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Open Access Article
1 - Measuring and Forecasting of Total Factor Productivity in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies in Iran: an Approach Based Production Method
elham Gholami Farzaneh AlipourIntroduction: Nowadays, improving productivity as the most effective way to achieve growth is raised. Key to improving productivity lies in the measurement and analysis of productivity. Also, Analysis and productivity measurement is practical when productivity changes o MoreIntroduction: Nowadays, improving productivity as the most effective way to achieve growth is raised. Key to improving productivity lies in the measurement and analysis of productivity. Also, Analysis and productivity measurement is practical when productivity changes over time with the productivity indices is showed. Methodology: This study is a correlation- regression analysis. At first, production Elasticity coefficients of capital and labor was calculated through estimating a Cobb-Douglas production function using data of 10 pharmaceutical production companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange during years 1389 to 1393 and panel data with fixed effects . Then, TFP index for these companies is estimated by taking into account the estimated coefficients in the Kendrick index. The index for the years 1394 to 1398 by applying the scenario of continuity of labor, capital and added value for any company is predicted. Results: TFP during the years 1389 to 1393 show that the two companies Alborz Darou and Luqman is located in the better status and Tehran Chemical Company is located in the lowest position. Forecasting for TFP during the next five years also shows the two Luqman and Alborz Darou and Rayhan are in good condition, but Tehran Chemical Company continues to be exposed to unsuitable conditions. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Tehran Chemical Company to improve its total factor productivity should seriously pursue productivity cycle management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Relation of Mystical Journey and the Rejection of Disposition in the Teachings of Ibn ‘Aṭa’ Allah Iskandaranī
Reza Elahi manesh نعیمه Ibrahimi Ib ‘Aṭa’ Allah Iskandaranī is the first Shādhlī mystic who compiled and wrote the teaching of Shādhlī order. These teachings are entirely based on the concept of Rejection of Disposition (isqaṭ tadbīr). For Ibn ‘Aṭa’ the novice, in the ea More Ib ‘Aṭa’ Allah Iskandaranī is the first Shādhlī mystic who compiled and wrote the teaching of Shādhlī order. These teachings are entirely based on the concept of Rejection of Disposition (isqaṭ tadbīr). For Ibn ‘Aṭa’ the novice, in the early stage of his spiritual journey, should reject to make any disposition because God’s will is all-inclusive, so man’s disposition is a hindrance in the path to God. There are nine stations in this path: penance, asceticism, patience, gratitude, fear, hope, cheerful submission, trust in God, compassion. In the seventh station the Rejection of Disposition is more evident than the others. Moreover there are five states: affability, compression, dilation, annihilation, abiding. For Ibn ‘Aṭa’ good deed is the fruit of good state and good state is the fruit of good station. The final phase of spiritual journey is the knowledge of God, which is the fruit of good station, good state and good deed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Evaluation of Anti-Fungal Activity of Boswellia Gum Coating and Its Effect on the Shelf Life of Fresh Hazelnut
M. Smaeil Nasrabadi S. Golghin E. Azadfar H. Nori TopkanloIntroduction: Hazelnuts are rich in fat, protein, minerals and vitamins. If the conditions are unfavorable during storage, mold and aflatoxin production, moisture absorption and oxidative reactions will reduce the quality of the product. The aim of this study was to inv MoreIntroduction: Hazelnuts are rich in fat, protein, minerals and vitamins. If the conditions are unfavorable during storage, mold and aflatoxin production, moisture absorption and oxidative reactions will reduce the quality of the product. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hazelnut kernel coating with Boswellia gum on reducing these reactions. Materials and Methods: Boswellia gum was used in different concentrations of zero, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% to cover hazelnut kernels. Hazelnuts kernels were submerged in the prepared coating solutions for 30 seconds and then dried. The effect of oral coating of Boswellia gum on moisture absorption, oil oxidation and fungal growth of samples was studied during five months of storage. Results: The results showed that Boswellia gum significantly (p <0.05) reduced moisture absorption, fungi growth and percentage of Aspergillus mold development as compared to the control sample during storage. The gum also Boswellia significantly reduced peroxide and thiobarbituric acid indices compared to the control sample during storage. Conclusion: The results indicated that for Boswellia edible gum might be employed as a natural preservative hazelnut coating. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Comparison of structure and genetic diversity of Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) using cytochrome B mitochondrial gene in northern and southern regions of the country
Shabnam chavoshi Jalil Imani hamidReza Rezaei Pargol Ghavam MostafavBackground & Objective: The Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species in the world, among ducks. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and genetic diversity of Aythya ferina in Iran using cytochrome b MoreBackground & Objective: The Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species in the world, among ducks. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and genetic diversity of Aythya ferina in Iran using cytochrome b gene. Material and Methodology: For this study, samples were taken from 10 pieces of Aythya ferina that were taken from the north and south of the country. Haplotypic and nucleotide analyzes were performed using MEGA, Papart, DNAsp and Network software. Findings: In general, 7 different haplotypes were identified by examining 8 fragments of 929 pairs of cytochrome b gene of Aythya ferina. Haplotype diversity was calculated 0.818, nucleotide diversity was calculated 0.00149. The value of Nm or the amount of gene flow between the sampling logic was 1.383, which indicates a high gene flow and in other words, a very small gene distance between the populations of this species and its European and Asian populations. Rogers-Harping index, Tajima index and Fu Fs were calculated 0.112, -0.028 and -1.288, respectively. The mismatch distribution diagram is also plotted as a single view, all of which show an indeterminate population history similar to the model of sudden expansion. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the haplotype network and the cognitive tree, as well as a slight genetic difference between the studied populations, there is a possibility of migration of this bird from both Europe and East Asia to Iran. Considering the results of the present study, Iranian wetlands should be recognized as important and key areas and the necessary management and protection measures should be taken in these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Morphological analysis of "The Story of Alexander and Dara" in Sharafnameh based on the morphological theory of Vladimir Prop
somayye ezzaty abolghasem amirahmady ali eshgi ali tasnimeStory analysis is the newest method of literary research. It has been the focus of scholars' attention. Many articles such as Comparative Literature by Jafar Hamidi, a faculty member of Shahid Beheshti University, a comparative study of the "design" element in ancient a MoreStory analysis is the newest method of literary research. It has been the focus of scholars' attention. Many articles such as Comparative Literature by Jafar Hamidi, a faculty member of Shahid Beheshti University, a comparative study of the "design" element in ancient and modern Iranian and world fiction by Mansoureh Sharifzadeh, a faculty member of the Institute of Humanities and the Ministry of Science, have been published in the Journal of Comparative Literature. The formalist method, which led to the school of structuralism, was effective in the research of scholars. The influential figure of the formalist method is Vladimir Propp. Obama studied fairy tales in an attempt to break the story down into the smallest structural unit (thirty-one selfies) and relate it to the whole story. Prop method is the best way to analyze and classify the structure of their epic stories. This article examines the diagram of Propp's work and his method in the story of Alexander and Dara's military honor to determine the extent to which Propp's theory fits into this story. The result of the study shows that the story can be examined with the morphological works of Propp. The story is a movement from balance to imbalance to the final catastrophe. "Achieving" and "failing" are the two basic actions of the story that Alexander seeks to achieve justice and to some extent achieves the position of a prophet. The water of life does not reach the narcissism of the story (conflict and victory); (Conflict and failure). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A Study of the Characteristics of the Secretary Skanderbeg and the Content Analysis of Alam-Araye Abbasi
Sharareh Ebrahim Mahdi MohagheghSecretary is one of the most important court and court jobs that dates back to pre-Islamic times.What assures us of the importance of this profession is the existence of numerous books written on the qualities,virtues and do's and don'ts of a secretary.The present study MoreSecretary is one of the most important court and court jobs that dates back to pre-Islamic times.What assures us of the importance of this profession is the existence of numerous books written on the qualities,virtues and do's and don'ts of a secretary.The present study was formed following the question that to what extent does Alexander the Great,as one of the most respected teachers of the Safavid period,have the characteristics that the elders of this profession have mentioned about teachers?On the other hand,one of the remarkable legacies of the Safavid rule is the historical sources that have been written by official and court secretaries.One of the authors of these books is Skanderbeg the secretary,the special secretary of Shah Abbas I, to whom many letters of the Safavid period as well as the Tarikh Alam Araye Abbasi were written.The next question of the present study is what method did Skanderbeg, as an example of Safavid teachers,choose in writing this work and what are the characteristics of the book in terms of content? In this article,which is based on library studies,an attempt has been made to compare the conditions of Skanderbeg's teaching with what the elders of this field have determined as the most important teaching conditions; Also,examine the content features of the Alam Ara;Because this work,as one of the most famous works of the Safavid,can be a significant example of the intellectual style and writing style of the teachers of the Safavid period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Analysis of Death and the Resurrection in Nezami's Eskandarnameh
Mohammad Reza Soleimani delarestaghi Abbas MahyarNezami’s belief in the Day of Resurrection forms the basis for his thoughts. His attitude towards the existing world and the afterworld as well as the cohesion between the two makes him different from his predecessor poets. With reference to Quranic verses and Isl MoreNezami’s belief in the Day of Resurrection forms the basis for his thoughts. His attitude towards the existing world and the afterworld as well as the cohesion between the two makes him different from his predecessor poets. With reference to Quranic verses and Islamic traditions and texts the present paper is to study and review the aspects of “death” in Eskandarnameh in order to find the relationship between the “death” and the religion, the present world and the afterworld. Having a taste and discernment of his predecessors’ philosophy and ideas, Nezami has tried on interpretation and explanation of those very ideas that are in deep relation with Islamic thoughts. This research has been mainly concerned with such notions as the being of the afterworld as a sine qua non, tendency to survival and eternity, immortality of spirit , insubstantiality of life, returning to the genesis, bodily Ascension, etc. After embarking on a library-based research, the article seeks, in due course, to study and analyze the subject matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Study of Poem Attribution in Anthology of Eskandar Mirza Timury
Musa Wasfi Qaravolkhaneh omid majd mohammad rezaeiAnthologies are very important because of the variety of poems. As it is known, literary taste changes in every century, and poem that was popular at a time may not be much appreciated at another time. Certainly, these poems will be forgotten, and sometimes even the nam MoreAnthologies are very important because of the variety of poems. As it is known, literary taste changes in every century, and poem that was popular at a time may not be much appreciated at another time. Certainly, these poems will be forgotten, and sometimes even the names of their poets are gradually forgotten. Anthology seems to be a safe place to preserve these poems and the names of their poets. Thus, by using them, one could find examples of poem from poets whose diwans have not been transcribed and have disappeared. This shows the importance of Anthologies. In addition to these advantages, manuscript anthologies have some drawbacks that need to be corrected so that researchers who refer to them do not go astray. Assigning of poem to a poet is of the things that an author may mistake. As in the book of Eskandar Mirza Timury, in a few cases, some poems mistakenly referred to other poets which we have discussed in this paper. In the present paper, we have examined the correctness of assigning poems in four sections. 1) Poems which is attributed to two different poets in the anthology 2) Two poems in the form of a MOSAMMAT whose components are quoted to eleven poets 3) poems mistakenly attributed to others by the phrase of "again from him" 4) Poems that have been attributed to other poets in various sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - On the impact of previous writers and poets on Jami and his creation of “Haft Orang”
Hadi Khadivar Fatemeh Sharifi, -
Open Access Article
10 - Women’s Presence in Eskandar-nāma as Narrated by Ferdowsi
Masumeh Shahsavari fateme heydariFerdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, Iranians’ greatest epic in verse, is comprised of stories, myths and historical events which are all interrelated and interwoven together, so that excluding or leaving out any part of it disintegrates the whole. Šāh-nāma pr MoreFerdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, Iranians’ greatest epic in verse, is comprised of stories, myths and historical events which are all interrelated and interwoven together, so that excluding or leaving out any part of it disintegrates the whole. Šāh-nāma provides one of the sources for the story of Alexander (Eskandar) the Great who invaded Iran and brought a debacle to the Achaemenids, and so did he commit his very sin of his ruling period. He is, however, a man of different credit as presented in Šāh-nāma. He is not an evil as a whole. His treatment of women is noteworthy. This article is to investigate his character through a rather feminine point of view and compare and contrast two warrior Alexanders; one as a historical character and one as introduced in Šāh-nāma. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The narrative of satire critical of brotherhood of Alexander and Darius
masumeh zandiyeh Timur MalmirDue to his destructive role Alexander is remembered as an evil and ominous figure in older Persian sources. But, due to the influence of the Greek mythology and culture, recent sources have provided his figure with an aura of greatness and virtue. Scholars well know tha MoreDue to his destructive role Alexander is remembered as an evil and ominous figure in older Persian sources. But, due to the influence of the Greek mythology and culture, recent sources have provided his figure with an aura of greatness and virtue. Scholars well know that Alexander is not given a positive picture in Shahnameh, although they mention two evidences from the text which do not go with this total picture, namely his description as a brother to Darius III, and his being the subject of a long episode in Shahnameh, the latter being regarded as the sign of the high value put on him by Ferdowsi. In this article, we will use the structuralism approach to prove that the claimed brotherhood of Alexander and Darius III is not to compensate the defeat and restore national pride, but to serve as a satire against the rulers whose ineptitude and treason pave the ground for the coming of the invaders. The lengthy treatment of Alexander's character is also due to the fact that he is the founder of the long-lasting Seleucia Dynasty, regardless of how destructive his invasion was. Denunciations of his action and devaluation of his ancestry prove this argument. Here, research data have collected by analytical By library approach and have processed by analytical and descriptive methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Immobilization of Chondroitinase Enzyme on Porous Silicon Nanoparticles: Characterization and Stability
M. Mehrafza S. Daneshjou S. Jabbari K. Khajeh -
Open Access Article
13 - Preparation and Characterization of Gelatin/ Alginate/ Chondroitin Sulfate/β-TCP/n-CDHA Injectable Composite for Bone Repair Applications
A.R. Chamansara A.A. Behnamghader A. Zamanian -
Open Access Article
14 - Studying the Presence of the Mongol Rulers in Alexander's Delegation in Ilkhani's Great Shahnameh
Seyed Mahmood Hosseini Dehmiri Abolfazh Davoodi Roknabadi Seyed Rahman Mortazavi Shapoor BehyanThe first attack of the Mongols on Iran in around 616-619 AH caused a lot of destruction in the Trans-Nahr and Khorasan regions, and these bloody and brutal attacks caused the destruction and destruction of many cities and regions of Iran. The attacked areas' social, ec MoreThe first attack of the Mongols on Iran in around 616-619 AH caused a lot of destruction in the Trans-Nahr and Khorasan regions, and these bloody and brutal attacks caused the destruction and destruction of many cities and regions of Iran. The attacked areas' social, economic, and political structure was destroyed and caused widespread disturbances. After the establishment of Halaku and the establishment of patriarchal rule in Iran, a period was opened in Iranian art in which the influences of Far Eastern art can be clearly seen. The Great Ilkhani Shahnameh is one of the artistic achievements of the period of the Mughal patriarchs during the time of Abu Saeed Bahadur Khan Mughal. In this Shahnameh, the distinct artistic features of the Mughal period flourished and came to fruition, and it recounts the special features of this period well. In this Shahnameh, factors such as political and social influences are well seen, and the expression of these influences in the paintings of this Shahnameh, by showing political and social scenes, expressed the position of the Ilkhans during their reign. In the meantime, dealing with the story of Alexander is often seen in this edition, and twelve pictures deal with the subject of Alexander in different situations. The main question of this research is: What is the goal of the Mongols in portraying Alexander in the Shahnameh and what is the reason for the presence of the Mongol rulers in Alexander's delegation? Based on the research on the subjects of these paintings, we come to the conclusion that by placing themselves in Alexander's delegation, the Mongols intended to create identity in the minds of Iranians. So that the faces of kings like Alexander and the kings of ancient Iran help their acceptance and popularity. This descriptive-analytical research has been done by the library method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Review of Slow-release Fertilizers from the Perspective of the Environment and Economy, and its Future in Iran and the World
Hassan Seddighi Keivan Shayesteh Mahsa ArjmandSlow-release fertilizers prevent the rapid release of nutrients by creating a barrier. These fertilizers are produced in two ways: coated and matrix. Slow-release fertilizers can reduce nutrient loss and cause more use of plant needs. This will increase the efficiency a MoreSlow-release fertilizers prevent the rapid release of nutrients by creating a barrier. These fertilizers are produced in two ways: coated and matrix. Slow-release fertilizers can reduce nutrient loss and cause more use of plant needs. This will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of fertilizer. The process of producing fertilizers, including nitrogen fertilizers, is growing yearly in Iran and the world. This trend can also be predicted to continue in the coming years. Research on slow-release fertilizers shows that their production and consumption are increasing globally. Many sulfur is produced in refineries in Iran due to significant oil and gas sources. As a result, slow-release fertilizers can be made cheaper in Iran by creating sulfur coating compared to other countries. This article aims to examine the use of slow-release fertilizers, their advantages and disadvantages, and to present their production method. Also, this study investigates the rate of production of slow-release fertilizers in the world. This article can provide helpful information to investors, producers, farmers, and consumers interested in slow-release fertilizers and their role in agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The genetic structure of geographic populations of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in northern Iran based on mitochondrial COII gene
Abbas Heydari Alireza Nazari Mohammad Ali Oshaghi Elham SanatgarRice is one of the most important and oldest crop and is one of the three leading crops in the world. Chilo suppressalis (Walker), rice striped stem borer, is a key insect pest damaging the rice crop up to 33 percent. Understanding genetic structure of the pest is essen MoreRice is one of the most important and oldest crop and is one of the three leading crops in the world. Chilo suppressalis (Walker), rice striped stem borer, is a key insect pest damaging the rice crop up to 33 percent. Understanding genetic structure of the pest is essential for an effective pest management program and can corporate with control program. Aim of this stud was to determine the genetic structure of mitochondrial COII (mtDNA-COII) gene of the pest in north of Iran. Rice stem borer specimens were collected from rice fields in Guilan and Mazanderan provinces, at Caspian Sea coast at seasonal activity (spring) in 2016-2017. Genetic structure of 18 populations of the species was invesigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by direct-sequencing of mtDNA-COII gene. The obtained sequences were compared with each other and the available data in GenBank database. In total, 312 and 676 specimens were collected from Guilan and Mazanderan provinces respectively. Results showed that all specimens from two provinces are identical are like specimen from South Korea with GenBank ID MK207057. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The City Of Barda and Women’s Sovereignty in Nezami Ganjavi’s Sharaf Name
Salma SaediThe story of Barda that has been mentioned in Firdausi’s Shah Name and Nezami Gangavi's Sharaf Nameh has an old history in prose texts and depicts an ideal society ruled by women under a queen named Nooshabeh. The women’s isolation, discipline, responsibili MoreThe story of Barda that has been mentioned in Firdausi’s Shah Name and Nezami Gangavi's Sharaf Nameh has an old history in prose texts and depicts an ideal society ruled by women under a queen named Nooshabeh. The women’s isolation, discipline, responsibility, self-sufficiency, and independence in Barda city are interesting, admirable and worthy of analysis. In the light of contemporary critical conventions, the story can be seen as a soft and tranquil, even submissive, vision of feminism which challenges many of the current radical views and movements. According to this story, we find that feminism has always been the concern of societies from the ancient times and it has always been subject to certain moral and cultural standards. This is exactly the opposite of the contemporary amoral and radical views. The research methodology is a library one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Phylogenetic analysis of Afshari sheep population based on HVR and cytB regions of mitochondrial DNA
Kian Pahlevan AfshariBackground and objectives: Sheep as a domestic animal have played a key role in food resources of Iranian plateau people and this area is known as the origin of this spice. Among the genetic markers mtDNA sequencing is one of the most useful and common methods employed MoreBackground and objectives: Sheep as a domestic animal have played a key role in food resources of Iranian plateau people and this area is known as the origin of this spice. Among the genetic markers mtDNA sequencing is one of the most useful and common methods employed for inferring phylogenetic relationship among closely related species and population and conservation of species. Materials and Methods: For this study 40 blood samples from unrelated Afshari sheep were collected. The DNA was extracted and the HVR1 and cytB regions of mtDNA were amplified with specific primers using PCR. Results: The HVR1 and cytB of mtDNA of Afshari breed were sequenced, alingned and compared with other breeds from all over the world. Results showed 3 and 5 haplotype respectively. In addition both loci were high polymorphicConclusion: Sequencing of mitochondrial genome can showed genetic variation and genetic relationship between oviane in the world. For this reason it is powerful and applicable tool to determine the level of genetic diversity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - strt
alireza shapor shahbaziertertertert Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The effect of pumpkin seeds hydroalcoholic extract and endurance training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in uterine tissue in rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide
Shahrzad Asghari mohammadali azarbayjani maghsoud peeri hasan matin homaeeAbstractIntroduction: The imbalance in the prooxidant-antioxidant ratio causes uterine tissue damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pumpkin seed and aerobic training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in uterine tissue in rats toxic MoreAbstractIntroduction: The imbalance in the prooxidant-antioxidant ratio causes uterine tissue damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pumpkin seed and aerobic training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in uterine tissue in rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide. Method: To implementation of this experimental research, 42 male wistar rats randomly were divided into 7 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 14 days intraperitoneal. Rats in supplemented groups received hydrophilic the rats received supplemental hydroalcoholic extract of pumpkin seeds at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg body weight per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rat uterine tissue was collected. Data were analyzed using by Independent T-test, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at P<0.05. Results: Combined intervention of pumpkin seed extract with aerobic exercise significantly increased methyl guanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB), as well as significantly decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in uterine tissue (P<0.05).Conclusion: According to the results, supplementation of pumpkin seed with aerobic exercise can have a greater effect on improving mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing uterine tissue DNA damage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The effect of Purslane seed supplement and aerobic training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in kidney tissue in rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide
Forogh foladi Mohamad ali Azarbayjani Maghsoud Peeri Farshad GhazalianIntroduction: Various treatment methods such as herbal supplements and lifestyle modification including regular exercise have been recommended to reduce oxidative damage and improve antioxidant defense. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Purslane seed s MoreIntroduction: Various treatment methods such as herbal supplements and lifestyle modification including regular exercise have been recommended to reduce oxidative damage and improve antioxidant defense. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Purslane seed supplement and aerobic training on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and DNA damage in kidney tissue of rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods: To implementation of this experimental research, 54 male wistar rats randomly were divided into 9 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 14 days intraperitoneal. Rats in supplemented groups received hydrophilic Purslane seed with doses of 50, 200 and 400 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at P<0.05.Results: The results showed that purslane seeds and the combined intervention of purslane seeds with aerobic training led to significant increase in the levels of O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB), as well as significant decrease the amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue of rats toxicated by hydrogen peroxide (P=0.001).Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise with purslane seeds can help to reduce the oxidative damage of kidney. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effect of Olibanum Extract with Aerobic Exercise Training on Cognitive Status and Serum BDNF Levels in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment
zahra koohestani Mohammad-Ali Kohanpour Craig Duncan sara naeimiIntroduction: The aim of this study was to investigation of the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training and consumption of olibanum extract on cognitive status and BDNF levels in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Materials and Methods: 32 elderly people who s MoreIntroduction: The aim of this study was to investigation of the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training and consumption of olibanum extract on cognitive status and BDNF levels in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Materials and Methods: 32 elderly people who scored between 21 and 25 in the MMSE questionnaire were purposefully selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic training, olibanum, aerobic training + olibanum, and placebo (N=8 in each group). Interventions were performed for 12 weeks. Aerobic training consisted of eight minutes of running with an intensity of 75 to 85% of the maximum reserve heart rate in the first session. Both sessions increased running time by one minute until after 12 weeks, the running time reached 26 minutes. Olibanum extract was taken as a capsule at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight per day.Findings: BDNF levels in both training and training + olibanum groups increased significantly compared to the other two groups (P <0.05). Cognitive status also increased significantly in the three groups of intervention compared with the placebo group (P <0.05).Conclusion: It is possible that 12 weeks of aerobic training and olibanum can slow and possibly stop the progression of MCI by improving the cognitive status in the elderly with MCI. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - A Critical Study of the Application of Dhul-Qarnayn to Historical Figures, Based on Dhul-Qarnayn's Personality in Shiite Interpretive Hadiths
Ataollah BigdeliThe Holy Qur'an and Islamic traditions have mentioned Dhul-Qarnayn as a historical figure. Commentators have considered finding the historical example of Dhul-Qarnayn to be useful and a proof of the authenticity of the verses and hadiths. Two adaptations have received a MoreThe Holy Qur'an and Islamic traditions have mentioned Dhul-Qarnayn as a historical figure. Commentators have considered finding the historical example of Dhul-Qarnayn to be useful and a proof of the authenticity of the verses and hadiths. Two adaptations have received attention more than other theories: Adaptation to Alexander and Cyrus. The main reason is to pay attention to historical data about the lives of these two characters. The issue of the present research is whether there is evidence for these adaptations in Islamic traditions focusing on Shiite traditions. In the beginning, the historical period of life, name and ancestry, history, extent of power and travels of Dhul-Qarnayn are reported. Then, the opinions of the commentators have been examined according to the historical data and then the traditions about these comparisons. Findings: None of the two comparative theories are compatible with the character introduced by Dhul-Qarnayn. His existence and attributes are among the hidden news in history, which were mentioned by revelation, and there is no need to match them to any of the past kings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - دیدگاه ابوالکلام آزاد دربارۀ «ذوالقرنین» و تأثیر آراء او بر مفسران پس از خود
جمشید جلالی شیجانی -
Open Access Article
25 - اثر تجویز صمغ گیاه کندر (Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch) در دوره شیردهی بر مورفولوژی نورون های هیپوکامپی موالید موش صحرایی
محمد حسینی شریف آباد ابراهیم اسفندیاریمقدمه و هدف: کندر صمغ گونه­ Boswellia serrata است که طی سالیان دراز در طب سنتی برای افزایش حافظه افراد مسن و نیز مادران باردار برای افزایش هوش و حافظه فرزندان خود تجویز می شده است. با این حال تاکنون مستندات علمی اندکی در این رابطه موجود است. در این مطالعه با استفاده Moreمقدمه و هدف: کندر صمغ گونه­ Boswellia serrata است که طی سالیان دراز در طب سنتی برای افزایش حافظه افراد مسن و نیز مادران باردار برای افزایش هوش و حافظه فرزندان خود تجویز می شده است. با این حال تاکنون مستندات علمی اندکی در این رابطه موجود است. در این مطالعه با استفاده از مدل حیوانی موش بزرگ آزمایشگاهی(رت)، تغییرات مورفولوژیکی نورون­های هیپوکامپوس که مرکز مهم مغزی در روند یادگیری و حافظه می باشد متعاقب تجویز مادری کندر در سه هفته دوره شیردهی بررسی شد. روش تحقیق: موش­های صحرایی نر دو ماهه نژاد ویستار که به مادران آن­ها در دوره شیردهی به­مدت سه هفته به­صورت روزانه mg/kg100 عصاره آبی کندر خورانده شده بود را عمیقاً بی­هوش کرد و با تزریق محلول ثابت کننده از راه قلب، مغز را ثابت نموده و از جمجمه خارج گردید. سپس آن را به دو نیم­کره تقسیم نموده و نیم­کره راست برای مطالعه مورفومتری انتخاب و مقاطع عرضی از کل هیپوکامپوس بریده شد. تعداد انشعابات و قطعات دندریتی با استفاده از روش Sholl شمرده شد. نتایج و بحث: تحلیل آماری داده­ها نشان داد که تجویز کندر در دوره شیردهی تعداد قطعات و انشعابات دندریتی سلول­های هرمی شاخ آمون هیپوکامپوس موالید رت را افزایش می دهد. اما تفاوت معنی داری از لحاظ طول دندریت سلول­های هرمی در گروه­های آزمایش و شاهد وجود نداشت. بر اساس این یافته ها پیشنهاد می­شود که تجویز مادری کندر در دوره شیردهی، شاخه های دندریتی در هیپوکامپوس را افزایش می­دهد و می­توان نتیجه گرفت که چنین تغییرات مورفولوژیکی منجر به افزایش تعداد تماس­های سیناپسی می­شود و این یکی از مبانی افزایش حافظه به دلیل تجویز کندر را فراهم می کند. توصیه کاربردی /صنعتی: با توجه به یافته های این مطالعه و سایر مطالعات پیشین ما مبنی بر تأثیر مصرف کندر در فراهم نمودن بستر مورفولوژیکی لازم برای افزایش قوای یادگیری و حافظه پیشنهاد می گردد این ماده و مشتقاتش در تحقیقات نوروفیزیولوژیک مورد ارزیابی بیشتر قرار گیرد و نتایج آن در پیش­گیری یا بهبود بیماری­های دژنراتیو عصبی که منجر به فراموشی می شود استفاده شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - تأثیر سطوح مختلف کندر (Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch) بر برخی از پاسخهای ایمنی در جوجههای گوشتی
سید نورالدین طباطبایی مهرداد مدرسی فریبرز معطر اکبر پیرستانی احسان تولاییانمقدمه و هدف: به منظور بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف کندر (Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch.) در جیره غذایی بر برخی از پاسخهای ایمنی جوجههای گوشتی تحقیق حاضر ‏انجام شد. ‏ روش تحقیق: در این آزمایش از تعداد 360 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک­روزه سویه راس 308 در قالب یک طر Moreمقدمه و هدف: به منظور بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف کندر (Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch.) در جیره غذایی بر برخی از پاسخهای ایمنی جوجههای گوشتی تحقیق حاضر ‏انجام شد. ‏ روش تحقیق: در این آزمایش از تعداد 360 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک­روزه سویه راس 308 در قالب یک طرح کامل تصادفی شامل 6 تیمار و ‏‏4 تکرار برای ‏هر تیمار و 15 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار، به مدت 42 روز (از سن یک روزگی) استفاده شد که تیمارها شامل ‏یک جیره پایه آزمایشی و سطوح ‏‏0، 1/0، 15/0، 2/0، 3/0 و 5/0 درصد پودر کندر برای هر دوره آزمایش بود. واکسیناسیون ‏طبق برنامه انحام گردید. در سن 18، 30 و 42 روزگی ‏از 4 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار از سیاه­رگ بال آن­ها خونگیری و ‏گسترده خونی تهیه گردید. بعد از جداسازی سرم تیتر آنتیبادی علیه ویروس ‏نیوکاسل، آنفولانزا، آلومین و گلوبولین ‏اندازهگیری شد. در سن 42 روزگی 2 قطعه جوجه از هر تکرار کشتار و نسبت وزن طحال و ‏بورسفابرسیوس به وزن زنده ‏مجاسبه شد. نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که تیتر آنتی بادی تولیدی بر علیه واکسن نیوکاسل و آنفولانزا از روند خاصی پیروی نکرده است، اما تیتر ‏آنتی بادی ‏تولیدی بر علیه تزریق گلبولهای قرمز شسته شده گوسفندی و هم­چنین وزن نسبی بورس فابریسیوس و طحال به ‏وزن زنده در تمام ‏تیمارهای دریافت کننده کندر بالاتر از تیمار شاهد بود. با مصرف کندر نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت کاهش ‏اما نسبت آلبومین به کلوبولین ‏افزایش یافت، بنابراین کندر میتواند به دلیل اثر تحریک کنندگی بر تکثیر و افزایش ‏لنفوسیتها، ماکروقاژها و ایجاد ایمنی هومورال و ‏هم­چنین خاصیت ضد التهابی این گیاه، باعث کاهش نسبت هتروفیل به ‏لنفوسیت، بزرگ شدن طحال و بورس گردیده باشد. توصیه کاربردی /صنعتی: علی رقم همه تاثیرات مثبت کندر بر سیستم ایمنی سایر موجودات، اما با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش استفاده از کندر به خصوص در دوره آغازین جوجههای گوشتی توصیه نمیشود و استفاده از آن نیاز به تحقیقات بیشتری دارد. Manuscript profile -
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27 - نانوذرات چیتولیگوساکارید انباشته از آهن وقوع کندرونکروزیس باکتریایی با پوکی استخوان در جوجههای گوشتی را کاهش میدهد
ع. یوسفی ع.ا. ساکیمطالعه حاضر برای بررسی اثرات جیره نانوذرات چیتولیگوساکارید انباشته از آهن (Fe-CNP) روی وقوع کندرونکروزیس باکتریایی با پوکس استخوان (BCO) در جوجههای گوشتی انجام شد. 400 جوجه هشت روزه (Ross 308) به چهار تیمار با شش تکرار از 20 پرنده اختصاص یافتند. تمامی جوجهها روی سیستم Moreمطالعه حاضر برای بررسی اثرات جیره نانوذرات چیتولیگوساکارید انباشته از آهن (Fe-CNP) روی وقوع کندرونکروزیس باکتریایی با پوکس استخوان (BCO) در جوجههای گوشتی انجام شد. 400 جوجه هشت روزه (Ross 308) به چهار تیمار با شش تکرار از 20 پرنده اختصاص یافتند. تمامی جوجهها روی سیستم کفپوش سیمی تا سن 42 روزگی پرورش یافتند. جیره شاهد براساس توصیههای Aviagen به غیر از مکمل آهن فرموله شده بودند. گروههای آزمایشی شامل: 10 میلیگرم/کیلوگرم Fe از Fe-CNP (گروه Fe-CNP)، 20 میلیگرم/کیلوگرم Fe از FeSO4(گروه FeSO4) و 20 میلیگرم/کیلوگرم Fe از FeSO4 + CNP (گروه FeSO4 + CNP) بودند. نتایج یک افزایش معنیدار در فاکتور بهرهوری تولید، رشد وزنی و FCR در تمامی گروههای مکمل­سازی شده با Fe (05/0P<) در مقایسه با شاهد نشان دادند. خوراک مصرفی تفاوت معنیداری بین گروهها نداشت (05/0P<). سطح فاکتور آلفا نکروزیس تومور پلاسما (TNF-α) به طور معنیداری توسط Fe-CNP کاهش یافت، اگرچه سطح ایمونوگلوبولین G (IgG) سرم به طور معنیداری در این گروه افزایش یافت (05/0P<). شیوع امتیازات راه رفتن با اختلال (3GS≥) در پرندگان زنده در روز 42 تفاوت معنیداری بین تیمارهای جیرهای نشان نداد (05/0P<). ارزیابی جوجههای لنگ شده نشان داد که شاهد و Fe-CNP کمتر اختلالات راه رفتن کمتری داشتند (05/0P<). مکمل FeSO4به طور معنیداری درصد آسیبهای استخوانهای femur و tibia را افزایش داد (05/0P<). ارزیابی پای جوجههای زنده نشان داد که گروههای Fe-CNP و شاهد وقوع بیشتری از femur طبیعی (NF) و درصد کمتری از نکروز femur انتقالی (FHT) و آسیبهای کلی femur (تمامی F؛ 05/0P<) ارائه دادند. نکروز سر استخوان ران (FHN) و FHS به طور معنیداری توسط تیمارهای جیرهای تحت تأثیر قرار نگرفتند (05/0P<). به طور کلی، مکمل Fe-CNP، توسط بهبود سیستم ایمنی، وقوع آسیبهای BCO در جوجههای گوشتی را کاهش میدهد. Manuscript profile -
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28 - تغییرات ناحیه D-Loop از رشته DNA میتوکندریایی در نژادهای گوسفند بومی ایران
پ. رافیا ا. ترنگDNA میتوکندریایی به دلیل دارا بودن خصوصیات منحصر به فردی همچون توارث مادری، نرخ تکاملی نسبتاً سریع و عدم داشتن نوترکیبی یک ابزار مفید برای مطالعه ژنتیک جمعیت می ­باشد. 82 حیوان غیرخویشاوند از 10 نژاد گوسفند بومی ایران برای تعیین تنوع ژنتیکی مادری با استفاده از یک قط MoreDNA میتوکندریایی به دلیل دارا بودن خصوصیات منحصر به فردی همچون توارث مادری، نرخ تکاملی نسبتاً سریع و عدم داشتن نوترکیبی یک ابزار مفید برای مطالعه ژنتیک جمعیت می ­باشد. 82 حیوان غیرخویشاوند از 10 نژاد گوسفند بومی ایران برای تعیین تنوع ژنتیکی مادری با استفاده از یک قطعه 685 جفت بازی در ناحیه D-Loop از DNA میتوکندریایی، مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. از آنالیز این ناحیه درمجموع 72 هاپلوتایپ و 123 موتاسیون تشخیص داده شد. تنوع هاپلوئیدی، تنوع نوکلئوتیدی و میانگین تعداد تفاوت­های نوکلئوتیدی به ترتیب 003/0 ± 996/0، 0001/0 ± 037/0 و 23/25 برآورد شد. آنالیز توالی، سطح بالایی از تنوع ژنتیکی را در میان نژادهای گوسفند بومی نشان داد. تجزیه واریانس مولکولی نشان داد که 43/3 درصد از تنوع به بین جمعیت­ها و 57/96 درصد تنوع به درون جمعیت­ها مربوط می­شود. درخت نزدیکترین همجواری (NJ)، 4 هاپلوتایپ (A، B، C و E) از 5 نوع هاپلوتایپ توصیف شده در گوسفند را نشان داد. درخت فیلوژنتیکی هیچگونه ساختار ژنتیکی متمایزی را در میان جمعیت­های مورد مطالعه نشان نداد، که می­تواند به علت وجود جریان ژنی بالا و آمیختگی بین جمعیت­های گوسفند باشد که احتمالاً به واسطه نقل و انتقال وسیع گوسفند در طول تاریخ و وجود شجرههای مادری مشابه در میان نواحی مختلف باشد. Manuscript profile -
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29 - تنوع ژنتیکی ژن سیتوکروم b در سه نژاد بز بومی در جاوه مرکزی اندونزی
س. سوتوپو ا. پوربوواتی ا. کورنیانتواین پژوهش برای توضیح تنوع ژنتیکی و ارتباط فیلوژنیکی سه نژاد بز بومی در جاوه مرکزی اندونزی بر اساس توالی ژن سیتوکروم b (cyt b) انجام شد. نمونههای خون به ترتیب از 19، 15 و 12 رأس از نژادهای Kacang، Kejobong وEttawa Grade، به عنوان مواد پژوهش استفاده شدند. برهمگذاری چندگ Moreاین پژوهش برای توضیح تنوع ژنتیکی و ارتباط فیلوژنیکی سه نژاد بز بومی در جاوه مرکزی اندونزی بر اساس توالی ژن سیتوکروم b (cyt b) انجام شد. نمونههای خون به ترتیب از 19، 15 و 12 رأس از نژادهای Kacang، Kejobong وEttawa Grade، به عنوان مواد پژوهش استفاده شدند. برهمگذاری چندگانه ژن cyt b توسط مقایسه نژادهای بز تحت مطالعه و یک توالی ارائه شده در بانک ژن (کاپرا هیرکوس، شماره دسترسی AB004072) انجام شد. از 16 جایگاه متفاوت جفت بازی یافت شده، 12 جایگاه وجود دارد که میتواند به عنوان نشانگر برای تشخیص سه نژاد بز بومی در اندونزی با کاپرا هیرکوس استفاده شوند. فاصله ژنتیکی درمیان بزهای بومی در مقایسه با فاصله ژنتیکی بین بزهای بومی با توالی ژن بانک کاپرا هیرکوس کاملاً نزدیک بود. درخت فیلوژنی دو خوشه اصلی را نشان داد، که خوشه A برای کاپرا هیرکوس و خوشه B برای سه نژاد بز بومی اندونزی بود. Manuscript profile -
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30 - تنوع میتوکندری و ساختار فیلوژنتیکی جمعیت بز مرخز
ح.ر. سیدآبادی ک. پهلوان افشاری م. عبدالمالکیتنوع میتوکندری و ساختار فیلوژنتیکی جمعیت بز مرخز بر اساس توالی DNA میتوکندریایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آنالیز فیلوژنتیکی بر اساس توالی ناحیه HVR1 ( 968 جفت باز) و بر روی 40 رأس بز مرخز انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که جمعیت بز مرخز دارای تنوع ژنتیکی بسیار بالا ( میانگین تنو Moreتنوع میتوکندری و ساختار فیلوژنتیکی جمعیت بز مرخز بر اساس توالی DNA میتوکندریایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آنالیز فیلوژنتیکی بر اساس توالی ناحیه HVR1 ( 968 جفت باز) و بر روی 40 رأس بز مرخز انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که جمعیت بز مرخز دارای تنوع ژنتیکی بسیار بالا ( میانگین تنوع هاپلوتیپی 999/0 و تنوع نوکلئوتیدی 022/0) می­باشد. در بین 40 نمونه، 6 هاپلوتیپ مشاهده شد و بزرگترین هاپلوتیپ شامل 15 فرد بود. تمام هاپلوتیپ­ها در هاپلوگروپ C و با فاصله ژنتیکی زیاد از سایر جمعیت­های بز آسیایی قرار گرفتند که این بیانگر تنوع ژنتیکی زیاد بز مرخز می­باشد. تنوع ژنتیکی بالای مشاهده شده، در اصلاح نژاد و تعیین استراتژی­های حفاظت بز مرخز می­تواند مؤثر باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Sequencing and Molecular Analysis of ATP 6 and ATP 8 of Mitochondrial Genome in Khorasanian Native Chickens
ا. افشاریان م.ر. نصیری -
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32 - Combining Epic literature and Didactic Literature in Nezami Ganjavi's Iskandarnāmeh
Shirzad Tayefi Hossein YaseriIn the world literature generally and Iranian literature particularly, literary works are divided into four types, i.e. epic, didactic, lyric and dramatic literature based upon their thought and content. Some literary texts, including poetry and prose, are single-genre; MoreIn the world literature generally and Iranian literature particularly, literary works are divided into four types, i.e. epic, didactic, lyric and dramatic literature based upon their thought and content. Some literary texts, including poetry and prose, are single-genre; however, some texts have emerged which combine two or more different literary genres and they accompany each other and through this accompaniment they have been able to provide sources for literary text researches. The common feature of the two is their struggle against the incompatibilities: one from without the other from within and finally establishing an ideal society. One form of combining genres is mingling epic literature and didactic literature. Through descriptive-analytical method and by relying on the library studies based upon inductive method, this research attempt to re-read the intergenrality of epic literature and didactic literature in Iskandarnāmeh. The purpose of this paper is to explain the features, differences, commonalities of these two genres in Iskandarnāmeh, and also the intersection of these two genre in this literary work. One of the achievements of combining epic and didactic genres is that they complement each other. Epic literature (e.g. Sharafnāmeh) often focuses on human's will, but didactic literature (e.g. Iqbālnāmeh) addresses wisdom and awareness and while epic literature insists on objectivity (managing governmental affairs) and didactic literature (moral concepts) insists on subjectivity. The ultimate cause of both literary genres is to lay the groundwork for peace and tranquility, one in the external level and the other in the internal or spiritual level to establish Nizami Ganjavi's desired utopia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The necessary of archetype role of the wise old man in education of the human
Mohammad Barani Fatemah TeimooriNizami Gnjavi’s works have been always considered as open and interpretable texts due to the complexity of meaning and language. As a result, it’s been analyzed in different perspectives. Archetype criticism of the literary works is a psychological one that MoreNizami Gnjavi’s works have been always considered as open and interpretable texts due to the complexity of meaning and language. As a result, it’s been analyzed in different perspectives. Archetype criticism of the literary works is a psychological one that has been common like the other interdisciplinary studies in the last decades. The review that studying the themes and images of the Jungian archetypes are in the human nature indicate the universality of human massage and poetry feelings. Emphasizing on the moral principles and trainings is one of the permanent principles of eternity for a work in the Orient. The main purpose of a poet in didactic poetry is the training of philosophy and morals, describing and explaining of the education, philosophic issues, thoughts, and inserting a lesson theme. Eskandar Nameh composed by Hakim Nizami Ganjavi is the manifestation of thoughts besides moral and philosophical principles. He composed the most valuable concepts of humanitarian. As an idealism thinker he raised the personality of hero; namely, Alexander, to help and guide a wise old up to an ideal man in his story. The behavioral characteristics of a human that reach to a perfection and each time this perfection is growing. In the present study with the help of Yung’s psychological school and the archetype, Nizami’s Eskandar Nameh has been studied and the role of old wise man in educational points has been taken into account. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Mystical Christianity from the point of view of Origen of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani
Nastaran FahimiThe concepts of Christ and Christianity in Christian and Islamic theology have a centrality that how they are interpreted affects other pillars of theology. This research, which has been done by descriptive-comparative method, tries to express the views of Origen Eskand MoreThe concepts of Christ and Christianity in Christian and Islamic theology have a centrality that how they are interpreted affects other pillars of theology. This research, which has been done by descriptive-comparative method, tries to express the views of Origen Eskandarani and Feyz Kashani in this regard. It is clear from the findings that based on their philosophical backgrounds, they sought to equip theology with rationality and, based on mystical contexts, believed in a system of divine manifestations. Origen of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani were both commentators on the Bible, and the similarity of their interpretations suggests that the Shiite mystical understanding of the position of Jesus Christ is based on the narrations of the Infallibles, with a kind of "Christianity" in the atmosphere. Pre-Soviet thought in the history of Christianity is consistent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Metamorphosis of the Magic Girl into the Dragon in Eskandar-Nāmeh
Saeed Karimi GarabābāMetamorphosis is transformation of a fictional or real being into another being by using supernatural powers. One of the unique examples of metamorphosis is the transformation of a magic woman in Nizami Ganjavi's Eskandar-Nāmeh. In this mysterious story, the features of MoreMetamorphosis is transformation of a fictional or real being into another being by using supernatural powers. One of the unique examples of metamorphosis is the transformation of a magic woman in Nizami Ganjavi's Eskandar-Nāmeh. In this mysterious story, the features of three genres, i.e. folk, fairy story as well as mythical could be seen. The purpose of the present article is to examine this transformation from a mythological, fictional and historical perspective. The research is based on descriptive-analytical method. After examining the examples of the metamorphosis of magic women in ancient tales and explaining the story of the transformation of Azar Homayoun into a dragon in Eskandar-Nāmeh, we study the possible reasons for the metamorphosis. The results show that Azar Homayoun is probably a fairy and her connection to water, fire and bodily desires support such a hypothesis. Another finding of the paper is that perhaps the legend of Azar Homayoun and Belinās (Apollonius of Tyana) refers to an anti-occupation movement led by a braveheart woman in a fire temple as commad center. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Alexander Dhu al-Qarnayn” as an Archi-myth
Javad Hadavand Bahman namvar motlagh Esmaeel AzarAlexander is one of the most important and ambiguous mythological characters of Iranian history and culture that has undergone extensive changes and taken new forms under the influence of grand epistemological narratives (archi-myth) in the Greek, Iranian and Islamic wo MoreAlexander is one of the most important and ambiguous mythological characters of Iranian history and culture that has undergone extensive changes and taken new forms under the influence of grand epistemological narratives (archi-myth) in the Greek, Iranian and Islamic worlds. One of the efficient cultural strategies of Muslims is the use of archi-myths by borrowing them from the myths of other nations in order to explain and confirm religious concepts and teachings. The results of the present research show that the poverty of mythological contents among the Arabs of the pre-Islamic period, the rise of the translation movement in the first A.H. centuries, the emergence of the second wave of Hellenism and Alexander's mythical behaviors paved the way for the formation of a new personality of Alexander in the Islamic world, and Alexander was introduced as Dhu al-Qarnayn in the interpretation texts of Quran. In the world of Islam, the myth of Alexander did not have a clear concept at first, but it gradually found its own characteristics and through the generally religious codes, it reached an independent concept in the middle ages, which has continued with changes until now. By using analytical-comparative method, the present research at first attempts to examine "archi-myths" and then to find why Alexander, as a archi-myth, has been center of attention for Muslims. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Divan-e-Hāfiz:The Commentary of A Verse
nosrato allah frohar In a ghazal with the opening verse “Save the love of those moon of face, a path my heart to it, in every way, I give counsel, but it”. (tran. by H. W. Clarke) Hāfiz Says: “One day, like Alexander, I shall bring to hand that mirror, if this fi More In a ghazal with the opening verse “Save the love of those moon of face, a path my heart to it, in every way, I give counsel, but it”. (tran. by H. W. Clarke) Hāfiz Says: “One day, like Alexander, I shall bring to hand that mirror, if this fire, seize it, for a moment, it kindleth not”. Except in the Hagia Sophia edition, in all the other editions the above verse is recorded as it is presented here. But in the Hagia Sophia edition, the very same verse in recorded as follows: “One day, like Alexander, I shall bring to hand that mirror, if this tongue, seize it, for a moment, it kindleth not.” In another verse of the Ghazal, Hāfiz says: “In the midst of weeping, I laugh, because like the candle in this assembly. The fierly tongue is mine; but it kindleth not”. The present article will discuss that the commentators of Divan-e-Hāfez have not noticed the last verse which contains the concept of “the fiery tongue”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - بررسی مقایسه ای داستان اسکندر در شاهنامه با داستان ذوالقرنین در قرآن مجید
احمد حسنی رنجبر -
Open Access Article
39 - تأثیر پذیری جامی از شعرا و نویسندگان پیش از خود در آفرینش مثنوی هفت اورنگ
هادی خدیور فاطمه شریفی -
Open Access Article
40 - Molecular Analysis of Najdi Goat Population Using HVR1 Sequence of Mitochondrial Genome
Rouhollah Khademi Seyedeh Ommolbanin Ghasemian Hamid Reza Seyyed Abadi amin kazemizadehThis study was conducted to determine the sequence of the HVR1 region of the mitochondrial genome of the Najdi goat. To conduct this study, 30 blood samples of both gender were collected from unrelated goats. After DNA extraction, the desired region was amplified by spe MoreThis study was conducted to determine the sequence of the HVR1 region of the mitochondrial genome of the Najdi goat. To conduct this study, 30 blood samples of both gender were collected from unrelated goats. After DNA extraction, the desired region was amplified by specific primers by PCR technique, and the sequence was determined. For comparison, the phylogeny of the HVR1 region sequence obtained from Najdi goat was drawn with other breeds worldwide to determine the haplotype group. The phylogenetic tree drawn for the samples showed that they all originated from the same population and the number of 5 different haplotypes was determined based on 20 nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for the HVR1 region in the sequences. Also, the sequence of the HVR1 region of the studied sample with 11 sequences recorded from 6 haplotype groups from different countries in the NCBI database showed that the Najdi goat belongs to haplotype group A. Comparing the sequence of the HVR1 region with the sequences in the gene bank can contribute to our information about the Najdi goat breeds and open the ground for their better use in breeding programs. According to the obtained results, the genetic diversity of the Najdi goat has increased over many years, and this increase in genetic diversity can be due to the mixing of this breed with other breeds, which can lead to the extinction of the Najdi goat in the future, which requires more attention to this issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The Effect of Walking and Consuming Boswellia serrata on the Levels of BDNF and TNFα in Older Men
M. Eskandari B. Shemshadi A. Behjat B. Hooshmand MoghadamWith increased age, the process of destruction and weakening of the functioning of the organs, including the brain, is predictable. Physical activity and proper nutrition are factors that play an important role in the health of the nervous system. Boswellia serrata is o MoreWith increased age, the process of destruction and weakening of the functioning of the organs, including the brain, is predictable. Physical activity and proper nutrition are factors that play an important role in the health of the nervous system. Boswellia serrata is one of the most important herbs in traditional medicine to enhance memory and prevent Alzheimer's disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic exercise course combined with the use of B. serrata on the amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and alpha-tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) in elderly men. In this quasi-experimental study, 40 elderly men aged 60-70 yr old who were in complete physical and mental health were randomly divided into four groups (exercise, supplement, exercise + supplement, and control). Participants in the training groups participated in the aerobic walking training program for 8 and 3 wk each week. Moreover, the daily supplementary groups received B. serrata 300 mg in chewing and packaged form. The control group did not participate in any intervention during this period. Fasting blood samples were collected before and 24 h after the last intervention. Data were analyzed using t-test, analysis of variance and Tukey at a significance level of 0.05. In the exercise, supplementation, and exercise + supplementation groups after 8 wk, the levels of BDNF and TNFα increased and decreased significantly, respectively (P≤0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in BDNF and TNFα levels in the exercise + supplement group compared to other groups (P≤0.01). Doing walking and consuming B. serrata independently and combined significantly increase the expression of BDNF and significantly reduce the inflammatory factors in elderly men. Therefore, it is recommended that the combination of walking and consumption B. serrata as a more effective way to maintain health and extend the cognitive and functional benefits of the brain and the nervous system to the elderly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Comparison of the Influence of 12-Week High- Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Moderate Intensity Training on PGC-1α and Tfam Mitochondrial Proteins Expressions in Gastrocnemius Muscle of Elderly Rats
A. Bakhtiyari A. Gaeni S. Choobineh M.R. Kordi M. HedayatiEndurance training increase the proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial functions in human and animal samples. The purpose of this study was comparison of the influence of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on P MoreEndurance training increase the proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial functions in human and animal samples. The purpose of this study was comparison of the influence of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on PGC-1a and Tfam mitochondrial proteins expression in gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats. In this study 45 elderly 22 months old Wistar rats (weighing 325-375g) were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT, MICT, and the control group. The exercise in the HIIT group was started with 20 minutes (2 minutes at 85-90% VO2max intensity and 2 minutes of recovery period at 45-50% VO2max intensity) in the first week and then reached to 48 minutes in the 12th week. The training program in the MICT group was begun with 20 minutes (at 65-70% VO2max intensity) and reached to 48 minutes in the 12th week. The expression levels of PGC-1α and Tfam proteins in gastrocnemius muscles were measured by Western blot method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The PGC-1α expression was significantly increased in the HIIT (P< 0.001) and MICT (P<0.01) groups compared to the control group. Also, PGC-1α levels were significantly increased in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (P<0.05). Tfam expression was significantly increased in the HIIT (P<0.01) and MICT (P<0.05) groups compared to the control group. HIIT resulted in a greater increase in PGC-1α and Tfam expressions in the gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats compared to MICT. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Tradition of Gala Ceremony in Nezami's Eskandarnameh
Jilla Serati Mahdieh AhmadpourAbstract Nezami's Eskandarnameh is of great importance from presenting different traditions and customs. The aim of this investigation is to proceed on one of the most significant traditions of that time i. e. celebration. Nez MoreAbstract Nezami's Eskandarnameh is of great importance from presenting different traditions and customs. The aim of this investigation is to proceed on one of the most significant traditions of that time i. e. celebration. Nezami, in his Sharafnameh, in some cases, presents some customs and traditions related to gala ceremonies of Iranian of that time and in some cases those of other lands with subtle language. In Egbalnameh, the wisest discussions go on between Eskandar and other wise men such as Socrates and Aristotle to purify the treasure of speech. Only in some limited cases, Nezami proceeds on some cases of celebration and hilarities briefly and concisely. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Studying the Banquet Instruments and Ceremonies in the Shahnameh
Fatemeh Sharafi Syed Ali Akbar Shari'ati Far Ali Eshghi SardehiAbstract Present research is to investigate the banquet instruments and ceremonies in the Shahnameh. From this viewpoint – having extended the thematical space of the subject – will deal with the banquet instruments and MoreAbstract Present research is to investigate the banquet instruments and ceremonies in the Shahnameh. From this viewpoint – having extended the thematical space of the subject – will deal with the banquet instruments and ceremonies. In accord with the present documentary of this research, its method is descriptive – analytical and is based on the literary studies. The findings of this research show that in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi which has been narrated about the wars and struggles of the heroes that the readers encounter with the frequency of rites and warfares; secondly, Ferdowsi has created his epical stories by using his art of fights and rites in the best way which are unique among the contemporary poets. The last point is that the music in the banquet is of low frequency comparing with war musical instruments; Anyhow one can see both in every event of the Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Studying the Mythological Elements in the Lyric Works of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
Parisa Gholamzadeh Nikjou Ayyub Kooshan Rostam AmaniAbstract The mythological and epical elements have so rooted in the Persian literature that they have even been reflected in the lyric and mystical works. The existence of these elements In lyric poetry is the topic of our discussion in this essay. Our aim is to ex MoreAbstract The mythological and epical elements have so rooted in the Persian literature that they have even been reflected in the lyric and mystical works. The existence of these elements In lyric poetry is the topic of our discussion in this essay. Our aim is to excavate and explain the reflected mythological elements in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's lyric works. We want to show those unstudied elements in his poetry. The background of this research are : the reflection of rites in Dehlavi's diwan studying the elements of public culture and the related miracle in it. The research has been done in descriptive-analytic method plus logical reasoning. The procedure is to find distiches linked with the title and their documentation and analyzing each of them. The total reasons attained are :mythological and epic elements in Persian lyric works which have been reflected in Dehlavi's poetry from which the most prolific reflected elements are the water of animal, Majnoon, Yoosef, Eskandar, Khezr prophet, Nowrooz ; and the least prolific ones are mythological and epical elements as Simorgh, Zal Zar, Yaghoob Rostam and Dara. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Comparing effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin sulphate combination with Naproxen on pain, physical function and radiologic findings in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Mohammad Mahdi Nejad Zahra JafariBack groumd: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and the high rate of disability related to disease make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. It is joint failure, a disease in which all st MoreBack groumd: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and the high rate of disability related to disease make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. It is joint failure, a disease in which all structures of the joint have undergone pathologic change, often in concert and affects certain joints, yet spares others. The goals of the treatment of OA are to alleviate pain and minimize loss of physical function. To the extent that pain and loss of function. While nonpharmacologic approaches to therapy constitute its mainstay, pharmacotherapy serves an important adjunctive role in OA treatment. Available drugs are administered using oral, topical, and intraarticular routes. The use of glucosamine and chondroitin for OA has been controversial, and results of randomized trials have varied. Objectives: Comparing effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin sulphate combination with Naproxen on pain, physical function and radiologic findings in patients with knee osteoarthritis Method: Among patient with osteoarthritis (OA) who came to private clinic of researcher in mashad which their primary OA diagnosed by physical examination and radiography 240 people 40 – 60 years old participated in this study. Patient divided in two groups based on age and gender . One group treated by naproxen and other group were under glucosamine cendroitin sulfate treatment. Results of treatment assessed after 12 an 15 month by kallegren and lawrance (K/L), VAS and Join Space width(JSW). Result: Two groups were similar to each other based on age(P=0/730), gender (P=0/603) and knee affected (P=0/195). According to VAS scale(P=0/262) and koos-ps(P=0/016) there were significant difference between NSAID and Glucosamine condroitin sulphate (GS) groups on pain and physical function . NASAID is more effective than GS. They have some difference quality in results of K/L and JSW over the period of time but at the end there were no difference between two groups. Conclusion:Although both NSAID and GS are effective on pain and physical function in patient with OA but due to the greater impact of NSAID and costs less than GS as well as the lack of GS on cartilageof the joint NSAID is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The study of two qualitative elements of conflict and scene in the tale of Eskandar in Shahnameh in terms of cinematic adaptation
Maryam Esmaeilipoor mohsen hashemi alireza pourshabananThe tale of Eskandar in Shahnameh is one of the most dramatic tales regarding the life of Eskandar. It is very significant in terms of two qualitative elements in drama namely conflicts and dramatic scenes which are quite exceptional in contrast with other element MoreThe tale of Eskandar in Shahnameh is one of the most dramatic tales regarding the life of Eskandar. It is very significant in terms of two qualitative elements in drama namely conflicts and dramatic scenes which are quite exceptional in contrast with other elements. The purpose of this article is to answer the main question that what potential and variety these two elements offer for adaptation using descriptive analytic method as well as referring to the classification in the book of recognizing elements of drama. The results obtained demonstrate that conflicts in the tale are highly varied that is based on the nature of opposing elements such as conflicts in an antisocial society, man versus man, man versus nature, man versus society, man versus his own self, and also based on the nature of conflict is of a kind associated with dynamism. The battle scenes with the Persians, marriage with Roshanak, the death of Dara, and his burial rites are regarded as dramatic scenes of this narrative which makes it an ideal case for adaptation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Introducing The book of Tamor Nameh, an historical epic in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Nezami's Eskandar Nameh
Mohammad Mostafa Resalat Panahi Seyyed Mohammad RastgoofarAbstract Hatefi Jami, a nephew of Abdor-Rahman Jami is one of the qualified poets in the Timurid era master in all genres of poetry particularly in narrative Masnavi. In imitation of Nezami, he has produced many such Masnavis such as Laily and Majnun, MoreAbstract Hatefi Jami, a nephew of Abdor-Rahman Jami is one of the qualified poets in the Timurid era master in all genres of poetry particularly in narrative Masnavi. In imitation of Nezami, he has produced many such Masnavis such as Laily and Majnun, Shirin and Khosrow, Haft Manzar, and Tamor Nameh. Towards the end of his life he composed an epic in the name of Shahnameh on victories of Shah Esmaeil Safavi which remained unfinished. Apart from the aforementioned Masnavis Hatefi composed a book of poetry which exists today. Tamor Nameh, his best major work is an historical epic giving the account of Timour's life, combats, braveries, conquests, and the destruction and bloodshed he brought about. Modelled after Sharaf- al Din Ali Yasdi's Zafar Nameh, Hatefi composed Tamor Nameh and according to his own admission and as far as the comparison of the texts are concerned, he had remained quite true to Zafar Nameh and except for certain poetic devices indespensible to verse, he had not added anything to the text but at times eliminated few minor parts. Hatefi in composition of this epic work emulated Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on one hand and Nezami's Eskandar Nameh on the other hand. Eloquent techniques utilized in Tamor Nameh were mostly inspired by Shahnameh whereas the general structure of the work was inspired by Nezami. Besides its literary merit, Tamor Nameh is worthy of attention in terms of history since it is a reliable source for Timour's biography and conquests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Flight of a myth from epic to gnosis Comparison of the story of water of life by Khezr and Sekandar in two readings: Ferdowsi´s epic in Shahnameh and Attar´s mystic in ElahiNameh
Amir Hossein Mahoozi Mehri Amini SaniAbstract The wish for eternal and everlasting life has always existed ever since the creation of man on earth. The significance of this issue is to such extent that in the oldest epic text in the world, Gilgamesh words have been said about his desire. MoreAbstract The wish for eternal and everlasting life has always existed ever since the creation of man on earth. The significance of this issue is to such extent that in the oldest epic text in the world, Gilgamesh words have been said about his desire. The story of Sekandar and Khezr and their search for seeking the water of life has also this theme. However in different literary texts, depending on the genre of the work this tale has had different manifestations and readings. In this research, two readings namely epic in Shahnameh Ferdowsi and mystic in Attar´s Elahi Nameh is dealt with and their difference is enumerated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Textology and introducing the epic Book, Naseri’s Eskandar Nameh
Hamidreza kharazmi Vahid GhanbariAfter setting fire of Persian lands, Macedoni Eskandar who in the mind and language of Iranians enjoyed a bad reputation and possessed negative characteristics, after coming of Islam in Iran suddenly finds an auspicious face and is identified as Du’l-Qarnayn from MoreAfter setting fire of Persian lands, Macedoni Eskandar who in the mind and language of Iranians enjoyed a bad reputation and possessed negative characteristics, after coming of Islam in Iran suddenly finds an auspicious face and is identified as Du’l-Qarnayn from then on according to Kahf Sura verses 83-98 Iranians write many books about him both in prose and verse. Each book according to the references referred to dealt with different aspects of his life. The book of Eskandar Nameh, composed by Naseri Kermani paid attention to some angles of his life. This article familiarizes the reader with the text and deals with the style of Naseri’s composition of poetry. Like many Nezami’s imitators, Naseri had been immensely under the influence of Nezami Ganjavi in composition of his book as far as diction and imageries are concerned and in spite of epic works had used Khafif meter in his composition. In comparison with other Eskandar Namehs new points are encountered such as the fire that consumed Persepolis set by Eskandar had something to do with temptation on the behalf of a beloved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Raising the mythological characters by animals and mythological creatures (In epics and Iranian and non-Iranian narratives)
Narges Mohammadi Badr Yahya Nooroddini Aghdam Despite their complexities and variations among the mythological archetypes a kind of concordance and closeness is observed in their main theme which renders the comparative study of these narratives possible; the subject of raising certain mythological characters More Despite their complexities and variations among the mythological archetypes a kind of concordance and closeness is observed in their main theme which renders the comparative study of these narratives possible; the subject of raising certain mythological characters by animals and mythological creatures is of utmost importance. The close study of mythological narratives reveals that in the beginning man and animals lived together and lived in the same manner and no wonder that many of former Gods had dual nature. In many narratives humans and mythological personages were chosen and raised by some animals and due to this upbringing the good or evil nature of those animals were manifested in the material lives of their protected. These narratives are so widespread to the extent that one witnesses their similarity form the Far Eastern myths to Western ones. What is worthy of attention in this regard is the fantastic influence that animals in raising the humans leave behind in forming their characters that place them far beyond the other individuals. The best example of such characteristics are found in the Persian epic myth culture namely in the story of Raising Feraydun by the cow Barmayeh, and the raising of Zal by Simorgh. The subject of this article however limited is reflected in books such as “Dictionary of Greek and Roman myths” under the entry “Paris” and “Romelus”, Shahnameh in the tale of Feraydun and Zal, “Dictionary of the Greek myths” in the story of raising Eskandar and so forth and the role of animals were pointed out in raising these characters. As far as the author of this article is concerned a work which independently deals with all aspects of raising mythological characters by animals in the myths of different nations was not found, thus the present research aware of such necessity and by employing the comparative approach aims to study and discuss these mythological narratives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The Origin of the Name Iskandar (Alexander the Great) According to the Šāhnāma
Garnik AsatrianAccording to the “story of Alexander’s birth” in the Šāhnāma, the name of Alexander the Great (Iskandar) is derived from the name of a medical herb, which was used to heal the bad smell from the mouth of his mother, Nāhīd. The paper is an attemp MoreAccording to the “story of Alexander’s birth” in the Šāhnāma, the name of Alexander the Great (Iskandar) is derived from the name of a medical herb, which was used to heal the bad smell from the mouth of his mother, Nāhīd. The paper is an attempt to explain the reason for such strange naming.. Manuscript profile
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