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Open Access Article
1 - Simulating water and soluble salts in deficit irrigation for some crops
Shabnam Alinejad Feridon KavehOne of the most efficient strategies for optimal use of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the so-called deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation by reducing number of irrigation or lowering volume of applied water in each irrigation may cause rela MoreOne of the most efficient strategies for optimal use of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the so-called deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation by reducing number of irrigation or lowering volume of applied water in each irrigation may cause relative yield reduction per unit of farm. This may also cause salt stress in addition to water stress. In arid and semi-arid regions, this may reduce soluble salt leaching from the root zone, especial when growing salt sensitive crops, which causes further yield reduction. It is understood that in these regions leaching salts by providing adequate drainage is the normal practice to cope with water and salinity stresses. In this research using steady state calculation and management salt balance model (SaltMod), the effect of deficit irrigation was studied for four salt tolerant and salt sensitive crops in a long period (20 years) to find out the effect of salt and water stresses on yield of these crops. The salt tolerant crops were wheat and sugar-beet, and salt sensitive crops were corn and sugarcane which are important cultivated crops in Khuzistan province of Iran. Long time changes in soil profile and drainage water was also calculated and simulated. The results of this study showed that in a representative soil of arid-region (central Khuzistan area) with very high salt content upon installing drainage system and required leaching to bring root zone salinity to normal range (ECe < 4 dS/m), there is a good chance to continue wheat and sugar-beet cultivation with normal deficit irrigation (around 20 percent) for a long time. However it was not possible to use normal deficit irrigation for maize and sugarcane for more than a few years without complete crop loss. Increasing salinity of root zone showed the above process very clearly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Investigating relative water content, electrolyte leakage, phenolic compounds and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase enzymes in triticale leaves treated with sodium chloride and calcium chloride
Malihe Jahani Mohammad Reza Hadi Mojtaba Jafarinia Sedighe JahaniIntroduction: Considering the increasing number of saline lands due to water scarcity, it seems necessary to investigate ways to increase tolerance to salinity stress. Also, in order to overcome the negative effect of salinity stress, the use of calcium ion supplement i MoreIntroduction: Considering the increasing number of saline lands due to water scarcity, it seems necessary to investigate ways to increase tolerance to salinity stress. Also, in order to overcome the negative effect of salinity stress, the use of calcium ion supplement in the growth environment is very useful and practical to improve the stress factor.Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate relative water content, electrolyte leakage, amount of mineral elements, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase enzymes in leaves of triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) treated with sodium chloride and calcium chloride.Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 3 replications in controlled greenhouse conditions. One-week-old seedlings were exposed with sodium chloride doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 mmol L-1) and calcium chloride doses (0, 6 and 10 mmol L-1) for 5 weeks and then some physio-morphological and biochemical characteristics including leaf number and surface, relative water content, ion leakage, contents of phenolic compounds (anthocyanin, total phenol, total flavonoid, total flavonol), enzymes activity (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase), antioxidant capacity and amount of mineral elements (sodium, potassium, calcium) were measured in leaves.Results: The results showed that salt stress significantly decreased the number and surface of leaves, relative water content, activity of glutathione reductase enzyme, the amount of potassium and calcium in leaves, but increased ion leakage, the contents of phenolic compounds, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, antioxidant capacity and sodium content in leaves. While the addition of calcium to saline environment increased the number and surface area of leaves, relative water content, activity of glutathione reductase enzyme, the amount of potassium and calcium in leaves, but decreased ion leakage, the contents of phenolic compounds, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, antioxidant capacity and sodium content in leaves.Conclusion: Calcium reduced the harmful effects of salinity stress in leaves of triticale plant, so adding calcium to salty soils can be a simple, practical and economic solution to deal with salinity stress and increase soil productivity and a step towards to provide sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Allevation of Oxidative Damages Induced by Salinity in Cress (Lepidium sativum) by Pretreating with Arginine
الهام Asadi karam زهرا AsrarSalinity is one of the main stresses that have negative effectcs on seedling growth, and plant production. It inhibits growth of plants through disturbance of the balance between production of ROS and antioxidant defense mechanism which results in oxidative stress. Beca MoreSalinity is one of the main stresses that have negative effectcs on seedling growth, and plant production. It inhibits growth of plants through disturbance of the balance between production of ROS and antioxidant defense mechanism which results in oxidative stress. Because, arginine is a vital regulator of physiological and developmental processes the effect of different concentrations of arginine pretreatment of the plant on alleviation of oxidative stress induced by salt 50 and 100Mm NaCl was investigated. Arginine pretreatment increased chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and seedling growth under salinity condition. Results also showed that salt stress increased proline, protein, H2O2, soluble sugar and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase. Pretreatment of plants with Arg reduced proline, soluble sugar, H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes activity content significantly. The conclusion is that in garden cress plants, pretreatment with concentration of 5 µM and 10 μM arginine may protect cress under salinity stress, probably through the contracting with ROS and or induction of anti-oxidative enzymes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Variation of Pigment Content and Antioxidant Enzyme Activites in Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seedlings under Salt Stress
سجاد Moharramnejad M. ValizadehEffects of salt stress (NaCl) on fresh weight, pigment content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) activities in nine genotypes of pinto bean exposed to two levels of NaCl )0 and 400 mM( were studied. A factorial experiment on the basis MoreEffects of salt stress (NaCl) on fresh weight, pigment content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) activities in nine genotypes of pinto bean exposed to two levels of NaCl )0 and 400 mM( were studied. A factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design was carried out in laboratory conditions. Salinity stress increased carotenoids in the leaves while it decreased chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll significantly. Salinity reduced by 24.31% fresh weight. Electrophoretic analyses were performed by using 8% slab polyacrylamide gels. For each isozymic band the “density × area” scores onto gels were evaluated by MCID software as enzymatic activity. Three isozymes were observed for each of SOD and POX and one for CAT. Salt stress increased activities of all observed enzymes. Application of salt stress increased activities of SOD1, SOD2 and SOD3. Their activity increment was estimate to be 26.31, 13.89 and 17.64 percent respectively. POX1, POX2 and POX3 activity increment, were also estimated to be48.38, 21 and 43.02 percent respectively. In the case of CAT it was 43.85 percent. Antioxidant enzymes activity increment could be important strategy for reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Response of Chlorophyll, Relative Water Content and Protein Percentage of Safflower Leaves to Salinity and Foliar Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium Applications
Mahmood Attarzadeh Asghar Rahimi Benyamin TorabiTo study the effect of Ca, K, and Mn foliar spray on chlorophyll and relative water contents of safflower (cv. Padideh) leaves under salinity condition a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Vali-e-Asr U MoreTo study the effect of Ca, K, and Mn foliar spray on chlorophyll and relative water contents of safflower (cv. Padideh) leaves under salinity condition a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Vali-e-Asr University Greenhouse in 2011. Factors were salinity with four levels: 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg NaCl kg -1, and foliar spraying of plants with four levels: distilled water, 10 mM CaNo3, 10 mM K2HPO4 and 1 mM MnSo4. Spraying were applied two weeks after emergence and continued every 2 weeks. Results showed that 1500 mg NaCl reduced SPAD value, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and relative water content. However, increasing salinity induced higher leaf water saturation. Foliar spraying of plants with MnSO4, K2HPO4 and CaNo3 nutrients, also reduced SPAD value. Foliar application of plants with Ca(NO3)2 increased leaf protein in 500 mg NaCl and without salinity. Application of MnSo4 increased chlorophyll b, a+b and also chlorophyll a (in 500 mg NaCl). Thus, in respect to the positive role of calcium and manganese in the production and preservation of chlorophyll and protein, foliar spray application can be a suitable strategy to reduce crop losses under salinity conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of Salinity on Osmotic Adjustment, Yield and Essence of Local Landraces Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.)
Isa Piri Mousa Keshtegar Abolfazl Tavassoli Mehdi BabaeianAjowan is one of the most important medicinal plants in Zahedan region. Salinity and drought are the main causes of yield reduction of plants in Sistan and Balochestan. To evaluate the effect of salinity on yield and quality of ajowan a factorial experiment with randomi MoreAjowan is one of the most important medicinal plants in Zahedan region. Salinity and drought are the main causes of yield reduction of plants in Sistan and Balochestan. To evaluate the effect of salinity on yield and quality of ajowan a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the greenhouse of the Payam Noor University of Agriculture in Zahedan in 2016. Treatments were two populations of ajowan: C1: local and C2: Pakistani which were considered as the first factor and five salinity levels 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 d/ms as the second. The results of this experiment showed that highest root length, stem height, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight and yield of essence belonged to local population under saline condition. Increasing salinity levels beyond 4 ds/ms decreased quantitative traits significantly but increased essential oil content and concentrations of osmotic regulants (prolin and carbohydrate) as compared to that of control. This may indicate that ajowan is tolerant to salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of Using Different Levels Manure on Quality and Quantity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under Salt Stress Condition
Issa Piri Abbas Harati Abolfazl Tavassoli Mahdi BabaeianTo study the effects of using different levels manure under salt stress conditions on the quantity and quality of rosemary a field experiment is conducted in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Zahedan during fall s MoreTo study the effects of using different levels manure under salt stress conditions on the quantity and quality of rosemary a field experiment is conducted in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Zahedan during fall season of 2013-2014. The experimental treatments consisted of salinity with two levels (irrigating the field with drinking water of Zahedan [EC = 1.1 ds/m (S1)] and irrigating the field with salty water of Zahedan [EC = 4.4 ds/m (S2)] considered as the main factor and using manure with four levels (M1- without manure, M2- 15 t.ha-1, M3 - 30 t.ha-1 and M4 - 45 t.ha-1) as sub factor. Traits evaluated were plant height, leaf dry weight, leaf to stem ratio, shoot dry weight, percentage and yield of essence. Experimental results showed the salt stress did not affect significantly plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, biomass and essence of rosemary as comparied with drinking water (non-salinity), but a decreasing effect of saline water was observed. Using 45 t.ha-1 of manure, in comparison with other manure treatments, did have beneficial effect on most of the traits under study. However, no significant difference was observed between this treatment and with that of 30 t/ha. The simple correlation showed there is a positive and significant relationship between plant biomass and all other traits. The results also showed that there was positive and significant relationship between essence percentage and essence yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation of salinity stress effect on germination of 18 strains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Mahboobeh Riahi Akbar Mostajeran Mehran MiroliaeiSalinity is a major environmental stress that causes severe damage to crops and horticultural crops and also reduces plant biodiversity. In order to study the resistance to salinity during seed germination and early growth, 18 strains of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestiv MoreSalinity is a major environmental stress that causes severe damage to crops and horticultural crops and also reduces plant biodiversity. In order to study the resistance to salinity during seed germination and early growth, 18 strains of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.; Including car, non-indigenous and hybrid carcasses) were investigated at four levels of control, 100, 200 and 250 mM sodium chloride. The experiments were conducted with a complete randomized block design in three replications in the research laboratory of department of Biology, University of Isfahan, 2015. The results showed that with increasing NaCl level in the culture media, germination indices were affected with more intense. Comparison of mean traits showed that different cultivars of wheat had different reactions. These cultivars were classified in two groups, so that Sorghtoghm, Hamon, Sivand, Bezostaya, Sepahan and Roshan were placed in resistant groups and Ghods, Guspard, Karaj and Navid cultivars were placed in sensitive and low dendrogram groups. Sorghtoghm and Ghods were shown to have the highest and lowest index for germination stress index (GSI) and salinity tolerance index (STI) respectively. The results showed that the different levels of salinity had significant effects on germination percent, germination rate, seedlings stem and root length, root, and shoot dry weight. All measured variables showed a significant decrease with increasing salinity level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effect of culture medium on growth and salt tolerance of goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.)
Masoud Dashti Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani Mostafa Shirmardi Ali MomenpourGoldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is a woody perennial ornamental tree, mainly used for landscape purposes. The aim of this study was investigation salt tolerance of this plant and the effect of cow manure and vermicompost on plant growth and increasing th MoreGoldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is a woody perennial ornamental tree, mainly used for landscape purposes. The aim of this study was investigation salt tolerance of this plant and the effect of cow manure and vermicompost on plant growth and increasing the salt tolerance of two-year plants. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of organic amendments (soil, 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v vermicompost, and 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v cow manure) and three levels of salinity (1, 4, and 7 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments in greenhouse were applied. In this experiment, media without organic amendment was were considered as control and stress duration was three months. Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the number of shoots and fresh and dry weights of roots, shoots, and whole plant while it increased activity of peroxidase and sodium and chloride uptake. Vermicompost treatment increased fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots, and whole plant, peroxidase, sodium, potassium, and chloride uptake more than control and cow manure. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots, and whole plant as well as sodium potassium and chloride uptake were obtained in salinity level of 4 ds/m and under vermicompost treatment. Generally, application of vermicompost increased growth characteristics and salt tolerance of goldenrain tree better than cow manure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Fructan metabolism in wheat under abiotic stress conditions
Mehdi JoudiAccumulation of fructan in different organs of wheat plants is important physiological factor to cope with different environmental stresses. Fructans are fructose based oligo- and polysaccharides derived from sucrose. Depend on the linkage among frucosyle residues, diff MoreAccumulation of fructan in different organs of wheat plants is important physiological factor to cope with different environmental stresses. Fructans are fructose based oligo- and polysaccharides derived from sucrose. Depend on the linkage among frucosyle residues, different types of fructan molecules could be found in the plant species. In wheat stem, levan-type (containing β-(2,1) linkage) and graminan-type fructan (containing β-(2,1) and β-(2,6) linkages) are accumulated. Three different enzymes of 1-SST, 6-SFT, and 1-FFT are believed to be involved in wheat fructan biosynthesis. Since the fructan synthesis in wheat is complex, therefore various type and amount of fructan are found among wheat cultivars. Hydrolysis of fructans are catalyzed by 1-FEH and 6-FEH preferentially degrading β-(2,1) and β-(2,6) linked fructan, respectively. Wheat cultivar with greater fructan accumulation and mobilization in the stem are resistance to terminal heat and drought stresses. Fructans increases tolerance to salt stress by cell membrane stabilization, osmotic adjustment and preservation of current photosynthesis. During cold hardening, wheat seedling accumulates water soluble carbohydrates as well as fructan in their leaves and crown Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Response of genotypes of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. to salicylic acid priming under salinity stress
Sanaz Adalatzadeh-Aghdam Mahmoud Toorchi Mahmoud ZareiThe current study agreenhouse research was designed to evaluate the reaction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes to salt stress (NaCl salinity) and Salicylic acid, to study of the proteome profile of leaves for identifying molecular pathway involved in salt s MoreThe current study agreenhouse research was designed to evaluate the reaction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes to salt stress (NaCl salinity) and Salicylic acid, to study of the proteome profile of leaves for identifying molecular pathway involved in salt stress tolerance. The study was designed as factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design in three replications. Treatments are included NaCl solutions at three levels (0, 100, 200 mM) as salinity stress, Salicylic acid at two levels (0, 0/5 mM) and five genotypes. Agronomic and physiochemical traits were included: fresh and dry weight of ariel plant and roots, plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of total plant, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, total chlorophyll, Na+ and K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) of leaves. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for main and interaction effects in examined traits. German and Moghan genotypes were expressed as the most tolerant and sensitive genotypes based on Arunachalam method, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The effect of external application of salicylic acid on some growth and biochemical indicators of rice (Oryza sativa) plants under salt stress
Bahram RazaviniaAbiotic constraints, such as salinity stress, reduce cereal production. Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it increases the tolerance of rice under salinity stress conditions are uncl MoreAbiotic constraints, such as salinity stress, reduce cereal production. Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it increases the tolerance of rice under salinity stress conditions are unclear. In this research, the effect of external application of SA on the growth and biochemical traits of rice plants under salinity stress was investigated as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in hydroponic conditions. The results showed that salinity stress decreased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), K/Na ratio, and glutathione-ascorbic acid redox state, and, as a result, rice plant growth. However, the application of SA improved the growth and height of rice plants by reducing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. By maintaining K/Na homeostasis and glutathione-ascorbic acid redox states, SA improved plant tolerance and increased photosynthetic pigments in rice plants. SA also increased the accumulation of osmolytes, including free proline and soluble sugars, which can play an important role in modulating the osmotic potential of plant cells under salt stress. The obtained results show that the positive effects of the external application of SA on the accumulation of osmolytes, the K/Na ratio, and the antioxidant defense system lead to increased tolerance to salinity and improved growth of rice plants under salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Study of interaction effects between NaCl and Ascorbic acid on some growth factors, proline content and changes Na and K ions in two cultivar of Brassica napus L. (RGS & Hayola 401 )
حسین Lari Yazdi رضوان Lak, مسعود GodarziIn this study, the salt stress was studied on the physiological responses of two cultivars of Brassica napus L. (RGS & Hayola 401). The research is done on 20 day plants in hydroponics (Hoagland) environment with three repeated in the similar room condition. In the MoreIn this study, the salt stress was studied on the physiological responses of two cultivars of Brassica napus L. (RGS & Hayola 401). The research is done on 20 day plants in hydroponics (Hoagland) environment with three repeated in the similar room condition. In the research, the increase of salinity is decreased the relative water content (RWC), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area rate (LAR), in roots and shoots of plants. In addition, the salt stress increased proline and sodium accumulation in different parts of plants, whereas decreased their potassium contents. Applying of exogenous ascorbate (0.2mM) to different NaCl treatments could adjustment adverse effects of salinity, so that increased growth factors and potassium content, and decreased proline and sodium accumulation. The results showed Hayola 401 cultivar is more tolerant to salinity than RGS cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Study of Differential Responses of Anti Oxidative Enzymes of Two Sensitive and Tolerant Cultivars of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Salt Stress
فائزه Ghanati, الهام Nayyeri Torshizi,In this article the effects of salt stress on the activity of antioxidative anzymes and lipid peroxidation were studied in shoots and roots of two cultivars of wheat. The cultivar Mahooti and Alamoot were selected as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, respectively. The p MoreIn this article the effects of salt stress on the activity of antioxidative anzymes and lipid peroxidation were studied in shoots and roots of two cultivars of wheat. The cultivar Mahooti and Alamoot were selected as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, respectively. The plants were treated for 24, 48, 96 hours. Mostly salt stress increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in treated plants. Also, the increase in level of CAT activity in roots was more pronounced in the salt-tolerant than in the salt-stress that is indicated the role of CAT for tolerance in Mahooti. The increase in activity of these enzymes during 24 hours of treatment with NaCl in salt-tolerant plants were more than in salt-sensitive plants. Lipid peroxidation had a little increase in treated plants, compared to those of the control ones. Salt stress had no significant effect on accumulation of Na+ in two cultivars. The results indicated that the oxidative stress play an important role in the activity of different enzymes in salt-stress and salt-tolerant plants. Also, rate of enzyme activities showed some flactuations, which suggest the cooperation of antioxidant enzymes with each other corresponding to different times and different stages of the growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The effect of salt stress and proline on some morphological, physical and phytochemical traits of leaf in three olive cultivars
Naghimeh Poury Esmail Syfe Mahdi AlizadehOlive is one of the moderately resistant plants to salinity and the amount of resistance depends on the cultivar. Therefore, this species can be used as a model to study the responses of wooden plants to salt stress. In this study, six-months-old plantlets of three oliv MoreOlive is one of the moderately resistant plants to salinity and the amount of resistance depends on the cultivar. Therefore, this species can be used as a model to study the responses of wooden plants to salt stress. In this study, six-months-old plantlets of three olive cultivars, including Arbequina, Arbosana, and Koroneiki were under salt stress through various concentrations of sodium chloride, containing 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM for five months, and sprayed with proline at 0, 100, and 200 mg/L for three times. At the end of the stress period, the number of leaves on each plant was counted; and thickness, length and width, and fresh and dry weight of the leaves were measured. Carotenoid content of leaves was determined using DMSO, total leaf phenol was measured by Folinciocalteu reagent, and glucose levels were estimated based on McCready. The results indicated that the number of leaves was decreased by increasing salinity levels and Arbosana had the greatest reduction. Koroneiki showed a significant reduction in leaf length and width at 200 mM and application of proline could not prevent this decline. The lowest fresh and dry weight was observed at 200 mM salinity. Leaf thickness was increased in the response of salt stress and the content of carotenoids reduced. Among the cultivars studied, Arbosana had the lowest total phenolic contents. Also, at salinity 200 mM, the highest and the lowest sugar content was observed in Arbosana and koroneiki, respectively. Plantlets treated with proline 200 mg/L had the highest carbohydrates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The study of salinity stress influence on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidant responses of Securigera securidaca L.
Fateme Mirvakili Asghar Mosleh Arani Mohammad Reza Sarafraz Ardakani Hamid Sodaei-ZadehIn this research in order to study of stress influence(4, 8 and 12 ds/m of NaCl ) on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidantactivity of Securigera securidaca L. based on a randomized complete design with three replications, the seeds of plant were provided MoreIn this research in order to study of stress influence(4, 8 and 12 ds/m of NaCl ) on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidantactivity of Securigera securidaca L. based on a randomized complete design with three replications, the seeds of plant were provided from Esfahan Pakan Bazr Institute and were grown in growth chamber located in Yazd University during September, 2014. Biochemical and antioxidant traits were measured spectrophotometrically. Results were showed that some morphological traits significantly decreased when salinity were increased. The pigments content were not significantly affected by different levels of salinity. Proline, total soluble sugar, flavonoid and anthocyanin content significantly increased in highest level of salinity in compared with other salinity and control treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased in salinity of 12 ds/m while the most significant activity of DPPH scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were showed in salinity of 8 ds/m. in concluded, due to non-significant changes of morphological, biochemical and antioxidant traits in salinity of 4 ds/m especially, it may be suggested that Securiger securidaca L. is a semi-tolerant genotype under salt stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Biological Response of Capparis spinosa L. to Nitrogen Application under Salinity Conditions
Mohsen Zafaranieh seyed masoud ziaeeSalinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses, which reduces plant growth by reducing water absorption and disrupting the balance of nutrients. To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the physiological traits of Capparis spinosa L. at high salt concentratio MoreSalinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses, which reduces plant growth by reducing water absorption and disrupting the balance of nutrients. To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the physiological traits of Capparis spinosa L. at high salt concentrations, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block with three replications in 2022. The first factor included 5 levels of salinity (100 (control), 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM), and the second factor comprised 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm). The traits under study included shoot dry weight, proline content, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde enzyme activity, and catalase. Results showed that quantum yield, proline content, and soluble carbohydrate were affected by salinity and nitrogen concentrations. With increasing salinity levels from 100 to 500 mM, proline and soluble carbohydrate content increased, but with increasing nitrogen levels from 50 ppm to 200 ppm, soluble carbohydrates and proline content decreased and increased, respectively. Shoot dry weight and catalase activity were affected by the interaction of salinity and nitrogen levels. Results showed that at high levels of salinity and increasing nitrogen levels to 150 and 200 ppm, shoot dry weight content decreased while catalase, and peroxidase activity and shoot sodium content increased. According to these results, application of 200 ppm nitrogen is recommended in low (100 and 200 mM) and medium (300 mM) salinity levels while in high salinity (400 and 500 mM) levels, application of 50 ppm nitrogen in the nutrient solution of Capparis is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - تاثیر محلول پاشی با کیتوزان بر عملکرد و اسانس گیاه مرزه (Satureja isophella L) تحت تنش شوری
سمیه صالحی زهرا رضایتمندمقدمه و هدف:گیاه مرزه Satureja isophella L.)) یکی از گیاهان دارویی متعلق به خانواده نعنا است. تنش شوری در رشد و نمو و کیفیت و کمیت اسانس گیاهان دارویی اثر دارد. نقش کیتوزان نیز به عنوان یک الیسیتور زیستی در بهبود تولید مواد ثانویه گیاهان دارویی عنوان شده است. تحقیق حاضر Moreمقدمه و هدف:گیاه مرزه Satureja isophella L.)) یکی از گیاهان دارویی متعلق به خانواده نعنا است. تنش شوری در رشد و نمو و کیفیت و کمیت اسانس گیاهان دارویی اثر دارد. نقش کیتوزان نیز به عنوان یک الیسیتور زیستی در بهبود تولید مواد ثانویه گیاهان دارویی عنوان شده است. تحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی اثر غلظت های مختلف کیتوزان بر برخی شاخص های رشد و کمیت و کیفیت اسانس گیاه مرزه تحت تنش شوری انجام گرفت. روش تحقیق: در این تحقبق گیاه مرزه تحت تیمارهای کیتوزان در سه سطح (4/0، 2/0 و 0) درصد و تیمار با آب نمک (Nacl) در غلظت های (100، 50 و 0) میلی مولار قرار گرفت. پس از دو هفته از تیمار دهی وزن خشک ریشه و ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد برگ و شاخه های جانبی گیاه اندازه گیری شد، همچنین تجزیه و شناسایی اجزاءاسانس گیاه بااستفاده از دستگاه GC/MS انجام گرفت. نتایج وبحث: نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که تنش شوری باعث کاهش وزن خشک ریشه و ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد برگ و شاخه های جانبی گیاه می شود و تیمار کیتوزان می تواند این کاهش را تعدیل نماید. تیمار متقابل کلرید سدیم در غلظت 50 میلی مولار وهمچنین کیتوزان در غلظت 2/0 در صد اثر معنی داری بر روی افزایش حجم و کیفیت اسانس در گیاه مرزه دارد. که با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از آنالیز GC/MS 14 ترکیب اصلی در اسانس تشخیص داده شد که بیشترین ترکیبات P-Cymene به میزان 13/3 ، Y-Terpinene به میزان 97/28 و Caryacrolبه میزان 64/59 بدست آمده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که با افزایش تنش شوری در غلظت 100 میلی مولار نمک و غلظت 4/0 کیتوزان بیشترین میزان کارواکرول و در غلظت 50 میلی مولار نمک و 4/0 کیتوزان بیشترین میزان P-Cymene و Y-Terpinene بدست آمده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The influence of salt stress on the morpho physiological and biochemical parameters of durum wheat varieties (Triticum durum Desf.)
Nadia CHIAHI -
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20 - Efficiency of selenium and salicylic acid protection against salinity in soybean
Narges Oraghi Ardebili Alireza Iranbakhsh Zahra Oraghi Ardebili -
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21 - Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on antioxidative responses, phenolic metabolism and photochemical activity of strawberry under salt stress
Soheila Samadi Ghader Habibi Atousa Vaziri -
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22 - Enhancement of salt tolerance in black bean variety (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by silicon nutrition
Fatemeh Heidarian Parto Roshandel -
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23 - Effect of Potassium Silicate on Growth and Biochemical Attributes of Tomato under Salt Stress
Riti Kapoor Pooja Yadav -
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24 - Soil supplementation with silicon nanoparticles to alleviate toxicity signs of salinity in strawberry
Alireza IranBakhsh Reza Soleymanzadeh Ghader Habibi Zahra Oraghi Ardebili -
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25 - Salt Stress and tolerance mechanisms by plants: A Review
REYAZ MIR Ramamurthy Somasundaram -
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26 - Comparative ionomics and growth factors alteration in Lotus corniculatus under salt stress.
Marjan Azarafshan Azarafshan Nasser Abbaspour -
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27 - Effect of short-term salinity on photosynthesis and ion relations in two sugar beet cultivars.
Alireza Dadkhah Ghorbanali Rassam -
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28 - Effects of salinity on antioxidant system in ten grape genotypes.
Nayer Mohammadkhani Nasser Abbaspour -
Open Access Article
29 - اثر سالیسیلیکاسید بر تحمل به شوری چمن کنتاکی بلوگراس
مسعود ارغوانی سعیده سوادکوهی سید نجمالدین مرتضویشوری یکی از بزرگترین چالش­هایی است که رشد و نمو گیاهان را در قرن بیست و یکم تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. سالیسیلیک اسید یک ترکیب فنلی است که به عنوان یک مولکول پیامرسان پاسخ­های گیاهان را در برابر تنش­های زیستی و غیر زیستی تنظیم میکند. این پژوهش گلخانهای به م Moreشوری یکی از بزرگترین چالش­هایی است که رشد و نمو گیاهان را در قرن بیست و یکم تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. سالیسیلیک اسید یک ترکیب فنلی است که به عنوان یک مولکول پیامرسان پاسخ­های گیاهان را در برابر تنش­های زیستی و غیر زیستی تنظیم میکند. این پژوهش گلخانهای به منظور بررسی اثر سالیسیلیک اسید بر پاسخ­های چمن کنتاکی بلوگراس (Poa pratensis L.) به تنش شوری اجرا شد. سه سطح شوری (0، 40 و 80 میلیمولار کلرید سدیم) در محلولهای غذایی اعمال گردید و تیمارهای سالیسیلیک اسید (0، 1 و 2 میلیمولار) به صورت محلول پاشی در فواصل دو هفتهای انجام شدند. شوری رشد ریشه و شاخساره، کیفیت ظاهری چمن، میزان کلروفیل و پتاسیم برگ­ها را کاهش داد در صورتی­که نشت یونی، محتوای پرولین و سدیم برگ­ها با افزایش غلظت نمک در محلول غذایی افزایش یافت. کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید در تمامی صفات اثرات منفی شوری را بهبود بخشید و این اثر در تیمار 80 میلیمولار نمک چشمگیرتر بود. در صفات رشد ریشه، میزان سدیم، پرولین و نشت یونی برگ­ها، کاربرد 2 میلیمولار سالیسیلیک اسید نتیجه بهتری نسبت به 1 میلیمولار در بر داشت. این نتایج نشان میدهد که مطالعات بیشتر به­منظور یافتن سطح مناسب کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید در سطوح مختلف تنش شوری مورد نیاز است. Manuscript profile -
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30 - The Study of salinity (NaCl) stress on ontogeny of vegetative organs in Luffa cylindrica L
Sayeh Jafari Marandi masoomeh MahootforoshhaLuffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae family) is an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage. Due to the salinity problem in soils of the country, the effect of salinity stress on the development of vegetative organs of luffa was investigated. Seeds were plant MoreLuffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae family) is an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage. Due to the salinity problem in soils of the country, the effect of salinity stress on the development of vegetative organs of luffa was investigated. Seeds were planted in pots (control and 3 treatments with four replications) and treated with 15, 30 and 45 mM NaCl under drip irrigation two weeks before flowering. The root, stem, leaf and petiole of plants were fixed in Glyceraldehide fixator solution. The common methods of cell – histology was used for preparing of section. Vegetative meristem was removed in different stages, fixed in FAA70% and maintained in ethanol70%. The microtome was used for vegetative meristem sections and staining was carried out with PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and Hematoxyline. The results showed increasing salinity decreased the height, internode distance and overall size of plant. Increasing salt concentration causes the growth in the thickness of methaxylem elements at the root, leads the stem to go to subsequent structure earlier than normal process, have the cell layers increase in number, and increase the activity of the generative layers. In leaves, findings also showed that different salt concentration lead to increasing of ladder parenchyma layers, number and length of trichomes. Under the treatment meristem vegetative tip of the stem was layered. At the higher concentration vegetative tip became wide and got homogeneous pigment similar to what is seen in generative meristem. This phenomenon can be the sign of premature aging of the plant. Manuscript profile -
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31 - Effect of endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica, on growth parameters and activity of antioxidant enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress
Ali Asghar Bagheri Fariba KhosravinejadAbiotic stress including salinity is the major limiting factors of growth and crop production in arid and semiaridregions. The endophytic fungus,Piriformospora indica has a pronounced growth-promoting activity and also increasesplant resistance to environmental stresses MoreAbiotic stress including salinity is the major limiting factors of growth and crop production in arid and semiaridregions. The endophytic fungus,Piriformospora indica has a pronounced growth-promoting activity and also increasesplant resistance to environmental stresses including salinity, drought and plantpathogens. In order to study, experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replicationsand with two levels of p.indica–inoculated and non-p.indica-inoculated rice(control) and four levels of NaCl (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM). This research deals with the potential of P. indica to improve growth parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and increase its resistance to salt stress with base on increasing of antioxidant enzyme activities. Our study demonstrated P.indica significantly increased growth parameters for example shoot and root biomass, Relative Water Content(RWC), proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and in contrast, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content (produced from peroxidation of membrane lipids) in p.indica–inoculated than non-p.indica-inoculated rice under all of salt stress conditions.So our results showed that P. indica-induced protection of O.sativa against salt stress could be mediated by antioxidant enzymes. Manuscript profile -
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32 - Effect of Drought and Salinity Stress on Morpho-physiologycal Variation of the Iranian Endemic Stachys multicaulis Benth. in Different Soil Textures
Habib Yazdanshenas Mohammad Jafary Ali Tavili Hossein Arzani Hossain Azarnivand -
Open Access Article
33 - Effect of Salinity Stress and Salicylic Acid on Morpho-physiological and Growth Characteristics Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey.
Borzou Yousefi Roya Karamian -
Open Access Article
34 - Review on halophytes Researches in Iran: Explanation of Challenges and Offer Approaches
Gholam Hossein Ranjbar Hadi Pirasteh-Anosheh Mohammad Hossein Banakr Hamidreza MiriBased on definition in this study, “halophytes are the plants adapted to saline conditions via one of the mechanisms of prevent salt entry to plant or reduced salt concentration in cytoplasm”. Therefore, the halophytes can be divided in two major classes: eu MoreBased on definition in this study, “halophytes are the plants adapted to saline conditions via one of the mechanisms of prevent salt entry to plant or reduced salt concentration in cytoplasm”. Therefore, the halophytes can be divided in two major classes: eu-halophytes and facultative halophytes. Literature review of the country revealed that considerable researches in halophytes has begun from the last half century and were remarkably increased from 2001 right now. The plants such as kochia (Kochia scoparia), purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) have been well evaluated in terms of different growing aspects and it seems that some other plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), salicornia (Salicornia spp.) and harmal seeds (Peganum harmala) have greater potential for attracting the researches. About 30%, 11%, 11%, 11%, 9%, 7% and 28% of these researches were conducted on growth aspects, physiological and biochemical traits, forage quality, implementation of strategies to improve production, plant nutrient and fertilization, oil status and others, respectively. The experiments in controlled conditions were more than twice as field experiments. In general, regard to more investigation on forage and oil quality of halophytes, the aspects of medical, sanitary and ornamental of halophytes should be evaluated in sustainable agriculture systems. Manuscript profile -
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35 - Effect of water salinity and organic and chemical fertilizer on morphological and agronomic characteristics of borage (Borago officinalis)
P. Yadollahi M. R. AsgharipourIn this study, the effect of water salinity accompanied by organic and inorganic fertilizer was examined on the growth, quantitative characteristics and photosynthetic pigments in borage plants. The experimental was split plot based on complete block design with three r MoreIn this study, the effect of water salinity accompanied by organic and inorganic fertilizer was examined on the growth, quantitative characteristics and photosynthetic pigments in borage plants. The experimental was split plot based on complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were two irrigation sources: irrigation with fresh and saline water (EC: 4.18 dS m-1) as the main plots, and four fertilization systems: application of NPK at 80:40:30 kg ha-1, 40 t ha-1 of manure, NPK at 40:20:15 kg ha-1 plus 20 ton of manure ha-1 and no soil fertility as sub-plot. The experiment was conducted in 2012 at the Zabol University Research Farm, Zabol, Iran. The results showed that irrigation with saline water significantly reduced plant height, flowering stem height, inflorescence height, number of flowers per inflorescence, number of branches, content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. Application of fertilizer significantly increased all studied traits compared with the control. Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was more effective than sole application and increased inflorescence height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers per inflorescence, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoids by 19.4, 30.9, 31.5, 25.6, 24.8 and 25.3 percent over control, respectively. Interaction of water quality and fertilization was significant on plant height, inflorescence height, chlorophyll b, plant dry weight and flowering shoot weight and fertilization protect economic yield against saline water. It is concluded that fertilization, especially combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer, could be recommended for economical production of borage under saline condition in Zabol. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - A Change in Leaves Protein Pattern of Some Pistachio Cultivars under Salinity Condition
N Sohrabi A Tajabadipour N Motamed M Seyedi -
Open Access Article
37 - Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions
Mohammad PessarakliOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School o MoreOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School of Plant Sciences, the University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA * Corresponding author E-mail:pessarak@ag.arizona.edu Received: 4 April 2013 Accepted: 12 November 2013 Abstract Continuous desertification of arable lands due to urbanization, global warming, and shortage of water mandates use of low quality/saline water for irrigation, especially in the regions experiencing water shortage. Using low quality/saline water for irrigation imposes more stress on plants which are already under stress in these regions characterized with saline soils and shortage of water. Thus, there is an urgent need for finding salt/drought tolerant plant species to survive/sustain under such stressful conditions. Since the native plants are already growing under such conditions and are adapted to these stresses, they are the best and the most suitable candidates to be manipulated for use under these stressful conditions. If stress tolerant species/genotypes of these native plants are successfully identified, there would be a substantial savings in cultural practices and inputs in using them by the growers and will result in substantial savings in the currencies of the countries. My investigations at the University of Arizona on saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a euhalophytic plant species, have indicated that this plant has an excellent drought and salinity tolerance with a great potential to be used under harsh and stressful environmental conditions. This grass has multi usages, including animal feed, soil conservation, saline soils reclamation, and combating desertification processes. The objectives of this study were to find the most salt tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes for use in arid and semi-arid regions for sustainable agriculture and biologically reclaiming saline soils. Twelve saltgrass clones were studied in a greenhouse, using the hydroponics technique to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths and DM weights, and general grass quality under salt stress conditions. Grasses were grown vegetatively in Hoagland solution for 90 days prior to exposure to salt stress. Then, 4 treatments [EC of 6 (control), 20, 34, and 48 dSm-1 salinity stress] were replicated 3 times in a RCB design experiment. Grasses were grown under these conditions for 10 weeks. During this period, shoots were clipped bi-weekly, clippings were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were recorded, and shoot and root lengths were also measured. At the last harvest, roots were also harvested, oven dried, and DM weights were determined. General grass quality was weekly evaluated and recorded. Although, all the grasses showed a high level of salinity tolerance, there was a linear reduction in their growth responses as salinity level increased. However, there was a wide range of variations observed in salt tolerance of these saltgrass clones. The superior stress tolerant genotypes were identified which could be recommended for sustainable production under arid regions and combating desertification. This grass proved to not only have a satisfactory growth under the harsh desert conditions, but also to substantially reduce salinity level of the rhizosphere, which indicates that saltgrass can effectively be used for biological salinity control or reclamation of desert saline soils and combating desertification processes. Keywords: Salt stress, Arid regions, Saltgrass, Sustainable agriculture, Saline soil reclamation, Combating desertification processes Introduction Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle) (Gould, 1993), indigenous to the Southwest, a potential animal feed plant, saline soil reclamation, soil establishment/erosion control, and use as a turfgrass species for lawns/recreation areas, grows in very poor to fair condition soils, in both salt-affected soils and soils under poor fertility as well as drought and harsh environmental conditions (Gould, 1993 O’Leary and Glenn, 1994). Its dominant and most common habitats are arid and semi-arid regions (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2011 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The plant is abundantly found in areas of the western parts of the United States as well as on the sea-shores of several Middle-Eastern countries, Africa, South and Central American countries (Pessarakli et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The species can be manipulated to modify its performance and increase its yield and productivity. This plant has multi-purpose usages. It can be substituted for animal feeds like alfalfa, used for biological reclamation of saline soils, soil conservation and erosion control for covering road sides and soil surfaces in lands with high risks of erosion, and use as a turfgrass species. Recently, the United States Golf Association (USGA) and the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) have shown a great deal of interest in financing research work on this plant to use it as a turfgrass or for soil erosion control and saline soil reclamation. Most of these research works have been conducted at the University of Arizona and Colorado State University. Consequently, the USGA and the BLM funds for the investigations on this grass species have been allocated to these institutions. Positive and promising results have already been obtained from these studies (Gessler and Pessarakli, 2009 Kopec et al., 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2006 Marcum et al., 2001, 2005 Pessarakli, 2005a, 2005b, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2008a, 2008b, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001a, 2001b, 2001c, 2003, 2005, 2008 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Most of the published reports on saltgrass, including those of Sigua and Hudnall (1991), Sowa and Towill (1991), Enberg and Wu (1995), Miyamoto et al. (1996), Rossi et al. (1996), and Miller et al. (1998) are concern only with the growth of this species, usually concentrated only on one grass genotype or the species of a specific location. The objectives of this study were to find the most salinity tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes and to recommend them as the potential species for use under arid, semi-arid, and areas with saline soils and limited water supplies for sustainable agriculture and combating desertification. Materials and Methods Plant Materials Twelve inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.) clones (A37, A49, A50, A60, 72, A86, A107, A126, A136, A138, 239, and 240), collected from different locations in several western states of the United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, and Colorado) were used in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths as well as shoot and root dry weights, and visual grass quality under different levels of salinity stress conditions, using a hydroponics technique. Plant Establishment The plants were grown as vegetative propagules in cups, 9 cm diameter and cut to 7 cm height. Silica sand was used as the plant anchor medium. The cups were fitted in plywood lid holes and the lids were placed on 42 cm X 34 cm X 12 cm Carb-X polyethelene tubs containing half strength Hoagland nutrient solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950). Three replications of each treatment were used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design in this investigation. The plants were allowed to grow in this nutrient solution for 8 weeks. During this period, the plant shoots were harvested weekly in order to reach full maturity and develop uniform and equal size plants. The harvested plant materials were discarded. The culture solutions were changed biweekly to ensure adequate amount of plant essential nutrient elements for normal growth and development. At the last harvest, 10th week, the roots were also cut to 2.5 cm length to have plants with uniform roots and shoots for the stress phase of the experiment. Salt Treatments The salt treatments were initiated by gradually raising the EC (electrical conductivity) of the culture medium to 6, 20, 34, and 48 dS m-1 by adding Instant Ocean salt to the nutrient solutions, followed procedures used by Pessarakli and Kopec (2005, 2006). The EC of the culture solutions were raised by increments of 6 (first day) and 7 every other day until the desired EC levels were reached. Four treatments were used, including control (EC = 6 dS m-1, several of my salinity stress experiments showed that saltgrass at relatively low level of salinity for this high salinity tolerant halophytic grass performs better than growing in normal condition, therefore, for the control, usually, I use EC = 6 dS m-1), 20, 34, and 48 dS dS m-1 (EC = 48 dS dS m-1 is a good representative of the EC of sea water which is normally between 30 and 60 dS dS m-1). The culture solution levels in the tubs were marked at the 10 liter volume, and the solution conductivities were monitored/adjusted to maintain the prescribed treatment salinity levels. After the final salinity levels were reached, the shoots and the roots were harvested and the harvested plant materials were discarded prior to the beginning of the data collection of the salinity stress phase of the experiment. Then, plant shoots were harvested bi-weekly for 10 weeks for the evaluation of the dry matter (DM) production. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were measured and recorded. The harvested plant materials were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were measured and recorded. The recorded data were considered the bi-weekly plant DM production. At the termination of the experiment, the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested, oven dried at 65o C, and dry weights were determined and recorded. Weekly visual evaluation of the grass quality was also performed and recorded. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance, using SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, Inc. 1991). The means were separated, using Duncan Multiple Range test. Results and Discussion Shoot Dry Matter (DM) Weight The shoot dry matter (DM) weights of all the saltgrass clones decreased with increased salinity stress level. A marked reduction in shoot dry weights occurred at the higher salinity levels (EC 34 and EC 48 dS m-1) across all the clones (Table 1). For the dry weights of the shoots, the gap between the means of the stressed plants and the control (EC = 6 dS m-1) was wider as the exposure time to salinity stress progressed. Root Dry Matter (DM) Weight The effect of salinity on root dry weight was less severe compared to that of shoot dry mass (Table 2). Similar results were reported on different genotypes/ accessions/clones of this grass in other studies by this author and his co-workers Table 1. Saltgrass shoot dry weight (DM) under salt stress Grass ID Shoot 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 1.10cde** 0.57bcde 0.27cde 0.15c A49 1.26bcd 0.77ab 0.32bcde 0.13c A50 1.65ab 0.60bcd 0.21de 0.17bc A60 1.03cde 0.38e 0.17e 0.13c 72 1.38bc 0.82a 0.38abc 0.19bc A86 1.66ab 0.86a 0.26cde 0.14c A107 0.95de 0.52cde 0.30bcde 0.20bc A126 0.83e 0.41de 0.18e 0.15c A128 1.37bc 0.73abc 0.52a 0.30a A138 1.09cde 0.46de 0.36abcd 0.25ab 239 1.67ab 0.88a 0.44ab 0.15c 240 1.94a 0.91a 0.49a 0.24ab *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Table 2. Saltgrass root dry weight (DM) (cum. values) under salt stress Grass ID Root 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 0.74cde** 0.99def 1.10cdef 0.78cd A49 1.61b 1.11cdef 1.56bcd 1.03bcd A50 1.83b 1.65a 1.94abc 0.74cd A60 1.46bc 1.71a 1.31bcde 0.84bcd 72 0.77cde 0.93def 0.72def 0.50d A86 1.06bcde 1.18bcde 0.76def 0.81bcd A107 0.68de 0.84ef 0.53ef 0.68cd A126 0.50e 0.68f 0.26f 0.48d A128 3.46a 1.50abc 2.05ab 1.18bc A138 1.17bcde 0.88def 0.43ef 2.28a 239 1.31bcd 1.30abcd 2.82a 1.21bc 240 3.36a 1.63ab 1.25bcde 1.42b *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001c, 2005, 2008, 2011a, 2012). Sagi et al. (1997) and Pessarakli and Tucker (1985, 1988) also found the adverse effect of salinity stress was more pronounced on plant shoots than the roots. This is a common phenomenon in halophytic plant species that usually under salinity stress conditions, their shoots are more severely affected than their roots. Clone 240 had excellent root growth at EC 6 dS m-1 and the second highest root production at EC 48 dS m-1 (Table 2), but had poor quality under high salinity level. The same was true for clone 239. Clone A138 had twice the root mass of most other clones at EC 48 dS m-1, but essentially had no green foliage at EC 48 dS m-1 at the close of the test. At EC 6 dS m-1, clone A128 produced twice the test mean average for roots (3.46 g) with fairly good absolute root production afterwards, but showing a significant change in root production as EC levels increased (Table 2). Although the root dry weight was enhanced at the lower level of salinity for most of the clones, there was not statistically significant difference detected between the means of the different treatments (Table 2). Grass Visual Quality Any level of salinity stress had a significant adverse effect on the grass visual quality (Table 3). Quality scores for various clones ranged from 9.7 to 2.6 at different salinity stress levels. At EC 20 dS m-1, quality scores ranged from 5.1 to 9.7 (Table 3) throughout the entire test. As shown in Table 3, all clonal entries had good quality and full maintenance of green tissue retention at EC 6 dS m-1 at the end of the trial. After 10 weeks growth at EC 34 dS m-1 (salinity level equal to that of sea level salinity), entries 239 and 240 were the only clones to have quality ratings of 6 (acceptable quality, on the scale of 1 - 10) or greater (Table 3). These two clones represented the best quality clones at EC 34 dS m-1 at the end of the test. At EC 48 dS m-1, no entries produced an acceptable plant quality (scores of 6 or higher). Most clones decreased in (final) quality as EC increased from EC 6 to EC 48 dS m-1, but the entries 239 and 240 showed a more of typical halophytic response, having an increase in quality at EC 20 dS m-1 over that observed at EC 6 dS m-1 (Table 3). Table 3. Saltgrass visual quality under salinity stress Grass ID General 6 quality* 20 at 34 EC 48 A37 8.0cde** 5.1f 3.3g 2.6e A49 7.7def 6.4d 4.3ef 2.8e A50 8.6abc 7.2bc 5.0cd 4.0bc A60 8.2bcd 5.5ef 3.9fg 3.5cd 72 9.0a 7.4bc 5.9b 4.8a A86 8.5abc 6.7cd 5.7b 3.9bc A107 7.5def 5.9def 5.4bc 4.4ab A126 6.7g 5.3f 4.6de 3.9bc A128 7.1fg 6.2de 5.0cd 3.0de A138 8.6abc 7.9b 5.4bc 4.2ab 239 8.9ab 9.3a 6.6a 4.2ab 240 9.2a 9.7a 7.1a 2.8e *The quality values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment and 10 weekly evaluations. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Salt Tolerance Ranking of the Various Clones of Saltgrass Salinity tolerance ranking of the various saltgrass clones used in this study based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, grass visual quality, or overall ranking considering all the study parameters together, are presented in Table 4. Although there are some minor differences in salt tolerance ranking of the clones when compared based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, or grass visual quality, the overall ranking is the best representation of the salinity tolerance of the various tested clones. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Table 4. Salt tolerance ranking of Saltgrass based on shoot weight, root weight, or grass visual quality Tolerance Salt Shoot wt. tolerance Root wt. based Quality on Overall High 240a* A128a 240a 240a A128ab 240ab 239a 239a 239ab 239ab 72ab A128ab 72ab A50ab A138ab 72ab A86ab A60abc A50abc A138ab A138abc A138abc A86bc A50b A50bc A49bc A60bcd A86b A49bc A86bc A49cde A49bc A107cd A37cd A128de A60cd A37cd 72cd A107de A107cd A126d A107cd A37de A37cd Low A60d A126d A126e A126d *The clones followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Overall, the results of the shoot and the root dry mass and the visual grass quality showed that the maintenance of green foliage and tolerance under saline hydroponic conditions are under physiological conditions/adjustments that are not totally related to dry matter (DM) production in shoots and roots. This was corroborated by the results that clones which maintained the highest quality under EC 34 dS m-1 exhibited either a large increase in root mass (i.e., clone 239), or only a small increase of the root mass (i.e., clone 240) produced at EC 6 dS m-1. Likewise, clone A138 produced a large increase of its EC 6 dS m-1 root mass at the highest EC level of 48 dS m-1. However, it could not maintain green foliage at 10 weeks of exposure to this high EC. The same was true for shoot DM production that occurred in a more narrow range of values than did root DM production. In short, saltgrass shoot DM weight decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. For most clones, there was no difference among the root DM of the grass at different salinity levels. Visual quality of the grass followed the same pattern as the shoot DM weight. It decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. Clones differed greatly in their maintenance of green color retention (quality) as EC levels (salinity) increased. Two clones which produced acceptable quality at the EC level of 34 dS m-1 were clones 239 and 240. No clones could maintain adequate quality color at EC level of 48 dS m-1 after 10 weeks of exposure at this EC level. The difference in salinity tolerance level among the clones was significant. The grasses were separated in several groups with different degrees of salt tolerance. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, and A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Conclusions In terms of salinity tolerance (quality), green foliage retention was empirically the best assessment of the clonal response to increased salinity. For large scale screening of saltgrass germplasm, the maintenance of green tissue at a specific EC level would seem to be adequate as a simple selection method for salinity tolerance. Shoot and root lengths and dry weights decreased with increased salinity stress. However, shoots were more severely affected by salinity stress than the roots. Grass visual quality was significantly affected (lower quality) as the salinity levels of the culture solutions increased. Overall, the results of this investigation indicate that saltgrass is a very high salinity tolerant species, and the results further suggest that this grass growing even under poor soil conditions (salt-affected desert soils) can be a suitable and beneficial plant species for growth and production in arid regions, and still show a favorable growth. Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by a grant from the United States Golf Association (USGA). References Enberg A, Wu L. 1995. Selenium assimilation and differential response to elevated sulfate and chloride salt concentrations in two saltgrass ecotypes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32(2):71‑178. Gessler N, Pessarakli M. 2009. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass under Salinity Stress. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2009, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1487, Series P-155, pp 32-38. Gould FW. 1993. Grasses of the Southwestern United States. 6th Edition. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA. Hoagland DF, Arnon DI. 1950. The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil. California Agriculture Experiment Station, Circulation, 347 (Rev.). Kopec DM, Adams A, Bourn C, Gilbert J.J, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2001a. Field Performance of Selected Mowed Distichlis Clones, United States Golf Association (USGA) Research Report #3. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 295-304. Kopec DM, Adams A, Bourn C, Gilbert JJ, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2001b. Field Performance of Selected Mowed Distichlis Clones, United States Golf Association (USGA) Research Report #4. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 305-312. Kopec DM, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2000. Collection and Evaluation of Diverse Geographical Accessions of Distichlis for Turf-Type Growth Habit, Salinity and Drought Tolerance. Report #2, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station Service, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 11p. Kopec DM, Nolan S, Brown PW, Pessarakli M. 2006. Water and Turfgrass in the Arid Southwest: Water Use Rates of Tifway 419 Bermudagrass, SeaIsle 1, Seashore Paspalum, and Inland Saltgrass. United States Golf Association (USGA) Green Section Record, A Publication of Turfgrass Management, November-December 2006 Issue (6):12-14. Marcum KB, Kopec DM, Pessarakli M. 2001. Salinity Tolerance of 17 Turf-type Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Accessions. International Turfgrass Research Conference, July 15-21, 2001, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Marcum KB, Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Relative salinity tolerance of 21 turf-type desert saltgrasses compared to bermudagrass. HortScience 40(3): 827-829. www.ashs.org Miller Deborah L, Smeins FE, James W. Webb. 1998. Response of a Texas Distichlis spicata coastal marsh following lesser snow goose herbivory. Aquatic Botany, 61(4):301‑307. Miyamoto S, Glenn EP, Olsen MW. 1996. Growth, water use and salt uptake of four halophytes irrigated with highly saline water. Journal of Arid Environment, 32(2):141‑159. O’Leary J.W, Glenn E.P. 1994. Global distribution and potential for halophytes. In: Halophytes as a Resource for Livestock and for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands (V.R. Squires and A.T. Ayoub, Eds.). pp7-19. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht. Pessarakli M. 2005a. Supergrass: Drought-tolerant turf might be adaptable for golf course use. Golfweek’s SuperNews Magazine, November 16, 2005, p 21 and cover page. http://www.supernewsmag.com/news/golfweek/ supernews/20051116/ p21. asp?st=p21_s1.htm Pessarakli M. 2005b. Gardener’s delight: Low-maintenance grass. Tucson Citizen, Arizona, Newspaper Article, September 15, 2005, Tucson, AZ, USA. Gardener'sdelight:Low-maintenancegrasshttp://www.tucsoncitizen. com/ Pessarakli M. 2007. Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a Potential Future Turfgrass Species with Minimum Maintenance/Management Cultural Practices. In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), pp. 603-615, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Publishing Company, Florida. Pessarakli M. 2008. Nitrogen Nutrition of Distichlis (Saltgrass) under Normal and Salinity Stress Conditions Using 15N. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), p. 70. Pessarakli M, Gessler N, Kopec DM. 2008. Growth Responses of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) under Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Salinity Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, October 15, 2008, 7(20):1-7. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Harivandi MA, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2012. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake by Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a Halophytic Plant Species, under Salt Stress, Using the 15N Technique. International Journal of Agronomy, Volume 2012, Article ID 896971, 9 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/896971. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Responses of Twelve Inland Saltgrass Accessions to Salt Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 4(20):1-5. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/ n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2011. Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Drought Stress at Different Mowing Heights. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and 4):665-668. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2006. Interactive Effects of Salinity and Mowing Heights on the Growth of Various Inland Saltgrass Clones. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), pp. 83-84. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008a. Establishment of Three Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. Acta HortScience, International Society of Horticultural Science (ISHS), Vol. 783:29-37. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008b. Growth Response of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Combined Effects of Drought and Mowing Heights. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, January 1, 2008, 7(1):1-4. http://turf.lib. msu.edu/tero/v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2010. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a True Halophyte, under Salinity Stress Conditions using 15N Technique. Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Soils and Ground Water Salinization in Arid Regions, Vol. 2, 1-11, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Koski AJ. 2003. Establishment of Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 2-6, 2003, Denver, CO. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2011a. Growth Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones Under Salt Stress Conditions. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and4):660-664. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Emam Y. 2011b. Relative droughttolerance of various desert saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(1):474-478. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB. 2000. Growth Responses and Nitrogen-15 Absorption of Distichlis under Sodium Chloride Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 5-9, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001a. Drought Tolerance of Twenty one Saltgrass (Distichlis) Accessions Compared to Bermudagrass. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 65-69. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001b. Drought tolerance of turf- type inland saltgrasses and bermudagrass. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Oct. 27 - Nov 2, 2001, Charlotte, North Carolina, Agronomy Abstract, C05-pessarakli130005-P. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001c. Growth Responses of Desert Saltgrass under Salt Stress. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 70-73. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2005. Growth responses and nitrogen-15 absorption of desert saltgrass under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(8):1441-1452. www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01904167.asp Pessarakli M, Tucker TC. 1985. Uptake of Nitrogen-15 by cotton under salt stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49:149-152. Pessarakli M, Tucker TC. 1988. Dry matter yield and nitrogen-15 uptake by tomatoes under sodium chloride stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52:698-700. Rossi AM, Brodbeck BV, Strong DR.1996. Response of xylem‑feeding leafhopper to host plant species and plant quality. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22(4):653‑671. Sagi M, Savidov NA, L’vov NP, Lips SH. 1997. Nitrate reductase and molybdenum cofactor in annual ryegrass as affected by salinity and nitrogen source. Physiologia Plantanum, 99:546-553. SAS Institute, Inc. 1991. SAS/STAT User’s guide. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. Sigua GC, Hudnall WH. 1991. Gypsum and water management interactions for revegetation and productivity improvement of brackish marsh in Louisiana. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 22(15/16):1721‑ 1739. Sowa S, Towill LE. 1991. Effects of nitrous oxide on mitochondrial and cell respiration and growth in Distichlis spicata suspension cultures. Plant‑Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (Netherlands), 27(2):197‑201. White RH, Engelke MC, Morton SJ, Ruemmele BA. 1992. Competitive turgor maintenance in tall fescue. Crop Science Journal, 32:251-256. Manuscript profile -
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38 - Effect of Pretreatment of Salicylic acid on Seed Germination of Wheat cultivars under different Salt Stress
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Open Access Article
45 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The effect of pretreatment of salicylic acid on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination under salt stress
Mojgan Ghanbari alireza eftekharian jahromi Shourangiz Javanmardi Mohsen FarzanehOptimal germination and plant establishment is an important consideration for agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. Priming is an approach for increasing plant establishment especially in undesirable conditions. To evaluate the effects of radish seeds p MoreOptimal germination and plant establishment is an important consideration for agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. Priming is an approach for increasing plant establishment especially in undesirable conditions. To evaluate the effects of radish seeds priming with salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination indices and inducing tolerance to salt stress condition, this experiment was carried out. SA was applied as seed priming in 0, 1, 2 and 3 mM concentrations on radish seeds for 24 hours, then transferred to sterile Petri dishes and added 10 ml of NaCl solution with different concentrations including 0, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m. Germination rate and percentage, radicle and plumule length ratio, radicle / plumule weight ratio and proline content in radicle and plumule were recorded. Salinity decreased radish seed germination in high NaCl concentrations (12 dS/m). Application of SA increased germination percentage in stress and non-stress conditions. SA increased the plumule and radicle length ratio. However, 1 mM SA was the most effective treatment on the percentage and rate of seed germination. Proline content in plumule and radicle was increased under salt stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The study of seed viability, amount of proline and chlorophyll of local genotypes of rice under salt stress
Shahin Mardani nezhad Mansoureh VazirpourChanges of seed germination percentage and proline and chlorophyll amounts of Nogoran and Sorkheh and their known cultivars including, Zayandehrud, Sazandegi, and purred lines of 67-47 and 67-97 in reaction to 0-10 dsm/m sodium chloride concentrations were investigated MoreChanges of seed germination percentage and proline and chlorophyll amounts of Nogoran and Sorkheh and their known cultivars including, Zayandehrud, Sazandegi, and purred lines of 67-47 and 67-97 in reaction to 0-10 dsm/m sodium chloride concentrations were investigated to compare salinity tolerance of local rice genotypes. Experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were also done with Duncan multiple range test at 1% probability level. Increasing of sodium chloride's concentration in environment decreased seed germination percentage, radicle and coleoptile dry weight and chlorophyll amount of local rice genotypes at 1% probability level. Results of comparison of seed germination percentage means showed better performance of 67-47, Nogoran, Sorkheh and 67-97 than other genotypes. However, dry weight of radicle and coleoptile and amount of chlorophyll were seen in higher rate in genotype 67-47. Amount of proline amino acid in all genotype was increased with increasing of sodium chloride concentration. The highest amount of root and leaf proline was belonged to Sorkheh. Cultivation of genotype 67-47 was recommended in attention to relative salinity of soil in studied region and planting of 67-97 was not recommended duo to sensitivity of it’s chloroplasts to high sodium chloride concentrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The effect of salinity on some morphological characteristics of two varieties of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) at seedling stage.
Ammar Bahari عباس عظیم نژاد yousef NikNezhad hormoz falah amoliIn order to evaluate the morphological changes of rice seedlings (variety of Neda and Fajr) under salinity management in 1394 was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli. This factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two genotypes (varie MoreIn order to evaluate the morphological changes of rice seedlings (variety of Neda and Fajr) under salinity management in 1394 was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli. This factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two genotypes (varieties Neda and Fajr) in four salinity levels (zero, 40, 80 and 120 mM sodium chloride) and was performed in triplicate. Results Mean Square showed that the cultivars of leaf length, plant height, root length, total dry weight and chlorophyll content, significant differences exist. But between different levels of salinity treatments in terms of the significant difference was observed on the surface of a percent. Based on the results, all growth traits including plant height, leaf length, root length, seedling dry weight and chlorophyll index significantly decreased salinity meters. In general, the results show that the difference in salinity tolerance and morphological changes in plants under stress, even among different varieties within a species can also be seen. Manuscript profile
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