as fertile soil, fresh climate, abundant water supply, alluvialfans, springs, minerals and so much others; now a days becomes basis for developmentof settlement, economic, industrial and agriculture centers. Beside the benefits, thereare many hazar More

Natural elements such as fertile soil, fresh climate, abundant water supply, alluvialfans, springs, minerals and so much others; now a days becomes basis for developmentof settlement, economic, industrial and agriculture centers. Beside the benefits, thereare many hazardous phenomena such as landslide, earthquake, faults, and floods thatyearly cause’s damage for man made structures.In this research we have recognized all natural hazards affects Tapirs city. Themain aims of this article are hazards verifying and their analysis and presentation ofbest procedure for countermeasures against. These analyses show that, Tabriz fault ismain hazardous factor among others; and hazards such as landslide and subsidence myaccurse after earthquake. Flood is other natural hazard in Tabriz city. Manuscript profile

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8 - Ways of Reducing Environmental Hazards of Chemical Waste Intakes from the Viewpoints of Agri-Jihad and Environment Organization Experts in the City of Sari
Hossein i Ahmadi Gorji Kheil Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi Maryam Omidi najafabadi

The aim of this study was to identifying ways of reducing the environmental hazards of chemical inputs from the experts' point of view in Agricultural Jihad and Environment Organization of Sari, Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1 More

The aim of this study was to identifying ways of reducing the environmental hazards of chemical inputs from the experts' point of view in Agricultural Jihad and Environment Organization of Sari, Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 106 experts working in the Jihad-e-Agriculture and Environment Organization of Sari. Data were collected using a census method, using a questionnaire its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was reported by Cronbach's alpha of 0.938 Factor analysis showed that the solutions were classified into five factors that explain the educational strategies as the first factor of 9.467% of total dispersion. The second factor, called the ‘’Social-Political’’ strategies, was 8.616%, the third factor called the ‘’Economic’’ strategies 7.066%, the fourth factor called the‘’Motivational’’strategies of 6.915%, and finally the fifth factor, called the ‘’Technical’’ solutions, was 6.81% of the variation of total of the above mentioned factors could explain 38.873% of the total variation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Application of Machine Learning Models for flood risk assessment and producing map to identify flood prone areas: Literature Review
Parisa Firoozishahmirzadi Shaghayegh Rahimi Zeinab Esmaeili Seraji

10.30495/ijdea.2022.68987.1181

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10 - Investigating the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law
Meisam Norouzi Mehdi Eskandari Khoshgu

Preventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspectiv More

Preventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law. This research focuses on the potential links between nuclear energy as an option to reduce climate change and nuclear disarmament and, respectively, discusses topics such as current nuclear risks, the scale of the nuclear-climate challenge, nuclear security and Its relationship with nuclear energy, non-proliferation and disarmament, management of nuclear disarmament and basic steps to address the challenges of proliferation and disarmament and the political links between maintaining and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime, nuclear disarmament and the growth of nuclear energy It has been done on a large scale. The use of nuclear energy places unprecedented demands on global systems for the verification, control and security of weapons-usable nuclear material. Reducing or abandoning or emptying many nuclear weapons and equipment and their final ban also requires new approaches to manage the huge global stockpile of weapons-usable nuclear materials. The international community should take measures so that nuclear energy can help reduce climate change in the long term. As a result of such actions, nuclear disarmament becomes more practical, desirable, and unattainable, and lays the foundations for a world in which nuclear technology contributes to sustainable development while nuclear weapons begin to fade from the scene. Manuscript profile

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11 - Hazards of Tunnel Excavation in H2S-bearing Grounds: (Case study of Aspar Tunnel)
Hossein Mirmehrabi Mohammad Ghafoori Gholamreza Lashkaripour Jafar Hassanpour

AbstractIntroduction: Encountering hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) during excavation is one of the important engineering,geological and environmental hazards during the tunnelling. Tackling this hazard and solving its challengessolving are very difficult and costly. During i More

AbstractIntroduction: Encountering hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) during excavation is one of the important engineering,geological and environmental hazards during the tunnelling. Tackling this hazard and solving its challengessolving are very difficult and costly. During investigation of the situation, one of the main tasks is prediction orevaluation of the risk of H2S gas and selection of the best methods to tackle its engineering and environmentalproblems. In this study, water conveyance tunnel of Aspar excavated in H2S bearing environment is discussed.This tunnel is excavated in the hydrocarbon formations. In this paper, hazards, characteristics, safety regulations,and geological sources of H2S as well as the methods to decrease the risks and problems in excavation of thetunnel are presented in brief.Methods: In order to determine the source of gas and to select the best methods to mitigate its hazards andproblems, in addition to investigation of the same experiences, concentration of various gases was recorded byfixed stations on the machine and by mobile sensors at the beginning, midpoint and end of each working shift.Moreover, sampling of the polluted air and water was implemented. The samples were sent to a specificlaboratory for chemical analysis. At the same time, concentration of the gas in the air and water of the tunnel wasmeasured.Results: Experiments raleted to the tunnel showed that the gas caused an unacceptable condition for workers.For predicting the risk of H2S gas in underground spaces, it is possible to use some evidences such as sulfursprings, organic traces, organic shales, exposure of H2S odor from fresh surface of rock, and smelling of H2Sduring boreholes drilling. Results of the analysis show that the gas enters the tunnel along with water,dominantly. Also considerable amount of the gas is released to the air at the beginning. According to theinvestigations, the source of the gas is relevant to hydrocarbon formations inthe area.Conclusion: Geological formations related to hydrocarbon resources are very important in the formation andreservation of H2S gas. Since the gas is in solution form and is emitted promptly, controlling the inflow ofgroundwater into the excavation, diluting the concentration of H2S and training the workers are a series ofmethods used to decrease the risks and problems associated with tunnel excavation in an H2S-bearingenvironment. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Phenomenon of Algal Bloom Problem of Water Resources
Malihe Amini

Red tide is an algal bloom phenomenon which causes a lack of oxygen in the deeper water layers and with consumption of oxygen in the water, conditions for growth and aquatic life will be very hard and also can cause fish death. Algal bloom is a very complex phenomenon. More

Red tide is an algal bloom phenomenon which causes a lack of oxygen in the deeper water layers and with consumption of oxygen in the water, conditions for growth and aquatic life will be very hard and also can cause fish death. Algal bloom is a very complex phenomenon. In some cases, it has quite natural origin and sometimes it is occurred due to anthropogenic activities. In the absence of anthropogenic cause of this phenomenon, there are varieties of factors such as wastewater, agricultural and industrial wastewaters which contains Nitrate and Phosphate and in large quantities used in agricultural fertilizers; important factors affecting the aquatic environment are exacerbated in low-oxygen conditions. Also increase in greenhouse gases, Iron-rich dust, hydrological factors and massive changes in global climate, handling and transport of non-indigenous species through ballast water of ships and many unknown factors are affecting on occurrence of the red tide. Algal bloom could affect the fishes, aquatic organisms, and also could have negative effects on economy and health of the local peoples in the affected region.   Manuscript profile

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13 - Landslide hazard zonation using geographic information System landslide (Case study: Robat-Siahpoush rural district, Lorestan province)
Maryam Rahmati Farhad Zand

Reconstruction and development of the main road Robat-Siahpoush two rural district have increased the risk of mass movements in recent years. Due to the importance of the issue, inhibition and landslide hazard zoning is necessary as one of a variety of natural hazards i More

Reconstruction and development of the main road Robat-Siahpoush two rural district have increased the risk of mass movements in recent years. Due to the importance of the issue, inhibition and landslide hazard zoning is necessary as one of a variety of natural hazards in sustainable development. The objective of this study is to identify causes and amplifying factors of landslide and its hazard zoning using statistical and experimental models. Therefore, factors responsible for landslide occurrence, lithology, slope, aspect, soil type, land use, the distance of the fault, drainage, and roads have been analyzed in ArcGIS software. The results of the correlation between variables with the landslide frequency showed that slope, drainage and lithology are the effective parameters of the landslide, respectively. Furthermore, the distance road has introduced as a new amplification factor in the landslide occurrence. Comparing the matching rate of two variables information value and multivariate of regression models and their evaluation by CTA techniques, showed that the information value model in the very low, low, moderate, high and very high class of risk has allocated 30.06, 0.26, 19.11, 17.43 and 33.12% of the total area, respectively, and the allocated values of the multivariate regression model are 9.25, 12.54, 13.54, 53.06, and 11.57%. Manuscript profile

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14 - Environmental hazards zonation landslide, earthquake, flood and erosion using AHP Fuzzy method (Case study: Vark Basin)
Siyamak Baharvand salman soori Jafar Rahnama Rad

Natural hazards cause every year around the world, including Iran harmful damages. A Vark basin in the Lorestan province due to a variety of geological properties such as lithology, tectonic and climatic conditions, is taken as areas with potential environmental risks i More

Natural hazards cause every year around the world, including Iran harmful damages. A Vark basin in the Lorestan province due to a variety of geological properties such as lithology, tectonic and climatic conditions, is taken as areas with potential environmental risks into account. To reduce the damage caused by these risks, earliest and foremost task is to determine areas with high potential risk. In order to evaluate environmental hazards in this basin,  each informational layer has been identified and registered using the satellite images ETM+ (2016 year), geological maps, topographic maps and field visits (2017 year). Then, using the informational layers of the slope, aspect, elevation, land use, geology, the epicenter of the earthquake, fault, drainage and rainfall in ArcMap software and based on an AHP-Fuzzy method of the map, the risk of landslide, floods, erosion and earthquake have been prepared. In this study, in order to map the environmental risks using expert judgment, the Quartet Hazards of the region were weighted and then overlapped. Based on the results achieved, 9.03, 20.84, 27.68, 27.41 and 15.03 percent of the area ranked at-risk classes very low, low, medium, high and very high respectively. The results of the environmental risk map of the region show that landslides and flooding are a larger role in the creation of high-risk zones. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Using Wind Data to Predict the Risk of Volcanic Eruption: An Example from Damavand Volcano, Iran
M. Mortazavi R.S.J. Sparks

Damavand volcano is located 60 km to the East North- East of Tehran. It is a dormant stratovolcano outcrop in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran and is the highest mountain (5670 m) in the Middle East and West Asia. Mazandaran Province, one of the most populous provi More

Damavand volcano is located 60 km to the East North- East of Tehran. It is a dormant stratovolcano outcrop in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran and is the highest mountain (5670 m) in the Middle East and West Asia. Mazandaran Province, one of the most populous provinces by population density, Semnan and Gorgan provinces further east are neighbours of the Damavand. Volcanism in Damavand goes back to at least 1 Ma year ago and the latest eruption occurred 7000 years ago. Tephra dispersal in volcanoes strongly depends on atmospheric information in particular wind direction and velocity in stratospheric and tropospheric levels. We present an analysis of wind data to assess the hazards that would result from tephra fall in the cities and provinces neighbouring Damavand. Atmospheric data were provided from the Meteorological stations at Mehr-Abaad airport, Wyoming University and global data sets. We examine wind data from 17 standard pressure levels which cover from 5700 meter (Damavand peak) to 31 km above sea level. If Damavand moved into a state of unrest then a major explosive eruption is a plausible scenario that should be planned for. The results confirm that the area to the south and east of volcano will be affected by tephra. Communities around the southern and eastern flanks of the volcano also have high hazard. Wind data also shows the effects of season on dispersal of tephra from a 25 km high eruption column. Tephra dispersal is dominantly towards the east in all seasons for eruption columns up to 20 km above sea level. Mazandran, Semnan and Gorgan providence could be affected in this case. At 25 km- high eruption column and during the summer there are easterly winds; therefore, the tephra would disperse toward the east. In this case Tehran could experience a tephra fall deposit Manuscript profile

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16 - Environmental hazards of construction debris caused by earthquakes on the outskirts of Tehran
Aliasghar Amir Kardoust

In the event of an earthquake environmental hazard, reinforced concrete buildings in Tehran, in addition to destroying and inflicting extensive human and financial losses, will lead to the production of construction debris and mass debris. In this study, the reliability More

In the event of an earthquake environmental hazard, reinforced concrete buildings in Tehran, in addition to destroying and inflicting extensive human and financial losses, will lead to the production of construction debris and mass debris. In this study, the reliability analysis in 110 concrete buildings running in area one of Tehran with the assumption of variable compressive strength of concrete and yield strength of rebar has been investigated. That is, it has compared the flexural frame and the flexural frame with the shear wall. And this is slightly higher in shear walls. Also, in all tested rebar’s (environmentally friendly), the average yield strength was higher than the nominal strength. Regarding seismic performance, shear wall structure has less general and relative displacement than flexural frame structure. The results of reliability analysis showed that the use of shear wall system instead of bending frame can reduce damage to non-structural components and consequently reduce the production of construction debris and preserve the environment. Manuscript profile

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17 - Evaluating the relationship between resilience and vulnerability in the face of natural hazards using geographic information system and Dimitl analytical model and ANP network analysis (case study: Bandar Abbas city)
vahid sohrabi mohammad ebrahim afifi marzieh moghali

Introduction: Today, the occurrence of natural hazards and the damage and casualties caused by these hazards in different parts of the world have made making cities and urban areas safer, becoming a long-term but achievable challenge. Making cities resilient in differen More

Introduction: Today, the occurrence of natural hazards and the damage and casualties caused by these hazards in different parts of the world have made making cities and urban areas safer, becoming a long-term but achievable challenge. Making cities resilient in different dimensions is a suitable and efficient way to strengthen the city's structure to deal with natural and unnatural crises and hazards. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the resilience of Bandar Abbas city and the state of vulnerability to natural disasters. Methodology: research method in terms of purpose, applied and in terms of descriptive-analytical survey method, the method of collecting information in the form of documents (library) and field (interviews and questionnaires) and to analyze data from geographic information system and analytical model of DeMitel and network analysis of ANP is used. The investigated variables in order to explain the resilience of Bandar Abbas city are the state of open spaces, incompatible uses, land (substrate), building resistance, access, ownership, density, which are analyzed in the presented paradigm. After collecting the points and the product of the points in the obtained coefficients, from the statistical processes to the urban resilience model, the final measurement of the urban resilience in Bandar Abbas has been made. Results: The results show that its value was calculated as 5.44398, which indicates that there is an urgent need to formulate programs and reform structures to increase the level of resilience in this urban area Manuscript profile

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18 - Assessing the natural hazards of Ilam city with the approach of economic, organizational (institutional) and environmental resilience
alimohammad mirzaee Mohamad Reza Zandmoghaddam saeid kamyabi

As the most complex human-made system, the city faces a wide range of risks, including natural risks such as earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, droughts, etc. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the natural hazards of Ilam city with the approach of economic More

As the most complex human-made system, the city faces a wide range of risks, including natural risks such as earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, droughts, etc. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the natural hazards of Ilam city with the approach of economic, organizational (institutional) and environmental resilience. The current research is survey and analytical in terms of collecting data and information. Also, this research is based on the purpose of applied type. The statistical population of the citizens of Ilam city is 384 people and the urban planning officials are 30 people. According to the main purpose of the research, to get quantitative research information, a questionnaire was designed based on the opinions of the elites and urban planning professors. One-sample t-test was used for data analysis in SPSS software. Considering that the urban areas of Ilam are evaluated in this research, the urban areas of Ilam are ranked using the multi-criteria decision-making model of Vicor based on the level of resilience from economic, organizational (institutional) and environmental dimensions. The results of the economic resilience survey showed that region 3 is the most resilient region of Ilam city and 50% of the regions are relatively resilient economically and have a better situation in terms of economic resilience. The results of the organizational resilience survey showed that Region 3 is the most resilient region of the city and 75% of the regions were relatively resilient in terms of organization. Among these regions, only region two has a low organizational (institutional) resilience. The results of the environmental resilience survey showed that region 3 is the most resilient region of the city and 50% of the regions were relatively resilient in terms of environment. Among these regions, only region one lacks resilience from an environmental point of view Manuscript profile

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19 - The role of social resilience in reducing damage caused by natural factors affecting desert areas (a case study of dust in Semnan city)
Seyyed Ebrahim Miremadi Mohammad Reza Zandmoghadam saeid kamyabi

Natural hazards are a reality that has affected a significant part of the southern regions of Semnan today. Due to the fact that in some cases, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of these natural hazards, therefore, it is very important to investigate the leve More

Natural hazards are a reality that has affected a significant part of the southern regions of Semnan today. Due to the fact that in some cases, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of these natural hazards, therefore, it is very important to investigate the level of resilience against natural disasters. Waghbar) is affected by desert areas, Semnan city.The current research is applied and analytical-descriptive in purpose. Using the fuzzy model, this research seeks to evaluate the resilience of the southern residents of Semnan city against dust, in this regard, 40 questionnaires were provided to experts and specialists, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha, and its validity was determined by the experts in geography and Urban planning and social sciences were approved. The questions included four dimensions (physical, social, economic and institutional) which were answered by experts.Findings: It indicates that: the main question of the research has been rejected at a significant level. And the maximum amount of resilience in the social, economic and organizational dimensions, the amount of resilience is significantly greater than the hypothetical average, so that the three sub-questions of the research are confirmed. they got.According to the research findings, there is no significant relationship between resilience and physical, social, economic, and institutional components. With the explanation that the lower the level of each of the components, the level of resilience also decreases, the results of analyzes and statistical tests show that the state of resilience of Shahr Semnan is not very favorable and resilience tends towards vulnerability. The resilience values of Semnan city are far from the standards. Manuscript profile

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20 - Sustainable urban development with an emphasis on the risks and natural geomorphological limits of the city Case study: Bojnord city
abolfazl janati sarab ebrahim moghimi mohammadreza servati

Determining the right directions for urban development has been one of the concerns of urban planners. Geomorphologists also consider one of the solutions for their involvement in urban planning to determine the direction of city development based on geomorphological fi More

Determining the right directions for urban development has been one of the concerns of urban planners. Geomorphologists also consider one of the solutions for their involvement in urban planning to determine the direction of city development based on geomorphological findings. The physical development of cities is directly related to the natural environment and geomorphological effects. The development of cities in semi-mountainous areas such as Bojnord is highly sensitive due to geomorphological limitations and the instability of the slopes. Due to its unexpectedness, these risks leave a lot of human and financial damage in most cases. Earthquakes are environmental hazards that cause a lot of casualties and damages. Therefore, it is very important to identify areas prone to earthquakes and landslides, in order to apply methods of prevention or dealing with the instability of the areas in order to reduce the risk and risk resulting from them. The purpose of this study is to locate cities with emphasis on geomorphological limitations. For this purpose, among the most important factors affecting the earthquake, the 6 factors of the amount of slope, the direction of the slope, the type of geological materials, the distance from the fault, the acceleration of the earthquake and the amount of rainfall, whose data were possible to prepare for all Bojnord cities and towns, The basis of engineering judgment were classified in the GIS environment. And then the zoning map of earthquake risk was prepared in the GIS environment. Therefore, the earth and earthquake risk map helps designers and engineers to choose the right location for the implementation of sustainable urban development plans, which will not be possible without considering the limitations and planning and management. The results of this research show that this province has the greatest threat in terms of geomorphological limitations of earthquakes. Manuscript profile

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21 - Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Hazards on Parthian Pithos Cemeteries in Marivan, Iran: A Case Study of the Zardouyan Cemetery
Mohammad Masoumian Ziad Ahmad Ahmad Ganjaeian Janoscha Kreppner Ali Behnia Nader Kasraei

10.30495/peb.2022.699639

Due to its many pithos burial cemeteries, the Marivan region in Iran is very important for archaeological studies of the historical periods. In their studies on the pithos burial cemeteries in Marivan, the authors noticed that this region is encountering a wide range of More

Due to its many pithos burial cemeteries, the Marivan region in Iran is very important for archaeological studies of the historical periods. In their studies on the pithos burial cemeteries in Marivan, the authors noticed that this region is encountering a wide range of human and natural damages that have been paid little attention by researchers. The excavations at Zardouyan cemetery properly clarified damaging factors and their amounts to researchers, and the most essential question is “Why is there such a huge amount of damage in these regions?” As a result, given the above-mentioned, we first investigated damaged evidence and damaging factors in the Zardouyan site. Then, to evaluate the factors affecting the region’s damage, geomorphological, climatic, and geological evidence as well as Sentile-1 images were employed. The results suggested that given the region’s geomorphological situation, slow and continuous mass wasting imposed pressure on the pithos to move in the slope direction, damaging and even overthrowing them. Moreover, according to the region’s climate, the cryoclast phenomenon eroded pithos near the surface. Furthermore, the results obtained from the radar interferometry method and SBAS time series method implied that the studied region subsided by 6.7 - 43.8 mm within two years. The number could be significant in the long term and directly affect the region’s vulnerability. Manuscript profile

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22 - Shiite political position in contemporary Afghanistan, emphasizing the harm it
Seyyd Ghasem Razaghi Mosavi mohamad amin mirzai

Nearly thirty percent (30%) of the Afghanistan population is Shia. The findings emphasize the concept of justice in Islam and human experiences based on equality and the role of all the people of a territory to show the need for inclusive participation of people in all More

Nearly thirty percent (30%) of the Afghanistan population is Shia. The findings emphasize the concept of justice in Islam and human experiences based on equality and the role of all the people of a territory to show the need for inclusive participation of people in all areas, especially power. This article Review the Political history OF contemporary Shiites to know threats within and outside the group as well. In reviews on Afghanistan this question is raised that what is the role of the Shiites in the political structure of contemporary Afghanistan. Formation of political power in Afghanistan without Shias, Ambiguity and tension in relations, is a situation that pervades the entire modern history of the country. There are serious obstacles for Shia to achieve the power structure, therefore it is necessary to Review Shiite political role and its challenges.  Due to internal and external challenges, the Shiites are not present in the political structure of Afghanistan. Methods to achieve the objectives of this research is the study of political changes of Shiites and analysis. The absence of Shiites in power, have multiple reasons and they should identify the problems and their solutions. The results of this study are Explanation of internal and external challenges of Shiite group like Ethnic and discriminatory approach in Afghanistan Power System, Lack of political system, strategic plan among Shiites. Manuscript profile

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23 - Analysis of the effects of biological environmental hazards on urban spaces with emphasis on Corona pandemic (Case study: Tabriz metropolis)
Hamideh Gholami Ali Panahi Hasan Ahmadzadeh

During historical periods, numerous biological hazards and epidemics such as malaria, influenza, etc. on a global scale have caused irreparable damage to human habitats. Meanwhile, one of the biological hazards that has spread to all parts of the world since 2019 is the More

During historical periods, numerous biological hazards and epidemics such as malaria, influenza, etc. on a global scale have caused irreparable damage to human habitats. Meanwhile, one of the biological hazards that has spread to all parts of the world since 2019 is the outbreak of the corona virus (Covid-19). Considering the negative effects of this disease (human health, social and economic) in different areas and living conditions of cities, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of this risk in urban areas of Tabriz and provide solutions to improve the situation and exposure to other epidemics. Therefore, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of analytical-exploratory nature which has been used the qualitative model of Q-factor analysis for data analysis. The statistical population of the study also includes managers and urban experts and academic elites whose sample size was determined using the Delphi method of 15 people. Based on the model of factor analysis of Q and variance extracted, it can be said that three factors or economic, environmental and socio-individual effects have been expressed in line with the effects of Corona virus in Tabriz, which explain 76.822% of the total variance. Also, the most important effects of the coronavirus outbreak are related to economic components such as weakening the economic structure of the city, loss of job security, lower incomes and savings, and rising unemployment and downsizing in some economic sectors. Manuscript profile

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24 - Earthquake vulnerability Zonation in Ilam city
Syed Jahangir Musavi Nasab Abbas malekhoseini Majid Shams

the current research with a descriptive-analytical approach is aimed at zoning the vulnerability of Ilam city against earthquakes.In this research, at first, the variables affecting the zoning of earthquake vulnerability were identified based on various studies, then us More

the current research with a descriptive-analytical approach is aimed at zoning the vulnerability of Ilam city against earthquakes.In this research, at first, the variables affecting the zoning of earthquake vulnerability were identified based on various studies, then using the AHP method and the opinions of 73 experts and weight experts related to each of the variables in the Export Choice environment, and finally, using the FAHP method and in the GIS environment, a map related to the zoning of Ilam city's vulnerability to earthquake risk was drawn. Based on this, at first 10 variables: slope of land, distance from fault, number of building floors, age of building, quality of building, area of parts, durability of construction materials, distance from roads, distance from medical centers and distance from green and open space were identified as influencing variables, based on the AHP method; 3 variables, the distance from the fault, the slope of the area and the distance from the roads were identified as the most important and effective variables with weights of 0.184, 0.147 and 0.121 respectively. Also, the results related to the zoning status of the vulnerability of Ilam city against earthquakes indicate that more than 600 hectares of the area of Ilam city are in a high and very high vulnerability state in the event of an earthquake. Also, 580 hectares of Ilam city are in a low and very low vulnerability state. Finally, 299 hectares of Ilam city is in a medium vulnerability state Manuscript profile

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25 - Zoning SPI and DI Drought Indices Using Rainfall Network Data in Northwest of Iran
Khadijeh Javan Mohammad Reza Azizzade Hoshang Bashiri Fariba Shahriar

Drought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and t More

Drought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and temporal scales. Daily precipitation data in a 57-year period (1951-2007) were received. Data in this database is in form of cell 0/25× 0/25 degree arc to the Middle East. To convert the database to a text file (TXT) format, it converted to useable formation MatLab software by programming in Grads software. The next step is the calculation of the indices described in MatLab software. To map the output data, the Surfer and ArcGIS software were used. In this study the data output is seasonal and annual, ultimately standard rainfall index shows the drought rate and has been compared with DI index. Comparison annual maps of deciles Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index shows that the eastern part in Northwest of Iran is Wetter than the western part according to a period of 58 years and The western and central regions of Azerbaijan have drought Manuscript profile

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26 - Assessing vulnerability of rural settlements to drought phenomenon using Kupros multi-criteria decision-making model (Case study: Delfan County)
Naser Shafiei Sabet Behzad Doosti Masomeh Ghorbani

Identifying the accident-prone areas and vulnerable to environmental hazards will enable planners to make the best decisions in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, this research was carried out to assess and rank the rural settlements of Delfan County in terms of v More

Identifying the accident-prone areas and vulnerable to environmental hazards will enable planners to make the best decisions in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, this research was carried out to assess and rank the rural settlements of Delfan County in terms of vulnerability to drought phenomenon using Kupros multi-criteria decision- making model. In this descriptive - analytical research, 21 vulnerability indices in physical, economic and social dimensions was studied. Data collection was done by rural administrators in 24 rural settlements, selected randomly. After weighing the indices using Shannon’s entropy method, the villages were ranked by Kupros model. Results showed that, considering the diversity of vulnerability indices, Kupros model might have a great capability in ranking of settlements in terms of vulnerability to drought phenomenon. Golam Bahri and Kafraj had the most vulnerability, and Zafar Abad and Garmeh Khani had the least vulnerability to drought phenomenon. Manuscript profile

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27 - Investigating the Role of Managers in Legalizing and Culturally Educating Citizens in Relation to Urban Hazards (A Case of Nowshahr)
Farhad Bani Sheikholeslami Ameneh Haghzad

The process of urban hazard management, emphasizing the principles of legalization and culturalization, is a critical aspect of strategies aimed at reducing damage caused by environmental hazards. Natural hazards, such as earthquakes and annual floods, alongside human-i More

The process of urban hazard management, emphasizing the principles of legalization and culturalization, is a critical aspect of strategies aimed at reducing damage caused by environmental hazards. Natural hazards, such as earthquakes and annual floods, alongside human-induced hazards like high-density construction and negligence in adhering to structural standards, have significantly increased the vulnerability assessment related to urban hazards. This research evaluates the role of legalization and culturalization indicators in the performance of city managers, with the aim of reducing the damage caused by urban risks in Nowshahr. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical, focusing on applied studies with an emphasis on quantitative methods. Data analysis was conducted using factor analysis and single-sample t-test comparison of means. According to the research findings, the most significant impact of city managers’ performance in reducing urban damage is related to the sub-index of construction materials, while attention to deteriorated urban areas has the least overall impact. The results of this research highlight that, in addition to the indicators of legalization and culturalization, other explanatory variables such as the city’s natural location, service infrastructures, transportation networks, strengthening of port facilities, and appropriate distribution of high-risk areas must also be considered to effectively reduce damages from environmental hazards. Manuscript profile

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28 - The Impact of Geomorphic Variables of Fluvial on Flood Hazard Of Mountain steep Towns (Case Study: Town Torghabeh, Khorasan Razavi province)
Hadi Qanbarzadeh Abolfazl Behniyafar MohammadReza Servati Mehdi Mosavi Alimohammad Noormohammady

The geomorphic units of the fluvial system components are in a way that in many cases geomorphic processes are causing environmental hazards such as floods. In this research Torghabeh city and its basin have been studied for  the hazard of a river geomorphic proces More

The geomorphic units of the fluvial system components are in a way that in many cases geomorphic processes are causing environmental hazards such as floods. In this research Torghabeh city and its basin have been studied for  the hazard of a river geomorphic processes. Torghabeh town as a regional and international tourism attraction is 20 kilometers far from the metropolitan city of Mashhad. The output of the upstream catchment basin with regard to the geomorphic variables highly affect the flooding possibility  of the city. In order to conduct the present research, a laboratory analytical method to investigate the behavior of the studied basin, the fluvial geomorphic variables and factors in the flood hazard area, including lithology, elevation, slope, land use, precipitation, vegetation, drainage density, distance from the stream, form factor, slope and soil were selected and included in the research. The layers were required to prepare, prioritize and establish the relationships between these variables and the vulnerability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).  The Expert Choice software was used to help wit the analysis . Critical flood hazard zones are mainly rural area with densities, recreational areas and resorts, tourist and Network Access Account in Mashhad. It is important to notice that, the  man-made factors such as residential and utility violated the privacy of rivers and streams, lack of engineering structures such as bridges over rivers of improper aggravating factor are the most significant variables  in the flood hazard area. Leveling and terracing of slopes for construction not only disrupts the balance , but also it has increased the weight of the load of  flood intensity. The damages caused by the flood of mass movements within the city limits has been exacerbated in Torghabeh.           Manuscript profile

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29 - Assess the Resilience of Cities against Natural Hazards (Case Study: Babol)
Pari Shokri

Today following urbanization and rise in natural disasters, review and assess the resilience of human and natural systems in achieving sustainable development is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to measure the resiliency of Babylon is to reduce the ri More

Today following urbanization and rise in natural disasters, review and assess the resilience of human and natural systems in achieving sustainable development is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to measure the resiliency of Babylon is to reduce the risk of natural hazards. The method used in cross sectional descriptive study the library method for data collection and survey questionnaire was used. The statistical community, including experts and officials of the municipal administration and local government in the city of Babol is 26 subjects with random sampling were selected. In order to assess the resilience of urban areas studied in the range of ten principles Campaign Making cities resilient in most of the 39 variables were used. To analyze the data from tests of T unilateral and total weight, the mean scores and their relative weights are used. According to the results of research findings, local managers Evaluated Resiliency city of Babol in the ten principles of the study with average 2.52 (less than 3) completely undesirable. In this regard, the fifth principle of the weighted average of the three highest rating in the resilience of Babol. Manuscript profile

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30 - Assessment of local administrators in reducing the vulnerability of rural settlements in the earthquake (Case study: Village Gilvan- city Tarom)
Khadijeh Bouzarjomehry Ahmad Roumiani Hamida Mahmoudi Somae Sanei Sakineh Abbasi Abbasi

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of Crisis Management local managers to reduce vulnerable before the earthquake the rural Settlements in the study area is. And seek to answer these questions, whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquak More

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of Crisis Management local managers to reduce vulnerable before the earthquake the rural Settlements in the study area is. And seek to answer these questions, whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquake vulnerable villages in the study area, there is a significant relationship? Whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquake vulnerable villages in the study area, there is a significant relationship? Research Methodology The cross-correlation method based on field studies and applied research type. The population of the investigation, including Gilo district is the city functions Tarom With 3185 households in 1390, based on the revised formula Cochrane total of 155 questionnaires were randomly distributed between households and has been completed. To analyze the data descriptive and inferential statistics (t single sample and Pearson, Pearson's chi-square test and compromise) and to assess the level of knowledge management in terms of spatial distribution in rural areas Vaykor model is used. Findings Research findings showed that the majority of the variables, except for the third variable (the executive body of programs, information on events and vulnerabilities village of the region based on knowledge of local managers have been used in the prevention of earthquake. The results showed that among all other factors lower than average utility (3), respectively. And lower than average level of knowledge of local managers. The tests also showed that the level of favorability numbers is significant and the difference is negative. Manuscript profile

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31 - The Identification of Human Hazards Effective in the City of Ardabil’s Vulnerability by using partial squares least (PLS)
Asghar Pashazadeh Mohamadhasan Yazdani Alireza Mohammdi

Nowadays, cities have been widely exposed to the various types of the human hazards and this instability has resulted in their vulnerability. Therefore, in order to make cities resilient, it is necessary to identify these hazards and plan to reduce them and prevent thei More

Nowadays, cities have been widely exposed to the various types of the human hazards and this instability has resulted in their vulnerability. Therefore, in order to make cities resilient, it is necessary to identify these hazards and plan to reduce them and prevent their occurrence. The city of Ardebil is not an exception in this regard and it has been exposed to a variety of these human hazards. With regard to these issues, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important human hazards which are deciding factors in Ardabil's vulnerability. According to the rules of research models and the experts available in the city, 200 participants completed the questionnaire purposefully. The data was analyzed by applying parametric statistical methods. Moreover, in order to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses and the conceptual model, the variance-based structural equation was used (by using partial least squares). The results indicate that all of 11 variables (human hazards) account for the city of Ardabil’s vulnerability (0/781). The high values of t-statistic and path’s coefficient Alpha are related to economic risk factors, diseases and street accidents, respectively. In addition, the results indicate that all of the human hazards discussed in this study (except fire) have significant positive effects on Ardabil’s vulnerability.Therefore, his study makes it clear for managers that they can not only reduce the vulnerability of the city, but also they can make the city resilient by identification and planning of the human hazards and the variables explained them. Manuscript profile

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32 - Analysis Role of Rural Management in Resilience of Villagers against Drought (Case Study: Rural Settlements in the Township of Miyandoab)
Mohammad valaei abdollah abdollahee Aynaz Eskandarzadeh Eskandarzadeh Akbar Hoseinzade Hadi Zarbi

The basis of research based on pragmatism is a mixed research method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of rural management in resilience of villagers against drought. The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical method and nat More

The basis of research based on pragmatism is a mixed research method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of rural management in resilience of villagers against drought. The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical method and nature and in order to collect information from library and field studies. The Spatial realm of this research is rural settlements in the Township of Miandoab. The Township has 73338 households and 260628 population in 1395 and The Statistical Society consisted of 176 managers and employees of agencies involved in rural affairs. Including, Deputy Minister of Rural Development, Governorate, Provinces, Electricity Office, Rural Wastewater, Water Resources Administration, Housing Foundation, Agricultural Jihad, etc. To sample from Qualitative methods (snowball and theoretical method) have been used for sampling. The reliability level of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha for rural management indicators of 0.729 and for resiliency indicators of 0.651. The mixed method(Quantitative and qualitative) has been used to analyze the information. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between rural management and improvement of rural resilience. Also, the most important factors promoting the resilience of villagers to drought are the »Government policy and support« factor and the »diversification of rural economy« factor. Also, the performance of rural managers has increased in indicators of »infrastructure-physical, budget allocation and financial resources« and has led to this indicator to have the greatest impact in improving the resilience of villagers to drought. Manuscript profile

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33 - Evaluation of physical resilience indices in Sari using Inversion Hierarchy Weighed Process (IHWP) model
Parisa Hamidi صدیقه لطفی Amer Nikpour

In recent years, the unprecedented growth of population and the enormous damage caused by natural and human hazards to the physical and urban environment has made resilience an important topic in natural hazard studies. In the present study, evaluation of resilience of More

In recent years, the unprecedented growth of population and the enormous damage caused by natural and human hazards to the physical and urban environment has made resilience an important topic in natural hazard studies. In the present study, evaluation of resilience of Sari city with emphasis on physical dimension by using Reverse Hierarchical Analysis (IHWP) model using eleven physical indicators such as road width, access to green and open spaces, access to multipurpose spaces, distance from worn-out tissue, and so on. The statistical sample of the study was 48 experts in urban planning and crisis management in the form of Delphi questionnaire. The outputs of the questionnaire modeled in GIS software and the final physical resiliency map of Sari produced. The results show that 50% of city area has low and very low resiliency, 19% moderate and 31% high and very high; and resiliency increased from west to east, and the northwest and northeast parts of the city are less resilient. Finally, some suggestions made to improve resilience. Manuscript profile

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34 - Flood risk zoning in Fariman city using fuzzy logic
sanaz saeedi mehdi asiaei

One of the most important natural hazards is floods, which will cause a lot of damage if they occur. One of the most important ways to deal with this natural hazard is to zoning the flood potential. The present study was conducted with the aim of zoning the risk of floo More

One of the most important natural hazards is floods, which will cause a lot of damage if they occur. One of the most important ways to deal with this natural hazard is to zoning the flood potential. The present study was conducted with the aim of zoning the risk of floods in Fariman city with emphasis on urban and rural areas in 1399. This type of research is an applied type in which fuzzy logic, hierarchical analysis and GIS software are used. The eight criteria studied in this paper include slope, distance from the river, altitude, geology, land use, rainfall, drainage density and vegetation. Based on the results obtained from the combination of layers by fuzzy overlap method and the final weight obtained from the fuzzy hierarchy analysis model, in which the height variable with a weight coefficient of 0.271 is the highest and land use with a coefficient of 0.040 has the lowest impact on flooding. The study area has. Therefore, according to the flood risk classification map of Fariman city, it can be stated that very high risk areas 17.8%, high risk areas 14.2%, medium risk areas 20.4%, low risk areas 22.5% and areas with high risk Occupies very little risk with 25.1% of the city area; It should also be noted that the city of Freeman is in a very low danger zone. In terms of rural settlements, most of the settlements in this city are in the zone of moderate vulnerability. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary attention be paid to the improvement, design and implementation of watershed and aquifer management projects and the location of new cities and towns, as well as rural development projects in the study area. Planners and decision makers should also take the necessary action to reduce the risk of proper location of infrastructure and location of city facilities. Manuscript profile

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35 - An analysis of urban settlements resilience against natural hazards with emphasis on flood (Case study: Chamestan City)
Roghayyeh Maesoumian صدرالدین متولی Gholam Reza Janbaz Ghobadi Shahriar Khaledi

AbstarctIntroductionRecently, there are dramatic changes in attitudes to flood hazard and the prevailing view has shifted from reducing vulnerability to improving and promoting resilience to hazards.GoalImproper development of Chamestan urban area due to human activitie More

AbstarctIntroductionRecently, there are dramatic changes in attitudes to flood hazard and the prevailing view has shifted from reducing vulnerability to improving and promoting resilience to hazards.GoalImproper development of Chamestan urban area due to human activities has directly changed many lands of the city in a very short period of time, through which hazards such as floods are created. Accodingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the indices affecting the resilience of Chamestan against floods.MethodologyThis study is applied in terms of aims and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature. To achieve this purpose, the resilience of Chamestan against floods was analyzed and measured based on 5 dimensions of physical-infrastructural, social, institutional, economic and environmental resilience. These five dimensions, along with the defined indices and sub-indices of them based on the research literature, are designed in the form of researcher-made questionnaires to examine and analyze their situation in the city.Geographical area of researchChamestan city is the center of Chamestan district in Noor city, which is located in the foothills of northern Alborz. Chamestan is bounded on the north and west by the central part of Noor township, on the south by Baladeh district of Noor township and the foothills of the central Alborz, on the northeast by Mahmudabad township and on the east by Amol township. This city extents to Noor from the north and west, from Baladeh and the foothills of Central Alborz from the south and to Amol from the east.Results and discussionBased on the means obtained from the T-test statistical analysis, Chamestan city is located at moderate and under-resilient level in terms of physical, infrastructural, social, institutional and economic resilience. However, the environmental resilience of the city against floods is relatively poor and does not show a favorable situation.ConclusionIn order to promote the resilience of Chamestan city against floods, it is necessary that organizations and management institutions and planning in the field of crisis management and urban hazards pay attention to this important point and to promote social resilience pay special attention to education and increase local community knowledge. It should also be noted that the expansion of insurance is one of the most appropriate strategies to achieve a society with sustainable health and is basically one of the ways to provide and achieve peace, comfort and reduce stress in families. Manuscript profile

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36 - Analysis of resilience components of rural settlements against earthquake risk (Case study: Ijroud city, Zanjan province(
Hossein farahani fariba abbasi

Resilience is one of the most important factors in achieving the sustainability of rural settlements. As resilience increases, the vulnerability of settlements to hazards decreases. The purpose of this study is to analyze the resilience components of rural settlements a More

Resilience is one of the most important factors in achieving the sustainability of rural settlements. As resilience increases, the vulnerability of settlements to hazards decreases. The purpose of this study is to analyze the resilience components of rural settlements against earthquake risk. The present research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical and library and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of this study is the heads of households in 20 villages and rural specialists in Ijroud city. Using Cochran's formula, the required number of samples to complete the questionnaire has been calculated in a total of 342 cases (305 rural heads of households and 37 rural specialists). Face validity was evaluated by 35 faculty members of the Department of Geography, University of Zanjan and averaged 1.7. The reliability of the variables was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 76%, which indicates its acceptability. For quantitative analysis of data, statistical tests such as (one-sample t, path analysis, analysis of variance) were used. The results show that the resilience situation in the studied villages of Ijroud city against the occurrence of a possible earthquake in all components, with an average of 3.33 is unfavorable and the values tend to be vulnerable. Also, among the four components, the physical component with a total of direct and indirect effects explains 56.5% of alpha and is the most effective component in the resilience of Ijroud city. The four dimensions of resilience, in total, could explain 74.9% of the resilience of Ijroud city.Keywords: resilience, rural settlements, natural hazards, earthquake, route analysis, Ijroud city Manuscript profile

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37 - Analysis of Economic and Social Resilience of Rural Communities against Earthquake Risk (Case Study: Villages in the Central District of Ardabil Township)
kiomars khodapanah

Introduction: Occurrence of natural hazards such as Earthquakes due to the Environmental and Geographical conditions of the country has always led to serious financial losses and widespread human losses, and in order to reduce its effects, attention has been paid to the More

Introduction: Occurrence of natural hazards such as Earthquakes due to the Environmental and Geographical conditions of the country has always led to serious financial losses and widespread human losses, and in order to reduce its effects, attention has been paid to the resilience approach.Research Aim: The aim of this research is to analyze the Economic, Social and Cultural resilience of rural settlements in the central Disteict of Ardabil Township against Earthquakes.Methodology: The present study, with regard to the nature of the issue and the subject of the study, is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is 36 villages with more than 20 households and most of the central part of Ardabil city. Based on Cochran's method, 365 heads were determined and distributed and completed to the number of rural households in a simple random manner. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 30 specialists and experts. The total reliability was estimated 0.9 by Cornbrash’s alpha.Studied Areas: The village has more than 20 families in the Central District of Ardabil Township.Results:The findings indicate that, the social dimension is in a better position than the economic dimension. Also, the economic resilience measure showed that the indicator "income amount to compensate for damages" with a value of 3.90 has the highest and the indicator "satisfaction with personal income" with a value of 2.24 has the lowest average. Social and cultural resilience showed that the indicators of "the degree of solidarity between people in the event of an earthquake", "the level of satisfaction with access to a doctor" with the highest 17.17 and 15.70, respectively, and the indicators of "satisfaction with "Housing insurance" and "Hope for the future in case of an earthquake" with -22.25 and -14.21, respectively, have a lower than the desired test average.Conclusion: Findings showed that the resilience of economic indicators of the studied villages against earthquakes is lower than the average level and there is a significant difference between the villages. Manuscript profile

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38 - Spatial analysis of geomorphic hazards in order to identify safe residential areas (Case study: urban areas of Gilan province)
Payam Jafari Hamid Majedi Hossein Zabihi

Geomorphic hazards have occurred continuously and throughout history in different areas of the globe and continue to do so. But we recognize these events as a danger when they threaten human settlements and cause damage to man-made buildings, facilities, and equipment. More

Geomorphic hazards have occurred continuously and throughout history in different areas of the globe and continue to do so. But we recognize these events as a danger when they threaten human settlements and cause damage to man-made buildings, facilities, and equipment. Also, since humanity has not been able to prevent the occurrence of many of these dangers, the best solution is to stay away from these dangers. However, many human settlements are placed in risky situations in terms of geomorphic hazards, which is a potential threat to them. Therefore, by identifying high-risk and safe residential areas, it is possible to prepare to deal with risks and to use safe residential areas in urban planning in future developments and constructions. Based on this, the present research was conducted with this concern to identify safe residential zones in Guilan province, which is considered a high-risk province in terms of geomorphic hazards, through spatial analysis. The research method is mixed or combined (quantitative and qualitative) and a combination of library and field methods was used to collect data and information. The results of this research showed that based on the opinions of specialists and experts, the most important geomorphic hazards that are considered as a threat to the urban areas of Guilan province include earthquakes, floods, landslides, erosion, subsidence, and liquefaction, respectively. In terms of the spatial distribution of safe residential areas, based on what was obtained from the output of the fuzzy model in the GIS software, 51.5% of the Guilan province is covered by unsafe and relatively unsafe levels in terms of geomorphic hazards. On the other hand, safe and relatively safe zones cover 23.4% of the area of Guilan province, and 25.1% of the area of the province is covered by the medium security zone. Manuscript profile

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39 - Farmers’ Perception and Management of Natural Hazards in Production and Security of Farm Investment in Isuikwuato, Abia State, Nigeria
Emerole C. O Anyiro C. O

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40 - Evaluation of stability and Marine Hazards Coastal zoning in southern province of Sistan and Baluchistan using GIS
Mohyeddin Ahrari-Roudi

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41 - MLP learning-based landslide susceptibility assessment for Kurdistan province, Iran
Mohammad Vand Jalili

10.30495/geotech.2021.686582

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42 - انتخاب تکنولوژی بازیافت گازهای پالایشگاه های گاز با در نظر گرفتن شرایط دینامیک عملیات
ابوالقاسم نوبختی صدیق رئیسی کاوه خلیلی دامغانی رویا سلطانی

سوزاندن گازهای نامرغوب در پالایشگاه ها سبب آلودگی زیست محیطی با ترکیبات نیتروژن و گوگرد و گازهای گلخانه ای و هیدروکربن های نسوخته می شود و با تلفات انرژی حرارتی همراه است. حفظ محیط زیست و تعهد به پیمان های جهانی سبب شده است تا انتخاب یکی از دو تکنولوژی رایج هدف تحقیق حا More

سوزاندن گازهای نامرغوب در پالایشگاه ها سبب آلودگی زیست محیطی با ترکیبات نیتروژن و گوگرد و گازهای گلخانه ای و هیدروکربن های نسوخته می شود و با تلفات انرژی حرارتی همراه است. حفظ محیط زیست و تعهد به پیمان های جهانی سبب شده است تا انتخاب یکی از دو تکنولوژی رایج هدف تحقیق حاضر شود تا گزینه ای معرفی شود که با کمترین از کارافتادگی، سبب بیشینه حفاظت از محیط زیست شود. چالش اصلی در انجام این تحقیق وابستگی از کارافتادگی گزینه ها به شرایط عملیاتی فشار و درجه حرارت و نبود اطلاعات تجربی ناشی از عدم تجربه عملی به کارگیری آنها است. برای این منظور، از روش آنالیز درخت خطا برای تعیین سناریوهای از کارافتادگی هر گزینه در حالت های مختلف استفاده شده و با بهره گیری از روش استنتاج فازی احتمال عدم از کارافتادگی هر تکنولوژی محاسبه شده است. همچنین این پژوهش حدود استانداردی را برای مقادیر فشار و دما مشخص می کند که به مهندسین طراح این امکان را می دهد تا تصمیمی در مورد طراحی مجدد یا تحت کنترل درآوردن فشار و دما اتخاذ کنند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز این پژوهش از یکی از پالایشگاه‌های جنوب کشور استخراج شده است. نتایج نشان داد که گزینه سیستم سیل درام به طور متوسط 8 درصد نسبت به سیستم شیر سریع مناسب تر عمل می کند و می تواند تحت سناریوهای بحرانی فشار و دما بعتر عمل کند و به عنوان گزینه برتر برای فلرینگ معرفی شده است Manuscript profile

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43 - Multihazard Rangelands Susceptibility Mapping (Drought, Flood, and Fire) in Siah Bisheh Watershed in North of Iran
Soodeh Miarrostami Hossein Arzani Seyed Akbar Javadi Mohammad Hassan Jouri

10.57647/j.jrs.2023.1304.27

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44 - The Effect of Pedo-Climatic Risks on the Evolution of Plant Cover and Soil Characteristics in Protected and Unprotected Areas in the Commune of Rogassa, Wilaya El Bayadh, Algeria
Mekhloufi Moullal Brahim Khelifi Boubakeur Abdelali Otmane

10.30495/rs.2022.683513

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45 - Economic solutions to compensate for flood damage from the perspective of jurisprudence
Reyhaneh sadat hosseini zahmatkesh majid vaziri

Natural hazards adversely affect human life, property and activities and lead to disaster. Types of these hazards and disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, droughts, floods and so on. Considering the practical effect of jurisprudential rules in the Iranian legal sys More

Natural hazards adversely affect human life, property and activities and lead to disaster. Types of these hazards and disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, droughts, floods and so on. Considering the practical effect of jurisprudential rules in the Iranian legal system and in the current practice of the judicial system, we can use the effectiveness of these principles and jurisprudential rules to prevent damage to natural disasters and criminalize and enactment of restrictive laws in this area, pointed out that in addition to helping the legislature, it is able to solve many problems in the courts, reduce the volume of accumulated cases and provide significant legal services to society.It is also possible to use the research results in different stages of planning, the necessary laws for the implementation of these natural hazards in the country's management organization, which plays a useful and fruitful role in reducing the damage caused by natural hazards, including floods. The present article is a descriptive-analytical description that, after describing and explaining the jurisprudential foundations of natural crisis and damages .Also the method of gathering information is based on the document method, which analyzes and examines information by referring to sources, articles, authoritative sites and books written in this field. Also, in this article, we reached the conclusion that according to our point of view which is the overall economics of flood damage prevention based on the characteristics of hypothetical developments and modeling results are usually not applied on a jurisprudential basis, estimating non-market benefits such as beauty and open space, along with recreational values and other benefits that may is to be created for the residents, one of the serious challenges is in environmental economic evaluation. Manuscript profile

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