• List of Articles Khosrow

      • Open Access Article

        1 - A Study on Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan from Feminism School Viewpoint
        Reyhaneh Sardar Ali Ganjiyan Khonaari Ebrahim Dibaji
        Women have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkab More
        Women have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkable role and two mentioned cultures owned obvious differences and similarities in the field of women’s cultural and social status partially. Khosrow & Shirin by Nizami was an iconoclast work in spite of an ancient background. On the other hand an Arab poet (Jamil ibn Ma'mar) – in Arabic literature –lived in an era in which women had no specific value; but the abovementioned poet paid special attention to women and their values in his poetries whose works aid us to study the aforesaid subject in Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan comparatively. Manuscript profile
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        2 - A Comparative Study on Thematic and Characterization Similarities in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Romeo and Juliet”
        Ahmad Tahān Leyla Javad poor
        There are very few romantic works in the sky of World Literature that can compete with Love poem of Khosrow and Shirin by Nezami. Perhaps the only work that can be compared with this masterpiece is Romeo and Juliet, the tragic love story that is full of l More
        There are very few romantic works in the sky of World Literature that can compete with Love poem of Khosrow and Shirin by Nezami. Perhaps the only work that can be compared with this masterpiece is Romeo and Juliet, the tragic love story that is full of literary delicacies and lyrical beauties by the unique poet and playwright in English literature, William Shakespeare. Using a comparative approach, this article aims to study the similarities of the two stories in characterization and theme in order to clarify the neglected aspects of these two valuable and eternal works. Manuscript profile
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        3 - Arabic and Quranic concepts odes writers of Naserkhosrow
        Neemat Isfahani Omran Samireh Poorzad
        From the beginning of Persian poetry, due to familiarity with the Muslims and recite the Holy Qur'an and Qur'anic injunctions; effect Koran in Vasar poetry writers directly and indirectly in various ways; allegorical ; adaptation and can be seen pointing. Context in whi More
        From the beginning of Persian poetry, due to familiarity with the Muslims and recite the Holy Qur'an and Qur'anic injunctions; effect Koran in Vasar poetry writers directly and indirectly in various ways; allegorical ; adaptation and can be seen pointing. Context in which poets and writers of the fourth and fifth sections will exceed the height of NasserKhosrow This influence is apparent in the works. Expressions of verses used in poems Nasserkhosrow also saw examples are studied makes and practice the precepts it poems Court has to consider. And believes that the Quran should look inward preferred. Manuscript profile
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        4 - Comparative Study of Leili and Majnoon by Nizami, and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's
        Mohammad Moradi Ahmad Reza Keikha Farzaneh
        This descriptive – analytical study surveys the "Leili and the Majnoon" by Nizami and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. It is clear that the temporal and spatial differences have had an undeniable effect on an imitated work; Therefore, although Dehlav More
        This descriptive – analytical study surveys the "Leili and the Majnoon" by Nizami and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. It is clear that the temporal and spatial differences have had an undeniable effect on an imitated work; Therefore, although Dehlavi's "Majnoon and Leili", is the same "Leili and Majnoon" by Nizami, It is a different work in terms of cultural and social components that do not have the specific structures and prejudices of the fifth century in the traditional Iranian society. However, the structure of both works is similar in terms of the beginning and the end of the story as well as the characters and the generalities of the story. But the one by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, has given more opportunity to the beloved to express his love in processing Leili's character. Leili talks about her feelings and nostalgia along with women. The intellectual commonality of both poets is the Islamic cultural. Also special attention paid to the cultural conditions of Arabs and consequently, the special strictures that underlie the behavior of men and women in social relations. Manuscript profile
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        5 - A comparative study of the themes of the lyrical poem "Hasht Behesht" by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and "Jawaher Al-Asmar" by Al-Saghari
        Asieh Zabih Nia Emran
        Amir Khosrow Dehlavi (651-725 AD) is one of the famous Persian mystics of India in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century. In Masnavi, he is a subordinate of Nezami Ganjavi. One of Amir Khosrow's Masnavi which imitating "Haft Peykar" of Neza More
        Amir Khosrow Dehlavi (651-725 AD) is one of the famous Persian mystics of India in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century. In Masnavi, he is a subordinate of Nezami Ganjavi. One of Amir Khosrow's Masnavi which imitating "Haft Peykar" of Nezami has written the poem "Hasht Behesht". In compiling the anecdotes of "Hasht Behesht", he referred to the book "Jawaher Al-Asmar" by Emad Ibn Muhammad Al-Saghari. Amir Khosrow has quoted several anecdotes of "Hasht Behesht" from the book "Jawahar Al-Asmar" and even in many parts of the text of "Hasht Behesht", he has borrowed and adapted the phrases and sentences of this work. The book "Jawaher al-Asmar" contains a hundred stories that are told in the language of parrots for fifty-two nights to prevent a young business woman from betraying her husband. Most of the anecdotes and legends of "Jawaher al-Asmar" and "Hasht Behesht" are based on women's ruse. Part of the theme of the anecdotes is the effect of women's breaking the treaty and pretending to veil. Considering that the book "Jawaher al-Asmar" is one of the most important models of Amir Khosrow's work in "Hasht Behesht" and that both works have been compiled in India, they have many things in common. The present article tries to examine the common themes of both lyrical works. Manuscript profile
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        6 - A Comparative Study of Naser Khosrow and Sanai's anti-power worldview
        Seyed Hossein Ali Mohammadi Motakazini Mohammad Fazeli Reza Ashrafzadeh
        In poets' poetry, there are words that occupy the field of the poet's poetry. One of these words and the most frequent one in the poetry of two famous Iranian poets, Naser Khosrow Ghobadiani and Sanai Ghaznavi, is the word "world". This word is depicted in a special way More
        In poets' poetry, there are words that occupy the field of the poet's poetry. One of these words and the most frequent one in the poetry of two famous Iranian poets, Naser Khosrow Ghobadiani and Sanai Ghaznavi, is the word "world". This word is depicted in a special way in every culture and civilization. But in most Iranian poems and works, it has the same meaning. Therefore, in this article, we seek to show the image of the world, which is the world and the universe and its mafias, through the poems of these two poets, and in fact, we show their worldview, and then show why this word has occupied the minds of famous Iranian poets, i.e, Naser Khosrow and Ghaznavi to such an extent? Manuscript profile
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        7 - Investigation and analysis of two archetypes of anima and animus, in the stories of Khosrow, Shirin, Lily and Majnoon of Nezami
        KhAdigeh Mortezaie Ahmad Hasani Ranjbar Mahdiyeh Salahi
        10.30495/dk.2022.692046
        The critique of the archetype of literary texts is a valuable critique from an anthropological and epistemological point of view because it shows the depth of the poet or writer's thought. Nezami, the great Iranian poet, is one of the few storytellers who reflects on th More
        The critique of the archetype of literary texts is a valuable critique from an anthropological and epistemological point of view because it shows the depth of the poet or writer's thought. Nezami, the great Iranian poet, is one of the few storytellers who reflects on the psychological characteristics of the characters in his story and explains their stagnation and dynamism in connection with "Anima and Animos". In this article, the main characters of the two stories, Khosrow and Shirin and Lily and Majnoon, using Jung's archetypal theory, which is part of his theory of individuality, to examine the influence of men's feminine nature and women's masculine nature on their psyche has been. The relevant information is obtained using the library method and then described using the analytical method. These two stories show that Nezami, without being aware of Jung's theories, simultaneously emphasized the role of women in transforming men's personalities. This study shows that the women of the story, Shirin and Lily, of course, with the significant differences that can be seen in them, have been able to transform their men in such a way that at the end of the story, they become different human beings than at the beginning, have been become. Manuscript profile
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        8 - A Symbolic Investigation of the Story of Keykhosrow’s Great Battle Characters with the Psychological Approach of Carl Gustav Jung
        Toktam Niyazmand Hamid Reza Soleimanian Ali Sajedi
        10.30495/dk.2022.1958902.2496
        A character is a collection of psychological characteristics and psychological characteristics are expressing the psychological differences and  similarities of people with each other. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a work, that the great attention to the character h More
        A character is a collection of psychological characteristics and psychological characteristics are expressing the psychological differences and  similarities of people with each other. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a work, that the great attention to the character has been paid to. What distinguishes Ferdowsi from other authors is the attention to the psychological and acting characters who are appropriate to the subject of the epic. consciously utilization of symbols indicates an action which is so important and it is related to the psychology. In addition, human also created unconscious and conscious symbols and in order to figure out the function of human’s mind well, we require to achieve those symbols inevitably. This study is conducted by using (descriptive-analytical-comparative) methods and employing library data. This study attempts to investigate symbolic characters who are in the story of Keykhosrow’s Great battle with psychological approach of Carl Gustav Jung.  Since Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a national epic of Iranian, it has roots in their ethnic and national unconsciousness and this property provides the ability to investigate it based on Jung’s view. The most important result of this present study is: shadow, evil side is incompatible and vile of the human’s psyche and caught in the darkness of inside is realizing the shadows. In order to liberate from shadow, we require to know the dark sides of our character by having a reflection on our inner self. In the process of individualism (self-regulation) with the awareness of true self, the darkness of shadows moves away and individual reaches the true self. Manuscript profile
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        9 - Reflection of Ancient Iranian Culture in Naser Khosrow's Rhetorical Poems (Based on Arabic Sources)
        Vahid Sabzianpour Touraj Zinivand Muslim Khazli
        Naser Khosrow is one of the famous orators and wise poets of the fifth century of Persian literature. In his poems, he has been influenced by both Islamic and Iranian cultures, but of course less attention has been paid to his influence on Iranian culture. This article More
        Naser Khosrow is one of the famous orators and wise poets of the fifth century of Persian literature. In his poems, he has been influenced by both Islamic and Iranian cultures, but of course less attention has been paid to his influence on Iranian culture. This article also intends to study the influence of Naser Khosrow on the culture and wisdom of ancient Iran, relying on the main and first-hand Arabic and Iranian sources. The main objectives and axes of this article are: a. A brief introduction to the value of wisdom in ancient Iran and the generalities of research. B. Analysis of Naser Khosrow's poems and expression of Naser Khosrow's influence on the wisdom of ancient Iran and the wisdom of Mutnabi. The main finding of this research is that Naser Khosrow has been influenced by the wisdom of ancient Iran through his knowledge of the culture of ancient Iran, which was passed down to him from generation to generation. Nasser Khosrow has also been influenced by Abbasid culture and Arabic literature and its poets, especially Mutnabi, who, of course, have their main roots in ancient Iran.   Manuscript profile
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        10 - Brigh Zoroastrian effects and thier reflection on Rumi's Masnavi
        kurosh Zarfatan mahmoud sadeghzadeh hadi heidariniya
        10.30495/dk.2020.675976
        Thoughts originated from ancient Iran and Zoroastrian especially has Khosrowani philosophy affected pre-Islamic works of literature and mysticism. The present paper aimed to study the spread of illuminationism philosophy in ancient Iran and theism in fire (light), Ferah More
        Thoughts originated from ancient Iran and Zoroastrian especially has Khosrowani philosophy affected pre-Islamic works of literature and mysticism. The present paper aimed to study the spread of illuminationism philosophy in ancient Iran and theism in fire (light), Ferah (splendor), and Amesha Spenta in point of view of Zoroastrian scripts and its reflection in Rumi’s thoughts represented in Rumi’s Masnavi. Thus, it is a descriptive, analytical, documentary, and quantitative study which reviewed and introduced the most out- standing promotional effects of Ahura Mazda in Yasna (Yesna) and their tracks in Rumi’s Masnavi. Fire (light) and Ferah (splendor), and Amesha Spenta are three characteristics of Ahura Mazda own holy positions in believes of Zoroastrians and ancients Iranians. These effects especially Fire (light) trace back to divine lights in Zoroastrian believes and scriptures, as well as point of view of Rumi’s Masnavi. Light or light of fire symbolizes God’s manifestation; Amesha Spenta is also related to divine characteristics of God and its social and ritual functions shows the human status in the material world and the divine world and real peace. Rumi used Zoroastrian ritual and mystical thoughts and components in Masnavi to present allegories and express and illustrate his mystical thoughts. Manuscript profile
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        11 - Mythical Implications of Cup in Classic Literature
        Masoumeh Amirkamali Abbas Mahyar
        Jām (cup) is one of the main themes frequently used in Persian poetry. In Persian literature there emerged a new trend under the name of “Khamriye Sorayi” (poems on wine) due to the frequently used theme of cup, and a number of well-known poets were involved More
        Jām (cup) is one of the main themes frequently used in Persian poetry. In Persian literature there emerged a new trend under the name of “Khamriye Sorayi” (poems on wine) due to the frequently used theme of cup, and a number of well-known poets were involved in its emergence. Using the word “cup” led to forming such compounds as Jām-e Jam (cup of Jamshid), Jām-e Jahān Namā (cup of orrery) and Jām-e Jahān Bin (cup to display the world) and paved the way for the further use of this word in mystical literature. The early legends, myths and historical narratives in which the word “cup” had been mentioned could be considered the origin for the realization of the theme in later literary works. Those early narratives reveal the cup as belonged to either Jamshid or Kay khosrow. The present research is an attempt to study – through a historical review – the concept of the cup and its being the focus of interest in verse and prose literature as well as the way poets have dealt and acknowledged the theme in their works Manuscript profile
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        12 - The Analysis Of Time Structure In Nizami's Khosrow And Shirin On The Basis Of Gennete Narration And Time Model
        fatemeh ghorbani mohammad gholamrezai
              Genette narrative model is one of the most effective theories in narratology. In a part of the theory Gérard Genette studies the narrative time on three major issues: the order of the narrative, the speed of the narrative and the fr More
              Genette narrative model is one of the most effective theories in narratology. In a part of the theory Gérard Genette studies the narrative time on three major issues: the order of the narrative, the speed of the narrative and the frequency of events. He showed that each of the three elements defined in this issue can speed up or slow down the narration or give a constant speed to the narration. Hakim Nizami Ganjavi’s Khosrow and Shirin is one of the unsurpassed masterpieces in the realm of fiction. The perdurable magnum opus of Persian literature can be tested by the modern criteria of fiction and narratology knowledge due to accurate narrative capacities. So, this study is trying to introduce a new approach in studying Khamse’s stories and identify narrative patterns of stories by analyzing the status and function of the element of time and by studying the scheduling of Khosrow and Shirin narrations. In addition to the recognition of Nizami’s narrative grammar of the story, the researcher has considered linking the ancient Persian literature and modern approaches. Manuscript profile
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        13 - The Analysis of the Main Features of Lyrical Literature in Nezami’s Three Romances (Khosrow o Shirin, Layli o Majnun, Haft Paykar)
        Fereshte Nasseri Abdol-Hossein Farzad
        Manuscript profile
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        14 - Cases of Keeping Silent of Female Characters in Persian Literature: A Survey
        Ataollah Koupal
        Manuscript profile
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        15 - Levels of Soul from Naser Khosrow's Perspective
        Fatemeh Heydari Zarrin Taj Parhizkar
           Hakim Abu Moein Naser Khosrow Ghobadiyani Balkhi poet, and philosopher of fifth century in all his prose and verse writings sees man as the macrocosm. In his view man is made up of two components :body and soul. Soul is the living, wise ,and immortal, and b More
           Hakim Abu Moein Naser Khosrow Ghobadiyani Balkhi poet, and philosopher of fifth century in all his prose and verse writings sees man as the macrocosm. In his view man is made up of two components :body and soul. Soul is the living, wise ,and immortal, and body is its mortal part. Soul has some levels among which  superego  is superior and guardian to all. In his writings Naser khosrow refers to levels of soul both with Persian and Arabic terms. This paper is an attempt to analyze the levels of soul in his prose and verse. Manuscript profile
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        16 - The Review and Analysis of Narrative Structure of "Khosrow and Shirin " and "Leyli and Majnun "Based on Their Main Characters' Function
        Abdol Hossein Farzad Amir Hosssein Mahouzi Fereshte Naseri
        In the vast world of narrative literature , the lyrical poems of  Nezami Ganjavi with their unique narrative aspects ,structures and origins are the type of Persian literature classic works that can be considered and criticized  in accordance with principles o More
        In the vast world of narrative literature , the lyrical poems of  Nezami Ganjavi with their unique narrative aspects ,structures and origins are the type of Persian literature classic works that can be considered and criticized  in accordance with principles of structuralism . In this research, "Khosrow and Shirin " and "Leyli and Majnun" romances have been analyzed structurally as samples of the most pleasing ones. So, at first  some points about narration and its elements and units are mentioned. Next, by explaining characters ,or, in another word  motifs and their functions ,  the narrative elements of considered  romances have been compared  according to structural narration point of view which is the base of Russian theorist Vladimir Propp ' s work in morphological analysis of fairy tales. In order to fulfill this, categories like plot ,character, narration timing ,order and pedagogy, continuity ,narrator ,have been considered to conclude how these elements with their own    syntactic combination    change the story from raw form (fabula) to narrative form and with  this method of expressing , what the effect of  lyrical content of story on the narrative elements is.  Manuscript profile
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        17 - A study of Allegory and its Function in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 's Masnavi: Nuh Sipihr
        farzaneh karimi
        Allegory is one of the most important elements of imagination in which it is often used in the Indian style. Early poets of Persian poetry also benefited from it. Further, it is necessary to study the works of each poet from this viewpoint by taking into consideration o More
        Allegory is one of the most important elements of imagination in which it is often used in the Indian style. Early poets of Persian poetry also benefited from it. Further, it is necessary to study the works of each poet from this viewpoint by taking into consideration of allegory and its various functions in a Literally work. In this regard, some previous literary works are considered in terms of allegory, however, Amir Khosrow`s works has not taken any consideration. This research investigates to answer this research question: What is the function of allegory in in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 's Masnavi: Nuh Sipihr? The aim of this research is to illustrate Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 's Masnavi: Nuh Sipihr as a creative and unknown work from the lens of allegory. Therefore, the brilliant work of Amir Khosrow which is a treasure trove of allegories taken from the Islamic culture, Iranian, and Indian culture. This work is a collection of new compositions as well as an encyclopedia of musical terms, contents and compositions. Specifically, a printed and corrected version of book is not availabl. Therefore, it is necessary to study this work carefully in the lens of allegory function . This is an attempt, in fact, to bring to light Khosrow Dehlavi 's marvelous experiment in the thought which is as good a piece of cultural history of Medieval India, as it is of Persian literature. The approach and methodology of this research is library research and analytical-descriptive. Manuscript profile
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        18 - A Comparative Study of the roles of birds in Khosrow and Shirin, Leili and Majnoun
        Hamid Ayaz Ahmad Khatemi
        Symbols are part of the culture of a nation and in order to better understand the myths and literature of that nation, we have to realize the meanings these symbols convey. Symbol, sign, is an indication having a meaning beyond what it signifies. Symbols can be observed More
        Symbols are part of the culture of a nation and in order to better understand the myths and literature of that nation, we have to realize the meanings these symbols convey. Symbol, sign, is an indication having a meaning beyond what it signifies. Symbols can be observed in all forms of nature cases in point are animals, human beings, plants, things, etc. This paper tries to answer the question that what the significations of the names of birds are in Khosrow and Shirin, and in Leili and Majnoun? How have each group of the birds been presented in these two works considering their symbolic meanings? And how to find if there is a relationship existing between their symbolic meanings? To find answers for the questions raised,  first, these two works have been studied in detail, next the symbolic meanings behind the words and the figurative meanings extant in these two works have been demonstrated, then meanings with lyrical themes have been determined, and in the end,  the comparison between the symbols and their meanings have been presented in Fig. Manuscript profile
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        19 - The ancient roots of lyric literature
        mona Ahmadi Ahmad Khatami
        Lyric literature is one of the most effective literary types of Persian language ancientness and its extent is such that it can not be found in any literary text that isnot mixed with the lyrical literature. The present study is to answer two questions , whether the roo More
        Lyric literature is one of the most effective literary types of Persian language ancientness and its extent is such that it can not be found in any literary text that isnot mixed with the lyrical literature. The present study is to answer two questions , whether the roots of lyric literature found in the literature before Islam or not ? if the answer is positive how is the amount and kind of enjoying the lyrical content of pre-Islamic literature ?To achieve a scientific answer , the first history of ancient Iran poems combining music explored through oral tradition of literature - khosravanyat , fahlavyat and issues raised in this kind of poetry - study and then with consideration in “Vis and Ramin” Fakhruddin As'd Gorgani and “Khosrow and Shirin” Nezami , the amount effectiveness of pre-Islamic Persian poet literature in the process evolution of lyric literature is shown.   Manuscript profile
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        20 - Truelove Criteria in Mnzvmeyeh Khosrow and Shirin
        Raviyeh Kord Afshari
        The study of the concept of love in Persian literature in various aspects has been under the consideration of researchers from ancient times until today. Also, there are numerous researches on Nezami’s Khosrow and Shirin. But the exclusive study of this topic in t More
        The study of the concept of love in Persian literature in various aspects has been under the consideration of researchers from ancient times until today. Also, there are numerous researches on Nezami’s Khosrow and Shirin. But the exclusive study of this topic in the romance of Khosrow and Shirin and indicating its characteristics and representing standards that reflect the purity of the lovers and their relation has not been done separately. In this article we briefly define different types of love and mention their effects and results as well as studying different views in this case. In this article proved that not all the loves mentioned in Ghanaian Literature are erotic. There are such things as Hobbe Azri in Leyli and Majnun and pure love in Khosrow and Shirin. After mentioning the difference between Hobbe Azri and pure love, the existence of pure love in Khosrow and Shirin is shown with poetic evidence in a process. Then, its standards in Khosrow and Shirin are analyzed with poetic evidence and story analysis, so that the boundary between erotic love, pure love and hobbe azri is represented. Manuscript profile
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        21 - The Concept of Examination and Trial in ''Khosrow'' & ''Shirin ''work of Nezami
        Zahrasadat Mousavi Ahmad Khatami
        In this paper, we (the writers) try to analyse the concept of ''examination and trial'' in ''Khosrow'' & ''Shirin'' literary work of Nezami, together with effects and requirements. The examination and trial means to test or; and in Quran culture it refers to sets of More
        In this paper, we (the writers) try to analyse the concept of ''examination and trial'' in ''Khosrow'' & ''Shirin'' literary work of Nezami, together with effects and requirements. The examination and trial means to test or; and in Quran culture it refers to sets of continuous programmes which are about human being and his function and behaviour. In this literary work; Nezami causes ''Khosrow'' and ''Shirin'' to be exposed to several examinations, such as love, separation, power and etc. This paper starts; with presentation of the background of examination and trial,. Then it goes by citing the history of examination and trial in Quran, and anecdotes of  Innocents and philosophical texts dealing with the studying the examination and trials existing in literary work of ''Khosrow'' & Shirin''. And with purifying ''Khosrow'' & ''Shirin'' story we study the present examination and trials. Ultimately, we, conclude that in this literary work (Khosrow & Shirin) , Nezami has purified their loves through examination and trial, Nezami fosters these two characters and purify their loves by changing their lustful loves to a heavenly and purely love.   Manuscript profile
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        22 - The rule of the mystical system in the verse of Majnoon and Leily, AmirKhosrow Dehlavi
        mohammad amin Ehsani Estahbanati
        The existence of an elaborate genius such as Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has been a valuable gift for the development of Persian language and culture in India. With his rich talent, he exhibited many of the capabilities of Iranian culture and art. Language, music and poetry, a More
        The existence of an elaborate genius such as Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has been a valuable gift for the development of Persian language and culture in India. With his rich talent, he exhibited many of the capabilities of Iranian culture and art. Language, music and poetry, and the cultural capabilities of each nation, and Amir Khosrow has been able to highlight a significant portion of Iranian cultural talent and identity as the most intense language for enthusiasts throughout India. Majnoon and Leily are among the works of the poetic fiction in Persian literature, written by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, the poet of the seventh century AH, to imitate Lili and Majnun Military. In this research, we investigated how "mysticism in Majnoon and Lilly Amir Khosrow Dehlavi" was answered and we have answered these questions that the presence of Sufi and mystical words in Majnoon and Leily, though non-periodic and non-regular, but possessed by the mystical thoughts of Amir Khosrow. In this research, the mystical elements of Majnoon and Leily were first identified and extracted and reviewed and categorized with other terms of mystical books. After the research, it was concluded that Majnoon and Leily Amir Khosrow Dehlavi are not empty from mystical terms in spite of the richness and love of the poetry. Poverty, faith, love, passion and issues related to the unity of being in the love story and the riches of Majnoon and Lili Amir Khosrow, and his attention to the elements of mysticism cultivated by Amir Khosrow in the school of Cheshtiya and his acquaintance with Islamic mysticism through his teacher Nizam oddin Oliya. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Mystical Approach of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi in his Poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan Based on Robert A. Emmons’ Viewpoint on Spiritual Intelligence
        Maryam Kargar mandana Mangeli Asieh Zabihnia Emran
        Robert A. Emmons first mentioned about the spiritual dimension of human intelligence in 1996. He described spiritual intelligence as a set of abilities to utilize religious and spiritual resources to experience mysticism. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the most famous m More
        Robert A. Emmons first mentioned about the spiritual dimension of human intelligence in 1996. He described spiritual intelligence as a set of abilities to utilize religious and spiritual resources to experience mysticism. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the most famous mystic- poets of Indian Persian in the second half of the seventh century and early eighth century AH. He was a disciple of his mentor Hazrat Nizamuddin (d.1325 A.D.) and his training gave Khosrow a special place in Sufism. His poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan has been composed with a mystical approach, and the mystical teachings in the poem are quite evident. The present article seeks to answer the question of what is the most important index of spiritual intelligence in the mystical view of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi which he has incorporated  in the poem Doval Rani wa Khizr  Khan. Do they have bearing on the theory of Emmons’ spiritual intelligence? According to my research, Amir Khosrow has combined mysticism and spiritual intelligence in the poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan. The elements of kindness, generosity, self-esteem, empathy, altruism, love, self-sacrifice and tolerance in the poem are common features that have been identified as prominent components of spiritual intelligence in the theory of Emmons. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Survey of Mystical Expressions in Khamseh (Quintet by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
        Nourmah Jomehpour javad kabutari Mohammad Shafiei
        Blending of mysticism with Persian literature have enriched the language ever after. Enormous use of mystical concepts and subject by mystics and mystical poets have paved the way for researchers and have protected such valuable assets. Accurate knowledge and introducti More
        Blending of mysticism with Persian literature have enriched the language ever after. Enormous use of mystical concepts and subject by mystics and mystical poets have paved the way for researchers and have protected such valuable assets. Accurate knowledge and introduction of poets and their thoughts occurs out of their works they have left behind. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, known as Indian Saadi and Indian Parrot, is a mystical poet of Persian speaking in Delhi, India, and is famous for his hardworking poetry works domestically and overseas, especially in Indian peninsula. He has left numerous poems and couplets behind. But his quintet poems due to his dexterity and the fact that he is among the best verse theoreticians, it is worth studying. Since Amir Khosrow had his learning on mysticism under the supervision of Nezamuddin Owlia, a chief of Cheshtiyeh Sheikhs, and used to be the best follower of his Sheikh, his mystical viewpoints and perspectives can guide us on a better understanding of practical mysticism. This paper tries have a survey on the expressions and mystical points that mostly noticed by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi.  Manuscript profile
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        25 - Reflection of the Mystical Thoughts of the Chishti Order in Amir Khosro Dehlavi’s Masnavi
        Seyyed Taleb Jalali abbas kheyrabadi Hamidreza Soleimanian Mahmood Firoozi Moghaddam
        Cheshti is an influential order within the mystic Sufi tradition in India. It has been established as a prominent mystical system. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, a prominent Indian poet who was influenced by the teachings of this method, has created his own literary works, using More
        Cheshti is an influential order within the mystic Sufi tradition in India. It has been established as a prominent mystical system. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, a prominent Indian poet who was influenced by the teachings of this method, has created his own literary works, using his Sufi knowledge of the Chishti way, to explain his mystical views. This descriptive study seeks to examine the mystical aspects of Amir Khosrow's fictional Masnavi. Certainly, the most basic doctrines of Cheshti works reflected in this poet's masnavi are: manifestation, unity of existence, revelation, divine providence, love and eternity, emanating of love through the world, virtual love, compassion, lust, Murshid, abandonment, pleasure, and abstraction. Some of these features have been examined in this study e.g., unity of existence, sight, providence, and divine will. The results reveales the fact that the Sufi principles of the Chishti order have had a direct impact on Amir Khosrow Dehlavi’s works and the terms and expressions of this order have been used to teach and promote the Chishti order. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Use of Astronomy in Explaining Mystical-Educational Concepts Based on Military Poetry, Anvari and Nasser Khosro
        behnaz shahnavazi
        There is a tendency for education and ethics in all periods of Persian poetry; what distinguishes poetry in different styles and discourses is the way poets and scholars express it. In Anwari and Nasser Khosrow's poetry, he is part of a teaching poem with the help of li More
        There is a tendency for education and ethics in all periods of Persian poetry; what distinguishes poetry in different styles and discourses is the way poets and scholars express it. In Anwari and Nasser Khosrow's poetry, he is part of a teaching poem with the help of literary images made of constellations. The poet uses education to elevate the stars and the planets, to be in a state of sadness and so on. In military poetry, in addition to teaching poems, mystical teachings are provided with the help of these constellations and the foundations of astronomy. In this research, we seek to present a report on the way these poets express themselves. The research is based on a descriptive-analytical method and is based on library resources. Manuscript profile
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        27 - A comparative study of irony in Khosrow and Shirin Ferdowsi and Nezami
        برات محمدی Parvin Faizullahzade hKhoii
        Rhetorical forms are important elements of semantics that, in addition to linguistic functions, have a tremendous effect on the outcome of meaning. Ferdowsi and Nezami are so intertwined with word and meaning that on the one hand in linguistic richness and on the other More
        Rhetorical forms are important elements of semantics that, in addition to linguistic functions, have a tremendous effect on the outcome of meaning. Ferdowsi and Nezami are so intertwined with word and meaning that on the one hand in linguistic richness and on the other hand reinforcement of meaning is very important. Irony is one of the forms of expression and artistic style of speech and usually has a high frequency in the poetry of poets, and military and Ferdowsi speech and poetry are no exception to this rule. The purpose of writing this article is a comparative study of irony in Khosrow and Shirin Ferdowsi and Nezami. The research method is descriptive-quantitative. The results showed that the number of allusions in Khosrow and Shirin Nezami is far more than the allusions of Khosrow and Shirin Ferdowsi. The irony is more than the verb in the military work and Ferdowsi has used the irony of the name and adjective more in this. The reflection and frequency of cryptic allusions, implication and elaboration are low in both works, its percentage is very low in Khosrow and Shirin Nezami, but no frequency was found in Khosrow and Shirin Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Analyzing the metaphor of Masrha and the metaphor of Makaniyeh in the stories of Weiss and Ramin, Khosrow and Shirin, Gol and Nowruz.
        bayan foroughkermanshahi mohammadreza ghari Majid Azizi
        Imagination is the essence and the main substance and constant element of poetry and it is something that comes from the power of imagination. Imagination is the measure of artistic value and validity of poetry. If we accept that poetry is the entanglement of thought, e More
        Imagination is the essence and the main substance and constant element of poetry and it is something that comes from the power of imagination. Imagination is the measure of artistic value and validity of poetry. If we accept that poetry is the entanglement of thought, emotion and imagination in a melodious language, and that imagination is the main element of poetry, then we will realize the importance of imagination in the field of poetry. One of the most beautiful elements of imagination is metaphor, which has many types but In this article, it is tried to be investigated in general under the title of Masraha metaphor and Makaniyeh metaphor and to determine the amount of imagery with this element in the poems. To express his feelings, the poet chooses the most general element of imagination, i.e. metaphor. Based on this, three romantic poems which are similar in terms of theme, situation and romantic images have been chosen to examine the element of metaphor in them in order to know that in these poems, in different situations that occur in the story, To what extent have the poets decided to use the element of metaphor to convey their meaning? In this research, three love poems have been studied in a descriptive-analytical way, and the evolution of the images of fantasy from the 4th century to the 8th century has been examined. Also, a statistical chart of imaginary elements has been prepared, Manuscript profile
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        29 - Examining the elements of text coherence in the imagery of the geographical location of cities in Nasser Khosrow's travelogue based on Halliday and Hassan's theory
        Azima Sabbaghnia Hamid Reza Ardestani rostami Farzaneh Youssef Ghanbari Masoud Khordmandpour
        Coherence means the lexical or structural relations of the text, or in other words, the intra-textual mechanism of the language that helps the author to create and communicate in each sentence or between sentences. In this research, the author is trying to investigate a More
        Coherence means the lexical or structural relations of the text, or in other words, the intra-textual mechanism of the language that helps the author to create and communicate in each sentence or between sentences. In this research, the author is trying to investigate and analyze the travelogue of Nasser Khosrow Qabadiani in a descriptive-analytical way and library tools using Halliday and Hassan's theory of coherence in constructivist linguistics. According to Halliday and Hassan's theory, cohesion is one of the main characteristics of a text that is created by elements in the text, and these elements include three parts: lexical, grammatical, and linking, which play a role in the relationship between sentence components. In this article, the elements and methods of creating coherence in the text of Nasser Khosrow's travelogue have been studied and analyzed. The result of the research indicates that considering that Nasser Khosrow's travelogue contains material in the geographical, economic, social and political fields; It is a coherent, uniform and integrated text, and a number of elements and ways of integrating the text play a very important role in creating its coherence. Also, the elements of cohesion play a great role in its attractiveness, understanding and impact on the reader, which convinces the reader. In this way, prose and prose texts are distinguished from each other based on the language and content and the method of using the elements of coherence, and they are valued and graded in terms of the extent of the use of coherence. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Structuralist approach to the pilgrims ode Naser khosrow
        reza ashraf zadeh amir allah shamaghdari
        The purpose of this article the structural and analytical approach to Naser khosrow  is an ode pilgrims. The author of this study, an ode Naser pilgrims on three levels: language, literature and thought put analyzed. It also most frequent words, places, figures of More
        The purpose of this article the structural and analytical approach to Naser khosrow  is an ode pilgrims. The author of this study, an ode Naser pilgrims on three levels: language, literature and thought put analyzed. It also most frequent words, places, figures of the industry in question and answer Naser Khosrow's poetry. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Comparative Study of Significance of Barbad’s musical modes or alhan in Nizami’s Khosrow and Shirin and Manuchehri’s Texts
        Mansoure Sabetzadeh
        Studying music in literary texts and its mutual inspirations is one of the branches of comparative studies. This paper investigates music and its system in Nizami’sKhosrow and Shirin. Khosrow and Shirin is one of the most prominent musical heritages and Barbad&rsq More
        Studying music in literary texts and its mutual inspirations is one of the branches of comparative studies. This paper investigates music and its system in Nizami’sKhosrow and Shirin. Khosrow and Shirin is one of the most prominent musical heritages and Barbad’s musical derivative modes called Alhan in which the names of songs and sounds, instruments and music have been cited in terms of lyrical themes. Thus, it is used as a sovereign exposition of music. One of the most significant elements of Khosrow and Shirinis revealing some parts of musical system of Sassanid era including Barbad’s thirty derivative modes named lahn. Theses modes had been appraised by Manuchehriformerly. This paper is a comparative study of Barbad’s modes or alhan cited in various accounts in different texts. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Comparative Analysis of Religious Teachings on Poetry Of Abi Altahyh and Naser Khosrow Qbadyany
        Fereshte Saffari
        One of the most fundamental issues of human societies is the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture More
        One of the most fundamental issues of human societies is the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature and to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet, Abu Altahyh, intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer of Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry of Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Comparative analysis of religious teachings on poetry Abi Altahyh and Naser Khosrow Qbadyany
        Fereshte Saffari
        One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in More
        One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity is on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature And to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet Abu Altahyh intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry and Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Comparative Analysis of Religious Lessons in Abi Altahyh Poetry and Naser Khosro Qbadiani
        Fereshte Saffari
        One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in More
        One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity is on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature and to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet Abu Altahyh intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry and Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany. Manuscript profile
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        35 - A comparative study of ideas of Naser khosrow and Schlegel brothers on "poetic view of the World" based on philosophy of plotinus
        Ehsan Koosha Aliasqar Halabi
        In some schools, philosophical and poetic views are mixed to interpret the World and its phenomena, and introduced some works with philosophical and poetic content. In this research, the views of Naser Khosrow (394-481 A.H) and The Schlegel brothers Friedrich (1772-1829 More
        In some schools, philosophical and poetic views are mixed to interpret the World and its phenomena, and introduced some works with philosophical and poetic content. In this research, the views of Naser Khosrow (394-481 A.H) and The Schlegel brothers Friedrich (1772-1829 A.D) and A.W (1767-1845 A.D) (two founders of Romantic school) are studied in the way of comparative study, in the field of poetic views. Our purpose is to show the similarities and differences between the ideas of these thinkers as the represents of two culture of Iran and Germany on poetic view of the World. Regarding to the fact that Iran and Germany introduced some great poets to the human society, such studies seem necessary. The comparative study shows that how they try to draw their subjective & ideal world and interpret them by use of combination of philosophical and poetic views. To describe the beauties of the world and try to show the root of them in the heaven, is the most similarity between them and the difference in the philosophical and theological view, is the most difference between them. This study is done with take a look to the views of Alexandrian Plotinus (A neoplatonic philosopher) because we can obviously see the important ideas of this philosopher in the works of Naser Khosrow and The Schlegel brothers. This research has been done by the descriptive, analytic, comparative method through the studying in the library, taking notes; and ordering, comparing and analyzing the notes. Manuscript profile
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        36 - A comparative study of the verbal matters in the Divan of Dabal Khuzai and Naser Khosrow
        reza JALILI mahdi nowrooz
          there is a mental affinity between the Arab and Persian poets due to their common religious and cultural roots. in this regard, Dabal Khuzai and Naser Khosrow, as two Shiite poets, have been particularly impressed with mental and moral issues under the influence More
          there is a mental affinity between the Arab and Persian poets due to their common religious and cultural roots. in this regard, Dabal Khuzai and Naser Khosrow, as two Shiite poets, have been particularly impressed with mental and moral issues under the influence of genuine Islamic sources. examining the verdicts of two poets with a comparative approach (American) and a descriptive-analytical method, in two sections of praise and blessing, shows that among the teachings of admonition, such as rationalism and science-learning, "generosity and despair"; "good companion"; "tolerance and patience" it has been prominent. also, the doctrines of the decree in the court of the two poets are "sacredness"; "pride and hypocrisy"; "jealousy"; "vicious promise"; "defamation"; "defamation". the views of Dabal Khuzai and Naser Khorsrow have differences based on the teachings of rationalism and science education and the "worldly" are also close. Nasser emphasized on the social, political and moral functions of science and intellect to the people who were aware of the false prophecies of Abbasid caliph under the influence of the false propaganda of Abbasid caliphate, but Dabal Khuzai referred only to its ethical point of view. also, Dabal's glance at the world and its manifestations is twofold (positive and negative) and Naser Khosrow's approach is one-dimensional (negative). the way in which the terms of a sentence are expressed in Naser Khorshw's court is often explicit in the poems of the Dabal, sometimes direct and sometimes indirect. also, the verbal matters in Naser Khosrow's poems are expressed more coherently. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Investigating the love of Eros, the beauty factor of the story in "Wis and Ramin" and "Khosrow and Shirin" (based on John Lee's theory)
        tayebe abdollahzade vajiheh torkamani barandozi
         The love poems of "Wis and Ramin" by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani and "Khosrow and Shirin" Nezami are Undoubtedly, they are among the most prominent works of lyrical poetry. The dimensions of romantic relationships between the characters of the story also provide a goo More
         The love poems of "Wis and Ramin" by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani and "Khosrow and Shirin" Nezami are Undoubtedly, they are among the most prominent works of lyrical poetry. The dimensions of romantic relationships between the characters of the story also provide a good basis for studying the subject of love and its types with psychological theories. One of these topics is John Lee's theory of love. He has studied the three main love styles of Eros, Ludos, Storg, secondary mania styles, agape, pragma and also compared it with the main colors. The purpose of this study is to study the love of Eros in these two love poems using John Lee's theory of love. So the main question is to answer the question of what color of love in these stories corresponds to what color of love in John Lee's theory and what are the most important components of Eros love that is the main factor of beauty and charm in these stories? The result of this research shows that by examining this issue descriptively-analytically in both stories, an important love component (Eros) is identified related to the behavior of the characters in the story. This component includes a number of actions and motivations that are consistent with John Lee's view in red. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Sasanian Constructions at Bistun: Projects that Never Completed
        Mojtaba Charmchian Farzad Mafi
        There are lot of evidences about Sasanian period monuments in Bistoun that according to result of researches, we believe these monuments has builed in late Sasanian period and Specifically during the reign of Khosrow II (590-628 AD). These monuments as “Sasani-Ilk More
        There are lot of evidences about Sasanian period monuments in Bistoun that according to result of researches, we believe these monuments has builed in late Sasanian period and Specifically during the reign of Khosrow II (590-628 AD). These monuments as “Sasani-Ilkhanid building”, “Farhad-Tarash”, “Pol-e-Khosrow bridge”, and “Pol-e-Bistoun bridge” that we should add three Capitals that has insiced bust of Khosrow II. The important point as results of exploration and studies show, Implement all of these projects stopped suddenly and never completed in Sasanian period. For example, evidence can be cited to show that arches over the openings in “Pol-e-Khosrow” and “Pol-e-Bistoun” bridges Never has been made, Building operations “Farhad-Tarash” is never completed, and the rooms of “Sasani-Ilkhanid building” never has been formed. In this note has tried, by explaining and comparing these monuments and right dating offer for them, several possible reasons for why the proposed monuments will remain incompleted.  Manuscript profile
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        39 - Architectural Properties and Decorations in Khosrowabad Mansion at Sanandaj
        Mohammad Ibrahim Zarei
        Several buildings in the city of Sanandaj have been identified from the Qajar period. One of the buildings of the Qajar period, the city is building Khosrvabad. The building is architecturally important buildings. Mansion is located next to large Chaharbagh. This collec More
        Several buildings in the city of Sanandaj have been identified from the Qajar period. One of the buildings of the Qajar period, the city is building Khosrvabad. The building is architecturally important buildings. Mansion is located next to large Chaharbagh. This collection represents the governors and rulers of Kurdistan in the course of this type of large-scale construction. The certificate and the evidence available in this area as a summer resort Chaharbagh Ardalan has been used by governors. The building has a building area of about eight thousand square meters. Given its importance to local historians and even some foreign and domestic travelers has attracted. Making time in a poem on the tablet of stone on the building Khosrvabad 1223.AH Is clear. This is the script Nasta liq. On the inside courtyard of the building entrance has been installed. Fath Ali Shah is the history of the state. In this inscription, the word Chahar, pleasant palace and its founder and his son, Amanullah Khan, Fath Ali Shah Khosrow second of Kurdistan and governors have been mentioned. It was so impressive monuments of the city of Sanandaj. Should be noted that the architecture does not scale for any home in Sanandaj. Some features of this building is a unique building in the west of Iran. This historical record, process, change the structure of architecture, architectural Decoration and other home influence is the city of Sanandaj. Manuscript profile
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        40 - An Investigation into khosrow Aparvez Religion and his Inclination toward Christianity.
        علی مختاری
        Since Zoroastrianism was chosen by Ardashir I as the official religion of the Sassanid Empire, the Mobedes (Zoroastrian priests) were highly respected during the rule of this dynasty and the Mobedan Mobed (chief priest) became one of the most powerful figures in the Sas More
        Since Zoroastrianism was chosen by Ardashir I as the official religion of the Sassanid Empire, the Mobedes (Zoroastrian priests) were highly respected during the rule of this dynasty and the Mobedan Mobed (chief priest) became one of the most powerful figures in the Sassanid court. Nevertheless, some Sassanid kings including Khosrow Aparvez showed inclination towards other religions for political and economic reasons. Khosrow Aparvez converted to Christianity at the beginning of his rule and offered Christians key positions in his court. Christians built numerous churches in the western Sassanid provinces and enjoyed considerable influence in his government. However, this policy changed completely in the last years of his rule.. Findings showed despite the fact that Zoroastrianism was the official religion of the Sassanids and Khosrow Aparvez also believed in it, in order to get political and military advantages and to please Maurice, the Roman emperor, who had helped him to ascend throne, he pretended to be interested in Christianity at the beginning of his rule. That is why after Maurice’s decease, he changed his policy, suppressed Christians, seized their territory, and took several priests as well as the Holy Cross hostage. This paper aims at investigating Khosrow Aparvez religion and the reasons why he converted to Christianity. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Sociological Criticism of "Characters" Nezami Ganjavi’s Khosrow and Shirin
        Mohammad amin Ehsani Estahbanati
        This article provides sociological criticism of characters in Nezami Ganjavi’s Khosrow and Shirin. Sociological criticism approach in the context of evaluating the components of social values, social interactions, social skills, social orientations, and social con More
        This article provides sociological criticism of characters in Nezami Ganjavi’s Khosrow and Shirin. Sociological criticism approach in the context of evaluating the components of social values, social interactions, social skills, social orientations, and social control in characters of Shirin, Khosrow, Mahin Banu, Maryam, and Shekar in a classified way, and in each case, based on poetic evidence extracted from Khosrow and Shirin, analysis and comparison is performed. The findings of this article show that wisdom and self-esteem are the gifts granted to girls and women of Khosrow and Shirin through free social space and realistic overlook the society has over women. Moreover, Nezami was under the influence of various social stimuli that is clearly manifested in developing the characters in Khosrow and Shirin. However, it should be noted that the internal process of this perspective is related to the internal worldview of Nezami as a wise poet. Therefore, in sociology of characters in Khosrow and Shirin, there is a mediate as worldview between social realities and artistic creation of Nezami. Manuscript profile
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        42 - The mythology of romance "Khosrow and Shirin" in contemporary literary and artistic texts
        Marzieh Golabgir Esfahani Zahra Fanaei
        Mythological narratives and myths of names are influenced by the semantic pools in which they develop over time. Hence, a text has different meanings in different periods. Literary-artistic texts are better known and more appropriately decoded in the context of their fo More
        Mythological narratives and myths of names are influenced by the semantic pools in which they develop over time. Hence, a text has different meanings in different periods. Literary-artistic texts are better known and more appropriately decoded in the context of their formation; This leads to a more complete understanding of the pattern governing the culture of each period. Khosrow and Shirin's romance has always been considered in different periods of Iran up to the contemporary period; It has been studied by many painters, poets and writers and is one of the most widely used myths in literary and artistic texts. The present study aims to identify the impact of contemporary factors; The time, culture of the society and the type of the creator's attitude towards presenting the narrative deal with the intertextual study and myth-mining of this narrative in different texts of the contemporary period. This research descriptively-analytically seeks the factors influencing contemporary works and how the artist uses them to answer the question: "Has he created sub-narratives?" The results show that developments, events, communications and changes in society have directly affected the creative thinking and have caused new sub-narratives in the romantic presentation of Khosrow and Shirin in contemporary Iranian art works. Manuscript profile
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        43 - A Study of the Poetic Approach of Nasser Khosrow and Parvin Etesami to the Concept of Man
        Atefeh Aslani Rajauni Thoraleh Norouzi Davoodkhani Khodabakhsh Asadollahi, Mohammad reza Shadmanamen,
        Human states and emotions and the natural and moral effects that afflict man have long appeared in the field of literary works. The concept of "suffering" has long been represented in literary works. But in different eras, "suffering" has had different natures. Physical More
        Human states and emotions and the natural and moral effects that afflict man have long appeared in the field of literary works. The concept of "suffering" has long been represented in literary works. But in different eras, "suffering" has had different natures. Physical and material suffering are separate from the suffering of thought, and both are separate from the suffering caused by political and social losses. The present article explains the nature of suffering and its place in the old and new literature and tries to observe this theme in the poems of Naser Khosrow and Parvin Etesami with a comparative method and a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the discussion show that the material aspect of suffering in Nasser Khosrow's thought is small and has been replaced by suffering due to the lack of thought and wisdom and spiritual suffering of man on earth due to his distance from God. Strike is not indifferent to these sufferings; but he also has a special view on the sufferings caused by political and social issues, as well as human loneliness in the new age. The turning point of the work of the two poets is suffering and ignorance due to irrationality, and the most important difference between them can be seen in this political and social dimension, which distinguishes Parvin from Nasser Khosrow in accordance with the horizon of thought and critical discourses of his time. he does. Manuscript profile
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        44 - The Analysis and Comparison of the Details of the Prominent Khorasani Poets with Arab Poets
        Hossein Ali Sarhadi Masoud Akbarizadeh Mostafa Salari
        Seven Pendants (Moallaghat -e Sab’eh) is one of the great cultural treasures of mankind and one of the honors of the history of Arabic literature and literature. Iran has been influenced by Arabic language, literature and culture due to its proximity to Arab lands More
        Seven Pendants (Moallaghat -e Sab’eh) is one of the great cultural treasures of mankind and one of the honors of the history of Arabic literature and literature. Iran has been influenced by Arabic language, literature and culture due to its proximity to Arab lands. Although this effect is reciprocal and profound; But undoubtedly the influence of Arabic literature on the poets of the early periods of Persian literature has been deeper and greater. One of the main objectives of this research is to analyze and compare the poems related to the description of Atlalal and Deman in Seven Pendants with the poems of four of the most prominent poets of Khorasani style; That is, Ansari is Manouchehri Damghani, Amir Moezi and Naser Khosrow. In this research, the author intends to study, analyze and describe the duration and duration in the commentaries of Mo’laghat -e Sab’eh and prominent poets of Khorasani style in a descriptive-analytical manner and as a library tool. The vast majority of scholars who have written about the influence of Persian poetry on Arabic poetry in the category of description of Atlal and Daman agree that Iranian poets have followed the poetry of Arab poets and well-known Arab poets. They have used the background as a model for their work. The results of the research indicate that Persian poets, like Arab poets, have not been able to convey the feeling of sadness and separation of the lover from seeing the audience to the audience and have failed in this way and in this type of literature, their poetry has resulted in nothing but rhetoric. Manuscript profile
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        45 - Rhetorical and Literary Innovations of Amir Khosrow in Masnavi Dolarani and Khezr Khan
        Maryam Kargar Mandena Mangeli Asieh Zabihnia Emran
        Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the famous Persian mystics and poets of India, in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century AH. He was a disciple of the saints (d. 725 AH) and the education he received from him gave him a special position in the More
        Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the famous Persian mystics and poets of India, in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century AH. He was a disciple of the saints (d. 725 AH) and the education he received from him gave him a special position in the field of Sufism. The love poem "Dawelrani and keZrkan " was composed in the form of Masnavi and Bahr-e-Hazj of Muthanm Maqsoor or Mahzouf in 4519 verses. The subject of this romantic Masnavi is in the true story of the love of Khidr Khan, the son of Alaa al-Din Muhammad Shah Shah Khalaji, with "Diwaldi", the daughter of Rajah Gujarat. The present article answers the main question with a descriptive-analytical method that despite the imitation of the lyrical system of Dolarani and Khezr Khan by Khosrow, Shirin, Lily and Majnoon Nezami Ganjavi, what are the most prominent innovations and innovations of Amir Khosrow in this work? According to the research, the most important innovations of Amir Khosrow in this lyrical system are the use of new metaphors and new similes, breaking the norm in using irreplaceable obligation, writing ten letters and executing the schema of ode and lyric in the form of Masnavi Dolarani and Khezr Khan. Manuscript profile
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        46 - Stone and Mountain in Mythology and in Nizami's "Khosro and Shirin"
        Masoumeh Mahloujizadeh Mahabadi Hamid Reza Shayganfar Mehrangiz Owhadi
        In Persian literature, the old rock is a symbol of impenetrability and hardness, and the mountain is a symbol of stability and endurance. The multifaceted nature of stone in culture and literature has both positive and negative aspects. It is also a factor of fertility More
        In Persian literature, the old rock is a symbol of impenetrability and hardness, and the mountain is a symbol of stability and endurance. The multifaceted nature of stone in culture and literature has both positive and negative aspects. It is also a factor of fertility and destruction. This research aims to investigate the archetype of stone and mountain in mythology and in Nizami's "Khosro and Shirin" in an analytical-descriptive way and how the word "stone" is used. In this regard, examples are presented by examining the mythological roots of "Khosro and Shirin" Nizami. The main tool for collecting information is to get files from library sources. In this research, it was found that the words "stone" and "mountain" are frequently used in military works, especially "Khosro and Shirin". In many places in this story, the word "stone" is used in several key ways, both in the construction of literary arrays and in different parts of the story. Shabdiz's mysterious birth, sweet life in a stone building with the intrigue of Khosrow's palace women, Farhad's stonework to create a milky stream and bring him the desired drink, and digging a mountain for sweet love are among the things. Highlights of this story, which has a mythological aspect. Examining the presence of the main characters of this story is not complete without considering the rock and the mountain. Manuscript profile
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        47 - A comparative study of military reforms of Khosrow Anushirvan in Shahnameh and Islamic historiographical sources
        parisa bahadorpour ahmad Kamranifar farinaz hooshyar
        Shahnameh is beyond a literary and mythical masterpiece and it is an effective monument of historiography especially Sassanian history that has expressed in verse the menthioned dynasty by stating the details of its events and keeping trustworthiness, loyalty and commit More
        Shahnameh is beyond a literary and mythical masterpiece and it is an effective monument of historiography especially Sassanian history that has expressed in verse the menthioned dynasty by stating the details of its events and keeping trustworthiness, loyalty and commitment. Mentioning the military reforms of Khosrow Anushirvan (531 – 579 AD) in this study is very important and Islamic historiographical sources having an important stand due to their access to some texts and noble sources of this period have also addressed it. Most data of those texts concerning Anushirvan reforms exist in Shahnameh and some data have been reported only by Ferdowsi. This study aims to analyze military reforms of Anushirvani and investigate the value of Shahnameh historical details and data and its comparitive assessment with the other Islamic historiographical sources and also express their similarities and differences by insisting on Ferdowsi approach that the subject is analyzed by using library analytical – descriptive method. The results of this study can make Shahnameh stand clearer and more reliable in historical texts for persons studyhng Sassanian and are effective and valuable for the other researches concerning this issue and can be used by addressees in scientific and research communities and the history and literature group. Manuscript profile
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        48 - A comparative study of female activism in Khosrow and Shirin and the Balochi poems of Haani and Shaymorid
        Mohammadreyaz Raeisi
        10.30495/irll.2023.703116
         Shirin and Haani in the poems of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami and the Balochi poems of Haani and Shaimrid have many similarities. Both characters are in a male-controlled space and firstly, men treat them as a thing (object). In the beginning, Khosrow and Chaakar try More
         Shirin and Haani in the poems of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami and the Balochi poems of Haani and Shaimrid have many similarities. Both characters are in a male-controlled space and firstly, men treat them as a thing (object). In the beginning, Khosrow and Chaakar try to capture Shirin and Haani as an object. The present research compares the characters of Shirin and Haani and their female activism and activity with a descriptive-analytical method and answers these questions: Are Shirin and Haani agents in these two stories? How do they achieve female activism in a patriarchal context? The results of this research show that Shirin and Haani are not passive, but have action. The female intervention of Shirin and Haani in these two stories finally overcomes the patriarchal approach. In encountering the patriarchal discourse, they are finally promoted to the position of subjectivity with the agency. Shirin does not remain passive in the face of Khosrow and Shaapur's demands, and after a while, she overcomes their masculinity and wins over Khosrow with her activism. Haani is not passive against male hegemony and overcomes the patriarchal view of Chaakar and Shaimorid; finally, with his activism, she releases the chaakar and acquires Shaimorid. In this way, Shirin and Haani not only free themselves from the control of male hegemonic discourse by presenting a female counter-discourse but also they elevate the character of Khosrow and Shaimorid at the end. Manuscript profile
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        49 - Reading of Naser Khosrow's Hermeneutics
        Morteza Barati nasrolah emami
          The author of this paper attempts to show the origin of hermeneutics, its definition and the difference between classic and new hermeneutics in the west. This paper also intends to describe hermeneutics in Naser khosrow's poetry and the belief of the poet about t More
          The author of this paper attempts to show the origin of hermeneutics, its definition and the difference between classic and new hermeneutics in the west. This paper also intends to describe hermeneutics in Naser khosrow's poetry and the belief of the poet about this term and also describe who can do hermeneutics. To do this, attempts have been made to use instances from his poetry. Manuscript profile
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        50 - A Comparative Study between Ideas of Naser Khosrow and Schlegel brothers on Wit Based on the Philosophy of Plotinus
        Ehsan Koosha Aliasghar Halabi
        This research studies the ideas of some representatives of the two schools of the East and the West, in the way of comparative study: Naser Khosrow as a representative of the religion of Esmaeeli, and the Schlegel brothers as the representatives of the romanticism. They More
        This research studies the ideas of some representatives of the two schools of the East and the West, in the way of comparative study: Naser Khosrow as a representative of the religion of Esmaeeli, and the Schlegel brothers as the representatives of the romanticism. They say Wit and who use it and the subject-matter cannot be separated and subject itself develops through the developing of Wit too, and pass its limitations. In the history of philosophy, we should search the origin of this point of view, in philosophy of Plotinus. Considering the ideas of Plotinus, this research wants to show the similarities and differences between the ideas of Naser Khosrow and the Schlegel brothers on Wit and using it, in these fields: worldview, nature of Wit &etc. This research is done by the descriptive, analytic, comparative methods through the study in library, taking notes and analysis of the notes. Manuscript profile
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        51 - Edit the text of the translation Introduction Description and analysis of the system of Dolarani and Khezr Khan based on the corrected text of 1917 Rashid Ahmad Ansari
        Maryam Kargar Mandana Mangeli
        10.30495/noskheh.2023.704298
        Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the famous Persian mystics and poets of India, in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century AH. He was a disciple of the saints (d. 725 AH) and the education he received from him gave him a special position in the More
        Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the famous Persian mystics and poets of India, in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century AH. He was a disciple of the saints (d. 725 AH) and the education he received from him gave him a special position in the field of Sufism. The lyrical, literary and historical poem Dolarani and Khezr Khan ُ is one of his Masnavi which contains 4519 verses. This Masnavi to Bahr-e-Hajj is the culprit or omitted in the true story of the love of Khidr Khan, the son of Ala 'al-Din Muhammad Shah Shah Khalaji with "Diwaldi", the daughter of Rajah Gujarat. Amir Khosrow first wrote this story in Persian prose and then arranged it in 715 AH by the order of the Sultan. The lyrical poems of Dolarani and Khezr Khan Amir Khosrow have been compiled with a mystical approach and the theological and mystical teachings are quite obvious in his poems. The lyrical system of Dolarani and Khezr Khan in 1988. Published in Delhi Literature Department. Also, its Persian text was published in 1336 in Mumbai with an introduction and footnotes in Urdu. In 1917, Rashid Ahmad Ansari corrected the system of Dolarani and Khezr Khan and published it in Delhi with the introduction of the army. Manuscript profile
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        52 - The study of Naser Khosrow’s ethical guidelines based on Maslow's hierarchy
        Ahmad Amiri Khorasani Mohammad Reza Sarfi Mohammad Hossein Iran Manesh
        Observing ethical guidelines is sometimes in contrast with immediate pleasures and people’s personal interests; it weakens adherence to these guidelines. This research was carried out to seek a solution used by Naser Khosrow, for his advice, to solve this problem. More
        Observing ethical guidelines is sometimes in contrast with immediate pleasures and people’s personal interests; it weakens adherence to these guidelines. This research was carried out to seek a solution used by Naser Khosrow, for his advice, to solve this problem. What was found out was that by expressing ethical performance in meeting human needs, he created necessary executive guarantee for ethical recall. This idea has made transcendental morality more terrestrial and applicable and has created a strong incentive to move towards it. His method will be effective and efficient forever, because of inseparable links of morality and man`s innate needs. This library research was carried out by taking notes of different evidence from Naser Khosrow Diwan and by classifying them based on “Maslow's hierarchy”, which is one of the most famous and applicable theories in psychology. This research proved the above issue and revealed logic, reasoning, and impact of his poetry in this regard. Manuscript profile
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        53 - The Causes and Intentions behind Didactic Approach in Lyrical Poem Book Hasht Behesht by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
        Ahmad Reza Yalameha آسیه ذبیح نیا عمران
        Most of the themes of Persian stories consist of ethical advices. The mystical and ethically-oriented poets were attempting to provide the didactic concepts covered through stories and this was mainly due to the attraction and effectiveness of stories in delivering the More
        Most of the themes of Persian stories consist of ethical advices. The mystical and ethically-oriented poets were attempting to provide the didactic concepts covered through stories and this was mainly due to the attraction and effectiveness of stories in delivering the messages. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the famous Persian mystics in the second half of 7th and early 8th Century AH. “Hasht-Behesht” or eight evens is a lyrical and love story which has been narrated through poetry and using a didactic and simple language comparable with “Haft Peykar” by the great poet “Nezami Ganjei”. Amir khosrow has been following a more elevated objective rather than narrating a love story in writing this work of art and he would mention didactic and ethical concepts whenever possible. The emphasis made by Amir Khosrow in Hasht Behesht was upon social ethics and he has been always advising good behavior and ethics. This work encourages human to avoid behaviors such as disloyalty, avarice and other evil descriptions. The main objective behind this paper is to investigate didactic themes and the objective behind their use in Hasht Behesht. Since this work of art has a variety of didactic concepts, the authors attempt to clarify these didactic concepts and interpret them. Therefore, the main objective of this study investigate the hidden didactic themes in this work of art and the main reason behind their application. Manuscript profile
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        54 - The Functional Analysis of Educational-Psychological Archetype of "the World" in Naser Khosro’s Poems (Based on Gilbert Doran Theory)
        Arezoo Ahmadbeigi Ghorban Ali Ebrahimi shahrzad Niazi
        10.30495/pars.2022.690515
        The archetype of "the World" is one of the oldest images existed in the poetry of some poets since the beginning of Persian poetry and it has been reflected until the end of the eighth century AH. The image that Naser Khosrow has depicted in his relationship with the wo More
        The archetype of "the World" is one of the oldest images existed in the poetry of some poets since the beginning of Persian poetry and it has been reflected until the end of the eighth century AH. The image that Naser Khosrow has depicted in his relationship with the world contained unappealing traits such as incompatibility, enmity, hatred, and so on. Naser Khosro is amongst the poets having a didactic viewpoint with the aim of warning man's attachment to the universe, its pests and dangers. He has frequently used this archetype in his poetry and focused on "commanding to the virtues" and "Prohibition the vices." He has also indicated the negative traits of the world and in shaping the structure of one's imagination and educational thinking system. This article aims at applying Gilbert Doran’s theoretical views (the famous French theorist and anthropologist) of the imaginative structure in Naser Khosro's Divan. The research intends to indicate that there is a direct and close relationship among issues such as the concept of time, death, and the poet’s reaction to controlling time. The creation of didactic images by the poet is basically a struggle to control time and get rid of death and its resulting fear. The frequency of such images in Naser Khosro’s Divan approve that fear of time passage has penetrated the poet's mind, led him to create images which have often been in the form of advice; the point that has been overlooked in the theory of the age. This article intends to explain and analyze the female gender in the formation of archetype of "the world" the universe.    Manuscript profile
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        55 - The meaning of life from Nasser Khosrow's point of view, relying on mental images of existence
        Sayyed hamed Mousavi jervekani
        10.30495/pars.2023.705563
        The subject of the meaning of life is one of the concerns of contemporary man, which has been the focus of philosophers and psychologists.Studying the thoughts of the past philosophers in this field will bring important messages for the contemporary man who is caught in More
        The subject of the meaning of life is one of the concerns of contemporary man, which has been the focus of philosophers and psychologists.Studying the thoughts of the past philosophers in this field will bring important messages for the contemporary man who is caught in the chaos of existence.The purpose of this research is to analyze the meaning of life from the perspective of Nasser.whereas the way a man looks at existence can reveal her attitude to life, the images of existence in his poems were counted and analyzed.This type of study showed that the main image of Nasser is of the existence of "mother"/"woman". A woman/mother has two characteristics of capacity and conception. there are other images in his poems that somehow connect with this macro image. Although these images show a negative view of existence and the world, their analysis and comparison with the macro picture of existence (mother and woman) showed that Nasser does not dislike life and existence, but considers life as a valuable thing; because it is the only opportunity available to a man, but this value is a tool, not essential; That is, this life is a tool to achieve "another life". Through this macro image, the function of a man in existence is also explained. Man's role in relation to mother is child, and in relation to woman, it can be husband, and in both cases, one should be careful not to get attached and fascinated while benefiting from the blessings of existence Manuscript profile
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        56 - Morals in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's Matla-ol-Anvar
        mahin panahi
        This article tries to answer this question "with regard to the fact that that the couplet Matla-ol-Anvar is the book of mysticism, research and didactic, which components of moral elements have been used in it?" In order to answer this question, first these moral elemen More
        This article tries to answer this question "with regard to the fact that that the couplet Matla-ol-Anvar is the book of mysticism, research and didactic, which components of moral elements have been used in it?" In order to answer this question, first these moral elements were extracted from the text and moral excellences which are called Maqamat and the spiritual manners which are called Ahval were separated. Therefore, this article deals with individual and social behaviors considering Amir Khosrow Dihlavi’s criticism of factitious Sufis. Results show that Amir Khosrow in Matla-ol-Anvar, considering mystical morality, has invited the reader to moral individual manners such as self analysis, knowing God, purity, hermit, solitude, research, following preceptor and contentment. In moral manners (not too subtly separating individual and social moralities) he has dealt with generosity, beneficence, trusteeship, respecting parents, preserving limbs from sins and violence toward people, friendship etiquette, etc. Entirely one can visualize morality in Matla-ol-Anvar as practical. Manuscript profile
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        57 - .The position of news and composition in transmission of educational ideas in Nizami’s "Khosrow and Shirin"
        SeyedeMaryam Rozatiyan Farzane Amirpour Hosein Aghahoseini
        Hakim Nezami is one the greatest poets of Persian literature that has paid attention to didactic thoughts in his works. In the most lyrical work; namely, Khosrow and Shirin he has frequently referred to moral and educational issues. Therefore, he has benefited from the More
        Hakim Nezami is one the greatest poets of Persian literature that has paid attention to didactic thoughts in his works. In the most lyrical work; namely, Khosrow and Shirin he has frequently referred to moral and educational issues. Therefore, he has benefited from the means of rhetoric devices especially semantics effectively. This great poet by use of rhetoric devices and its appropriate tools like declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences in an effective way has managed to convey moral concepts and teach them to his readers.  Furthermore, in this way the role of readers become more dominant in the texts. The present paper tries to investigate this subject and its effect on conveying educational thoughts of poet in a lyrical text.  Manuscript profile
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        58 - Analyzing the Behaviors of Nezami's Characters Khosrow and Shirin Based on Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
        Simin Arami Ali Dehghan Zhyla Serati Hosein Hajizadeh
        10.30495/pars.2021.685354
        Nezami's Khosrow and Shirin is not composed to teach ethics; however, the ethics in the behavior of the characters of the lyrical stories of this work has unique features. morality finds a unique feature of characters' behaviors in his poems. Because in the dilemma of r More
        Nezami's Khosrow and Shirin is not composed to teach ethics; however, the ethics in the behavior of the characters of the lyrical stories of this work has unique features. morality finds a unique feature of characters' behaviors in his poems. Because in the dilemma of relationships and sometimes beyond the rein of love, ethics and morality get stuck in unconventional situation. Nizami’s works have already been studied in terms of the ethics and morality. However, in this study, the ethical behavior of the characters of the poetic cycle and their morality is to be analyzed according to a scientific theory. Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development is one of the psychological and cognitive approaches to the ethics and morality and various studies have been done base upon this theory. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the behaviors of the characters of Khosrow and Shirin according to the moral stages of Lawrence Kohlberg. This approach has not already been used in Panj Ganj. According to the research results, regarding the behavior of characters, six group or six main ethical components were identified. Each of these components include various behaviors. Each behavior is due to specific motivation or logic which is also illustrated in Kohlberg’s theory  Manuscript profile
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        59 - The study of strengthening clusters of persuading and warning teachings in Khosrow and Shirin (With emphasis on the death cluster)
        Mehdi Dehrami
        Persian poets in order to represent their moral teachings as crucial, pervasive, and enforceable commands the y have to add various reinforces and performance guarantees to them. Therefore, the poets employed larger teachings to train small ones. As a result, we can ana More
        Persian poets in order to represent their moral teachings as crucial, pervasive, and enforceable commands the y have to add various reinforces and performance guarantees to them. Therefore, the poets employed larger teachings to train small ones. As a result, we can analyze many teachings in the form of clusters instead of scattered and separate ones. The purpose of this paper is to study one of these clusters with emphasis on Khosrow and Shirin through descriptive exposition (content analysis). The position of this cluster in reinforcing of warning and persuading commands has been displayed. In order to do this, death has been selected as one of the main cluster which many secondary teachings included within its subset. Death is a reality that has interwoven many of warning teachings like self-praise, pride, laziness, boastful to one’s body strength etc. and persuading teaching like happy living, remembering God, retaining clean nature of human etc.…  in Khosrow and Shirin. Generally, many of virtues and villainies whether directly or indirectly and punishing after this acciodent have been strengthened with the thought of death    Manuscript profile
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        60 - The Metamorphosis of Myths in Nizami Ganjavi's Khosrow and Shirin
        Hasan Shāmyān
        Ancient stories and folktales are one of the most appropriate contexts for the manifestation and continuation of the life of gods, goddesses and Amesha Spentan; they continue to live in different forms through metamorphosis. Khosrow and Shirin, composed by Nizami Ganjav More
        Ancient stories and folktales are one of the most appropriate contexts for the manifestation and continuation of the life of gods, goddesses and Amesha Spentan; they continue to live in different forms through metamorphosis. Khosrow and Shirin, composed by Nizami Ganjavi, is a famous tragic romance which its main source is local narratives. The mythical figures and characters of ancient Iran are present in this book. By using descriptive-analytical and comparative method, the present research tries to examine the characters of Khosrow and Shirin including Hormizd, Khosrow Parviz, Mahin Banu, Shabdiz, Golgoon, Shirin and Shapour, and to compare them with Amesha Spentan including Vohu Manah, Asha Vahishta, Kshatra Vairya, Spenta Armaiti, Haurvatat, Ameretat, Anahita and the god of wind. The results show that the characters mentioned have much in common with Amesha Spentan. Also, the book provides a platform for the presence of the ancient Iranian gods, goddesses, and Amesha Spentan, and it should be considered more than just a collected lyric poetry.     Manuscript profile
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        61 - Kei Khosrow and Bahrām Gor: An Intertextual Reading of Shānāmeh and Haft Paykar
        Rezā Refāee Qadimi Mashhad Hoseinali Qobādi
        Shānāmeh, as an exemplary pattern for Persian epics, has been the source of numerous epic works. Based on an intertextual reading, in the present article the attempt is made to study the influence of the Shānāmeh on Haft Paykar in the creation of the mythological person More
        Shānāmeh, as an exemplary pattern for Persian epics, has been the source of numerous epic works. Based on an intertextual reading, in the present article the attempt is made to study the influence of the Shānāmeh on Haft Paykar in the creation of the mythological personality of Bahrām Gor (Bahrām the Onager). The present study seeks to explore the mythological personality of Kei Khosrow in Shānāmeh that has inspired Nizami Ganjavi in the processing of Bahrām Gor 's character. Nizami Ganjavi's reference at the beginning of Haft Paykar to Shānāmeh and the textual evidence reinforces this claim.  So, one can find a pattern for the creation of the character of Bahrām Gor according to Nizami Ganjavi's narrative. Based on the thoughts of Gérard Genette and by using a descriptive-analytical method and intertextual approach, the article tries to examine the characters of Bahrām Gor and Kei Khosrow in Shānāmeh and Haft Paykar. The results show that explicit and implicit intertextual relationships are presented in cases such as the actions and behaviors and mystical personality of the two characters and the dreams and predictions of the elders about them.   Manuscript profile
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        62 - Jāme-Jam in Persian literature
        جمیله اعظمیان بیدگل
            In Persian mythology, Jāme-Jam (the cup of Jamshid, Jam-e Kei-khosrow) is the symbol of prediction that was for long possessed by the rulers of ancient Greater Iran. It was believed that one could observe all the four corners of the universe by looking i More
            In Persian mythology, Jāme-Jam (the cup of Jamshid, Jam-e Kei-khosrow) is the symbol of prediction that was for long possessed by the rulers of ancient Greater Iran. It was believed that one could observe all the four corners of the universe by looking into it. Monjik of Tirmazi, the poet of the 4th century A.H., was the first to coin the term "Saghare Jām" (goblet of Jam) and after that it has been the subject of many Persian poems and stories. The present article tries to show the process of changing the concept of Jāme-Jam in Persian literature.     Manuscript profile
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        63 - The Story of Key-Khosrow: A Phenomenological Approach
        فهیمه خراسانی حسین علی قبادی
        Immortality is one of the most important themes in mythology. The hero of myth puts aside his sensual desires and pleasures in order to reach immortality. Key-Khosrow, the mythical character and one of the Heroes of Shāhnāmeh, acts in this way to achieve immortality. Ba More
        Immortality is one of the most important themes in mythology. The hero of myth puts aside his sensual desires and pleasures in order to reach immortality. Key-Khosrow, the mythical character and one of the Heroes of Shāhnāmeh, acts in this way to achieve immortality. Based on the phenomenological reduction theory (epoché) of Edmund Husserl and relying on descriptive-analytical method, the present article considers the notion of “return to origin” in the story of Key-Khosrow. Husserl believes that the real knowledge of objects is possible by an immediate intuition. He uses the phenomenological reduction method that involves setting aside all presuppositions and judgments and instead analyses the phenomenon in the human mind. This method is similar to the notion of “return to origin” in mythology, in which the hero of the myth puts aside all inner and outer obstacles and immediately faces with the truth. Manuscript profile
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        64 - Transformation of Sudabeh's character in the Siyavash story of Shahnameh
        Aghdas Fātehi
        The present article discusses the process of transformation of the character of an ancient goddess of water. In the age of prehistory and as a result of interaction of myths, the beliefs and rites about the water goddess were propagated in Mesopotamia. In Iran and in th More
        The present article discusses the process of transformation of the character of an ancient goddess of water. In the age of prehistory and as a result of interaction of myths, the beliefs and rites about the water goddess were propagated in Mesopotamia. In Iran and in the process of formation of the character of the water goddess, this myth adapted herself to male-dominated patterns of Indo-Iranian tribes and to the current social traditions of Iran; on the other hand, according to the Gussāns (poets and story-tellers) of Parthian (Arsacids) and Kushans, she lost her situation and descended from her divine place. Her roots and divine origin were forgotten, and, finally, for belittling women and other various changes, she acquired new characteristics and was put in the limelight as Sudābeh. Also, Dumuzi, the god of vegetation and connected with the Mesopotamian water goddess, transformed to two characters in Iranian mythology: Siyāvash that his role is like the Mesopotamian murdered god, and Kei-Khosrow that, as a god, gives new life to Siyāvash. These characters, manifest in Shahnāmeh of Abumansuri in the story of Siyāvash and Sudābeh, and then through that book they appear in Shahnāmeh of Ferdowsi.  Manuscript profile
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        65 - Studying the Mythological Elements in the Lyric Works of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
        Parisa Gholamzadeh Nikjou Ayyub Kooshan Rostam Amani
        Abstract The mythological and epical elements have so rooted in the Persian literature that they have even been reflected in the lyric and mystical works. The existence of these elements In lyric poetry is the topic of our discussion in this essay. Our aim is to ex More
        Abstract The mythological and epical elements have so rooted in the Persian literature that they have even been reflected in the lyric and mystical works. The existence of these elements In lyric poetry is the topic of our discussion in this essay. Our aim is to excavate and explain the reflected mythological elements in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's lyric works. We want to show those unstudied elements in his poetry. The background of this research are : the reflection of rites in Dehlavi's diwan studying the elements of public culture and the related miracle in it. The research has been done in descriptive-analytic method plus logical reasoning. The procedure is to find distiches linked with the title and their documentation and analyzing each of them. The total reasons attained are :mythological and epic elements in Persian lyric works which have been reflected  in Dehlavi's poetry from which the most prolific reflected elements are the water of animal, Majnoon, Yoosef, Eskandar, Khezr prophet, Nowrooz ; and the least prolific ones are mythological and epical elements as Simorgh, Zal Zar, Yaghoob Rostam and Dara. Manuscript profile
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        66 - The Analysis of the Archetype of Hero's Travel in the Story of Khosrow & Shirin from Nezami
        Raheleh Abdollah Zadeh Mohammad Rayhani
        Abstract         Campbell, the famous American mythologist, follows the internal excursion of man in a mold of mythological heroes, and by surveying those fables shows how this archetype retreats itself in a new mold to guide man to i More
        Abstract         Campbell, the famous American mythologist, follows the internal excursion of man in a mold of mythological heroes, and by surveying those fables shows how this archetype retreats itself in a new mold to guide man to its internal travel and self-awareness. He considers the hero's mythical travel by a unique pattern of dispatch, arrival, and returning. We are to shoe, in this article, although Khosrow and Shirin is a historic story, has accomplished the three levels according to Campbell's ideas. Anushiravan promises the hero, in the dream, the marriage with Shirin, getting Shabdiz and the throne and Shapoor advises him to find them on the earth. By yhe encouragement of the messenger, Khosrow departs from Iran to meet Shirin who is  the symbol of the anima in the heart of the hero ; and having passed through the negative trait of shade reaches his unconscious self  and at the end of the story , the love affair of Shirooyeh to Shirin doesn't let him enter the human society. Finally, the hero is made to seclude in the fire-temple and his returning to the society becomes impossible. The archetype of sleep, shade, old savant, seducing woman, unseen helper, messenger, and symbols like horse, earring, sorcerer, lion, mountain, stone which have contributed the archetypal travel of the hero have all been resolved in this research. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        67 - The Comparison of Two Mystical Characters in The Shahnameh and The Mahabaharata.
        Safiyeh Mousavi Fatemeh Modarresi
        Abstract         In the religious books of The Avesta and The Mahabaharata which are the tenet books of the Iranians and The Indians, there are numerous common narratives and names which indicate the common beliefs of the two nations More
        Abstract         In the religious books of The Avesta and The Mahabaharata which are the tenet books of the Iranians and The Indians, there are numerous common narratives and names which indicate the common beliefs of the two nations thousands of years ago. The two well-known aforementioned books have similarities in cultural, national and religious differences in these well-bred nations. We can see lots of national, mystical, and religious characters in these two books. One of them is Kaykhosrow in the Shahnameh whose fate and ethical and mystical features are comparable with Sakdeev in the Mahabaharata. The few differences in these two stories are related to their mothers' characters and the way they were born. The other difference is that Kaykhosrow travels together with his friends while Sakdeev does it alone. In the Persian story all the friends and people ask him not to go to this travel but in Sakdeev only his father bewares him . At the same time their mothers have a little different characteristics. We will study the common and different points of these two mystics in detail in this paper. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        68 - Rhyme in " The Khosrow and Shirin " of Nezami
        Azizeh Najafi Khodaverdi abbaszadeh
        Abstract         Rhyme comprises an important part of the poetic melody; by studying of it one can find a part of poetical art in it. The distinguished poets have always tried to choose the best rhyme regarding their rhythm and though More
        Abstract         Rhyme comprises an important part of the poetic melody; by studying of it one can find a part of poetical art in it. The distinguished poets have always tried to choose the best rhyme regarding their rhythm and thought. In this paper, we've surveyed the rhyme in the versified story of Khosrow and Shirin from Nezami. It shows that Nezami was well-aware of rhyming scheme and by studying its values he has composed The Khosrow and Shirin. The rhymes are often short, mono-syllabic, and simple indicating the lyric thought of the poet; nominal and verbal terms have come with frequency close to each other. The ordinary deficiency of rhyme is seen in its structure which the poet has used it according to the style of the time and what was current in the literature but the creativity and skillfulness which Nezami had in rhyming scheme and the combination of rhyme with row has diminished the deficiency of the rhyme. Manuscript profile
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        69 - Love and its true wayfarers' Feature in the Lyrical Poems of Khosrow Shirin and Leila Majnoon of Nezami
        Ali rezaei Hamzeh Kandi Aziz Hojjaji Kahjoogh Arash Moshfaghi
        Abstract         The essence of love is current in the text and center of all particles of the universe. Basically, the foundation of creation is based on love and has reached the plains of existence and objectivity. Love is the Divin More
        Abstract         The essence of love is current in the text and center of all particles of the universe. Basically, the foundation of creation is based on love and has reached the plains of existence and objectivity. Love is the Divine endowment which has been put in the human's heart since creation and it is a heaven trust which the men of love wayfarers have taken responsibility to carry it and bowed his head against His Glory as emphasized  in the Divine revelation. Hakim Nezami Ganjavi of the sixth century poets in the literary domain of Azarbaijan with a symbolic expression in the mold of convivial stories at the same time mystical ones, has alluded excellent points to necessities and exquisite mystical excursion in the expression of some heroes such as khosrow Shirin and Leila Majnoon and developed the virtual love as a bridge to the true and mystical love. He introduces Farhad, leili and Majnoon who seek  divine love as the true heroes of the field of love. This article deals with the two love poetry of Nezami. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        70 - Analyzing Nasser Khosrow's allegorical comment on the category of speech in Divan Poems
        mohammad hajiabadi
        Abstract Speech is the key in thoughts and expresses human feelings and emotions. One of the concepts worth thinking about in Hakim Nasser Khosrow's poetic divan is the category of "speech and its criteria". For this reason, this word has been mentioned many times in h More
        Abstract Speech is the key in thoughts and expresses human feelings and emotions. One of the concepts worth thinking about in Hakim Nasser Khosrow's poetic divan is the category of "speech and its criteria". For this reason, this word has been mentioned many times in his poems due to the necessity of conveying meaning and being an effective tool for calling and teaching Nasser Khosrow considers the privilege of man over other beings as having "the speaking soul" and the so-called scholars of logic in speech and expression, the expression that originates from the gifts of wisdom, wisdom and moral virtues. The purpose of the upcoming research was to investigate the aesthetic and allegorical view of the poet on the value category of speech. Therefore, the method of library research and the method of analytical and descriptive work have been followed. In this article, the author is trying to answer this basic question: how did Nasser Khosrow portray the importance and value of speech in his artistic vision and what elements did he use to create allegories. The findings indicate that the prominent functions of allegory in the poet's poetry are acceleration, facilitation and understanding of poetic concepts, and beyond that, it is an arena for his creativity and ability to use rhetorical methods to explain and explain educational and religious ideas. He is Nasser Khosrow has used the elements of nature and its manifestations such as birds, plants, precious stones, minerals, etc. to create his beautiful and original illustrations. Manuscript profile
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        71 - Analytic study of the Tale of Kaykhosrow in Masaram region
        azim jabbareh naserou nohammad hossein karami
        Abstract Kaykhosrow is one of the prominent Kiani kings whose tales constitutes the most captivating part of Shahnameh to itself.  Although Ferdowsi had dealt with all periods of his life from birth to death, yet it seems that his childhood and in particular his m More
        Abstract Kaykhosrow is one of the prominent Kiani kings whose tales constitutes the most captivating part of Shahnameh to itself.  Although Ferdowsi had dealt with all periods of his life from birth to death, yet it seems that his childhood and in particular his mysterious end received more attention by the public all the more reason for being a target for weaving myths around it.  One such narrative is the one narrated by one of the naqqals named Khavar Ghashang in the village of Masaram situated 40 km southwest of Shiraz. This extraordinary narrative is an amalgam of several mythological, epic, religious, and historical narratives to an extent that apart from certain story lines it does not seem to resemble much to its Shahnameh counterpart.  In other words this narrative is a fusion of different adventures related to Cyrus, the great, Feraydun, Zahhak, Holy Mary, and Moses.  This article focuses on parts of the narrative concerning the events surrounding Kaykhosrow’s birth, his growing up, his uprising against his grandfather and finally his fate.  It is assumed that other areas of his life were gradually forgotten since most elders in Masaram cannot recall the story and only a few narrate limited part of the tale.  The purpose of this article is to record this narrative which is not cited in any sources and also to study and analyze its content. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        72 - Power Discourse according to Shahnameh narrative in the tale of Bahram Chubineh and Khosrow Parviz
        mehdi Rezaei leila akbari
        AbstractThe story of Bahram Chubineh’s revolt against two great Sasanid kings that is Hormoz, and his son Khosrow Parviz is only an example of many instances where Ferdowsi speaks about the insatiable nature of man to satisfy his instinct to acquire power and his More
        AbstractThe story of Bahram Chubineh’s revolt against two great Sasanid kings that is Hormoz, and his son Khosrow Parviz is only an example of many instances where Ferdowsi speaks about the insatiable nature of man to satisfy his instinct to acquire power and his continuous struggle to gain ultimate power.  The relationship of Bahram with Sasanid kings is among the longest interactions between the king and warrior, an example being the heated discussions between Bahram and Khosrow which covers a good part in Shahnameh.  Delving into this discussion is an eligible manner in order to analyze the power struggle in the political court in Iran.  The necessity to be connected with the kings’, nobles’, and warriors’ lineage on the one hand, and the need for national fame and popularity to gain the legitimate sovereignty, on the other hand, made the discourse between the two unique in Shahnameh especially that history confirms its correspondence.  Apart from benefitting from certain pragmatic language elements, this article is concerned with the close interconnection of two special kinds of language that is power and ideology. Manuscript profile
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        73 - The very last dialogues of lovers in Persian romantic verses
        Neda Haddadi
        Persian romantic verses as texts composed over the centuries have common characteristics which upon their structural analysis one can analyze their    inter-textual connections. Attempt is made in this article to describe the farewell scenes of lovers in More
        Persian romantic verses as texts composed over the centuries have common characteristics which upon their structural analysis one can analyze their    inter-textual connections. Attempt is made in this article to describe the farewell scenes of lovers in order to arrive at their common converse in these texts, since the main theme is love and this fundamental feature confers a mutual function to the lovers’ death.  According to the inter textual theory, the texts with common theme in different historical periods are interconnected and their images, descriptions and their poetic thoughts are emanated from a common language even if at first they seem distinct.  This common language provides the logic and the basis of the colloquy and living in such circumstances.  In other words the language of love necessitates that farewell scenes have common language and ambiance although differences arise in accordance with the story and the relationship between the lover and the beloved.  In one place, after the death of his beloved, the lover stands by her grave and weeps till his own death. And in other place, he opens his chest with a dagger.  It is such that in studying the farewell scenes one arrives at the subject of synchronic death of the lovers.  The focal point in these verses is the bitterness and the dilemma of separation which the lovers cannot tolerate and shortly after the other say farewell to life and end the dialogue of love. Manuscript profile
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        74 - Amir khosrow Dehlawi's poetic
        Habibollah Abbasi
        This essay basically discusses about Amir khosrow's poetic and has a quick review of his poetic airs, such as poetic representation, discription, theme, event telling, poetic quantity, poets specialties, the importance of word and poetry, different poets, narcissism More
        This essay basically discusses about Amir khosrow's poetic and has a quick review of his poetic airs, such as poetic representation, discription, theme, event telling, poetic quantity, poets specialties, the importance of word and poetry, different poets, narcissism of the poet for his own poetry and art, his choice of composing poetry in Farsi rather than Arabic, rhetorical Figures and criticism. The Final objective narrows down to two points. First the confirmation the theory that sights Amir khosrow's poetry as the main origin or the mother of Indian style. Secondly, proving that the matter of "Indian parrot" Poetry is consequenced by a kind of dialectic dependency to the tradition and simultaneously running away from it. Manuscript profile
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        75 - A new glance at some couplets from Shahnameh Ferdowsi
        Mahmoud Aalipoor Hossain Aghahosaini
        The purpose of this research is to cast a new look upon a couplet in Shahnameh in the story of Kay Khosrow. A couplet being so controversial that various commentaries been produced and virtually all paid due attention to the horizontal axis of the story and neglected ot More
        The purpose of this research is to cast a new look upon a couplet in Shahnameh in the story of Kay Khosrow. A couplet being so controversial that various commentaries been produced and virtually all paid due attention to the horizontal axis of the story and neglected other aspects. This paper attempts to study and criticize such commentaries to clarify the misunderstandings of the meaning of the couplet by referring to other couplets as evidence. Then the story in the vertical axis is assessed to derive at a novel meaning of the couplet in discussion according to the Moscow edition of Shahnameh: "The king granted all wishes of Giv Said to him O commander of the army Without your sword would not be bright crown Let be such sword and May no Brahman be without an idol" Unlike the views of certain commentators and Shahnameh scholars, Giv the warrior has praised Kay Khosrow like other warriors, and based on some presented evidence the commander of the army in the first couplet is Kay Khosrow. Manuscript profile
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        76 - Devout Haoma in Shahnameh and its mythical root
        Mohammad Navid Bazargan Maryam TorabParvar
        Hoom or Haoma also known in Vedic culture as Saoma is a mysterious plant assuming its position alongside Gods and deities in the vast expanse of Indo-Iranian mythology. The footprints of this plant deity can be traced in the most ancient written texts such as Vedas and More
        Hoom or Haoma also known in Vedic culture as Saoma is a mysterious plant assuming its position alongside Gods and deities in the vast expanse of Indo-Iranian mythology. The footprints of this plant deity can be traced in the most ancient written texts such as Vedas and also in Avesta well continued up to the literature of the middle period and then in Shahnameh. At present the standpoint of this plant and its essential oil in the Zoroastrians religious ceremonies and rituals is a relic of its glorious past. This research investigates the cultural roots of this plant since the antiquity till present and shows how a transposition from the realm of myth to the epic underwent remarkable transformations. Manuscript profile
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        77 - The analysis of the quality of the awakening of the hero within in character of Seyavash and Kay Khosrow based on the theory of Pearson- K. Marr
        Mohammad Javad Assarian Sayyed Ali Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Hossein Sardaghi
        Without a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers.  Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human More
        Without a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers.  Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human character archetypes to them.  This research is based on the psychological and archetypal approach used by Carol S. Pearson and Hugh K. Marr in the theory of “Awakening the hero within” and Joseph Campbell’s theory in “The hero’s journey”.  Descriptive analytic method was used to prove the above theories in life stories of Seyavash and Kay khosrow in Shahnameh.  The result of this analysis seems to suggest that their lives begin with the archetype “orphan” becomes intrinsic in them despite the changes brought about in their characters and in their life condition, this archetype almost evolves symbolically with death in Siayvash.  The outward and objective expression of this evolutionary transformation and awakening is manifested in Kay Khosrow in the form of “sage” archetype which leads to his awakening.  Therefore the process of Ferdowsi’s characterization from Seyavash to Kay Khosrow  both from the aspect of cycle of life and death ( Plant god and martyre in Seyavash’s being to fertility goddess and life in Kay Khosrow’s being) and the quality of the here’s journey are complementary. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        78 - Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and music in his Diwan
        Abbas Kaymanesh
        This article is an attempt to investigate briefly the social life of Amir khosrow and his spiritual preceptor Nezamal-din olya from the standpoint of music. Also, his role in conjoining the music of Iran and India is verified. The musical characteristics of his poems ar More
        This article is an attempt to investigate briefly the social life of Amir khosrow and his spiritual preceptor Nezamal-din olya from the standpoint of music. Also, his role in conjoining the music of Iran and India is verified. The musical characteristics of his poems are examined with reference to the Persian prosody, thereby revealing his art of poetry.  Manuscript profile
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        79 - A proposition for the location of the ancient Chichast Lake
        Reza Rezaloo Yahya Ayramloo Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo
        Abstract   This article is concerned with finding a location for the ancient Chichast Lake with special reference to mythic tale of Kaykhosrow, the Kiani King in Avesta and also consulting Pahlavi, historical, Islamic texts, and Shahnameh.   Different asp More
        Abstract   This article is concerned with finding a location for the ancient Chichast Lake with special reference to mythic tale of Kaykhosrow, the Kiani King in Avesta and also consulting Pahlavi, historical, Islamic texts, and Shahnameh.   Different aspects relevant to this theme such as battle of Kaykhosrow with Afrasyab, Chichast features according to various texts, location of Bahman’s Citadel and Azar Goshasb’s fire temple are the matters discussed in the article.  According to the above sources and the interconnectedness of the locations mentioned, Shorabil Lake in Ardebil has been proposed for the location of Chichast Lake.  The study ofgeographical features of Ardebil Province and researches carried out in this vein, the authors of this article concluded that from many aspects Shorabil Lake in Ardabil coincides well with the characteristics of Chichast Lake.  This research was conducted by library method and was based on historical, geographical, and literary sources.  Ancient religious texts, and Shahnameh were the main focus in this connection. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        80 - The Study of Paradoxical ideas in the poetry of Naser Khosrow
        Batool Karbasi Amel
        Paradox is a European term which has entered the Persian literary discussions in the contemporary period and it has been defined as paradoxicality and in two poetic and conceptual contexts can be studied.  Mostly what is today comes under paradoxicality in Persian More
        Paradox is a European term which has entered the Persian literary discussions in the contemporary period and it has been defined as paradoxicality and in two poetic and conceptual contexts can be studied.  Mostly what is today comes under paradoxicality in Persian literature and poetry is the poetic context referred to as figures of thought and is considered as a literary device.  However our concern in this article is not of this genre and it should be called merely paradox.  We have criticized and assessed the paradoxes, conflicts of ideas, beliefs, and claims of poets in this article.  Therefore discussions in this article are regarded within the domain of literary criticism, an area which is rarely appreciated in our literary research whereas more attention should be devoted to analysis, interpretation and evaluation of works of literature. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        81 - Who is the author of Noruznameh?
        Mohammad Bayat Mokhtari Mohammad Ghafouri Far
        Among books and treaties ascribed to Khayyam, there is a treatise in the name of Noruznameh which has been ascribed to Khayyam since the antiquity.  Mojtaba Minovi in 1312 published it in the name of Khayyam and in its introduction, he has recognized no one as wort More
        Among books and treaties ascribed to Khayyam, there is a treatise in the name of Noruznameh which has been ascribed to Khayyam since the antiquity.  Mojtaba Minovi in 1312 published it in the name of Khayyam and in its introduction, he has recognized no one as worthy of the title author but Khayyam.  Shortly afterwards certain individuals such as Minoverski, the renowned orientalist due to certain reasons opposed to the idea, till Mohsen Farzaneh in the article he wrote in Ayandeh magazine claimed that the author of Noruznameh is not Khayyam but is a person in the name of Kaykhosrow shirazi.  While studying Jamali’s Farrokhnameh, written by Abubakr Motahar Jamali yazdi in the year 580 Hj, Farzaneh realized certain similarities in phrases of the book with that of Noruznameh which the writer quoted on the behalf of Kaykhosrow Shirazi.  Based on a few similarities between the two, Farzaneh believes that the writer of Noruznameh is Kaykhosrow Shirazi but he also writes that apart from Farokhnameh he has not come across this name and that he does not know who he really is.  In this article Farzaneh’s assumption has been verified and strengthened based on other lines of evidence.  Kaykhosrow’s real identity was also revealed. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        82 - Nezami’s path of intellectual development in Saghinameh
        Reza Haydari Nouri Ahmad khatami
        One of the most enchanting genres of Persian poetry is Saghinameh.  It is employed to express a variety of subjects.  Hakim Nezami has a number of Saghinamehs which are more often concerned with mystical, moral and romantic issues.  The purpose of this ar More
        One of the most enchanting genres of Persian poetry is Saghinameh.  It is employed to express a variety of subjects.  Hakim Nezami has a number of Saghinamehs which are more often concerned with mystical, moral and romantic issues.  The purpose of this article is to trace Nezami’s intellectual development in two Saghinamehs, included in two romantic verses of Laily and Majnoon and Sharafnameh.  According to social, political and cultural circumstances he raises various subject matters with a mastery of style which is the outcome of his intellectual sophistication and maturity. Sometimes upon expressing mystical concepts he takes his audience to heavens and at times he takes them to the Eden of love and invites them to the impeccable pure world of piety.       Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        83 - The comparison of Khosrow and shirin composed by Ferdowsi and Nezami
        Masoud Pakdel
        The story of Khosrow and Shirin is told in two different metrical romances.  The composer of the one is an epic poet, a commander in battle fields, and the composer of the other is the cupbearer in feasts.  Ferdowsi, however has shown remarkable skill in combi More
        The story of Khosrow and Shirin is told in two different metrical romances.  The composer of the one is an epic poet, a commander in battle fields, and the composer of the other is the cupbearer in feasts.  Ferdowsi, however has shown remarkable skill in combining the love story with the epic story.  Nezami is a storyteller and has experience in love and with utmost mastery he has portrayed this detailed romantic verse. The summary of both romantic stories is presented then their common features and points of differences are illustrated.  Using Tarikh Tabari as an old reliable source, the historical accounts in the two versions are evaluated to show to what extent the composers were true to the actual historical events.  Further difference may be sought in their narrative styles. Manuscript profile

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